MidyearReport2006_Sulzer_e
高二英语经济预测单选题50题

高二英语经济预测单选题50题1. The GDP of a country measures the total value of all final goods and services produced within a country's borders _.A. in a given yearB. for several yearsC. since its establishmentD. in a future year答案:A。
解析:GDP(国内生产总值)是衡量一个国家在特定的一年里,在其境内生产的所有最终商品和服务的总价值。
选项A“in a given year” 在给定的一年)符合GDP的定义中关于时间的界定。
选项B“for several years” 好几年)不是GDP计算的常规时间跨度。
选项C“since its establishment”(自从它建立以来)这种时间界定不符合GDP的计算方式。
选项D“in a future year”(在未来的一年),GDP 是对已经发生的生产成果的衡量,不是未来的。
2. Inflation refers to _.A. a decrease in the general price levelB. an increase in the general price levelC. a stable price levelD. a random change in price level答案:B。
解析:通货膨胀(Inflation)指的是总体物价水平的上升。
选项A“a decrease in the general price level” 总体物价水平下降)是通货紧缩的概念。
选项C“a stable price level”( 稳定的物价水平)与通货膨胀概念相悖。
选项D“a random change in price level”(物价水平随机变化)没有准确表达通货膨胀是物价上升这一概念。
全国大学英语CET六级考试试卷及答案指导(2024年)

2024年全国大学英语CET六级考试自测试卷及答案指导一、写作(15分)WritingSuppose you are planning to go to a university abroad for further study. Write an email to your friend to express your intention and seek for advice. You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead. You do not need to write the address.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Sample Answer:Dear [Friend’s Name],I hope this email finds you well. I am writing to share with you my plan of studying abroad for further education and I would appreciate it if you could offer me some advice.I have recently applied for admission to [University Name], a prestigious university in [Country], and I am eager to pursue my master’s degree there. The program I am applying for aligns perfectly with my academic interests and career goals.However, I am not entirely sure about the process of studying and living abroad. I would greatly appreciate any tips or insights you might have. For instance, what are the challenges I might face in terms of language, culture, and daily life?I am looking forward to your valuable advice and suggestions. Your experience would be of immense help to me.Best regards,Zhang WeiExplanation:This sample answer follows the structure required for a personal email. It begins with a friendly greeting, followed by the main purpose of the email, which is to share the writer’s intention to study abroad and seek advice.The writer mentions the specific university and program they are interested in, showing a clear goal. They also express their eagerness to pursue their academic and career objectives, which adds context to their decision.The second paragraph requests advice on the challenges of studying and living abroad, indicating that the writer is open to learning from their friend’s experience.Finally, the closing sentence shows gratitude for the friend’s assistance and looks forward to receiving their advice, which is a polite and appropriate way to conclude the email.This response is concise, clear, and directly addresses the requirementsof the prompt.二、听力理解-长对话(选择题,共8分)第一题Part BIn this section, you will hear a long conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will hear some questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C), and D).ConversationM: Hi, Jenny. How was your weekend? I heard you went to the countryside with your family.W: Oh, it was great! We spent the whole day hiking in the mountains. The scenery was just beautiful.M: I bet it was. Did you take any photos?W: Yes, I did. I even managed to take a few shots of some rare wildflowers. They were really stunning.M: That’s awesome. I love wildflowers. Do you think you’ll show them to us when we meet next week?W: Absolutely! I’ll bring them with me. By the way, di d you do anything special last weekend?M: Not really. I just stayed at home and watched some movies. I was reallytired after the week at work.W: Same here. It’s always nice to relax after a busy week.M: Speaking of which, we should plan a trip together soon. How about going to the mountains for a weekend getaway?W: That sounds perfect. I could really use a break from the city.Questions1、What did Jenny do over the weekend?A) She went to the countryside with her family.B) She stayed at home and watched movies.C) She worked overtime at her office.D) She went shopping in the city.2、What did Jenny do with the photos she took?A) She sent them to her friends via email.B) She posted them on social media.C) She brought them to show her friends.D) She deleted them because they were not good.3、Why did Jenny want to go on a trip with her friend?A) She wanted to see the mountains again.B) She was tired of the city life.C) She needed a break from her studies.D) She wanted to show off her new camera.4、What is the conversation mainly about?A) Jenny’s weekend trip.B) The beauty of the countryside.C) The importance of relaxation.D) Planning a trip with friends.Answers:1.A2.C3.B4.A第二题听力原文:A: Hi, Bob. I heard you’re going to take the CET-6 exam this summer. How are you preparing for it?B: Yeah, I’m pretty nervous. I’ve been studying for hours every day, but I’m still not sure if I’m on the right track.A: Well, you know, it’s important to focus on your weak points. What are you struggling with the most?B: I think my listening comprehension is the biggest issue. I often can’t catch the main idea of the conversations in the listening section.A: That’s a common problem. You should practice listening to English news and podcasts to get more exposed to the language. Also, try to summarize what you’ve heard after each passage.B: That sounds good. Do you have any other tips?A: Definitely. Try to improve your vocabulary and grammar as well. A strong foundation in these areas will definitely help.B: Thanks for the advice, Alice. I really appreciate it.选择题:1、What is the main topic of the conversation?A) Preparing for the CET-6 examB) Taking English coursesC) Improving listening skillsD) Discussing exam strategies2、What is Bob’s main problem with the CET-6 exam?A) He struggles with grammar.B) He has difficulty with reading comprehension.C) He’s nervous about the exam.D) He finds the listening section challenging.3、What advice does Alice give Bob to improve his listening skills?A) Focus on reading more English books.B) Practice listening to English news and podcasts.C) Spend more time on vocabulary building.D) Take more English courses.4、What is Bob’s response to Alice’s advice?A) He is confident in his ability to pass the exam.B) He is grateful for Alice’s help.C) He is skeptical about the effectiveness of the advice.D) He is not interested in improving his listening skills.答案:1、A2、D3、B4、B三、听力理解-听力篇章(选择题,共7分)第一题听力篇章You will hear a passage. For questions 1 to 3, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Now, listen to the passage.The rise of the Internet has transformed the way we communicate and access information. One of the most significant impacts has been on education, where online learning platforms have become increasingly popular. This has led to a debate on whether online education can replace traditional classroom learning.Questions 1 to 3 are based on the passage you have just heard.1、What is the main topic of the passage?A) The benefits of online education.B) The challenges of online education.C) The debate between online and traditional education.D) The transformation of education due to the Internet.2、According to the passage, what has been the most significant impact of the Internet on education?A) Increased access to information.B) Improved communication skills.C) Enhanced technology in classrooms.D) Decreased need for traditional teachers.3、What is the author’s stance on the debate between online and traditional education?A) The author is strongly in favor of online education.B) The author is strongly against online education.C) The author believes that both methods have their merits and drawbacks.D) The author is unsure about the effectiveness of online education.Answers:1、C2、A3、C第二题PassageIn recent years, the importance of environmental protection has been increasingly recognized worldwide. With the rapid development of industries and urbanization, various environmental issues have arisen, such as air and water pollution, deforestation, and climate change. To address these challenges, many countries have implemented various environmental policies and regulations. However, the effectiveness of these measures is often questioned.1.In the passage, what is the main concern regarding environmental issues?A)The rapid development of industries.B)The increasing number of people living in urban areas.C)The lack of environmental protection measures.2.According to the passage, which of the following is NOT mentioned as an environmental issue?A)Air and water pollution.B)Deforestation.C)Overpopulation.3.What is the main purpose of implementing environmental policies and regulations, as stated in the passage?A)To promote economic growth.B)To address environmental issues.C)To reduce the cost of industries.Answers1.B) The increasing number of people living in urban areas.2.C) Overpopulation.3.B) To address environmental issues.四、听力理解-新闻报道(选择题,共20分)第一题News Item:A new study by the World Health Organization (WHO) reveals that air pollution is a leading cause of death worldwide. The report, released today, states that more than 7 million people die each year from diseases caused or exacerbated by air pollution. The WHO emphasizes that the most affected regions are South Asia and East Asia, where air quality is among the worst in the world. The organization calls for stricter regulations and policies to reduce emissions and improve air quality.Questions:1、How many people die each year from diseases caused or exacerbated by air pollution, according to the WHO report?A) 3 millionB) 5 millionC) 7 millionD) 10 million2、Which regions are identified as the most affected by air pollution?A) North America and EuropeB) South Asia and East AsiaC) Central and South AmericaD) Australia and New Zealand3、What is the primary call to action made by the WHO in response to the report?A) To promote the use of electric vehicles worldwideB) To provide free medical care for air pollution victimsC) To implement stricter regulations and policies to reduce emissionsD) To increase funding for research on air pollutionAnswers:1、C) 7 million2、B) South Asia and East Asia3、C) To implement stricter regulations and policies to reduce emissions第二题News Item:In the following news report, you will hear about a recent development in environmental protection policies. Listen carefully and answer the questions that follow.News Report:Lately, the Chinese government has announced a new set of environmental protection policies aimed at reducing air pollution in major cities. The policies include stricter emission standards for vehicles and industries, as well as a focus on renewable energy sources. The government has set a targetof reducing the amount of smog in cities by 20% within the next five years. Experts believe these measures will significantly improve air quality and public health.Questions:1、What is the main goal of the new environmental protection policies?A) To promote the use of renewable energy sources.B) To reduce the amount of smog in cities by 20% within five years.C) To impose stricter emission standards on vehicles and industries.D) To improve public health in rural areas.2、Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a measure in the new policies?A) Stricter emission standards for vehicles.B) Promotion of nuclear energy.C) Focus on renewable energy sources.D) Reduction of energy consumption in households.3、How does the news report describe the potential impact of these policies?A) They are expected to have little impact on air quality.B) They are believed to significantly improve air quality and public health.C) They are considered too ambitious and may not be achievable.D) They are seen as a step backward in environmental protection efforts.Answers:1、B2、B3、B第三题News ReportA recent report from the Chinese Ministry of Education reveals that the National College English Testing System (CET-6) has been revised to better reflect the actual use of English in the real world. The new exam format is expected to be implemented next year.1、What is the main purpose of the CET-6 revision according to the report?A、To increase the difficulty level of the exam.B、To better reflect the actual use of English.C、To reduce the number of test takers.D、To change the format of the exam.2、When is the new exam format expected to be implemented?A、This year.B、Next year.C、Two years from now.D、Three years from now.3、What does the report indicate about the new CET-6 exam?A、It will focus more on listening and speaking skills.B、It will include more questions about Chinese culture.C、It will have a shorter duration.D、It will have a lower passing score.Answers:1、B2、B3、A五、阅读理解-词汇理解(填空题,共5分)第一题Reading PassageThe rapid development of technology has brought about significant changes in our daily lives. One of the most remarkable advancements is the rise of artificial intelligence (AI). AI has the potential to revolutionize various industries, including healthcare, education, and transportation. In this passage, we will explore the impact of AI on society and the challenges it poses.Questions:1、According to the passage, AI has the potential to revolutionize various industries, including ______.A. healthcareB. educationC. transportationD. All of the above2、The passage mentions that AI can bring about significant changes in ______.A. our daily livesB. our social relationshipsC. our economyD. our environment3、The word “remarkable” in the first paragraph ca n be best replaced by ______.A. noticeableB. extraordinaryC. averageD. insignificant4、The passage discusses the____of AI on society.A. benefitsB. challengesC. both benefits and challengesD. none5、The author of the passage seems to have a____view of AI.A. positiveB. negativeC. neutralD. skepticalAnswers:1、D. All of the above2、A. our daily lives3、B. extraordinary4、C. both benefits and challenges5、A. positive第二题Read the following passage and then fill in each blank with one word from the list below. Write the word you choose in the corresponding space on the Answer Sheet. There are more words than you need.In the digital age, 1 of data has become an integral part of our daily lives. From the moment we wake up, we are surrounded by data. Our smartphones track our every move, and our social media profiles are filled with data about our likes, interests, and connections. However, the sheer volume of data can be over whelming and it’s essential to understand how to manage it effectively.1.(A) Generation (B) Analysis (C) Collection (D) Storage2.(A) devices (B) interactions (C) sources (D) outcomes3.(A) In the past (B) Currently (C) Initially (D) Eventually4.(A) managing (B) reducing (C) analyzing (D) ignoring5.(A) data (B) information (C) knowledge (D) insightsAnswers:1.(C) Collection2.(B) interactions3.(B) Currently4.(A) managing5.(A) data六、阅读理解-长篇阅读(选择题,共10分)第一题Reading PassageIn recent years, the rapid development of technology has brought about significant changes in various aspects of our lives. One of the most notable changes is the impact of technology on education. This passage explores the ways in which technology has transformed the field of education and its implications for students and educators.Technology has revolutionized the way students learn. With the advent of online learning platforms, students can now access a wealth of resources and educational materials from anywhere in the world. This has made education more accessible and flexible, allowing students to learn at their own pace and in their own time. Additionally, interactive tools such as virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) have enhanced the learning experience by providing immersive and engaging educational content.Educators have also benefited from the integration of technology in the classroom. Digital tools and software have simplified administrative tasks, such as grading and record-keeping. Moreover, teachers can now utilize multimedia presentations and videos to make their lessons more dynamic and engaging for students.Despite the numerous advantages, the rapid adoption of technology in education has raised concerns about its potential negative effects. One of the primary concerns is the potential for technology to create a digital divide, where students without access to technology may be at a disadvantage. Another concern is the over-reliance on technology, which could lead to reduced social interaction and a decline in critical thinking skills.The following passage provides more details about the impact of technology on education.Questions1、What is the main purpose of the passage?A. To discuss the benefits of technology in education.B. To highlight the negative effects of technology in education.C. To compare traditional and modern educational methods.D. To argue for the complete replacement of traditional education with technology.2、According to the passage, how has technology changed the accessibility of education?A. It has made education more expensive.B. It has limited access to education.C. It has increased the cost of educational materials.D. It has made education more accessible and flexible.3、What is one way technology has enhanced the learning experience forstudents?A. It has reduced the need for social interaction.B. It has made lessons more passive and unengaging.C. It has provided immersive and engaging educational content.D. It has increased the workload for educators.4、What are two advantages of technology for educators mentioned in the passage?A. It has increased the need for physical classrooms and textbooks.B. It has simplified administrative tasks and made lessons more dynamic.C. It has reduced the need for textbooks and traditional teaching methods.D. It has increased the number of hours educators need to work.5、Which of the following is a concern raised about the use of technology in education?A. It has improved students’ critical thinking skills.B. It has made education more personalized and effective.C. It has created a digital divide and reduced social interaction.D. It has made learning more enjoyable and interactive.Answers1、D2、D3、C4、B5、C第二题Reading PassagesIn the wake of the global pandemic, the importance of public health has come under renewed scrutiny. This article explores the various aspects of public health, from the challenges faced by healthcare systems to the role of technology in improving health outcomes.Passage 1Public health is the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health through organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities, and individuals. The World Healt h Organization (WHO) defines public health as “the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health through organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities, and individuals.”The global pandemic has highlighted the fragility of healthcare systems around the world. Many countries have struggled to cope with the surge in cases, leading to overwhelmed hospitals, exhausted healthcare workers, and shortages of medical supplies. This has underscored the need for strong public health infrastructure, including robust healthcare systems, effective disease surveillance, and efficient emergency response mechanisms.Questions:1、What is the main purpose of public health?A、To provide medical care to individuals.B、To prevent disease, prolong life, and promote health.C、To improve healthcare systems globally.D、To focus on emergency response during pandemics.2、What challenge has the global pandemic highlighted?A、The inefficiency of public health organizations.B、The strength of healthcare systems worldwide.C、The need for more private healthcare facilities.D、The importance of disease surveillance.3、What does the World Health Organization define public health as?A、The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health.B、The responsibility of healthcare workers during emergencies.C、The role of technology in improving health outcomes.D、The focus on individual health choices.4、Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a challenge faced by healthcare systems during the pandemic?A、Overwhelmed hospitals.B、Exhausted healthcare workers.C、Increased public health awareness.D、Shortages of medical supplies.5、What is the main focus of the article?A、The role of technology in public health.B、The challenges faced by healthcare systems during the pandemic.C、The definition and importance of public health.D、The role of individuals in improving public health.Answers:1、B2、D3、A4、C5、C七、阅读理解-仔细阅读(选择题,共20分)第一题Reading PassageIn the era of digital transformation, the traditional classroom experience has been revolutionized by the integration of technology. Online learning platforms, interactive multimedia, and virtual reality have become integral tools in the educational process. However, with these advancements come challenges that educators and students alike must navigate. This passage discusses some of the key issues associated with the use of technology in education.Paragraph 1The rise of online learning platforms has made education more accessible to students around the world. These platforms offer a wide range of courses, from basic literacy to advanced technical skills, making it possible for individuals to learn at their own pace. However, the convenience of online learning comes with its own set of challenges. One of the most significant concerns is the potential for increased isolation and decreased social interaction among students.Paragraph 2Interactive multimedia has become a staple in modern classrooms. Videos, simulations, and other multimedia tools can help students visualize complex concepts and engage with the material in a more interactive way. However, the use of multimedia can also create a barrier for students with disabilities. For example, individuals with visual impairments may struggle to access information presented in visual formats, while those with hearing impairments may find it difficult to follow along with audio-only content.Paragraph 3Virtual reality (VR) has the potential to revolutionize the way students learn. By immersing students in virtual environments, educators can create realistic simulations that allow students to experience historical events, explore scientific concepts, and even practice medical procedures. However, VR technology is still in its infancy, and it is not yet widely accessible to allstudents. Additionally, the cost of VR hardware and software can be prohibitive for many educational institutions.Paragraph 4While technology offers numerous benefits to the educational process, it also presents several challenges. One of the most pressing concerns is the potential for technology to create a digital divide. Students from low-income families may not have access to the necessary devices or internet connections to fully participate in online learning. Furthermore, the over-reliance on technology can lead to a lack of critical thinking skills and a diminished focus on foundational learning.Questions1、What is one of the main concerns associated with online learning platforms?A. The lack of social interaction among students.B. The difficulty of accessing information in visual formats.C. The high cost of VR technology.D. The limited availability of advanced technical skills.2、How can interactive multimedia create a barrier for students with disabilities?A. It limits the number of courses available to students.B. It makes it difficult for students to follow along with audio-only content.C. It requires students to have advanced technical skills.D. It increases the risk of students becoming isolated.3、What is the potential of virtual reality to revolutionize the way students learn?A. It allows students to practice medical procedures in a virtual environment.B. It increases the risk of students becoming isolated.C. It makes it difficult for students to visualize complex concepts.D. It creates a digital divide among students.4、What is one of the challenges associated with the use of technology in education?A. The potential for technology to create a digital divide.B. The decrease in critical thinking skills among students.C. The difficulty of accessing information in visual formats.D. The lack of social interaction among students.5、What is the main focus of the passage?A. The benefits of online learning platforms.B. The challenges associated with the use of technology in education.C. The importance of critical thinking skills in education.D. The potential of virtual reality to revolutionize the way students learn.Answers1、A2、B3、A4、A5、B第二题Reading PassageIn the digital age, the importance of lifelong learning has never been more evident. As technology advances at an unprecedented rate, the skills and knowledge that were once considered essential can quickly become outdated. This has led to a growing demand for continuous education and professional development.The concept of lifelong learning has been embraced by many industries and educational institutions. Companies recognize that investing in their employees’ education can lead to increased productivity and innovation. Similarly, educational institutions are adapting their curricula to meet the changing needs of students and the job market.One of the key benefits of lifelong learning is that it allows individuals to stay relevant in their fields. Whether it’s learning new software for a tech professional or mastering a new language for a global business leader, continuous education helps individuals keep pace with the latest trends and developments.However, the pursuit of lifelong learning is not without its challenges.The cost of education can be prohibitive, and balancing work, family, and personal commitments can be daunting. Despite these obstacles, the benefits of lifelong learning far outweigh the costs.Below is a text about the impact of lifelong learning on individuals and society. Please read the text carefully and answer the questions that follow.Questions:1、What is the main idea of the first paragraph?A. The rapid advancement of technology necessitates lifelong learning.B. Companies are in vesting in their employees’ education.C. Educational institutions are adapting their curricula.D. Lifelong learning has become a growing trend.2、According to the passage, what is the main purpose of investing in employees’ education for companies?A. To increase the company’s revenue.B. To improve the quality of products and services.C. To keep up with technological advancements.D. To reduce employee turnover.3、What is one of the benefits of lifelong learning mentioned in the passage?A. It helps individuals save money.B. It allows individuals to stay relevant in their fields.C. It ensures a secure retirement.D. It provides a sense of accomplishment.。
2006年经济学家英文原版

Digest Of The. Economist. 2006(4-5)Hot to trotA new serv ice hop es to do for texting what Skype did for voice callsTALK is cheap—particularly since the appearance of voice-over-internet se rvices such as Skype. Such services, which make possible very cheap (or even free) calls by rou ting part or all of each call over the interne t, have forced traditional telecoms firms to cut their prices. And now the same thing could be about to happen to mobilephone text mess ages, following the launch this week of Hotxt, a Britis h start-up.Users download the Hotxt software to their handsets, just as they would a game or a ringtone. They choose a user name, and can then exchange as many messages as they like with other Hotxt users for £1 ($1.75) per week. The messages are sent as data packe ts across the internet, rather than being rou ted through operators' textmessaging infras tructu re. As a resul t, users pay only a tiny data-transport charge, typically of a penny or so per mess age. Since text messages typically cost 10p, this is a big saving—particula rly for the cost-conscious teenagers at whom the service is aimed.Most teenagers in Britain, and elsewhere in Europe, pay for their mobile phones on a “pre-paid” basis, rather than having a monthly contract with a regular bill. Pre-paid tariffs are far more expensive: bu ndles of free texts and other special deals, which can reduce the cost of text messaging, are generally not available. For a teenager who sends seven messages a day, Hotxt can cut the cost of texting by 75%, saving £210 per year, sa ys Doug Richard, the firm's co-fou nder. For really intensi ve text-messagers, the savings could be even bigger: Josh Dhaliwal of mobileYouth, a market-research firm, says that some teenagers—chiefly boys aged 15-16 and girls aged 14-15— are “supertexters” who send as many as 50 mess ages per day.While this sounds like good news for users, it could prove painful for mobile operators. Text-mess aging accou nts for around 20% of a typical operator's revenues. With margi ns on text messages in excess of 90%, texting also accou nts for nearly half of an operator's profits. Mr Ri chard is confident that there is no legal way that operators can block his service; they could raisedata-transport costs, but that w ould undermine their own efforts to pus h new services. Hotxt plans to launch in other cou ntries soon.“The challenge is getting that initial momentu m,” says Mr Dhaliwal. Hotxt needs to persuade people to sign up, so that they will persuade their friends to sign up, and so on. Unlike Skype, Hotxt is not free, so users may be less inclined to give it a try. Bu t as Skype has also shown, once a disru ptive, low-cost communications service starts to spread, it can quickly become very big indeed. And that in turn can lead to lower prices, not jus t for its users, bu t for everyone.A discerning viewA new way of processing X-rays gives much clear er imagesX-RAYS are the mysterious phenomenon for which Wilhelm Röntge n was awarded the first Nobel prize in physics, in 1901. Since then, they have shed their mystery and found widespread use in medici ne and industry, where they are used to revealthe inner properties of solid b odies.Some properties, however, are more easily discerned than others. Conventional Xray imagi ng relies on the fact that different materials abs orb the radia tion to different deg rees. In a medical context, for example, bones absorb X-rays readily, and so show up white on an X-radiograph, which is a photog raphic neg ative. But Xrays are less g ood at discriminating between different forms of soft tissue, such as muscles, tend ons, fat and blood vessels. That, however, could soon change. For Franz Pfeiffer of the Paul Scherrer Institu te in Villigen, Switzerland, and his colleagues report, in the April edition of N ature Physics, that they have manipulated s tandard X-ray imagi ng techniques to show many more details of the inner body.The trick needed to discern this fine detail, according to Dr Pfeiffer, is a simple one. The researchers took advantage not only of how tissues absorb X-rays bu t also of how much they slow their passage. This slowing can be seen as changes in the phase of the radiation that emerges—in other words of the relative posi tions of the peaks and troughs of the waves of which X-rays are composed.Subtle changes in phase are easil y picked up, so doctors can de tect even small variations in the composi tion of the tissue under investigation, such as might be caused by the early stages of breast cancer. Indeed, this trick—known as phase-contras t imaging—is already used rou tinely in optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Until now, however, no one had thou ght to use it for medical X-radiography.To perform their trick, the researchers used a series of three devices called transmission gratings. They placed one between the source of the X-rays and the body u nder examination, and two be tween the body and the X-ray detector that forms the image. The first grating gathers information on the phases of the X-rays passing through it. The second and third work together to produce thedetailed phase-contrasted image. The approach generates two separate images—the classic X-ray image and the phase-contras ted image—which can then be combined to produce a hig h-resolu tion picture.The researchers tested their technique on a C ardinal tetra, a tiny iridesc ent fish commonly fou nd in fish tanks and aquariums. The conventional X-ray image showed the bones and the gu t of the fish, w hile the phase-contrasted image showed details of the fins, the ear and the eye.Dr Pfeiffer's technique would thus appear to offer a way to get much greater de tail for the same amount of radiation exposure. Moreover, since it uses standard hospital equipment, it should be easy to introduce into medical practice. X-rays may no long er b e the s tuff of Nob el prizes, but their usefulness may just have increased sig nificantly.Here be dragonsWith luck, you may soon be able to buy a mythological petPAOLO FRIL, chairman and chief scientific officer of GeneDu pe, based in San Melito, California, is a man with a dream. That dream is a d ragon in every home.GeneDu pe's business is biotech pets. Not for Dr Fril, though, the mundane cloning of dead moggies and pooches. He plans a range of entirely new animals—or, rather, of really qui te old animals, with the twist that even when they did exis t, it was only in the imagination.Making a mythical creature real is not easy. Bu t GeneDu pe's team of bi ologis ts and compu ter scientists reckon they are equal to the task. Their secret is a new field, which they call “virtual cell biology”.Biology and computing have a lot in common, si nce both are about processing information—in one case electronic; in the other, bi ochemical. Virtual cell biology as pires to make a software model of a cell that is accurate in every biochemical detail. That is possible because all animal cells use the same parts lis t—mitochondria for energ y processing, the end oplasmic reticulu m for making proteins, Golgi body for protein asse mbly, and so on.Armed with their virtu al cell, GeneDupe's scientis ts can customise the result so that it belongs to a particular species, byloadi ng it with a virtual copy of that animal's genome. Then, if the cell is also loaded with the rig ht virtual molecules, it will behave like a fertilised egg, and start dividi ng and developing—first into an embryo, and ultimately into an adult.Because this “growth” is going on in a compu ter, it happens fast. Passi ng from egg to adult in one of GeneDu pe's enormous Mythmaker computers takes less than a minu te. And it is here that Charles Darwin gets a look in. With such a short generation time, GeneDu pe's scientis ts can add a little evolu tion to their products.Each compu ter starts with a search image (dragon, unicorn, gryphon, etc), and the genome of the real animal most closely resembling it (a lizard for the dragon, a horse for the unicorn and, most taxingly, the spliced genomes of a lion and an eag le for the gryphon). The virtual genomes of these real animals are then tweaked b y random electronic mu tations. When they have matu red, the virtual adults most closely resembling the targets are picked and cross-bred, while the others are cull ed.Using this rapid evolu tionary process, GeneDu pe's scientis ts have arrived at genomes for a range of mythological creatures—in a computer, at least. The next stage, on w hich they are jus t embarking, is to do it for real.This involves synthesising, wi th actual DNA, the genetic material that the compu ter mod els predict will produce the mythical creatures. The synthetic DNA is then inserted into a cell that has had its natural nu cleus removed. The resul t, Dr Fril and his commercial backers hope, will be a real live dragon, unicorn or w hat have you.T ales of the unexpectedWhy a drug trial went so badly wrongIN ANY sort of test, not least a drugs trial, one should expect the u nexpected. Even so, on March 13th, si x volunteers taking part in a small clinical trial of a treatment known as TGN1412 got far more than they bargained for. All end ed up seriousl y ill, with multiple organ failure, soon after being injected with the drug at a special testing unit at Northwick Park Hospital in London, run by a company called Parexel. One man remains ill in hospital.Small, preliminary trials of this sort are intended to find ou t whether a drug is toxic. Nevertheless, the mishap was so serious that Britain's Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), a government body, swiftly launched a fu ll inquiry. On April 5th it announced its preliminary findings. These were that the trial was run correctly, doses of the drug were given as they were supposed to have been, and there was no contamination during manufacturing. In other words, it seems that despite extensive tests on animals and hu man-cell cultures, and des pite the fact that the doses in the hu man trial were only a five-hundredth of those given to the animals, TGN1412 is toxic in people in a way that simply had not shown up.This is a difficult resul t for the drug business because it raises questions ab ou t the right way of testing medicines of this kind. TGN1412 is u nusual in that it is an antib ody. Most drugs are w hat are known as “small molecules”. Antib odies are big, powerful proteins tha t are the workhorses of the immune system. A mere 20 of them have been approved for hu man therapy, or are in latestage clinical trails, in America and Europe, bu t hundreds are in pre-clinical development, and will soon need to be tried out on people.Most antibody d rugs are desig ned to work in one of three ways: b y recruiting parts of the immune system to kill cancer cells; by delivering a small-molecul e drug or a radi oactive atom specifically to a cancer; or by blocking unwanted immune responses. In that sense, TGN1412 was u nusual because it worked in a fourth way. It is what is called a “superag onis tic” antib ody, desi gned to increase the numbers of a type of immune cell know n as regulatory T-cells.Reduced numbers, or impaired function, of regulatory T-cells has been implicated in a nu mber of illnesses, such as type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Boosting the pool of these antib odies seemed li ke a g ood treatment strateg y. Unfortu nately, that strategy fell disastrousl y to pieces and it will take a little longer to find ou t why.The resul t highlights concerns raised in a paper jus t published by the Academy of Medical Sciences, a g rou p of experts b ased in Lond on. It says there are special ris ks associated with novel antib ody therapies. For example, their chemical specificity means that the y might not bind to their targets in hu mans as they do in other species.Accidence and substanceT wo possib le exp lanations for the bulk of realityTHE unknown pervades the universe. That which people can see, with the aid of various s orts of teles cope, accounts for just 4% of the total mass. The rest, however, mus t exis t. Withou t it, galaxies would not survive and the universe would not be gently expanding, as witnessed by as tronomers. What exactly constitutes this dark matter and dark energy remains mysterious, but physicists have recently u ncovered some more clues, ab out the former, at least.One possible explanation for dark matter is a group of subatomic particles called neutrinos. These objects are so difficult to catch that a screen made of lead a light-year thick would stop only half the neu trinos beamed at it from getting through. Yetneu trinos are thoug ht to be the most abundant particles in the universe. Some ten thousand trillion trillion—most of them produced by nuclear reactions in the sun—reach Earth every second. All bu t a handful pass straight through the planet as if it wasn't there.According to the Standard Model, the most successful description of particle physi cs to date, neutrinos come in three varieties, called “flavours”. These are know n as electron neu trinos, tau neu trinos and muon neu trinos. Ag ain, according to the StandardMod el, they are point-like, electrically neu tral and massless. Bu t in recent years, this view has been challenged, as physicists realis ed that neu trinos might have mass.The first strong evidence came in 1998, when researchers at an experiment called SuperKamiokande, based at Kamioka, in Japan, showed that muon neu trinos produced by cosmic rays hitting the upper atmosphere had g one missing by the time they should have reached an underground detector. SuperKamiokande's operators suspect that the missing muon neu trinos had changed flavour, becoming electron neutrinos or—more likely—tau neutrinos. Theory suggests that this process, called oscillation, can happen only if neu trinos have mass.Since then, there have been other reports of oscillation. Results from the Sudbury Neutrino Obse rvatory in Canada suggest that electron neutrinos produced b y nuclear reactions in the sun change into either muon or tau neu trinos on their jou rney to Earth. Tw o other Japanese experiments, one conducted at Kamioka and one involving the KEK particle-accelerator lab oratory in Tsukuba, near Tokyo, also hint at oscillation.Last week, researchers working on the MINOS experiment at Fermilab, near C hicago, confirmed these resul ts. Over the coming months and years, they hope to produce the most accurate measurements yet. The researchers created a beam of muonneu trinos b y firing an intense stream of protons into a bl ock of carbon. On the other side of the target sat a particle detector that monitored the number of muon neutrinos leaving the Fermilab si te. The neu trinos then traveled 750km (450 miles) through the Earth to a detector in a former iron mine in Soudan, Mi nnesota.Myths and migrationDo immigrants really hurt A merican wor kers' wages?EVERY now and again America, a nation largely made up of immigrants and their descendants, is gripped by a furious political row over whether and how it should stem the flood of people wanting to enter the country. It is in the mids t of just such a quarrel now. C ongress is contemplating the erection of a wall along stretches of the Mexican border and a crackdown on illegalworkers, as well as softer policies such as a guest-w orker programme for illegal immigrants. Some of the arguments are plain silly. Immig ration's defenders claim tha t foreigners come to do jobs tha t Americans won't—as if ci ties with few immigrants had no gardeners. Its opponents say that immigrants steal American jobs—succu mbing to the fallacy that there are only a fixed number of jobs to g o around.One common argu ment, though not silly, is often overstated: that immigration pushes down American workers' wages, especially among high-school dropouts. It isn't hard to see why this might be. Over the past 25 years American incomes have become less equally dis tribu ted, typical wages have grown surprisingly sl owly for such a healthy economy and the real wages of the least skilled have actua lly fallen. It is plausible that immigration is at least partly to blame, especially be cause recent arrivals have disproportionately poor skills. In the 2000 census immigrants made up 13% of A merica's pool of workers, but 28% of those withou t a high-school education and over half of those with eig ht years' schooling or less.In fac t, the relationship be tween immigration and wages is not clear-cut, even in theory. That is because wages depend on the supply of capi tal as well as lab our. Alone, an influx of immigrants raises the supply of workers and hence reduces wages. But cheaper labour increases the potential retu rn to employers of building new factories or opening new valet-parking companies. In so doing, they create extra demand for workers. Once capital has fully adjusted, the final impact on overall wages should be a wash, as long as the immigrants have not changed the productivity of the workforce as a whole.However, even if wages do not change on average, immigration can s till shift the relative pay of workers of di fferent types. A large inflow of low-skilled people could pus h down the relative wages of low-skilled natives, assuming that they compete for the same jobs. On the other hand, if the immigrants had compleme ntary skills, natives would be relatively be tter off. To gauge the full effect of immigration on wages, therefore, you need to know how quickly capital adjusts and how far the newcomers are substitutes for local workers.Roaming holidayT he EU hopes to slash the price of cross-border mobile calls“TODAY it is only when usi ng your mobile phone abroad that you realis e there are still borders in Europe,” lamented Viviane Reding, the European commissioner responsible for telecoms and media regulation, as she annou nced plans to slash the cost of mobile roaming last month. It is a laudable aim: Eu ropean consumers typically pay €1.25 ($1.50) per minute to call home from another European country, and €1 per minute to receive calls from home while abroad. With roa ming margi ns ab ove 90%, European mobile operators make profits of arou nd €10 billi on a year from the trade, the commission estimates.Ms Reding's plan, unveiled on March 28th and up for discussion until May 12th, is to impose a “home pricing” scheme. Even while roaming, callers would be charged whatever they would normally pay to use their phones in their home cou ntries; charges for incoming calls while roaming would be abolished. That may sou nd good. But, as the industry is understandabl y at pains to point out, it could have some curious knock-on effects.In particular, consumers could sign up with operators in foreign countries to take advantage of lower prices. Everyone w ould take out subscriptions to the cheapest supplier and bring them back home, says John Tysoe of the Mobile World, a consultancy. “You'd end up with a complete muddle. An operator mig ht have a netw ork, but no customers, because they'v e all migrated.”Another problem with Ms Reding's plan, he says, is that operators would compensate for the loss of roaming fees— thou ght to account for arou nd 3% of their revenues and 5% of profits—by raising prices elsewhere. This would have the perverse effect of lowering prices for international business travellers, a big chunk of roaming traffic, while raising prices for most consumers.The commission's proposals are “economically incoherent”, says Richard Feasey of Vodafone, which operates mobile networks in many European countries. Imposi ng price caps on roaming is legally questionable, he says, and Vodafone has, in any case, been steadil y reducing its roaming charges. (European regulators prevented it from doing so for three years on antitrust grounds after its takeover of Mannesmann in 2000.) Orange, another multinational operator, says it is planning to make price cu ts, too. “Of course, now everybody's got price cuts,” says Stefano Nicoletti of Ovu m, a consultancy.But perhaps Ms Reding's unspoken plan is to use the threat of regulation as a way to prompt action. Operators are rig ht that her proposals make no sense, but they are charging too much all the sa me. So expect them to lobb y hard against the proposals over the next cou ple of years, while quietly cutting their prices—an outcome tha t would, of course, allow both sid es to claim victory.Dev ices and their desiresE ngineers and chemists get togetherTHERE used to be a world of difference between treating a patient with a de vice—such as a fake hip or a pacemaker—and using biolog y and biochemistry. Different ailments required wholly di fferent treatments, often with little in common. Bu t that is changing as medical advances—such as those being trumpeted at the biotechnolog y industry's annual gathering this week in Chicago—foster combinations of su rgical implants and other hardware with support from medicines. Drug-releasi ng stents were one of the first fruits of this trend, which increasingly requires vastly different sorts of health-care firms to mesh their research efforts.That will be a challenge. While pharmaceu tical and biotech firms are always in search of the next big thing, devicemakers prefer g radual progress. Instead of hanging ou t with b reathless entrepreneu rs near America's east and west coasts, where most drug and biotechnology firms are bas ed, many of the device-makers huddle in midwestern cities such as Minneapolis, Indianapolis and Kalamazoo. And u nlike Big Pharma, which uses marketing bli tzes to tell ailing consu mers ab ou t its new drugs, medical-device sales teams ac t more as instructors, showing doctors how to install their latest creations.Several companies, however, are now trying to bring these two busi ness cultu res together. Earlier this year, for example,Angi otech Pharmaceuticals, a C anadian firm, bought American Medical Instruments (AMI). Angiotech's managers reckon their company has devised a good way to apply d rug coatings to all sorts of medical paraphernalia, from su tures and syringes to catheters, in ord er to reduce the shock to the body. AMI makes just the sorts of medical supplies to which Angiotech hopes to apply its techniques.One of America's biggest makers of medical devices, Medtronic, has been doing joint research with Genzyme, a biotechnology company that is also keen on broade r approaches to health care. Genzyme sa ys that it was looking for better ways to treat ailments, such as coronary and kidney diseas e, and realised that it needed to u nderstand better how electro-mechanical devices and information technology work. Bu t combining its efforts with those of Medtronic “on a cultural level is very hard”, the company says. Biotechnology firms are used to much more risky projects and far longer de velopment cycles.Another difference is that device-makers know that if a problem emerges with their hardware, the engineers will tinker around and try to resolve the glitch. Biotech and pharmaceu tical firms have no such option. If a difficul ty emerges after years of developing and testing a new pill, as with Merck's Vioxx, there may be little they can d o abou t it. “You can't fu tz with a molecul e”, says Debbie Wang, a health-care indus try analyst.Strangely, says Ms Wang, some of the most promising engineering ou tfits were once divisi ons of pharmaceu tical andhealth-care companies, which got rid of them precisely because they did not appear to offer the rapid growth that managers saw in prescription drugs. Guidant, a maker of various cardiovascular devices, was spun off by Eli Lilly in 1994 and a decade later became the prize in a bidding war between Johnson & Johnson and Boston Scientific, which Boston won earlier this year.Pfizer sold How medica, which makes joint replacements and prosthetics, to Kalamazoo-based S tryker in 1998. Anotherjoint-replacement maker, Zimmer, was spun off from B ristol-Myers Squibb in 2001. N ow both those companies are looking for ways to add “anti-interactive coatings”—ie, d rugs—to their business. One of the most troublesome complications in joint replacement is infection.The big drug companies might be tempted to reacquire the firms that they let go. Bu t, given the potential for cultural and strategic clashes, it may make more sense for a few big and broad medical-device makers, such as Med tronic, Boston Scientific and St Jude Medical, to continue consolidating their own industry while co-operating, along the lines of the Med tronic-Genzyme venture, with biotech and pharmaceu tical firms as they see fit. There would still be irritation; bu t probabl y less risk of wholesale rejec tion.E at less, liv e moreHow to liv e longer—maybeDIETING, accordi ng to an old joke, may not actu ally make you li ve longer, but it sure feels that way. Nevertheless, evidence has been accumulating since the 1930s that calorie res triction—reducing an animal's energy intake below its energ y expenditure—extends lifespan and delays the onset of age-related diseases in rats, d ogs, fish and monkeys. Such resul ts have inspired thousands of people to put up with constant hunger in the hope of living longer, healthier lives. They have also led to a search for drugs that mimic the effects of calorie restriction withou t the pain of going on an actu al diet.Amid the hype, it is easy to forget that no one has until now show n that calorie restriction works in humans. That omission, however, changed this month, wi th the publication of the initial results of the first systematic investigation into the matter. Thisstudy, known as C ALERIE (Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy), was sponsored by America's National Institu tes of Health. It took 48 men and women aged between 25 and 50 and assigned them randomly to either a control group or a calorie-res triction regi me. Those in the second group were required to cu t their calorie intake for six months to 75% of that needed to maintain their weight.The CALERIE study is a landmark in the history of the field, be cause its subjects were either of normal weight or only sli ghtly overweig ht. Previous projects have used individuals who were clinically obese, thus confusi ng the unquestionable benefits to health of reducing obesity with the possible advantages of calorie res triction to the otherwise healthy.At a molecular level, CALERIE suggests these advantages are real. For example, those on restricted diets had lower insulin resistance (hig h resistance is a ris k factor for type 2 diabetes) and lower levels of low-densi ty lipoprotein cholesterol (high levels are a risk factor for heart disease). They showed drops in bod y temperature and blood-insulin levels—both phenomena that have been seen in long-lived, calorie-restricted animals. They also suffered less oxidative damage to their DNA.Eric Ravussin, of Louisiana State Universi ty in Baton Rouge, who is one of the s tudy's authors, says that such results provide support for the theory that calorie restriction produces a metab olic adaptation over and above that which would be expected from weight loss alone. (He also points ou t tha t it will be a long time before such work reveals whether calorie res triction actu ally extends life.) Nevertheless, such metabolic adaptation could be the reas on why calorie res triction is associated with longer lifespans in other animals—and that is certainly the hope of those who, for the past 15 years, have been searching for ways of triggering that metabolic adaptation by means other than semi-starvation.The search for a d rug tha t will stave off old ag e is itself as old as the hills—as is the wis hful thinking of the suckers who finance such efforts. Those who hope to find it by mimicking the effect of calorie restriction are not, however, complete snake-oil salesmen, for there is know n to be a family of enzymes called sirtui ns, which act both as sensors of nu trient availability and as regulators of metabolic rate. These might provide the necessary biochemical link between starving and living longer.Univ ersal serv ice?Proponents of “softwar e as a service” say it w ill wipe out traditional softwareSOMETHING momentous is happening in the software business. Bill Gates of Microsoft calls it “the next sea change”. Analysts call it a “tectonic shift” in the industry. Trade publications hail it as “the next big thing”. It is software-as-a-service (SaaS)—the delivery of software as an internet-bas ed service via a web browser, rather than as a product that mus t be purchased, installed and maintained. The appeal is ob vious: SaaS is quicker, easier and cheaper to deploy than tradi tional software, which means technology budgets can be focused on providing competitive advantage, rather than maintenance.This has prompted an outb reak of iconoclasm. “Traditional s oftware is dead,” says Jas on Maynard, an analyst at Credi t Suisse. Just as most firms do not ow n generators, bu t buy electricity from the grid, so in fu ture they will buy software on the hoof, he says. “It's the end of software as we know it. All software is becoming a service,” declares Marc B enioff of , thebest-known proponent of the idea. But while S aaS is growing fast, it still represents only a tiny fraction of the overall software industry—a mere $3.35 billi on last year, estimates Mr Maynard. Most observers expect it to be worth around $12 billi on by 2010—bu t even that is equal only to Microsoft's quarterly sales today. There is no denying that SaaS is coming. Bu t there is much debate, even among its ad vocates, about how quickly it will g row, and how widely it will be adopted.At the moment, small and medium-sized businesses are the most enthusias tic adopters of SaaS, since it is cheaper and simpler than maintaining rooms of server computers and employing staff to keep them running. Unlike the market for desktop software, which is dominated b y Microsoft, or for high-end enterprise software, which is dominated by SAP and Oracle, the middle grou nd is still hig hly fragmented, which presents an opportunity. “This is the last great software market left—the las t unconsolidated market,” says Zach Nelson of NetSuite, which provides a suite of software services including accou nting, sales-force automation and customer service. His firm is targeting small and mediu m-si zed businesses by providing “verticalised” services—that is, versions of its software adapted to particular types of company, such as professional-service firms, wholesale dis tributors and software firms.Larg e companies, says Mr Nels on, have already made big investments in traditional software. “The y'v e alread y been through the pain,” he says. So they will not be in a hu rry to ditch their exis ting investments in traditional software from the likes of SAP and Oracle. “I have no fantasy of replacing those guys,” says Mr Nelson. Bu t Mr Benioff of disagrees. His firm provides customer-relationship management (CR M) software as a service, which is already used by many big firms including Cisco, Sprint and Merrill Lynch. “The world's larges t companies are now using s for the world's larges t CR M implementations,” he says. “It's the fu ture of our industry that everything will be a service.”Even so, Mr Maynard reckons it will be some time before large companies fully embrace the service mod el. H owever,。
信息检索练习题(1)

1.小王在某个数据库中检索到了50篇文献,查准率和查全率分别为40%、80%,则全部相关文档有25篇。
2.INTERNET是基于TCP/IP 协议的。
3.文件ABC.001.TXT的后缀名是TXT 。
文件类型是文本文件。
4.多数网页采用HTML编写,这里的HTML指的是:超文本标识语言。
5.目录型搜索引擎主要提供族性检索模式,索引型搜索引擎主要提供特性检索模式。
6.在使用搜索引擎检索时,URL:ustc可以查到网址中带有ustc的网页。
7.根据索引编制方式的不同,可以将搜索引擎分为索引型搜索引擎和网络目录型搜索引擎。
8.按文献的相对利用率来划分,可以把文献分为核心文献、相关文献、边缘文献。
9.定期(多于一天)或不定期出版的有固定名称的连续出版物是期刊。
10.检索工具具有两个方面的职能:存储职能、检索职能。
11.以单位出版物为著录对象的检索工具为:目录。
12.将文献作者的姓名按字顺排列编制而成的索引称为:作者索引。
13.利用原始文献所附的参考文献,追踪查找参考文献的原文的检索方法称为追溯法,又称为引文法。
14.已知一篇参考文献的著录为:”Levitan, K. B. Information resource management. New Brunswick: RutgersUP,1986”,该作者的姓是:Levitan 。
15.检索语言可分为两大类:分类语言、主题词语言。
16.LCC指的是美国国会图书馆分类法。
17.当检索关键词具有多个同义词和近义词时,容易造成漏检,使得查全率较低。
18.主题词的规范化指的是词和概念一一对应,一个词表达一个概念。
19.国际上通常根据内容将数据库划分为:参考数据库、源数据库、混合数据库。
20.查询关键词为短语"DA TA OUTPUT",可以用位置算符(W)改写为:DA TA(W) OUTPUT 。
21.著录参考文献时,对于三个以上的著者,可以在第一著者后面加上et al. ,代表"等人"的意思。
2006考研英语阅读真题及详细解析

2006 Text 1In spite of ―endless talk of difference‖,American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is ―the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse,and the casualness and absence of deference‖ characteristic of popular culture. People are absorbed into ―a culture of consumption‖ launched by the 19th——century dep artment stores that offered ―vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite,‖ these were stores ―anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democ ratic act.‖ The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today's immigration is neither at unprecedented levels nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population; in 1900, 13.6 percent .In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1, 000. Now, consider three indices of assimilation–language, home ownership and intermarriage.The 1990 Census revealed that ―a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countr ies of origin spoke English ―well‖ or ―very well‖ after ten years of residence.‖ The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English. ―By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families.‖ Hence the description of America as a ―graveyard‖ for languages. By 1996 foreign–born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a homeownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans.Foreign-born Asians and Hispan ics ―have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S–born whites and blacks.‖ By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian–American women are married to non-Asians.Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet ―some Americans fear that immigrant living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation‘s assimilative power.‖Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America‗s turbulent past, today‘s social induces hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.21.The word ―homogenizing‖(Line 1, Paragraph 1)most probably means[A] identifying [B] associating[C] assimilating [D] monopolizing22. According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century[A] played a role in the spread of popular culture.[B] became intimate shops for common consumers.[C] satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite.[D] owed its emergence to the culture of consumption23.The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S.[A] are resistant to homogenization.[B] exert a great influence on American culture.[C] are hardly a threat to the common culture.[D] constitute the majority of the population.24. Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?[A] To prove their popularity around the world.[B] To reveal the public‘s fear of immigrants.[C] To give examples of successful immigrants.[D] To show the powerful influence of American culture.25.In the author‘s opinion,the absorption of immigrants into American society is[A] rewarding.[B] successful.[C] fruitless.[D] harmful.重点词汇:homogenize/ hə'mɔdʒənaiz/ vt. cause to become equal or homogeneous as by mixing;均质化,使(某物)成分均匀[例]homogenized milk 均质牛奶[形] homogeneous a. 由同类部分组成的[名] homogeneity n. 同种,同质[巧记]词头:homo- 同、相同如homophone n. 同音异形词;homosexual a. 同性恋的assimilation n. 同化, 同化作用, 消化[巧记]as+simil(er)+ationdemocratize / di'mɔkrətaiz/vt. become (more) democratic; of nations 使民主化[例]democratize the administration of an organization 使一组织的管理民主化[名] democracy n. 民主、民主政治,民主制度;democrat n. 民主主义者;(Democrat指美国民主党党员或其拥护者)democratization n. 民主化[形]democratic a. 民主的,民主政治的;民主作风的,平等的discourse [ dis'kɔ s, 'diskɔ s ] n. lengthy or serious treatment of a subject in speech or writing 论文、演讲vi. talk、preach or lecture about sth(usu at length)(通常长篇大论的)论说、宣扬或讲授某事物[例]The speaker discoursed knowledgeably on a variety of subjects 演讲者头头是道的论述了一系列问题。
《2013经济学人》6月版双语

欧洲面临的另一个危机经济衰退使欧洲短暂的生育高潮骤然停止Jun30th2012|VIENNA|from the print edition欧洲所面临的危机其实质远比看起来要糟糕。
好像是混乱的金融市场与衰退的经济给这个大陆带来的负担还不够重似的,欧洲生育率在走了长达十年(几乎被忽视)的上坡路后又骤然停止了。
到目前为止,今年已提交数据的15个国家中有11个国家2011年的人口出生率下降(生育率指一个妇女一生中的平均生育子女数)。
生育率跌幅最大国家中有一些就是受欧元危机打击最严重的国家。
西班牙的生育率从2008年的1.46下降到了2011年的1.38。
拉脱维亚的生育率则从1.44降到了1.20以下。
维也纳人口统计学协会的托马斯•索博特卡指出,这些国家前十年的生育率上升被三年的下降抵消。
一些北欧国家虽然并未出现激增的失业率,也未大幅削减政府开支,但生育率跌幅仍然很大。
2010年至2011年间,挪威的生育率从1.95下降到了1.88,丹麦则从1.88下降到了1.76。
但是,无论是像英国那样有着高生育率的国家还是如匈牙利一般生育率低下的国家,这些国家的生育率所呈现的趋势如出一辙:受经济危机影响,生育率在上升了十年之后,于2008年前后停止上升,并从2011年起下滑(见图1)。
从市场角度看,三年是一段很长的时间;从人口统计学角度看,三年不过是一眨眼的功夫。
一件事的发生对人们的影响和造成的改变至少需要九个月的时间(怀胎期)才能体现在出生率上。
在人口统计上也是如此,影响会滞后一年左右才体现出来。
在经济衰退开始之后如此短暂的时间里能看到出生率的变化趋势是很惊人的。
但是,尽管经济萧条与家庭组成存在联系,但这种联系的本质存在争议。
亚当•斯密认为经济的不确定性对生育率的提升有着消极的影响。
但也有人认为经济衰退会降低生育孩子的机会成本,鼓励妇女在失业期间生育本来就打算要的孩子,从而提高出生率。
欧洲最近的经历印证了亚当•斯密的观点。
2006年全球人口老龄化数据

Percentage of the older population in the labour force
Statutory retirement age
Men become eligible for full pension benefits at age 65 or over in more than half of all developed countries, while the most common official retirement age for women is between 55 and 60 years in developed countries. The official retirement age in developing countries is often lower than in
Although many older persons who live alone are socially active and materially secure, those who live alone are more likely to need outside assistance in the case of illness or disability and are at greater risk of social isolation and poverty. An estimated 14 per cent of the world’s older persons live alone. The proportion is lower for men (8 per cent) than for women (19 per cent) because women are more likely to be widowed. The proportion is lower in the less developed regions (7 per cent) than in the more developed regions (24 per cent).
工具书与文献检索试题(整理)

一、单项选择1、纸质信息源的载体是(纸张)2、逻辑“与”算符是用来组配( 不同检索概念,用于缩小检索范围 )。
3、关于搜索引擎的查询规则,正确的是:( D )A.引号(“”)的作用是括在其中的多个词被当作一个固定短语来检索。
B.标题检索是在网页标题中查找输入的检索词,其命令一般用“title”,其格式为title:检索式。
C.站点检索是在网站地址域名中检索输入的词,其命令一般用“host”,其格式为host:检索式。
D.以上都正确。
4、以作者本人取得的成果为依据而创作的论文、报告等,并经公开发表或出版的各种文献,称为( 一次文献. )5、中国国家标准的代码是( GB )6、根据国家相关标准,文献的定义是指“记录有关(知识)的一切载体。
”7、利用文献后面所附的参考文献进行检索的方法称为(追溯法)。
8、如果检索结果过少,查全率很低,需要调整检索范围,此时调整检索策略的方法有(用逻辑“或”或截词增加同族概念)等9、数据检索以特定的数值为检索对象,它包括(数据、图表、公式)10、《中国学术期刊全文数据库》的词频控制应在(文摘、全文等字段检索所得的文献量过大)场合下使用11、如果打算了解最新即时的专业学术动态,一般可参考(专业学会网站)12、(雅虎 )属于目录引擎。
13、搜索含有“data bank”的PDF文件,正确的检索式为:( "data bank" filetype:pdf )14、就课题“查找‘钱伟长论教育’一文他人引用情况而言”,选择(中国知网中的中国引文数据库),可以得到相关的结果。
15、要从事物名称角度全面地查找互联网上的信息,可使用(主题)搜索引擎。
16、(主题检索途径)是指通过文献信息资料的主题内容进行检索的途径。
17、《中国期刊网CNKI》是(全文数据库)数据库。
18、要查找李平老师所发表的文章,首选途径为(著者途径)19、关于搜索引擎的一般查询规则,不恰当的是:(截词符通常用星号(*)表示,一般只用在词的前面。
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Midyear Report20062Key FiguresSulzer Midyear Report 2006Key FiguresJanuary—Junein millions CHF20062005Order intake 1654.81304.7Sales1336.61157.8Operating incomeEBIT 136.376.9Operating income – core divisions EBIT 129.180.5EBIT in % of sales – core divisionsROS9.7%7.0%Net income, attributable to shareholders of Sulzer Ltd104.358.9Equity, attributable to shareholders of Sulzer Ltd as of June 30/December 31 1507.81488.5Headcount as of June 30/December 31 number of employees96199656Cash flow from operating and investing activities 167.2–2.3Net liquidity 1)as of June 30/December 31401.1304.71)Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities, less borrowingsSales by DivisionSulzer Pumps 50.2% 47.2%Sulzer Metco 22.4% 24.9%Sulzer Chemtech 18.1% 16.6%Sulzer Turbo Services 9.1% 10.5%Other0.2%0.8%20052006Sales by RegionEurope 37.7% 37.6%North America 28.1% 26.5%Latin America 6.5% 7.1%Asia, Australia 22.4% 22.5%Africa5.3%6.3%200520063Report by the Chairman of the Board and the CEO Sulzer Midyear Report 2006Report by the Chairman of the Board and the CEODear Shareholders,The first six months of 2006 developed very positively for Sulzer. Order intake, sales, and income were well above the values of 2005 in the corresponding period. Through its focus on operational excellence Sulzer fully benefited from active markets and achieved high organic growth.All four divisions increased their results. Sulzer Pumps and Sulzer Chemtech set new records. Sulzer Metco is on track to reach its prof-itability targets, while Sulzer Turbo Services also improved its result by successfully implementing restructuring measures in its European operation.Sulzer creates value by focusing on a strict three-step management approach: first operational excellence, second organic growth and third external growth. Sulzer has been able to accommodate significant increase in revenue with an essentially unchanged level of employ-ment since 2004. The dedication of our employees in striving for lean processes and pursuing market opportunities has led to this achieve-ment. Sulzer still has a lot to learn and improve; it is encouraging that each division has embarked on its own path to achieve operational excellence.Today, Sulzer enjoys strong positions in a variety of markets. Looking forward, we will seek to enhance our presence in both our current core markets and adjacent areas having differing cyclicalities. In this way,we will gain more stability in an ever-changing world. Along this line,Sulzer Chemtech is expanding its static mixing business through the acquisitions of Mixpac, Werfo, and Mold in Switzerland. This group of companies offers growth opportunities outside the oil and gas market,which also applies to our other recent acquisitions, namely Johnston/Crown, Ambeon, and OSU. MarketsSulzer’s main markets showed a steady upward trend in all regions during the past six months. Capital expenditures by the oil and gas industry were significant, leading to substantial growth rates in Sulzer Pumps and Sulzer Chemtech. In this industry, upstream demand was strong because high oil prices triggered investments in production. On the downstream side, the worldwide shortage of refining capacity also resulted in a considerable level of business for Sulzer. The power gen-eration market is increasingly recovering from its low level and is gen-erating new orders for Sulzer Pumps and Sulzer Metco. This effect has, however, been modest at Sulzer Turbo Services. The pulp and paper market was stable at a high level. More orders were recorded by Sulzer Metco from the rebounding aerospace industry, which is still at the start of its growth cycle. Due to Sulzer Metco’s leading tech-nology, demand from car manufacturers remained good.Financial ResultsIn the first half of 2006, order intake grew to CHF 1654.8 million, sur-passing the previous year’s level of CHF 1304.7 million by 26.8%.Longer lead times at both customers and suppliers caused extended delivery times. Consequently, sales grew at a slower rate than order intake, reaching CHF 1336.6 million, an increase of 15.4%. The order backlog as of end of June 2006 reached a new high of CHF 1277.5million.The operating income (EBIT) jumped from CHF 76.9 million in 2005 to CHF 136.3 million in 2006. This improvement is largely due to the combined effect of operational improvements and increased volumes.Non-recurring positive effects (divestiture gains at Sulzer Pumps) also added the result, whereas in the previous year Sulzer was burdened with non-recurring charges for restructurings and an operating loss of the fuel-cell venture Sulzer Hexis. All core divisions improved profitability, whereby Sulzer Pumps and Sulzer Chemtech performed particularly well. Sulzer is further closing the gap towards its long-term targeted returns.The improved operational performance in the first half of 2006 was rounded off by a remarkable financial result stemming from the sale of our stake in the Voith Group. In total, net income attributable to the shareholders of Sulzer Ltd climbed to CHF 104.3 million or CHF 29.29per share, noticeably exceeding the previous year’s figure of CHF 58.9million or CHF 16.57 per share.The operations have generated a good cash flow during the first six months despite some net working capital requirements to accommo-date growth. Additional proceeds were received from divestitures of activities (Paco pumps) and of financial assets. Net liquidity rose from CHF 304.7 million at the beginning of the year to CHF 401.1 million at end of June.DivisionsThe positive trend at Sulzer Pumps continued. The division systemat-ically took advantage of the favorable market conditions and boosted its order intake (+28.9%) and sales (+22.7%). The backlog increased to CHF 836.1 million at the end of June, reflecting the high order intake and the longer delivery times. The integration of the business operations acquired in Houston, TX, USA, in 2004 progressed accord-ing to plan, contributing to the improved results. Operating income climbed by 59.4% to CHF 66.3 million corresponding to a return on sales (ROS) of 9.9% (7.6% in the previous year). Included in these results are non-recurring gains from disposals of the Paco business and of surplus facilities. The target of 8% set in 2003 was not only reached, but exceeded ahead of time.4Report by the Chairman of the Board and the CEOSulzer Midyear Report 2006Sulzer Metco further improved its operating performance in line with the plans launched in 2004. In particular, the progress in the Turbine Components unit is reassuring. Overall, growth in operating profit of 20.3% to CHF 21.9 million was proportionally higher than the volume increase. Orders received rose by 14.7% and sales also progressed (+3.7%). With a ROS of 7.3% (previous year 6.3%) the division is on its way to the aspired double-digit margin.The demand for Sulzer Chemtech products and services remained strong. The number of average- and large-sized projects grew, espe-cially in the refinery industry. Order intake for the first six months grew by 60.9% over the previous year. Both internal and external engineer-ing constraints have led to longer delivery times. Sales consequently lagged behind new orders, but still reached an impressive 25.7%growth. Operating income rose by 61.2% to CHF 31.6 million setting a record ROS of 13.1% in 2006 compared with 10.2% a year ago. The service businesses acquired last year from Cana-Tex, Houston,TX, USA, have been successfully incorporated and have contributed to the noteworthy operating result.The operating income at Sulzer Turbo Services improved significantly,reaching a 7.6% ROS. In a difficult market environment, the division continued to focus on streamlining its processes and achieving higher margins. Consequently, order intake declined by 4.0%. The results showed a varied regional picture; the US market developed satisfac-torily, while the market situation in the Middle East remained difficult.By rigorously concentrating on projects with attractive margins and on restructuring measures, Sulzer Turbo Services raised operating income to CHF 9.3 million (previous year CHF 1.1million after restruc-turing charges) on a sales increase of 0.7%.Sulzer Innotec,our central research and development unit profited from a strong demand for its services during the first half of the year.Real Estate again contributed positively to operating income by sell-ing a number of properties non-essential to our business.StrategyThrough consistent implementation of our management principles we were able to steadily improve our operating performance as reflected in the increased returns. In particular, Sulzer Metco and Sulzer Turbo Services have achieved a turnaround and improved results. The growth that can be generated with the help of simplified corporate structures and comprehensive lean management is underlined by the accom-plishments at Sulzer Pumps and Sulzer Chemtech. In the first half of 2006, both have grown more than 20% in sales after similar growth rates in the previous year. The businesses acquired in these divisions are also developing well.In the long term, the product portfolios of the core divisions will be expanded to cover new areas close to our established markets. The next step in the implementation of this strategy is to integrate the companies Mixpac, Werfo, and Mold into Sulzer Chemtech’s mixer business. Selective regional expansion will continue to be considered.Share PriceThe momentum built up last year in Sulzer’s share price carried over into 2006. During the first four months, the price rose by more than 48%,reaching a high of CHF 1,103 at the beginning of May. This above-average performance was subsequently corrected in the generally declining equity markets. With a rise in price of 31.6% by midyear, the Sulzer share has thus outperformed the SMI (+0.9%) and SPI (+3.7%)indices. The closing price on August 15, 2006 was CHF 940.OutlookThe high level of project activity and the positive trend of the markets are expected to continue. As a result, order intake is likely to remain strong during the second half of the year and a further increase of sales is expected. Capacity constraints and procurement issues on the part of the suppliers are the main challenges. The operating per-formance improvements and the economy-of-scale effects from vol-ume growth will continue to drive the operating and net income. In 2006, both are expected to be substantially above 2005.We are committed to meeting the targets of Sulzer and look forward to the exciting challenges that await us over the coming months.Yours faithfully,Leonardo E. Vannotti Ulf Berg Chairman of the BoardCEO5Financial Commentary Sulzer Midyear Report 2006Financial CommentaryAccounting, acquisition, divestiture, and currency effects During the first six months of 2006 there were no significant accounting changes. Therefore, comparability with the previous year is possible.The net effect of the activities of Cana-Tex (Sulzer Chemtech), acquired in mid-2005, and of the Paco business (Sulzer Pumps), divested at the end of February 2006, was a slight decline in sales of around CHF 11 million. The divestiture, however, led to a capital gain in the single-digit millions.During the period from January to June 2006, the average exchange rates of the principal currencies, in particular the US dollar, were above those applicable to the same period in the previous year. This devel-opment had a slightly positive impact on sales and income expressed in Swiss Francs.Income statementSales grew by 15.4% from CHF 1157.8 million in the first half of 2005to CHF 1336.6 million. Organic growth was slightly lower at 12.3%,mainly as a result of the currency effect. The much sharper rise in order intake (+26.8%, +23.4% adjusted) generated a further increase in the order backlog to CHF 1277.5 million (end of 2005: CHF 1004.1million). This is expected to result in a rise of sales in the second half of the year and, in addition, is already laying the foundations for an improved billing in 2007. Delivery times for Sulzer products have lengthened, as both customers and divisions have had to adapt to changed market conditions (high demand, deterioration in procure-ment times).The growth in sales as well as the savings from the improvement measures resulted in a significant rise in profitability. The operating income (EBIT) of the core divisions increased by 60.4% from CHF 80.5 million to 129.1 million compared to the same period in the pre-vious year. The return on sales rose from 7.0% to 9.7%. This includes non-recurring income of around CHF 6 million at Sulzer Pumps, mainly from the sale of the Paco business. The previous-year figures were negatively impacted by restructuring costs of around CHF 9 million,largely relating to a unit of Sulzer Turbo Services in the Netherlands.Apart from the core divisions higher operating income of CHF 7.2 mil-lion was also recorded under “Other” (previous year: loss of CHF 3.6million). In addition to the Corporate Center, “Other” includes oper-ationally non-essential real estate, the Sulzer Innotec development center and the fuel cell venture Sulzer Hexis, which was discontinued in the second half of 2005. This venture caused an ordinary operating loss of CHF 9.1 million during the first six months of 2005 but had no further negative influence in the year under review. In addition, a good level of earnings – well above the previous year – was achieved from the sale and rental operations with real estate properties.Financial income reached CHF 9.8 million. While in the previous year (CHF 4.3 million) securities income in particular had a positive impact,in the year under review a book profit of CHF 11million was recorded from the sale of our equity participations in the German Voith Group.In absolute and relative terms, the rise in profit resulted in an increase in the income tax charge, which doubled from CHF 20.1 million to CHF 40.3 million. Net earnings per share attributable to Sulzer share-holders increased by 77% to CHF 29.29, up from CHF 16.57 as at June 2005. This earnings growth is due to the combined effect of improved performance by the core divisions, fewer restructuring costs and no further expenditure relating to Sulzer Hexis, as well as the increase in financial income.Cash flowCash flow generation in the first half of 2006 was good. Gross cash flow (EBITDA) showed a marked year-on-year increase from CHF 120.9million to CHF 175.6 million. In view of the growth in volume, the capital tied up in net current assets grew further following a pattern typical for the first six months of a year. Including change in the balance of pro-visions, this resulted in a funding requirement of CHF 37.5 million as compared to CHF 74.9 million in the same period in 2005. At CHF 41.8 million, slightly more was invested than depreciated for tangible fixed assets over the first six months of 2006. These were largely financed by asset sales (CHF 36.1 million). The sale of the Paco activ-ities and the Voith shares resulted in a cash inflow of around CHF 100million. Due to these non-recurring effects and the improved genera-tion of cash flow from operations, net cash flow increased strongly compared to the first six months of the previous year, rising from CHF –2.3 million in 2005 to CHF 167.2 million in 2006. The substan-tially higher dividend (CHF 50.0 million) had a marked impact on the application of funds in the period under review. Around CHF 200 mil-lion was spent on the repayment of borrowings, which consequently amounted to only CHF 47 million at the end of June. The Corpora-tion’s cash position has therefore fallen from CHF 501.1 million to CHF 393.4 million since the beginning of the year.Financing, consolidated balance sheetThe balance sheet total as at June 30, 2006, amounted to CHF 2697.3million, showing a decrease compared to the level of CHF 2844.3million at the end of 2005, mainly due to the repayment of debts. The financial situation remains very strong and is characterized by an equity to total assets ratio of more than 50% and a net liquidity of CHF 401.1 million. The number of treasury shares held has increased since the end of the previous year from 71288 to 79886.6Sulzer Midyear Report 2006From the DivisionsFrom the DivisionsSulzer Pumps ResultsSulzer Pumps continued to perform strongly in the first six months of 2006. Although the divestiture of the Paco pumps business negatively affected the order intake and sales, the division posted record results in order intake of CHF 877.0 million, an increase of 28.9% (adjusted 27.1%). Sales also rose strongly by 22.7% (adjusted 21.2%) to CHF 670.9 million. Operating income (EBIT) was improved by 59.4% to CHF 66.3 million (previous year: CHF 41.6 million). Return on sales (ROS) was 9.9%, a significant rise compared to last year (7.6%). The gain from the Paco sale and the focus on operational excellence contributed to the excellent mid-year results.MarketsThe results were driven by strong global development in all markets.Particularly activities in Asia, the Americas, and the Middle East reached high levels and maintained further momentum. The order vol-ume in power generation increased, and the hydrocarbon processing industry was booming in the overall robust oil and gas market. Also in the pulp and paper, food, metal and fertilizer industries, the demand was good.StrategySulzer Pumps divested the Paco pumps business to Grundfos Group,Denmark, in order to concentrate on the activities in its core markets.Also, in its third year, the restructuring program reached further mile-stones, and the relocation of the facilities within Brazil and China were completed. Thus, Sulzer Pumps has now modern production facilities available in these countries. The focus on operational excellence will continue. Furthermore, initiatives in the service business will lead to higher profitability and continued organic growth. OutlookThe year 2006 started stronger than expected and has so far outper-formed the good results of the same period in 2005. Due to high levels of activities in all regions and market segments, Sulzer Pumps expects order intake, order backlog, sales, and operating income to clearly exceed the full-year levels of 2005.Sulzer Metco ResultsSulzer Metco performed solidly throughout the first six months, con-tinuing the improvement projects of the previous year. Compared to the same period the previous year, order intake rose by 14.7% (adjusted 12.2%) to CHF 332.6 million. Sales grew to CHF 298.9 million, 3.7%(adjusted 1.6%) higher than in the first half of 2005. Sales grew less than order intake because some large systems will no be delivered until the second half of the year. The pass-through of raw material price rises also contributed to the revenues. Operating income (EBIT)rose by 20.3% to CHF 21.9 and return on sales (ROS) from 6.3% to 7.3%. The increase was largely carried by operational improvements.MarketsThe demand for Sulzer Metco products and services strengthened in all regions. Activities in Asia, in particular, increased, with the division opening a new production facility there in spring 2006. Orders in the power generation market rose and an upswing in the aerospace seg-ment contributed to the good result. The automotive industry showed,as expected, moderate development. Particularly encouraging was the trend in the Turbine Components unit in the Netherlands, where the restructuring measures implemented during the previous year are now bearing fruit and the market is also showing signs of an upturn.StrategySulzer Metco’s strategy to focus on operational excellence by globally implementing lean business processes and accelerating innovation is showing results. Next, Sulzer Metco will improve productivity to ensure that delivery times and output meet market needs. In addition,the division will increase its focus on innovation in new products and services. It will also continue to expand geographically in emerging markets with local subsidiaries in China and India.OutlookThe prospects for the business fields of Sulzer Metco remain good.Order intake and sales are set to continue the current trend. The growth, combined with internal productivity improvements, will lead to an increase in operating income and higher margins for the full-year results.7Sulzer Midyear Report 2006From the Divisions Sulzer Chemtech ResultsSulzer Chemtech started 2006 in excellent form. The division reported CHF 322.1 million in orders received, outperforming the same period of the previous year by 60.9% (adjusted 48.7%). Strong markets worldwide generated a considerable volume of average size orders and a continued high number of large projects. This demand led to high capacity utilization at all production and engineering sites. Sales climbed by 25.7% (adjusted 15.6%) to CHF 241.4 million and had a significant impact on operating income. It rose by 61.2% to CHF 31.6million and generated an excellent return on sales (ROS) of 13.1%(previous year:10.2%). MarketsInvestment activities in the refinery sector remained at a high level.Interesting opportunities arose in the form of new plants for gas as well as petrochemical applications. Demand is growing steadily for biofuels which are based on nonoil sources as raw materials (sugar cane, corn, and palm oil fruits). The separation columns unit particu-larly benefited from these trends. Development in the static mixer busi-ness lagged behind, as there have been no major large projects so far.In the field service business, the integration of Cana-Tex, Houston, TX,USA, is going well and in line with plans.StrategySulzer Chemtech is currently concentrating on three core areas. First,the forthcoming acquisitions in Switzerland will substantially reinforce and expand the global market position in static mixing. Integrating the companies Mixpac, Werfo, and Mold, establishing global organi-zational structures and processes, and capturing new growth oppor-tunities through innovation are primary goals. Second, the focus on the integration of Cana-Tex and the global expansion of its field service offering will continue. Third, Sulzer Chemtech will further optimize the effectiveness of operations in order to cope with the strong growth.For this reason, the division is expanding engineering and operation capacities at various locations on an ongoing basis. OutlookSulzer Chemtech expects broad-based demand to continue in the near future. Recent high levels of investment activity should continue throughout the year. Thus, order intake, sales, and operating income for the second half of 2006 are expected to continue with the strong showing of the first six months of the year.Sulzer Turbo Services ResultsThe activities of Sulzer Turbo Services developed in a modest manner in the first half of 2006. The progress made by the European sites was encouraging; the American operations maintained the satisfactory orders and result levels of last year. However, the situation at the Indonesian company deteriorated due to a reorganization of the power generation sector in the region. Overall, against the background of a difficult market environment, the division concentrated on improving its processes and on only pursuing projects that offered attractive margins. Order intake for the first half of 2006, at CHF 118.6 million,therefore, fell below the figure for the previous year (–4.0%, adjusted –7.4%). Sales rose by 0.7% to CHF 122.2 million. In contrast to these volume trends, however, the clear focus had a positive impact on operating income, which recovered to CHF 9.3 million (previous year including restructuring costs: CHF 1.1 million), with a much improved return on sales (ROS) of 7.6%.MarketsIn North America, business has developed positively. The markets in the Middle East and Europe were more restrained. Competitive pric-ing pressure in the Middle East has continued. A major order has been received for the new parts manufacturing unit with deliveries sched-uled from 2006 through 2008.StrategyOver the next few months, Sulzer Turbo Services will continue to devote attention to its operational excellence program. In particular,the company in the Netherlands will carry on with the rigorous restruc-turing measures initiated in the previous year. This plan should enable it to face up to the strong competitive forces while reaching the mar-gin targets set. OutlookSulzer Turbo Services does not expect any change in the current mar-ket developments. Whereas new opportunities are forseen in North and South America as a result of the increasing investments in the oil and gas business and in power generation, the markets in Europe and the Middle East, especially the gas turbine power generation sector, will remain very competitive. For the year as a whole, Sulzer Turbo Services expects to achieve a clear increase in profits, while volume will likely be at the same level as the previous year.8Financial StatementsFinancial StatementsConsolidated Income Statement (condensed)January—Junein millions CHF 20062005Sales 1336.61157.8 Cost of goods sold –956.8–832.9 Gross profit 379.8324.9 Selling, administrative, and development expenses –243.5 –248.0 Operating income EBIT136.376.9 Financial income, net 9.8 4.3 Income before income tax expenses 146.181.2 Income tax expenses–40.3–20.1 Net income 105.861.1 Attributable to shareholders of Sulzer Ltd104.358.9 Attributable to minority interests 1.5 2.2Earnings per share, attributable to shareholders of Sulzer Ltd (in CHF)Basic earnings per share29.2916.57 Diluted earnings per share29.0116.44Consolidated Cash Flow Statement (condensed)January—Junein millions CHF 20062005 Cash and cash equivalents as of January 1501.1408.0Cash flow from operating activitiesOperating income 136.376.9 Depreciation39.344.0 Changes in net current assets/provisions –37.5–74.9 Interest received, interest payments and income tax paid –33.0–18.9 Reallocation of cash flow to investing activities1)–21.3–13.7 Total cash flow from operating activities83.813.4Cash flow from investing activitiesPurchase/sale of intangible assets and tangible assets1)–5.7–0.9 Acquisitions/divestitures 28.1–8.2 Purchase/sale of financial assets and marketable securities 61.0–6.6 Total cash flow from investing activities83.4–15.7Cash flow from operating and investing activities 167.2–2.3Cash flow from financing activitiesDividend (incl. minority interest) –50.0–33.9 Changes in borrowings and purchase/sale of treasury stock –223.724.5 Total cash flow from financing activities–273.7–9.4Exchange gains/losses on cash and cash equivalents–1.210.9 Net change in cash and cash equivalents–107.7–0.8 Cash and cash equivalents as of June 30393.4407.2 Net liquidity as of June 30/December 31401.1304.71)Including income from sale of real estateSulzer Midyear Report 20069Financial Statements Sulzer Midyear Report 2006Consolidated Balance Sheet (condensed)10NotesNotes to the Financial Statements1. Accounting PoliciesThis unaudited financial report has been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and with IAS 34 on Interim Financial Reporting and the accounting policies set out as outlined in the 2005 Sulzer Annual Report.2. Changes in Accounting PoliciesSulzer has adopted all applicable new IFRS rules and changed standards (IAS 19, IAS 21, IAS 39) effective from January 1, 2006. The changes did not have any material impact. The amendment of IAS 19 contains a new option of an alternative recognition approach for actuarial gains and losses. Sulzer has not changed the accounting policy for recognition of actuarial gains and losses, adoption of this amendment will only impact disclosure.The possibility to apply new standards (IFRS 7) and changes of standards (amendment of IAS 1) before their effective date has not been used.The Corporation is currently assessing the potential impacts of the new and revised standards that will become effective from January 1, 2007.3. Major Changes in the Scope of ConsolidationThe sale of the Paco pumps business to the Grundfos Group as announced on January10, 2006, was completed on February 28, 2006. Paco was part of Sulzer Pumps, recorded sales of about USD 46 million (approximately CHF 58 million) in 2005 and had around 225 employees in the USA and China. The selling price amounted to USD 23.5 million (approximately CHF 30 million). The appropriate assets in the USA as well as the Chinese operation have been fully deconsolidated.4. Major Currency Exchange Ratesin CHF Average rates Closing ratesJan.–June Jan.–June Jan.–Dec. June 30June 30 Dec.312006200520052006200520051 EUR 1.56 1.55 1.55 1.57 1.55 1.551 GBP 2.27 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.31 2.271 USD 1.27 1.20 1.25 1.23 1.28 1.315. Income Statement/Balance SheetThe commentary on the consolidated financial statements is included in the financial commentary on page 5.6. Segment ReportingInformation on segment reporting is included in “Segment Information by Divisions” (see next page). In 2005, Sulzer has ceased its engage-ment in the venture Sulzer Hexis. Its past results have been shifted to “Other and Consolidation”. The figures of 2006 are not affected by this divestiture.Sulzer Midyear Report 2006。