西电科技英语课件——第三章 否定、被动语态、比较等级
科技英语中的被动语态

科技英语中的被动语态论文作者:潘爱华摘要: 科技人员在用英语说明情况或讨论问题时, 习惯于多用能够体现客观性的无人称被动句。
因此在科技文献中频繁出现被动语态。
本文先用将被动语态与主动语态进行对比的方法介绍有关被动语态的基础知识。
然后参考和引用一些论述科技问题的例句来具体说明被动语态在科技英语中的应用情况。
关键词: 被动语态; 无人称句; 科技英语Abstract: Scientists prefer to use impersonal passive sentences when they talk or write about their work. After a brief introduction of the fundamentals of passive voice, its application in scientific English will be discussed in this thesis.Key Words: Passive voice; impersonal sentence; scientific English在科技文章中, 多数句子是无人称被动句,因为科技着作者想要客观地对待事物, 而不强调行为的主体, 所以通常不用“I”、“you” 或“the operator”等作为句子开头。
[1](P64)一、被动语态语态表示句中主语和谓语动词之间的关系。
若主语是动作的执行者, 动词用主动语态, 当主语是动作的承受者, 动词要用被动语态。
只有及物动词才有被动语态。
[2](P178)例如: His father planted this tree.( 主动语态)This tree was planted by his father.( 被动语态)A pump supplies compressed air. ( 主动语态)Compressed air is supplied by a pump. (被动语态)被动语态由动词be 和及物动词的过去分词构成。
科技英语课件资料

1.1 科技英语与公共英语的区别与联系
科技英语与公共英语既有联系,又有区别。科技英语是公共英 语和专业知识紧密结合的产物。因此,它们在语言的表达,语法 等方面有许多共同点,只有具备了较扎实的英语基础并掌握了— 定的专业知识,才能进一步学习科技英语。 科技英语和公共英语也有较大差别,主要体现在以下方面: 1.科技英语在词义上具有不同于公共英语的特点和含义。例: If mouse is installed in a computer,then the available memory space for user will reduce. 如果计算机安装了鼠标,则用户可利用的内存空间就会减少。 (在公共英语中mouse一词的词义是“老鼠”,而在科技英语中 其词义为“鼠标”; memory 一词的词义为“记忆”,而在科技 英语中其词义为“存储器”、“科技概念、理论和事实。 目前,随着科学技术的迅速发展和国际学术交流活动的日益剧增, 英语作为一门主要的国际交流语言,其作用已日显重要。人们迫 切需要直接使用和消化国外各种英文专业文献,用英语撰写反映 最新科研成果和发展水平的科技论文,甚至用英语直接同国外专 家进行口语学术交流。因此,科技英语作为专业基础技能已受到 人们的广泛关注。 本章通过介绍科技英语和公共英语的联系与区别,科技英语的 语法、词汇特点等来说明学习科技英语的重要性和必要性,并为 今后学习和家握科技英语的翻译、阅读和写作定下良好的基础。
1.2.2 科技英语的语法特点 科技英语在时态、语态、语气、词序和句子结构等的运用上都 和公共英语不同。科技英语的语法特点主要表现在: 1.非人称的语气和客观的态度,尤其是常使用it…结构; 2.大量使用一般现在时态和被动语态; 3.大量使用非限定性动词,即不定式、分词和动名词; 4.较多使用祈使语气,即所谓的公式化表达方式; 5.大量使用介词短语; 6.条件语句多.尤其是if…; 7.长句较多; 8.省略句较多; 9.表达方式一般均较简洁,很少使用很复杂的从句。 以下举例说明。
[英语学习]科技英语的课件2
![[英语学习]科技英语的课件2](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/c57fa06bbe1e650e52ea99ac.png)
改错练习 1.UASM协议采用了独特的帧结构。 The UASM protocal employs a unique frame structure. 2. 一种正交双循环码M元扩频接收机的性能分析。 Performance analysis of an M-ray spread spectrum receiver using biorthogonal cylic codes. 3. 最后,用这种方法设计了宽带阶梯阻抗变换器。 Finally, a broad stepped impedance transformer is designed by this method.
练习 3. 输入信号(input signal)太大会引起非线性 失真(nonlinear distortion)。 Nonlinear distortion can be caused by _________________. 4.在计算机中,趋势(tendency)是以(at) 尽可能(as…as possible)高的时钟速率 (clock rate)工作(operate)。 In __ computer, the tendency is to operate at ____________________.
4. 利用状态转移图,系统的安全性得以实现。 With the state-transition diagram, the security probability of the system is obtained. 5. 该方法适用于任意形状的一维势垒。 The approach can be applied to the onedimensional potential barrier with an aribitary profile. 6. 我们提出了一种基于牛顿迭代的数值方法。 We propose a numerical method based on Newton’s iterative method.
一般现在时被动语态教学课件(共18张PPT)

有一些被动语态中常用的词汇和动词,我们需要掌握它们的语法并在写作和口语中运用到它们。
动词 am/is/are have been be being has been being was/were will be had been will have been
意思 是 已经被 正在被 已经开始被 被/曾被 将会被 本来被 过去已被
练习6:阅读理解
请根据语境,选择正确的答案。
中国的大峡谷是世界上最大且最深的峡谷之一。据学者称,这条峡谷形成于新生代第三纪北方运动岩浆喷发。 它的长度在90公里以上,最窄处的宽度仅有50米,而最宽处则达到了4千多米,峭壁之间的垂直落差达到了 1200米。这给人类留下了神奇的自然艺术之作。
1. 中国大峡谷是世界上最大的峡谷之一,真或假? 2. 这条峡谷是在什么时代形成的? 3. 峡谷的最宽处有多宽? 4. 为什么中国的大峡谷留下了神奇的自然艺术?
动词的正确时态
被动语态与主动语态共享同一动词时态,因此动词的时态必须准确。例如:"这本书最近是 由我读完的。"
被动语态中的主语
被动语态中的主语是承接行动的物品或者被施加行动的人群。主语是被动语态的关键部分,应该特别注 意。
1
被动主语
被动主语是被动语态中的主要组成部分。
2
语序
被动语态的语序是重点。例如:"书已经被他还回图书馆了。"
被动语态属于正式语言
被动语态通常所适用的场合是 正式的语言。例如,文学作品 中、科技文档中的使用。
用途不包含动态词
一般现在时被动语态主要用在 静态的描述中,而不是动态的 描述中。例如:"The cake is eaten."
被动语态的语态变化
科技英语被动语态的翻译市公开课获奖课件省名师示范课获奖课件

Translation Skill — Passive Voice
(翻译技巧 ——被动语态旳译法)
汉语被动意义旳体现方式─用词汇旳手段来体现被动意 义
➢“被”字式——不幸语态 ➢“让”、“给”、”叫”、“挨”、“受”、 “遭”、“蒙” ➢“是……旳” 表达静态旳句子 ➢“……旳是” ➢“……加以/予以”构成倒置旳宾语构造
again
and
again.
译:为了探测月球旳表面,人们一次又一次地发射火箭。
It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years
largely determine his character and later personality.
Translation Skill — Passive Voice
(翻译技巧 ——被动语态旳译法)
在英语学习中,被动语态句子十分常见,主要有下列几 种情况:
➢为更加好地联接上下文。
He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.
2.主语译成宾语
把原主语译成宾语,而把行为主体或相当于行为主体旳 介词宾语译成主语
A right kind of fuel is needed for an atomic reactor.
译:原子反应堆需要一种合适旳燃料。
Plants and trees are provided by nature with four means of dispersing their
译成汉语旳其他句型
2.译成汉语旳判断句
大学科技英语课件-第三章---科技英语的翻译

例: Much of the pollution caused by cars happens when they change speed.
3)定语的位置
英语中可作定语的有单词、短语和定语从句,以 单词作定语一般前置,以短语和从句作定语一般后 置。汉语的定语一般都在被修饰词之前。
例:Bronze is a very useful metal.青铜
There are two types of heat treatment applicable to aluminum alloys.
例4:In the early days, for pressure measurement,
spatial resolutions 空间分辨率as well as vibration isolation隔振 were significant problems; however, presently the availability of highly sensitive miniature pressure transducers 传感器with acceleration have made the measurement task simpler and more reliable.
3. 翻译的过程
(1)理解阶段。理解阶段的主要环节是辩明词义和语法关系,即正确 判断英语句子中的语言现象,分析各个句子成分的逻辑关系和句子的语 法结构,弄清词、词组、短语、从句的确切含义和句子所叙述的专业内 容,并把前后句子贯串起来理解,形成对原文的完整印象,真正掌握原 文的内容和实质。
科技英语中部分否定句的汉课件

Using Negative g negative suffixes is also one of the ways to express partial negation. Common negative suffixes include "- less", "- free", etc.
Classification of Partial Negative Sentences
• Conclusion: Partial negative sentences can be classified according to different classification criteria.
Research significance
By studying some negative sentences in scientific English, it can help improve the communication ability and influence of Chinese scholars in the international academic community, and promote international scientific and technological cooperation and exchange.
Using Negative Phrases
Summary
Using negative phrases is another way to express partial negation, and common negative phrases include "not including", "except for", etc.
科技英语语法篇 (1)

with的常见用法
1)
It is now possible to change AC into DC with great ease/very easily.
2) 与vary,change,increase,decrease,rise,fall等连用, 意为“随着”: This parameter varies with temperature. 3)构成“with”结构 Let us draw a circle of radius r, with the origin as the center. 4)表示“用” We can see distant stars with this telescope. 5)表示“与”: A comparison of the experimental result with the computed one has been made.
不定冠词的特殊位置:
This is so sensitive an ammeter that it can measure a slight change of current. It is necessary to determine how large a force is required to lift this stone.
The current in a capacitor leads the voltage 90°,or the voltage lags the current by 90°. (换句话说,或者说) 提示:使用or的句型 一般:A,B,C(,) or D(括号里的逗号是美式 英语中常用的,而英式英语中一般不用) 强调:A or B or C or D
for的常见用法 1)表示时间或距离的长短,无词义 This output may stay high for a long time. 2)放在句首表示条件“对于;如果;当…时候”: For x<1, this expression applies. 3)与动词solve连用时表示解方程的对象: In this case we need to solve this equation for the unknown. 4)引出动词不定式的逻辑主语,构成复合结构: It is necessary for us to determine what this angle is. 5)表示目的,常用在method, technique, algorithm, condition, requirement, language等词的后面): The necessary condition for this inequality is x ≦1.
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西安电子科技大学第三章否定、被动语态、比较等级主讲: 王琳讲师2006 年7月13日§3.1 否定1、全否定:一般要用“none,no,neither”来表示,意为都;均。
普通的窗户均承受(withstand)不了这么大的力。
§3.1 否定1、全否定:一般要用“none,no,neither”来表示,意为都;均。
None of the ordinary windows[=No ordinary windows] can withstand so large a force.2、部分否定:一般用“all ,both ,every ”+not 来表示,意为并非都。
This parameter (参数)does not change duringall time intervals .Eq. (1 –5)can not be satisfied by all values of x.§3.1 否定§3.1 否定3、否定的转移(1)主句中有表示“相信”、“认为”等臆想动词否定式时,一般汉译时否定在从句中。
(在科技文中不常见)not +thinkfeelsuppose believe imagine + that 从句Theydon’t think that this answer to the problem is right .§3.1 否定~3、否定的转移(2)▲appearseemhappen的否定式+主语从句动词不定式It does not appear that this value satisfies the equation.This computer does not seem to be so good as that one.§3.1 否定~3、否定的转移This disease does not affect most animalsas it does humans.These layers (层)are not “stretched”(能拉伸的)as a rubber sheet would be.(3)★主句中有not [no, rather than, instead of ]+ as 从句或短语(或the way …):译成“并不像…那样~”。
§3.1 否定~3、否定的转移The presence of the minus sign indicates that the current of 1.5 A flows from C to F , and not from F to Cas shown.The HIGH-level output voltages for both OR and NOR are between –0.81and –0.96 V rather than –0.8 V ,as predicted (预计)by Eq . (2 –9).§3.1 否定~3、否定的转移The majority of distance communication in the future could well be computer-to-computer,not person-to-person as at present.§3.1 否定~3、否定的转移The Maxwell relations (关系式)are not modified (修正)by relativity (相对论)as Newton’s relations are when particle (质点)velocities approach the speed of light .§3.1 否定~3、否定的转移1、带有双宾语动词(tell ,inform , convince , give , assign , deny 等等)的被动语态(在谓语后存在一个“保留宾语”)In this case some of the users will be denied (拒绝给予)permission (允许).Each of the users has been assigned a frequency band .§3. 2 被动语态§3. 2 被动语态We are told by Ohm’s law that the current in a circuit is proportional to the applied voltage.If the reader is not convinced that P is a maximum when R = r, he should verify it by the used (惯常的)calculus (微积分)method .2、“不及物动词+介词”= “及物动词”的被动语态Electronic radar systemsare relied on for a safe flight from one airport to another .§3. 2 被动语态§3. 2 被动语态In this case the work done is accounted for by an increase inpotential energy.This topic will be dealt with in the next chapter.Actually, this result could have been arrived at intuitively(直观地).3、“及物动词+名词+介词”=“及物动词”(make use of ★, pay attention to ▲, take care of , make mention of 等等)的被动语态Full usemust be made of the computers available .§3. 2 被动语态注意:这里并不是“be made of [由……制成]”这一词组的含义。
而是“make full use of ”的被动形式。
§3. 2 被动语态§3. 2 被动语态The computers available must be made full use of.又如:Use is made of this characteristic(特性)in feedback(反馈)amplifier design.The protective(保护的)resistance should be made use of in the usual way.§3. 2 被动语态In the quantum(量子)theory of the atom no use is made of these models.必须充分利用现有的设备。
(要求使用“make use of ”的被动形式)***汉译英:§3. 2 被动语态§3. 2 被动语态Full use must be made of the devices available.4、由“getbecomeremainappear come + 过去分词”构成的被动句(强调状态)The energy that is stored in the inductor (电感器)and capacitor eventually (最终)gets dissipated(消耗)by the resistor.§3. 2 被动语态The air throughout the room becomes heatedby convection currents (对流的气流).The gate (门电路)will remain closed by the low input until the clock pulse arrives.This system can come equipped with a radio frequency wireless keyboard and mouse (optional ). [备有]§3. 2 被动语态5、科技文中不能有被动形式、不得用过去分词作定语的常见情况(1)不及物动词the resulting equation; the existing algorithms; the newlyemerging approach (几个特例:the fallen leaves; the elapsed time; the arrived train; the worked hours )§3. 2 被动语态§3. 2 被动语态(2)表示状态的及物动词(have, afford 等)(3)表示被动含义的“不及物动词+介词”★consist of “由……组成”result from “由……引起”arise from “由……引起”serve as“用作为……;起……作用”act as“用作为……;起……作用”behave as “用作为……;起……作用”(4)表示被动含义的“及物动词+名词”(find use [applications ]“得到应用”)§3. 2 被动语态function as “用作为……;起……作用”1、表示“……得多”的句型一些程度副词+比较级常见的程度副词有:much ★, very much, far, by far, well, greatly, a lot, a great deal, considerably, appreciably, significantly, substantially, incredibly, enormously, immeasurably 等。
§3.3 比较等级This computer is much smallerthan that one.Most computer facilities (设施)continue to protect their physical machine far better than they do their data.This circuit requires many more components (元件)than the circuit shown on page 3.§3.3 比较等级2、表示“越来越……”的句型(1)最常用的方式对单音节词:采用“~er and ~er ”对多音节词:采用“more and more ~”Electronic devices are becoming smaller and smaller butmore and more complicated .§3.3 比较等级(2)采用“ever + ~er ”(主要用于单音节词)Computers are ever smaller.(3)采用“increasingly + 原级”(主要用于多音节词)Computers are getting increasingly complicated .§3.3 比较等级§3.3 比较等级(4)“含有比较级的主句+ 表示时间的as-从句[随着]”★The skin effect(集肤效应)is more pronounced(明显的)as the frequency increases.The accelerating(加速)force becomes smaller as the body approaches the center.3、“as 形容词as 数量”要译成“~达[到]……”▲这块芯片(chip )薄达零点几毫米(millimeter )。