Chap1 An Overview On International Investment
国际贸易简答essay
CHAPTER 1—THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY AND GLOBALIZATION SHORT ANSWER1. What is the most important factor which contributes to competitiveness?ANS:Key to the concept of competitiveness is productivity, or output per worker hour.PTS: 12. What are the challenges of the international trading system?ANS:Among the challenges that the international trading system faces are dealing with fair laborstandards and concerns about the environment.PTS: 1ESSAY1. Does exposure to competition with the world leader in a particular industry improve a firm'sproductivity?ANS:The McKinsey institute found that higher productivity rested on the ability of mangers to invent new and ever more efficient ways of making products and on the ability of engineers to design products that are easy to make. The institute researchers observed that in the auto industry in Japan or the food industry in the United States, managers and engineers do not achieveinnovations because they are smarter work harder or are better educated than their peers. They do so because they are subjected to intense global competition, where improving laborproductivity is the key to success.PTS: 12. What are the essential arguments in favor of free trade?ANS:Proponents of an open trading system contend that international trade results in higher levels of consumption and investment, lower prices of commodities, and a wider range of productchoices for consumers. Trade also enables workers to become more productive, and wages of workers whose skills are more scarce internationally tend to rise.PTS: 1CHAPTER 2—FOUNDATIONS OF MODERN TRADE THEORY: COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGESHORT ANSWER1. Is it possible to add up the preferences of all consumers in an entire nation?ANS:No. It is impossible to make interpersonal comparisons of satisfaction, and thus it is notpossible to add up preferences.PTS: 12. Who gains more from trade, when nations are of unequal economic size?ANS:If one nation is significantly larger than the other, the larger nation attains fewer gains from trade, while the smaller nation captures most of the gains from trade.PTS: 13. Is it possible for comparative advantage to change, thus changing the direction of trade?ANS:Lagging productivity growth may cause a country to lose its comparative advantage. In a two-product, two-country model, this would change the direction of trade.PTS: 14. Do national security concerns lead to incomplete specialization?ANS:Yes. National security concerns may lead a country to produce some of the commodity in which it has comparative disadvantage, thus leading to incomplete specialization.PTS: 1ESSAY1. Will it be impossible to keep low-skilled jobs in the U.S.?ANS:If tax credits or other incentives are made available to U.S. companies, it would be possible for those companies to invest in training or technology for low-skilled workers. That wouldimprove the efficiency of the workers. Such improvements in productivity can more than outweigh the wage advantage that is enjoyed by low-skilled workers overseas. New Balance Athletic Shoe Co. Inc., headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts, has been successful inretaining low-skilled production in the United States by increasing worker productivity.PTS: 12. Is it possible to estimate the gains from trade?ANS:When a nation trades, it enjoys a larger income, owing to a wider range of goods available to consumers. Trade also has a positive influence on productivity levels. However, it is extremely difficult to measure these gains, since it requires knowledge of what a nation's imports would cost if it produced them itself, instead of purchasing them from a less expensive source abroad.PTS: 1CHAPTER 3—SOURCES OF COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGESHORT ANSWER1. Does factor price equalization occur in the real world?ANS:In the real world, differences in factor prices tend to exist. Different technologies, imperfect markets, transportation costs, and trade barriers may prevent factor prices from equalizingamong nations.PTS: 12. What is the focus of the product life cycle theory, and where is it applicable?ANS:The product life cycle theory focuses on the role of technological innovation as a keydeterminant of trade patterns. It applies to manufactured goods.PTS: 1ESSAY1. Explain how immigration and trade may worsen wage inequality, and how college educationmay mitigate against that.ANS:Trade tends to increase the demand for skilled workers relative to unskilled workers, thusworsening wage inequality. Immigration of unskilled workers decreases the supply of skilled workers relative to unskilled workers, thus worsening wage inequality. Alternatively, college education increases the supply of skilled workers relative to unskilled workers, thus reducing wage inequality.PTS: 12. How does Staffan Linder explain world trade patterns?ANS:Linder offers two explanations of world trade patterns. Trade in primary products conforms well to the factor-endowment theory. However, trade in manufactured goods is best explained by overlapping demand structures among nations. For manufactured goods, the basis for trade is stronger when the structure of demand in two nations is more similar, due to similarper-capita incomes.PTS: 1CHAPTER 4—TARIFFSSHORT ANSWER1. Can import duties have unintended side effects?ANS:Yes. Duties may discourage a company from importing goods in amounts large enough to take advantage of quantity discount pricing. Also, up-front payment of these duties may imposefinancial hardships on importers.PTS: 12. What happens to effective protection when the value added by the domestic producer declines?ANS:The degree of effective protection increases.PTS: 1ESSAY1. Is it possible for a low nominal tariff rate to understate the effective rate of protection? What istariff escalation?ANS:Yes. In some countries, the effective rate of protection is more than twice the nominal rate. The effective rate of protection takes into account the effects of tariffs levied on raw materials and intermediate goods. Tariff structures of industrialized nations have generally beencharacterized by rates that give greater protection to intermediate and finished products than to primary commodities. This is referred to as tariff escalation.PTS: 12. How can tariffs be justified?ANS:Tariffs are justified on the grounds that they protect domestic employment and wages, helpcreate a level playing filed for international trade, equate the cost of imported products with the cost of domestically produced goods, and allow domestic industries to be insulated temporarily from foreign competition until they can grow and develop or protect industries necessary for national security.PTS: 1CHAPTER 5—NONTARIFF TRADE BARRIERSSHORT ANSWER1. Is a tariff-rate quota a two-tier tariff? Why?ANS:Yes. It allows a specified number of goods to be imported at one tariff rate, whereas anyimports above this level face a higher tariff rate.PTS: 12. What is an OMA?ANS:An OMA involves limitations on export sales administered by one or more exporting nations.PTS: 1ESSAY1. Describe some of the differences between tariffs and quotas?ANS:Tariffs and quotas differ in their revenue effects and restrictive impacts on the volume of trade.While quotas are easier to administer and manage, they do not provide the government with revenue.PTS: 12. What are the intent and impact of domestic content requirements?ANS:Domestic content requirements try to limit the practice of job outsourcing and also encourage the development of domestic industry. They stipulate the minimum percentage of a product's value that must be produced in the home country for that product to be sold there. Domestic content protection tends to impose welfare losses on the domestic economy in the form ofhigher production costs and higher-priced goods.PTS: 1CHAPTER 6—TRADE REGULATIONS AND INDUSTRIAL POLICIES SHORT ANSWER1. What is the essential idea behind strategic trade policy?ANS:The essential notion underlying strategic trade policy is imperfect competition.PTS: 12.What is the basis for trade adjustment assistance?ANS:The rationale of trade adjustment assistance is that if society in general enjoys welfare gains from the increased efficiency stemming from trade liberalization, some sort of compensation should be provided for those who are temporarily injured by import competition.PTS: 1ESSAY1. Has industrial policy contributed significantly to Japan's economic growth?ANS:The extent to which industrial policy has contributed to Japan's economic growth is unclear.Japan has benefited from a high domestic savings rate, an educated and highly motivated labor force, good labor management relations, a shift of labor from low-productivity sectors tohigh-productivity manufacturing, entrepreneurs willing to assume risks, and the like. Thesefactors have enhanced Japan's transformation from a low-technology nation to ahigh-technology nation. It is debatable how rapidly this transformation would have occurred in the absence of an industrial policy. Although Japan has the most visible industrial policy of the industrial nations, the importance of that policy to Japan should not be exaggerated.PTS: 12. Explain how advocates of strategic trade policy differ from the classical free traders in theirtreatment of externalities?ANS:Advocates of strategic trade policy recognize that the classical argument for free trade considered externalities at length. The difference, they maintain, is that the classical theory was based on perfect competition and thus could not appreciate the most likely source of the externality, whereas modern theories based on imperfect competition can. The externality in question is the ability of companies to capture the fruits of expensive innovation. Classical theory based on perfect competition neglected this factor because large fixed costs are involved in innovation and research and development, and such costs ensure that the number of competitors in an industry will be small.PTS: 1CHAPTER 7—TRADE POLICIES FOR THE DEVELOPING NATIONS SHORT ANSWER1. What are some major trade problems faced by developing nations?ANS:Trade problems include lack of diversification of economies, unstable export markets,declining terms of trade over time, and lack of access to markets of advanced countries.PTS: 12. Are economic downturns helpful to cartels?ANS:No they are generally problematic for cartels. As market sales dwindle in a weakeningeconomy, profits fall. Cartel members may conclude that they can escape serious decreases in profits by reducing prices, in expectation of gaining sales at the expense of other cartelmembers.PTS: 1ESSAY1. What are some of the growth strategies that have been employed by the developing nations?How successful are these strategies?ANS:Besides attempting to stabilize commodity prices, developing nations have promoted internal industrialization through policies of import substitution and export promotion. Countriesemphasizing export promotion have tended to realize higher rates of economic growth thancountries emphasizing import-substitution policies.PTS: 12. Describe the flying-geese pattern of economic growth? What countries have pursued thisstrategy?ANS:It is widely recognized that East Asian economies have followed the flying-geese pattern of growth. This pattern of growth occurs when countries gradually move up in technologicaldevelopment by following in the pattern of countries ahead of them in the development process.For example, Malaysia and Taiwan take over leadership in apparel and textiles from Japan as Japan moves into higher-technology sectors of automotive and electronic products.PTS: 1CHAPTER 8—REGIONAL TRADING AGREEMENTSSHORT ANSWER1. What is meant by economic integration?ANS:The term refers to the process of eliminating restrictions on international trade, payments, and factor input mobility.PTS: 12. What factors influence the extent of trade creation and trade diversion?ANS:Trade creation and diversion are influenced by the degree of competitiveness thatmember-nation economies have prior to formation of the customs union, the number and size of its members, and the size of its external tariff against non-members.PTS: 1ESSAY1. Explain the theory of optimum currency areas.ANS:Much of the analysis of the benefits and costs of Europe's common currency is based on the theory of an optimum currency area. According to this theory, the gains to be had from sharinga currency across countries' boundaries include more uniform prices; lower transaction costs,greater certainty for investors, and enhanced competition. These gains must be comparedagainst the loss of an independent monetary policy and the option of changing the exchange rate.PTS: 12. Concerning transition economies, what do the advocates of shock therapy propose?ANS:Advocates of shock therapy maintain that economies in transition should proceed immediately on all fronts. That is, they should privatize, abandon price controls, liberalize trade, and develop market institutions, and so on as quickly as possible. Although the initial economic pain may be severe, it will subside as the transition to the market economy leads to rising living standards.PTS: 1CHAPTER 9—INTERNATIONAL FACTOR MOVEMENTS AND MULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISESSHORT ANSWER1. What are the typical ways in which multinational enterprises have diversified their operations?ANS:Multinational enterprises have diversified their operations along vertical, horizontal, andconglomerate lines.PTS: 12. What are Mexican maquiladoras?ANS:Maquiladoras are assemblages of foreign-owned companies that use foreign parts and Mexican assembly to produce goods that are exported to the United States.PTS: 1ESSAY1.Are there any differences between the theory of multinational enterprises and conventionaltrade theory?ANS:There are major differences. The conventional model assumes that commodities are tradedbetween independent, competitive businesses. However, multinational enterprises are oftenvertically integrated businesses with substantial intrafirm sales. Also, multinational enterprises may use transfer pricing to maximize overall company profits of any single subsidiary.PTS: 12. What are the disadvantages of forming joint ventures?ANS:A joint venture is a cumbersome organization compared with a single organization. Control isdivided, creating problems of "two masters." Success or failure depends on how wellcompanies work together despite having different objectives, corporate cultures and ways of doing things. The action of corporate chemistry is hard to predict, but it is critical becausejoint-venture agreements usually provide both partners an ongoing role in management. When joint-venture ownership is divided equally, as often occurs, deadlocks in decision making can take place. Even when negotiated balance is achieved, it can be upset by changing corporate goals or personnel.PTS: 1。
国际事件概括英语作文
国际事件概括英语作文Title: A Comprehensive Overview of Recent International Events。
In recent times, the world has witnessed a myriad of significant international events spanning across various domains including politics, economics, environment, and social issues. These events have not only shaped global dynamics but also influenced the trajectory of individual nations. This essay aims to provide a comprehensive overview of some of the noteworthy international eventsthat have occurred recently.Firstly, in the realm of geopolitics, the ongoing conflict between Ukraine and Russia continues to capture global attention. Tensions have escalated due toterritorial disputes, military interventions, and allegations of human rights violations. The international community remains deeply concerned about the humanitarian crisis unfolding in the region and endeavors to facilitatepeaceful negotiations to resolve the conflict.Secondly, the COVID-19 pandemic continues to exert a profound impact on the global landscape. Despite widespread vaccination efforts, new variants of the virus have emerged, posing challenges to public health systems worldwide. The pandemic has also exacerbated existing inequalities, highlighting the need for international cooperation in addressing health crises and ensuring equitable access to vaccines and healthcare resources.Moreover, climate change remains a pressing issue of global concern. The recent United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26) underscored the urgency of collective action to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and limitglobal warming. However, achieving consensus on ambitious climate targets remains a formidable challenge, ascountries grapple with competing economic interests and environmental priorities.On the economic front, the world faces uncertainties stemming from trade tensions, supply chain disruptions, andinflationary pressures. The resurgence of protectionist policies in some regions has strained international trade relations, hindering efforts to foster economic recovery and sustainable development. Additionally, the transition to a digital economy has accelerated, presenting both opportunities and challenges for global markets and industries.In the realm of technology, advancements in artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, and space exploration have opened new frontiers for innovation and collaboration. However, concerns persist regarding data privacy, digital security, and the ethical implications of emerging technologies. As countries race to harness the benefits of technological progress, there is a growing need for international norms and regulations to ensure responsible and ethical use of technology.Furthermore, social issues such as human rights violations, refugee crises, and racial inequality continue to demand global attention and action. From the plight of refugees fleeing conflict-ridden regions to the ongoingstruggle for racial justice and equality, these issues underscore the interconnectedness of human rights andsocial justice on a global scale.In conclusion, the international events outlined above reflect the complex and interconnected nature of the modern world. From geopolitical conflicts to global pandemics, economic uncertainties to technological advancements, the challenges facing humanity are multifaceted and interdependent. Addressing these challenges requires concerted efforts and cooperation on a global scale, as nations strive to build a more resilient, equitable, and sustainable future for all.。
(完整word版)国际商务英文版chapter1练习
Chapter 1 GlobalizationTrue / False Questions1.The shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy is referred to asglobalization.True False2。
A company does not need a large size to facilitate, and benefit from, the globalization of markets.True False3。
Companies hope to lower their overall cost structure or improve the quality or functionality of their product offering through globalization of production。
True False4.The most global markets currently are markets for consumer products。
True False5。
Outsourcing is a process that is limited to manufacturing enterprises.True False6。
The health care sector in the U.S. cannot avail the benefits of outsourcing to low—cost producers in other nations because of the nature of the work.True False7.The World Bank has focused on policing the world trading system and making surenation-states adhere to the rules laid down in trade treaties。
财政学Chap1Ans
Chapter01Chapter01Introduction Answer KeyMultiple Choice Questions1.Public financeA.is not like public economics.B.develops principles for understanding the economic role of government.C.only works for local and state governments.D.all of these answer options are correct.AACSB:Reflective ThinkingAccessibility:Keyboard NavigationBlooms:RememberDifficulty:1EasyTopic:Introduction2.A regulatory budget wouldA.provide an accounting of government regulation.B.be difficult to compute.C.have to be attempted unofficially.D.all of these answer options are correct.AACSB:Reflective ThinkingAccessibility:Keyboard NavigationBlooms:RememberDifficulty:1EasyTopic:Government at a Glance3.The federal governmentA.is the largest taxing entity in the country.B.is only concerned with international issues.C.spends heavily on net interest.D.all of these answer options are correct.AACSB:Reflective ThinkingAccessibility:Keyboard NavigationBlooms:RememberDifficulty:1EasyTopic:Government at a Glance4.State and local governments receive the largest amount of revenue fromA.personal income taxes.B.property taxes.C.sales taxes.D.payroll taxes.AACSB:Reflective ThinkingAccessibility:Keyboard NavigationBlooms:RememberDifficulty:1EasyTopic:Government at a Glance5.The federal government gets most of its revenue fromA.personal income taxes.B.property taxes.C.sales taxes.D.payroll taxes.AACSB:Reflective ThinkingAccessibility:Keyboard NavigationBlooms:RememberDifficulty:1EasyTopic:Government at a Glance6.In a pure market economy,A.there is no role for government.ernment intervention might be needed.rge markets where people meet to buy and sell are required.D.all of these answer options are correct.AACSB:Reflective ThinkingAccessibility:Keyboard NavigationBlooms:RememberDifficulty:1EasyTopic:Public Finance and Ideology7.A government good or service includesA.bridges.B.parks.C.national defense.D.all of these answer options are correct.AACSB:Reflective ThinkingAccessibility:Keyboard NavigationBlooms:UnderstandDifficulty:1EasyTopic:Public Finance and Ideologyernment output is hard to account for because governmentA.is so large.B.provides goods that have no resale value.C.keeps secrets about what it produces.D.goods are generally not sold or produced in easily measurable units.AACSB:Reflective ThinkingAccessibility:Keyboard NavigationBlooms:UnderstandDifficulty:2MediumTopic:Government at a Glance9.Economists who study the role of government in the marketA.agree mostly on the role that the government should play.B.study for market problems that the government might help solve.C.find that supply and demand graphs never work for the government.D.none of these answer options are correct.AACSB:Reflective ThinkingAccessibility:Keyboard NavigationBlooms:UnderstandDifficulty:2MediumTopic:Public Finance and Ideology10.EconomicsA.started as a business application.B.can never be defined.C.is the study of unlimited wants but limited resources.D.has no"real world"relevance.AACSB:Reflective ThinkingAccessibility:Keyboard NavigationBlooms:RememberDifficulty:1EasyTopic:Public Finance and Ideology11.TaxesA.are mandatory payments.B.are necessary for financing government expenditures.C.do not directly relate to the benefit of government goods and services received.D.all of these answer options are correct.AACSB:Reflective ThinkingAccessibility:Keyboard NavigationBlooms:RememberDifficulty:1EasyTopic:Public Finance and Ideologycation isA.generally financed at the state and local level.B.too expensive for the federal government.C.generally financed at the federal level.D.financed on a voluntary basis.AACSB:Reflective ThinkingAccessibility:Keyboard NavigationBlooms:RememberDifficulty:1EasyTopic:Government at a Glance13.PoliticsA.play no role in public finance.B.influence government decisions.C.have to be factored into economic decision making.D.all of these answer options are correct.AACSB:Reflective ThinkingAccessibility:Keyboard NavigationBlooms:RememberDifficulty:1EasyTopic:Government at a Glance14.IndividualsA.are too small to matter in macroeconomic decision making.B.need to participate in a democracy.C.make up the government.D.are too small to matter in macroeconomic decision making and need to participate in a democracy.E.need to participate in a democracy and make up the government.AACSB:Reflective ThinkingAccessibility:Keyboard NavigationBlooms:UnderstandDifficulty:2MediumTopic:Public Finance and Ideology15.The unified budget isA.a budget that includes all nations.B.a document which itemizes all the federal government's expenditures and revenues.C.a document that accounts for all spending by states.D.none of these answer options are correct.AACSB:Reflective ThinkingAccessibility:Keyboard NavigationBlooms:RememberDifficulty:1EasyTopic:Government at a Glance16.In2012the federal budget was almostA.1million pages long.B.17pages long.C.1,300pages long.D.500pages long.AACSB:Reflective ThinkingAccessibility:Keyboard NavigationBlooms:RememberDifficulty:1EasyTopic:Government at a Glance 17.Social insurance has become an increasingly large portion of federal taxes because of the"BabyBoomer"generation.A.TrueB.FalseC.UncertainAACSB:Reflective ThinkingAccessibility:Keyboard NavigationBlooms:RememberDifficulty:1EasyTopic:Government at a Glance18.A very small portion of government expenditures is financed by taxes.A.TrueB.FalseC.UncertainAACSB:Reflective ThinkingAccessibility:Keyboard NavigationBlooms:RememberDifficulty:1EasyTopic:Government at a Glance19.In2011national defense was just as large a general expenditure as Social Security.A.TrueB.FalseC.UncertainAACSB:Reflective ThinkingAccessibility:Keyboard NavigationBlooms:RememberDifficulty:1EasyTopic:Government at a Glance20.The Constitution of the United States says nothing about state economic activity.A.TrueB.FalseC.UncertainAACSB:Reflective ThinkingAccessibility:Keyboard NavigationBlooms:RememberDifficulty:1EasyTopic:Government at a Glance21.The taxes paid by citizens are directly related to the benefit of government goods and services received.A.TrueB.FalseC.UncertainAACSB:Reflective ThinkingAccessibility:Keyboard NavigationBlooms:RememberDifficulty:1EasyTopic:Government at a Glance 22.Interest on the national debt,as a percentage of federal expenditures,has increased significantly since1965.A.TrueB.FalseC.UncertainAACSB:Reflective ThinkingAccessibility:Keyboard NavigationBlooms:RememberDifficulty:1EasyTopic:Government at a Glance23.Local governments rely heavily on property taxes.A.TrueB.FalseC.UncertainAACSB:Reflective ThinkingAccessibility:Keyboard NavigationBlooms:RememberDifficulty:1EasyTopic:Government at a Glanceernment is designed to handle problems not addressed by the private sector.A.TrueB.FalseC.UncertainAACSB:Reflective ThinkingAccessibility:Keyboard NavigationBlooms:RememberDifficulty:1EasyTopic:Government at a Glance 25.Expenditures,as a percentage of GDP for the United States,are not very different than those of otherindustrialized nations.A.TrueB.FalseC.UncertainAACSB:Reflective ThinkingAccessibility:Keyboard NavigationBlooms:RememberDifficulty:1EasyTopic:Government at a Glance26.Payroll taxes are a major financing tool at the federal level.A.TrueB.FalseC.UncertainAACSB:Reflective ThinkingAccessibility:Keyboard NavigationBlooms:RememberDifficulty:1EasyTopic:Government at a Glance27.In2011the federal government spent345.8billion dollars on income security.A.TrueB.FalseC.UncertainAACSB:Reflective ThinkingAccessibility:Keyboard NavigationBlooms:RememberDifficulty:1EasyTopic:Government at a Glance28.Personal income and Social Security payroll taxes are currently the largest sources of governmentrevenue.A.TrueB.FalseC.UncertainAACSB:Reflective ThinkingAccessibility:Keyboard NavigationBlooms:RememberDifficulty:1EasyTopic:Government at a Glance Essay Questions29.Write an essay discussing some of the reasons that federal expenditures for Social Security haveincreased since1965.Federal expenditures for Social Security have increased since1965for several reasons,includingincreases in the number of persons entitled to benefits and the introduction of Medicare and otherprograms.AACSB:Reflective ThinkingBlooms:UnderstandDifficulty:2MediumTopic:Government at a Glance 30.Do you think it is correct policy that the federal government is not required to finance all of itsexpenditures with tax revenues and is allowed to borrow?What are the implications of this policy?Answers will vary,but financing out of current spending ensures that there are no deficits at the end of the fiscal year.However,in times of crisis,such as war,this type of financing would limit thegovernment's ability to accomplish its stated goals.AACSB:AnalyticBlooms:EvaluateDifficulty:3HardTopic:Government at a Glance31.Why do/should we care that federal expenditures are becoming an increasingly larger portion of GDP?We should care that federal expenditures are becoming an increasingly larger portion of GDP because of public sector crowding out.AACSB:AnalyticBlooms:AnalyzeDifficulty:3HardTopic:Government at a Glance 32.Discuss your views on government intervention regarding tobacco consumption.As with many social issues,tobacco consumption will not only impact the health of the population but the ability of people to work and be productive members of society.Some will argue that this is aprivate issue and the government has no role in regulating people treat their own bodies but others will counter that the impacts are not just to the consumer but to third parties also.AACSB:AnalyticBlooms:AnalyzeDifficulty:3HardTopic:Government at a Glance。
英语一大作文第二段
英语一大作文第二段In the realm of global communication, English has emerged asa lingua franca, bridging gaps between diverse cultures and facilitating international trade. The second paragraph of an English essay on this topic would delve into the significance of English in various fields, highlighting its pervasive influence.The educational landscape has been vastly transformed by the prevalence of English. It is now a core subject in schools worldwide, with students from a young age being introduced to its grammar, vocabulary, and idiomatic expressions. Thisearly exposure is crucial as it lays the foundation for students to engage with the global community. Moreover,English is the primary language of instruction in numerous prestigious universities, making proficiency in the languagea gateway to higher education and research opportunities.Furthermore, the business world heavily relies on English as the medium for international transactions and negotiations. Corporations from different countries often communicate in English to ensure clarity and efficiency in their dealings. This has led to a surge in demand for English language skills, with many professionals seeking to enhance their command ofthe language to remain competitive in the global market.In the realm of technology and media, English is the de facto language for software interfaces, social media platforms, anddigital content. This ubiquity has made English an essential tool for anyone wishing to navigate the digital age effectively. From coding to content creation, a strong grasp of English opens up a plethora of opportunities and allowsfor seamless interaction with a global audience.In summary, the second paragraph of an essay on the importance of English would underscore its role as a unifying force in education, business, and technology, emphasizing how it empowers individuals to participate in an interconnected world.。
国际贸易Chapter_1_Introduction_to_International_Trade
1.1 What Is International Trade?
INTERNATIONAL TRADE: The economic interaction among different nations involving the exchange of goods and services, that is, exports and imports. The guiding principle of international trade is comparative advantage, which indicates that every country, no matter their level of development, can find something that it can produce cheaper than another country.
Some concepts:
Foreign Trade: From the perspective of one country, international trade is also called ‘foreign trade’. Export and Import: International trade can also understood as ‘export and import of goods or technology or service’. Tangible goods: Goods that can be seen and touched. They account for the most percentage of international trade. Visible Trade: Trade in goods which can be actually seen passing through ports or airport, entering or leaving one country. Invisible trade: Trade in services and technologies
国际组织英文总结汇报稿
国际组织英文总结汇报稿Title: A Summary Report on International Organizations Introduction:In today's globalized world, international organizations play a crucial role in promoting cooperation, resolving conflicts, and driving global development. This report aims to provide a comprehensive overview of major international organizations, including their objectives, functions, achievements, and challenges.1. United Nations (UN):The United Nations is the largest and most prominent international organization, established in 1945. Its primary objective is to maintain international peace and security, promote human rights, foster social and economic development, and provide humanitarian assistance. The UN has made notable achievements in peacekeeping, advancing women's rights, eradicating diseases, protecting the environment, and mitigating conflicts. However, challenges persist, including funding shortages, geopolitical disagreements, and the need for more inclusive decision-making processes.2. International Monetary Fund (IMF):The IMF is responsible for ensuring global financial stability and promoting economic growth. It provides financial assistance, monitors global economic trends, offers policy advice, and helps countries manage their economic crises. The IMF's accomplishments include stabilizing economies during financial crises, fostering economic reforms, and reducing poverty. However, criticisms against the IMF revolve around its conditionality policy,lack of representation for developing countries, and potential negative impacts on national sovereignty.3. World Bank:The World Bank aims to alleviate poverty and promote sustainable development by providing financial assistance, technical expertise, and policy advice to member countries. It focuses on areas such as infrastructure development, education, healthcare, and governance reforms. The World Bank's key achievements include funding numerous development projects, supporting education initiatives, and promoting sustainable practices. Nonetheless, challenges persist in balancing economic growth with environmental protection, ensuring corruption-free projects, and addressing the needs of marginalized populations.4. World Trade Organization (WTO):The WTO facilitates global trade by negotiating and enforcing international trade agreements, resolving trade disputes, and providing a forum for member countries to discuss trade-related issues. It has played a crucial role in reducing trade barriers, promoting economic integration, and resolving disputes through its dispute settlement system. However, the WTO faces challenges in adapting to new trade dynamics, narrowing the gaps between developed and developing countries, and addressing concerns related to fair trade, labor rights, and environmental protection. 5. European Union (EU):The EU is a political and economic union consisting of 27 member countries in Europe. Its main objectives include promoting peace, fostering economic integration, ensuring human rights, andenhancing cooperation in various areas. The EU's achievements include establishing the single market, implementing harmonized regulations, and facilitating free movement of people, goods, services, and capital. However, challenges remain, such as managing diversity, addressing socio-economic disparities, and addressing migration issues.Conclusion:International organizations play a crucial role in addressing global challenges, promoting cooperation, and advancing global development. The United Nations, International Monetary Fund, World Bank, World Trade Organization, and European Union are among the most prominent international organizations that have made significant contributions in their respective areas. However, these organizations face various challenges ranging from financial constraints, geopolitical tensions, lack of representation, to environmental concerns. Addressing these challenges will require collective efforts from member countries to ensure these organizations can effectively continue their missions in the rapidly changing global landscape.。
关于询盘的英语作文
关于询盘的英语作文【中英文版】Composition on InquiryIn the realm of international trade, an inquiry serves as a pivotal initial step, where potential buyers express their interest in a product or service.It is a critical communication tool that can lead to fruitful negotiations and eventually, a successful transaction.在国际贸易领域，询盘是至关重要的第一步，潜在买家通过这一方式表达他们对产品或服务的兴趣。
它是能够引向富有成果的谈判，并最终促成成功交易的的关键沟通工具。
When crafting an inquiry, it is imperative to be concise yet thorough.Buyers should clearly state what they are looking for, including specifications, quantities, and any other pertinent details.Being specific enhances the likelihood of receiving a tailored response from the seller.在撰写询盘时，既要简洁又要全面。
买家应当清楚地表明他们在寻找什么，包括规格、数量以及其他相关细节。
具体明确能提高收到卖家针对性回复的可能性。
Moreover, maintaining a professional tone is ing polite language and proper business etiquette can leave a positive impression on the seller, which may facilitate a prompt and satisfactory response.此外，保持专业的语气至关重要。
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平时成绩（30%） 基础分为60分； 旷课一次扣平时成绩10分（有事要课前请假，事后请假 不算）；点名迟到或早退一次扣5分； 布置的作业(包括课堂小测验)没交，算旷课，扣10分； 全做对，加10分；80%以上正确，加5分； 上课注意听讲,保持课堂纪律；课堂提问回答正确，加5 分；
Example 1: ABC (Babylonia) Ltd. is a wholly-owned affiliate of ABC Corporation, a United States TNC. The United States parent company owns all the voting shares or voting power of the Babylonian legal entity, a privately owned company. The investment by ABC Corporation is typical of a direct investment where the direct investor owns the majority of the voting shares or voting power of an enterprise located in another country. In this case the foreign direct investor controls the operations of the direct investment enterprise and has a “significant degree of influence” (IMF, 1993, paragraph 359) on the management of the enterprise. The foreign direct investor is represented on the board of directors of the direct investment enterprise and participates in its policymaking process. This is a case of FDI.
Some aspects Financial assets and Financial liabilities Outward foreign direct investment (FDI) and inward FDI FDI stocks are presented in the statistical statement of the international investment position (IIP)
Example 2: The second example is an investment made by a United States individual who owns 100 shares (and less than 10 per cent of voting shares) of Babylonian Telecommunication Corporation. The company is listed on the stock exchange and has issued one million shares. In this instance, the percentage holding by the United States investor is negligible. Even if the investment is made by a United States mutual fund or pension fund or a United States company, it is not considered as FDI. The shares of the Babylonian company are held directly by an individual (household) resident in the United States, and not indirectly by a personal holding company incorporated in the United States or elsewhere. This is a typical example of a portfolio invesof FDI and FPI
Two key elements need to be emphasized in the definition of FDI and in distinguishing it from FPI. “lasting interest.” “significant degree of influence” on the management of the enterprise.
Section 2 ： The framework of BOP and IIP
The five basic components of the financial account in BOP are: direct investments portfolio investments other investments reserve assets financial derivatives
International Investments
(5th,CFA),CITIC Publishing house, 2005. Bruno Solnik著，雷巧萍等译，国际投资 学(第4版），中国人民大学出版社2004年。 Ephraim Clark, International Finance (2th), 北京大学出版社2003年。
Section1: The conception and the types of International Investment
一、The conception
What is Investment?
一、The conception
Investment
is a vehicle into which funds can be placed with the expectation that they will be preserved or will increase in value or will generate positive returns. Various types： security or property; direct or indirect; debt, equity, or option; short or long term; domestic or international;
期末成绩（70%） 平时给出重点，考前不划范围 英文出题，开卷考试
Chapter 1 An Overview On International Investment
The requirement of Learning Knowing the difference between the international investment and the domestic investment. Familiar with the international investment from the BOP and the IIP Understanding the difference between the FDI and FPI. Knowing the developmental history of international investment Knowing the latest development of international investment
UNCTAD:
World investment report
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杨大楷主编:
国际投资学，上海财 经大学出版社2004年版。本书为普 通高等教育“十五”国家级规划教 材。
葛亮,梁蓓编著 ：国际投资学，对外经济 贸易大学出版社2003版。本书为全国国 际商务专业技术资格考试指定参考书。 任映国等主编 ：国际投资学，中国金融 出版社2001版。本书为“21世纪高等院 校金融类教材”。
Box 1. FDI versus foreign portfolio and other investment flows
FDI have different investment motives from investors in portfolio and other investments. In supplying long-term capital to a foreign entity, a direct investor is interested in establishing a lasting relationship with that company. The investment could be made to provide access to natural resources and markets for products; gain access to labor supply, technology and other assets; ensure security of supplies; and control the quality of a certain product or service etc.
Zhiyong Huang
Nanjing Financial & Economics University hzy196896@ Tel：84028241
Curriculum
Why to learn it?
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