现在完成时
时态详解：现在完成时
时态详解：现在完成时一、如何理解现在完成时现在完成时是英语中一个很重要的时态，也是很容易弄错的一个时态。
首先，我们来看看“现在完成时”该如何理解。
你可能会根据字面意思将其理解为：现在完成时就是表示现在已经完成的动作。
但是，这样的理解是很不全面的理解，甚至是很危险的！因为这样的理解将来误导你混淆现在完成时与一般过去的区别。
现在完成时有两个主要用法：一是已完成用法，也叫影响性用法。
该用法的现在完成时表示一个过去发生的动作在过去已经完成，并且这个过去发生并完成的动作对现在有影响或结果，同时说话强调的或感兴趣的就是这个影响或结果，如汉语说“他已离开这个城市了”，其中的“离开”肯定发生了，它对现在的影响或结果就是“他现在已不在这个城市了”；又如汉语说“有人把窗户打破了”，显然“打破窗户”这一动作发生在过去，并且在过去已经完成了，但说话人强调的重点是打破窗户对现在的影响——窗户现在仍是破的。
现在完成时的另一个用法叫未完成用法，也叫持续性用法。
该用法的现在完成时表示一个过去发生的动作或开始的状语在过去并未完成或结束，而是一直持续到现在，并且有可能继续下去(也可能到此结束)，如汉语说“他在我们教书已有30年了”，显然“他在我们学校教书”是从30年前开始，并且一直教到现在，已经持续了30年；又如汉语说“自上个星期以来他一直很忙”，显然“忙”是从上个星期开始的，并且这一“忙”就一直忙到现在。
二、现在完成时构成与用法现在完成时由“have / has +过去分词”构成。
如：He has seen the film several times. 这部电影他已看了好几次。
I have known her for a long time. 我认识她很长时间了。
句中的has seen 和have known 均为现在完成时，第一句属影响性用法，其影响是“他对电影内容非常熟悉了”；第二句属持续性用法，指“认识她”已持续了很长一段时间。
现在完成时（havehasdone,havehasbeendone）
现在完成时(have/has done, have/has been done)1.现在完成时常用的时间状语有lately，recently，just，already，yet，up to now，till now，so far，to this day，in the past few years/months/weeks/days，over the past few years，during the last three months，for the last few centuries，through centuries，throughout history等。
2.在时间状语从句中，谓语动词可以用现在完成时代替将来完成时。
例如：Mother won’t let her watch TV until she has finished her homework.母亲要到她做完作业才让她看电视。
The dinner party will begin after all the guests arrive/have arrived.所有的客人到了以后，聚餐就开始了。
3.has/have been to与has/have gone to的区别。
has/have been to表示“曾去过”，说明有某种经历；has/have gone to表示“已去某地(在途中或已经到达目的地)。
例如：They have been to Sweden many times.他们去过瑞典许多次了。
Jack isn’t in. He has gone to the supermarket.杰克不在，他去超市了。
4.现在完成时特别强调瞬间动词和持续性动词。
瞬间动词表示短暂、不能持续一段时间的动作，如come，go，leave，start，begin，become，receive，die，而持续性动词表示能持续一段时间的动作，如work，stay，live，learn等。
英语语法-现在完成时
—No, he _h_a_s_g_o_n_e_t_o_ the school library. He left five minutes ago.
Exercise
做过，泛泛而谈，标志词，用现在完成时 做过，有明确的过去时间，用一般过去时
It is + 时间段 since +一般过去时的句子.
1. 他的爷爷已经去世2年了。 It is 2 years since his grandpa died.
2. Nick 参军3年了. It is 3 years since Nick joined the army.
3. 他离开深圳好长时间了。 It is a long time since he left Shenzhen. 4. 这本书我已借了4个月了. It is 4 months since I borrowed the book .
3) I’ve just finished Oliver Twist. 我刚看完《雾都孤儿》这本书。
现在完成时构成 have/ has + done (过去分词)
原形-过去式ed-过去分词ed pick → picked → picked wish → wished → wished
like → liked → liked phone→ phoned → phoned
She hasn’t told us the news yet. 3. The rain has already stopped. (改一般疑问句)
Has the rain stopped yet? 4. I have waited here for two hours. (划线提问)
现在完成时态
现在完成时 (Present Perfect Tense)概念：表示从某一时刻开始一直持续到现在或是对现在仍有影响。
基本结构：have /has ➕动词过去分词注：第一人称，第二人称，第三人称复数用have ，第三人称单数用has。
助动词：have ，has否定词：haven’t ，hasn’t时间状语：1. already已经(用于肯定句) yet已经，还(用于否定句和一般疑问句)2. recently 近来 lately 最近 up to now 迄今为止3. still 仍然4. never从不5. in the past/last few days/weeks/months/years 在过去几天/几个星期/几个月/几年里6. for ➕时间段例:for two years7. since ➕时间点自从…… 例：since 1998；since ➕句子(一般过去时) 例：since I was a child句型结构：1. 肯定句：主语➕have/has ➕动词过去分词➕时间状语或其他。
例：I have already finished my homework. 我已经完成了我的家庭作业。
2. 否定句：主语➕haven’t/hasn’t ➕动词过去分词➕时间状语或。
例：I haven’t played football for two weeks. 我已经两个星期没踢足球了。
3. 一般疑问句：Have/Has ➕主语➕动词过去分词➕时间状语或？Yes，主语➕have/has. / No，主语➕haven’t/hasn’t. 例：Has your father read a newspaper for two hours？你的爸爸已经看了两个小时的报纸了吗？Yes，he has. 是的，他是。
/No，he hasn’t. 不，他没有。
4. 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词➕一般疑问句？例：How long have you learned English? 你学英语多长时间了？I have learned English for ten years. 我已经学英语十年了。
现在完成时态
现在完成时态1、现在完成时的定义：现在完成时是表示在过去发生但与现在情况有联系的动作或状态的时态。
2、现在完成时的构成：现在完成时是由“助动词have/has+动词过去分词”构成的。
①助动词have/has可以与主语缩写为’ve/’s。
e.g. I have → I’ve We have → We’ve He has → He’s It has → It’s②规则变化的过去分词与动词过去式一样。
③不规则变化的动词过去分词见表。
（一）肯定式主语＋助动词have ／has ＋过去分词＋其它e.g. I have had lunch. 我已经吃过午饭了。
He has gone to Beijing. 他去北京了。
（二）否定式主语＋助动词have ／has＋not＋过去分词＋其它（一）现在完成时态1、现在完成时的定义：现在完成时是表示在过去发生但与现在情况有联系的动作或状态的时态。
2、现在完成时的构成：现在完成时是由“助动词have/has+动词过去分词”构成的。
①助动词have/has可以与主语缩写为’ve/’s。
e.g. I have → I’ve We have → We’ve He has → He’s It has → It’s②规则变化的过去分词与动词过去式一样。
③不规则变化的动词过去分词见表。
3、现在完成时的基本句型。
①陈述句肯定形式。
e.g. I have had lunch. 我已经吃过午饭了。
He has gone to Beijing. 他去北京了。
②陈述句否定形式。
（在助动词have/has后+not，可缩写为haven’t/hasn’t）e.g. I haven’t had lunch. 我还未吃午饭。
He hasn’t gone to Beijing. 他还没有去北京。
（三）一般疑问式助动词Have ／Has ＋主语＋过去分词＋其它？e.g .1. Have you had lunch? 你吃过午饭了没？--Yes, I have. -- No, I haven’t.2. Has he gone to Beijing? 他去过北京了没有？--Yes, he has. -- No, he hasn’t.否定回答还可以用：No, not yet. / No, never. / No, not even once等。
现在完成时
现在完成时第一部分现在完成时．．．．．表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,也可表示过去已经开始,一直延续到现在的动作或状态。
1.基本结构:主语+ have/has + 过去分词（done）+ 其他。
(当主语是第三人称单数时用has,其余人称用have。
过去分词:规则动词的过去分词构成与动词过去式相同;不规则动词需要特殊记忆。
2.否定式:①主语+ haven't/hasn't + 过去分词+ 其他。
②主语+ have/has + not + 过去分词+ 其他。
(现在完成时的否定式就是在has/have后加not，have not可缩写为haven’t，has not可缩写为hasn’t。
)3.疑问式: Have /Has + 主语+ 过去分词+ 其他?简略答语: Yes, 主语+ have/has.(肯定回答)No, 主语+ haven't/hasn't.(否定回答)4.特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+ 一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他）？例句：1.He has lived in Shanghai for 10 years.（肯定句）2.Has he lived in Shanghai for 10 years? （一般疑问句）Yes,he has. （肯定回答）No,he hasn't. （否定回答）3.He hasn't lived in Shanghai for 10 years. （否定句）4.How long has he lived in Shanghai? （特殊疑问句）5.Where has he lived for 10 years? （特殊疑问句）①当have/has被用在现在完成时态中时，它可以和前面的代名词一起组成缩写形式。
have可缩写为’ve，has可缩写为’s。
如：I've ，He's②现在完成时用not来表达否定形式。
现在完成时的用法归纳
现在完成时的用法归纳一、现在完成时的基本概念及构成现在完成时是英语中的一种时态，表示过去发生或完成的动作与现在时间有关。
它由“助动词have/has+过去分词”构成。
其中，have用于第一人称和第二人称以及复数形式，has用于第三人称单数形式。
二、表示经验或完成的动作1. 表示对已经发生的事情拥有经验或感受。
例如：I have visited Paris twice.（我曾两次访问过巴黎。
）2. 表示过去发生但对当前情况具有影响或可能产生结果的动作。
例如：She has lost her keys, so she can't enter the house.（她丢失了钥匙，所以不能进入房子。
）3. 表示一个持续到目前为止的状态或动作。
例如：I have lived in this city for ten years.（我在这个城市住了十年。
）三、与时间状语连用1. 过去时间状语使用特定的过去时间状语如yesterday, last week, two days ago等与现在完成时连用，强调动作发生在具体过去某一点上。
例如：We have seen that movie twice this month.（我们这个月已经看了那部电影两次了。
）2. 到目前为止的时间状语使用含有表示到目前为止的时间段的状语如already, yet, ever等与现在完成时连用，强调动作发生在目前这一点上。
例如：Have you finished your homework yet?（你作业做完了吗？）四、与现在结果相关的动作1. 表示过去结束但对当前情况有影响的动作。
例如：I have cleaned the house, so now it looks tidy and neat.（我已经打扫了房子，所以现在它看起来整洁干净。
）2. 表示不断重复的动作或经历。
例如：She has visited China multiple times.（她多次访问过中国。
现在完成时的概念、构成及用法
现在完成时的概念、构成及用法一、概念现在完成时表示到说话时为止（或到现在为止）已经发生或完成了（不一定结束）的动作或状态。
过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在并且有可能还会持续的动作或状态。
二、构成现在完成时是由助动词have(has)+动词的过去分词构成。
助动词have(has)表明事情发生于现在。
它和主语的人称、数要保持一致。
过去分词在句子中做谓语，说明句子的含义。
三、用法1. 动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间，但对现在有某种影响和结果。
常被just、already、yet 等副词修饰。
如：-Have you had lunch yet? -Yes, I have. I've just had it.你（已经）吃午饭了吗？我刚刚吃过。
（现在我不饿了）2. 表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。
这个动作可能刚停止，可能仍然在进行。
常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。
如：He has taught here since 1981他自1981年就在这儿教书。
（可能还要继续教）I have't seen her for four years.我有四年没见到她了。
3. 表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作，现在成为一种经验，一般译为汉语“过”，常带有twice, ever, never, three times等时间状语。
如：I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京二次。
四、现在完成时的时间状语1. 现在完成时属于现在时范围，故不能和过去的时间状语连用。
如：yesterday, last Sunday,in1990,three years ago等。
但是，在强调动作产生的后果和影响时，可以和一些表示不确定的时间状语连用。
a. 用副词already和yet。
already一般用于肯定句中，yet一般用于否定句和疑问句中。
如：We have already finished our homework.我们已完成作业了。
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B. have taken place; have been set up
C. are taken place; had been set up
D. took place; will set up
11. It’s said that this book___ into Chinese. A. had translated B. has translated C. was translated D. has been translated
2. ---_____ the sports meet will be put off. A. I’ve been told B. I’ve told C. I’m told D. I told
3. All the preparation for the task ____,
and we’re ready to start.
15. ---How long ago ___ these eggs___? --- Perhaps 15 days. A. will; hatch B. did; hatch C. were; hatched D. have; been hatched
改错 1. A personal computer has bought by us. A personal computer has been bought by us. 2. Many problems has been found with our new computer. Many problems have been found with our new computer.
Can you make more sentences, using “have/has been done “?
?
The Suntown has been set up in Taizhou. Many high buildings have been built there. A big swimming pool has also been built.
Lead-in
Are you familiar with these computers? Can you call them? palmtop
desktop PC laptop/ notebook
wrist-worn/wearable PC
WW PC
A wrist-worn PC has been invented recently.
Lots of beautiful flowers and trees have been planted .
A new bridge has been compleBoth my brother work at the power station that ___ in my hometown. A. has set up B. has been set up C. was set up D. is set up
注:该句的句型是:It is said that…/people
(they) said that…/that book is said to …根据句意是已经被译成了20 多种文字
所以要用现在完成时的被动语态。
8. –Hi, Tom, you look tired.
-- Of course. I ___ the living room
12. You can’t move in .The house _____. A. is painting B. is being painted C. has painted D. has been painted
13. Millions of pounds’ worth of
damage___ by a storm which swept across
Revision
Check the homework exercises. Ex1: 1 totally 2 revolution 3 artificial intelligence 4 birth 5 simple-minded 6 go by 7 deal with 8 network 9 truly 10 anyway Ex2: revolution; network; went by; totally; truly; simple-minded; Anyway; deal with Ex3: 1 totally 2 amazed 3 exciting 4 excited 5 cheaply 6 unlucky
all day.
A. had painted B. painted
C. have been painted
D. have been painting
9. --Did you move into the new house?
-- No. The rooms ___ yet.
A. were being painted
A. completed
B. complete
C. had been completed
D. have been done
4. ---- How long ____ at this job?
---- Since 1990.
A. were you employed B. have you been employed C. had you been employed D. will you be employed
5. When and where to go for the on-
salary holiday ____ yet.
A. are not decided
B. have not been decided
C. is not being decided D. has not been decided
6. Betty___ injured since last Saturday. A. has been B. was C. is D. has
5. The computer was used every day since we bought it. The computer has been used every day since we bought it. 6. A lot of e-mails had written on the computer in the past 5 years. A lot of e-mails have been written on the computer in the past 5 years.
the north of England last night. (2005重庆)
A. has been caused
B. had been caused
C. will be caused
D. will have been cause
14. Have you ever___ to the exhibition which ___for three weeks? A. gone; has been shown B. visited; shown C. been; has been on show D. went; lasted
3. A PC has been builded the way we wanted. A PC has been built the way we wanted. 4. Our computer just has been joined to the internet. Our computer has just been joined to the internet.
7. That book _________into at least 20 foreign languages. A. has said to be translated B. has been said to have translated C. is said that it had been translated D. is said to have been translated
A pen-like computer has already been developed.
The new campus of TianTai High school has already been built .
The houses have been destroyed by the storm.
B. are painting
C. have not painted
D. have not been painted
10. Great changes___ in my hometown and a lot of factories ___.
A. have been taken place;
are being set up