More Vaccines Needed as Meningitis Flares in West Africa
中英互译英语学习
• Until recently infections caused by multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which is common in most hospitals, could be treated using vancomycin. • 直到最近多重耐药金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA） 所引起的感染，这是大部分医院常见的感 染，可使用万古霉素治疗。
• New antibiotic development has slowed down for many reasons. • 新抗生素的研发速度因很多原因而放慢了。 • There are huge costs involved in developing and marketing antibiotics. • 有关抗生素的开发和营销需要巨额费用。 • It is estimated that at present it costs about US$300 million per new compound released on the international markets. • 据估计，目前在国际市场上每推出一种新 药约耗费300美元。
• However, this was also the case for the MRSA strains in hospitals 10-15 years ago. • 不过，这也是10-15年前医院里MRSA菌株 的情况。 • One approach would be to treat all cases of Golden Staph infection with vancomycin. • 万古霉素的使用可治疗所有感染金黄色葡 萄球菌的病例。
• There are other examples of lifethreatening infections that are resistant to multiple antibiotics. • 还有其他对多种抗生素耐药的致命感染的 例子。 • One of these is tuberculosis, with multiresistant strains of TB common in many countries. • 其中之一是肺结核，它以多耐药结核菌株 常见于许多国家。
头疼发烧的英语作文
头疼发烧的英语作文Possible high-quality essay:Headache and Fever。
Headache and fever are two common symptoms of various illnesses, which can range from mild to severe and require different treatments. In this essay, I will discuss some possible causes, effects, and remedies for headache and fever, as well as some personal experiences and recommendations.Causes of Headache and Fever。
Headache can be caused by various factors, such as tension, sinusitis, migraine, cluster headache, concussion, or brain tumor. Depending on the type and severity of headache, the symptoms may include throbbing, pressure, sensitivity to light or sound, nausea, vomiting, or dizziness. Fever, on the other hand, is usually a sign ofinfection or inflammation, such as flu, cold, pneumonia, meningitis, or sepsis. Fever can also be a side effect of some medications or vaccines. Fever is defined as a body temperature higher than 37.5°C or 99.5°F, and can cause sweating, chills, fatigue, and dehydration.Effects of Headache and Fever。
职称英语专项练习题
经典资料,ＷＯＲＤ文档,可编辑修改经典考试资料,答案附后,看后必过,ＷＯＲＤ文档,可修改一、补全短文专项练习训练要求：阅读下面的短文,文章中有5处空白,文章后面有6组文字,请根据文章的内容选择5组文字,将其分别放回文章原有位置,以恢复文章原貌;请将答案涂在答题卡相应的位置上;All of US have felt have cut have been we have had of us suffer pain rarely pain rarely. 1 Pain can take complete control of our body and mind,making it impossible to move and even to we need it,we would not we have hurt is our body's warning system. 2Pain is the most common reason we go to a doctor It is the most common reason we take recently,however, most doctors knew of only a few drugs that stopped some pains 3 But new knowledge about the process of pain is helping them to control pain better.Scientists have learned that the sense of pain is made up of both chemical and electrical signals.4 Scientists also have learned that the nervous system sends two different kinds of pain messages to the brain：one very fast,the other first message is the warning moves at a speed of 30 metersa less than a second,the brain understands that part of the body is hurt and how badly it is injured.5 It tells us not to use the injured part until it heals.A And others have painful attacks all the time.B These signals travel from nerve cells in the injured area,up the spinal cord脊髓to the brain,and back down again.C It tells us that We are injured and should do something about itD They knew little about the process of pain itself.E The other message moves at a speed of only 013~meter a second.F And they send the second,slower message of pain to the brain.参考答案：A C D B EConservation or Wasted EffortThe black robin 旅鸫 is one of the world's rarest birds. It is a small, wild bird, and it lives only on the island of Little Mangere, off the coast of New Zealand. In 1967 there were about fifty black robins there； in 1977 there were fewer thanEnergetic steps are being taken to preserve the black The idea is to buy another island nearby as a special home, a "reserve", for threatened wild life, including black robins. The organizers say that Little Mangere should then be restocked 重新准备 with the robin's food. Thousands of the required plants are at present being cultivated in New Zealand.Is all this concern a waste of human effort _____3_____ Are we losing our sense of what is reasonable and what is unreasonableIn the earth's long, long past hundreds of kinds of creatures have evolved, risen to a degree of success and died out. In the long, long future there will be many new and different forms of life. Those creatures that adapt themselves successfully to what the earth offers will survive for a long This is nature's proven method of operation.The rule of selection——"the survival of the fittest"——is the one by which human beings have themselves arrived on the scene. We, being one of the most adaptable creatures the earth has yet produced, may last longer than You may take it as another rule that when, at last, human beings show signs of dying out, no other creature will extend a paw 爪 to postpone our departure. On the contrary, we will be hurried out.Life seems to have grown too tough for black robins. I leave you to judge whether we should try to do anything about it.A Some creatures,certain small animals,insects and birds,will almost certainly outlast man,for they seem even more adaptable.B Those that fail to meet the challenges will disappear early.C Detailed studies are going on,and a public appeal for money has been made.D Both represent orders in the classification of lifeE Is it any business of ours whether the black robin survives or dies outF These are the only black robins left in the world参考答案：F C E B ALiving Alone Is JoyfulMore and more Americans are living alone. Some live alone because of divorce or the death of a partner. _ 1 _According to a recent U. S. census 人口普查, 25 percent of all households in the U. S. are made up of just one person. This is a dramatic change from the extended families of just a couple of generations ago.The typical person living alone is neither old nor lonely. __2 __The majority of these people have chosen to live alone. They are responding to decreasing social pressure to get married and have a family.It's now socially acceptable, even fashionable, to live alone. As people get better jobs and become financially independent, it becomes possible for them to maintain a one-person household.__3__However, people who do get married are marrying at a later age and divorcing more often. The number one reason given by most people for living alone is that they simply enjoy doing what they want when they want to do it. "Living alone is a luxury," says Nina Hagiwara, 338. "Once you do it, you can't ever go back to living with others." David C-Debaca, 46, agrees. __4 __Children think that being grown up means being able to do exactly as they please. __5 __ The chance to discover whether that freedom is as wonderful as it sounds is a chance more and more Americans are taking.A There's more pressure to get married nowadays.B The growing number of women with good jobs has done much to increase the number of people living alone.C However, even more people are living alone because they have chosen to.D It seems that many grown-ups today are realizing that childhood dream.E In facts, a quarter of the 23 million single people in the U. S. are under the age of 35.F He says, "I like being by myself.参考答案： C E B F DChest Compressions: Most Important of CPR1Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or CPR, can save the life of someone whose heart has stopped. The condition is called cardiac arresta. The heart stops pumping blood. The person stops breathing. Without lifesaving measures, the brain starts to die within four to six minutes. CPR combines breathing into the victim's mouth and repeated presses on the .However, a new Japanese study questions the usefulness of mouth-to-mouth breathing. The study was published in the British medical magazine, The I, ancet3. Doctors in Tokyo led the research. It examined more than four thousand people who had suffered cardiac arrest. In all the cases, witnesses saw the event happen.More than one thousand of the victims received some kind of medical assistance from witnesses. Seven hundred and twelve received CPR. Four hundred and thirty-nine received chest presses only___2___The researchers say any kind of CPR improved chances of the patient's survival. But, they said those people treated with only chest presses suffered less brain damage. Twenty-two percent survived with good brain ability ___3____.The American Heart Association4 changed its guidelines for CPR chest presses in 2005.___4___Gordon Ewy is a heart doctor at the University of Arizona College of Medicine in Tucson. He wrote a report that appeared with the study. Doctor Ewy thinks the CPR guidelines should be changed again. He said the heart association should remove rescue breaths from the guidelines. He argues that more witnesses to cardiac arrests would provide treatment if rescue breaths are not a part of CPR, He says this would save lives___5___.Cardiac arrest kills more than 300,000 people in the United States every year. The American Heart Association says about ninety-five percent of victims die before they get to a medical center.A So far, we have not known exactly yet whether mouth-to-mouth breathing is really useless in CPR.B Only ten percent of the victims treated with traditional CPR survived with good brain ability.C CPR keeps blood and oxygen flowing to the heart and brain.D His studies show that many people do not want to perform mouth-to-mouth breathing on a stranger for fear of getting a disease.E It said people should increase the number of chest presses from fifteen to thirty for every two breaths given.F No mouth-to-mouth rescue breaths were given to them.参考答案：C F B E DCaribbean IslandsWhat would you see if you took a cruise to the Caribbean Islands Palmtrees and coconuts white beaches and clear,blue ocean Colorful corals and even more colorful fishes and birds You bet． There are thousands of islands in the Caribbean Sea．They are famous for their warm,tropical climate and great natural beauty．The Caribbean Islands form a chain that separates the Caribbean Sea from the rest of the Atlantic ______ Many of the islands were formed by the eruption of ancient volcanoes．Others are low-lying coral islands that gradually rose from the ocean.The Caribbean Islands are known by several ______ The explorer Christopher Columbus called the islands the Indies in 1492 because he thought he was near the coast of India．Later,Spain and France called the islands the Antilles．There are four large islands in the Caribbean Sea．3_______ These four islands are often called the Greater Antilles．Together,they account for about 90 percent of the land area of the Caribbean Islands．The rest of the Caribbean Islands are much smaller．4______ You can see why pirates such as the famous Black beard sailed these waters. There are countless small islands to bury treasure or hide on.The weather of the Caribbean Sea is almost always warm and sunny．Sandy beaches line the coasts of many ______ Many tourists arrive on cruise ships．A But life on the Caribbean Islands is not always paradise．B The earliest name used by Europeans is the Indies,later changed to the West Indies．C They’re like along necklace that stretches between North and South America．D They are Cuba,Puerto Rico,Jamaica,and Hispaniola.E This is why millions of tourists visit the islands each yearF Some of these islands are no more than tiny slivers of exposed coral．参考答案：C B D F EFalse Fear of Big FishMany people believe sharks鲨鱼are dangerous and will always try to hurt or even killhumans．________1A shark exhibition at the National Aquarium水族馆in Baltimore,US,proves this．Visitors can touch young sharks,see their eggs develop and watch a dozen different species swim smoothly around a huge tank．Most people fail to realize that shark attacks don’t happen very often．Humans are mote likely to be killed by lightning than by a shark．________ 2There,kids Call learn,from an early age,not to fear sharks．“People fear what they don’t know,”said Nancy Hotchkiss;an organizer of the exhibition．“Sharks have been around for 400 million years and play 1til important role in the ocean’s foodchain．We want people to discover that sharks are amazing animals that need our respect and protection．”________ 3A study ,published in January in the US magazine,Science,found that almost all recorded shark species have fallen by half in the past eight to 15 years．Thousands of sharks are hunted in Asia for special foods,such as shark fin鱼翅soup．And many others get caught in nets,while fishermen are hunting other fish．________ 4 “Some fishing methods are actually cleaning out the ocean for sharks,”said Dave Schofield, the manager of the aquarium’s ocean health program me．________ 5A They call watch them develop inside their eggs and feel the skin of the older swimmersB A shocking 1 00 million sharks are killed every year around the world by humans．C In fact, 94 per cent of the world’s 400 species are harmless to humansD It is a worrying situation and some areas have put measures in place to protect these special fish．E And to make this point clear, the museum has set up a special touching pool for children．F More than half of the sharks caught are smaller than 1 meter long.参考答案：C E B F DWhy Would They Falsely ConfessWhy on earth would an innocent person falsely confess to committing a crime To most people,it just doesn’t seem logical．But it is logical,say experts;if you understand what call happen in a police interrogation审讯room． Under the right conditions,people’s minds are susceptible易受影响的to influence,and the pressure put on suspects during police questioning is enormous．______1“The pressure is important to understand,because otherwise it's impossible to understand why someone would say he did something he didn’t do．The answer is：to put all end to an uncomfortable situation that will continue until he does confess．Developmental psychologist Mary Redlich recently conducted a laboratory study to determine how likely people are to confess to things they didn’t do. ______ 2the researchers then intentionally crashed the computers and accused the participants of hitting “alt” key to see if they would sign a statement falsely taking responsibility． Redlich’s findings clearly demonstrate how easy it can be to get people to falsely 59 percent of the young adults in the experiment immediately confessed. ______3 Of the 15-to 16-year-olds,72 percent signed confessions,as 13-year-olds．“There’s no question that young people are more at risk,”says Saul Kassin,a psychology professor at Williams College,who has done similar studies with similar .______4 Both Kassin and Redlich note that the entire ‘‘interrogation” in their experiments consisted of a simple accusation-not hours of aggressive questioning--and still,most participants falsely decision．”______5“In some ways,”says Kassin,“false confession becomes a rationalA In her experiment,participants were seated at computers and told not to hit the“alt” key, because doing So would crash the systems．B Because of the stress of a police interrogation,they conclude,suspects can become convinced that falsely confessing is the easiest way out of a bad situation．C “It’s a little like somebody’s working on them with a dental牙齿 drill,” says Franklin Zimring,a law professor at the University of California at Berkeley．D “But the baseline is that adults are highly vulnerable too．”E The court found him innocent and he was released．F Redlich also found that the younger the participant,the more likely a false confession．参考答案： C A F D BFarmer’s marketCharlotte Hollins knows she faces a battle. The 23-year-old British farmer and her 21-year-old brother Ben are fighting to save the farm from developers that their father worked on since he was 14. ___1___.“You don’t often get a day off. Supermarkets put a lot of pressure on farmers to keep prices down. With fewer people working on farms it can be isolating,” she said. “There is a high rate of suicide and farming will never make you rich”Oliver Robinson, 25, grew up on a farm in Yorkshire. __2___. “I’m sure dad hoped I’d stay,” he said. “I guess it’s a nice, straightforward life, but it doesn’t appeal. For young, ambitious people, farm life would be a hard world.” For Robinson, farming doesn’t offer much “in terms of money or lifestyle.” Hollins agrees that economics stops people from pursuing farming rewards: “providing for a vital human need, while working outdoors with nature.”Farming is a big political issue in the . The 2001 foot and mouth crisis closed thousands of farms, stopped meat exports, and raised public consciousness of troubles in UK farming.Jamie Oliver’s 2005 campaign to get children to eat healthily also highlighted the issue. This national concern spells带来hope for farmers competing with powerful supermarkets. ___4___.“I started going to Farmers’ Markets in direct defiance蔑视of the big supermarkets. ___5___. It’s terrible,” said Londoner Michael Samson.A. But he never considered staying on his father and grandfather’s landB. While most people buy food from the big supermarkets, hundreds of independent Farmers’ Markets are becoming popular.C. While confident they will succeed, she lists farming’s many challenges:D. Young people prefer to live in citiesE. I seriously objected to the super-sizing of everything – what exactly DO they put on our apples to make so big and redF. “Buy British” campaigns urge鼓励consumers not to buy cheaper imported foods.参考答案：C A F B E. , European Drug Officials Approve Inhaled InsulinA form of insulin for people with diabetes to take by mouth is expected to be sold within a few months. The new medicine is called Exubera1. The United States Food and Drug Administration and the European Commission both recently approved it for adults. It could make life easier for many diabetics who require daily injections of insulin to control their blood sugar levels. But it will not replace all insulin rejections. And it is not for everyone. People who smoke or have stopped smoking for less than six months should not take .Three drug companies—Pfizer, Sanofi-Aventis and Nektar Therapeutics—developed the inhaled insulin. ___2___Experts say about fifteen percent of diabetics who need insulin do not take it. The treatment can involve several injections each day.Insulin is a hormone that the body uses to change food into energy. Failure to control blood sugar levels can lead to serious problems, including blindness and loss of blood flow to the feet. It can also lead to heart disease, stroke and kidney failure. Insulin has been sold as a drug since the nineteen twenties. This is the first new way to take it. Exubera uses a powder breathed into the lungs through a mouthpiece. Pfizer will study the long-term effects. It says some patients have reported a mild cough while using the inhaled insulin. ___3___Many people do not know they have diabetes. There are two forms. Most diabetics have the Type Two form. Their body does not make enough insulin or cannot effectively use the insulin it Type Two diabetics do not take insulin. Their medicines can be taken by mouth. Diet, exercise and weight control are also important. Type One diabetes often begins in .Officials say diabetics with either type could use inhaled insulin, either before or after a meal. But Type One diabetics and some with Type Two would still need a longer-lasting injection at least once a day.A With this type the body is unable to produce insulin.B Pfizer recently bought the rights to sell it worldwide.C The control of their blood sugar levels is most important for patients with diabetes.D It is common in people who are overweight and not active.E Some patients with lung disease should not take it either.F People are advised to have their lungs examined before using Exubera, and at least once a year after that.参考答案： E B F D A二、阅读判断专项练习训练要求：阅读下面这篇短文,短文后列出7个句子,请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断;如果该句提供的是正确信息,请在答题卡上把A涂黑；如果该句提供的是错误信息,请在答题卡上把B涂黑；如果该句的信息在文章中没有提及,请在答题卡上把C涂黑;SleepingPeople who sleep for more than eight hours a night do not live as long as those who sleep for six hours,according to the biggest study yet into sleep patterns and mortality死亡率;Scientists have no explanation for the findings and do not know if they mean people who like a 睡懒觉Can extend their lives by sleeping less.Although it is a common belief that sleeping for at least eight hours a night is vital for health and well-being the six year study involving more than million Americans older than 30 found that those who slept for 1ess than eight hours were far from doing themselves any long-term harm. "Individuals who now average hours of sleep a night Can be reassured that this is a safe amount of sleep. From a health is no reason to sleep longer," said Daniel Kripke ,a professor of psychiatry 精神病学at the University of California,San Diego.said, "We don't know if long sleep periods lead to death. Additional studies are needed to determine if setting your alarm clock earlier will actually improve your health."The scientists who were funded by the American Cancer Society,found也at the best survival rates were among the men and women who slept for seven hours a night. Those who slept for eight hours were 12 per cent more likely to die during t11e six-year period of the study, when other factors such as diet and smoking were taken into account.Even those who spent a mere five hours a night in bed lived longer than those who slept eight or more hours. However, an increasing death rate was found among those who slept for less than five hours.said, "Previous sleep studies have indicated that both short-and long-duration持续时间sleep had higher mortality rates. However, none of those studies were large enough to distinguish the difference between seven and eight hours a night,until flow."1 More than 1'1 million Americans participated in the six-year study. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned2 All the participants were from the state of California. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned3 The study shows that the longer you sleep each night,the longer you'11 live. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned4 The findings indicate that it is all right to sleep for hours a night. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned5 Most of the participants slept for 7 hours a night during the study. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned6 Sleeping for less than 5 hours each night is better than sleeping for 5 hours A Right B WrongC Not mentioned7 The study was the first to tell the difference between 7 and 8 hours of sleep a night A RightB WrongC Not mentioned参考答案：A C B A C B AScotland： A Land of WisdomIn the 1740s, the famous French philosopher Voltaire said "We look to Scotland for all our ideas of civilization." That's not a bad advertisement for any country when it comes to attracting people to search for a first-class education.According to the American author Arthur Herman, the Scots invented the modern world itself. He argues that Scottish thinkers and intellectuals worked out many of the most important ideas on which modern life depends-everything from the scientific method to market economics. Their ideas did not just spread among intellectuals, but to those people in business, government and the sciences who actually shaped the Western world.It all started during the period that historians call the Scottish Enlightenment启蒙运动,which is usually seen as taking place between the years 1740 and 1800. Before that, philosophy was mainly concerned with religion. For the thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment, the proper study of humanity was mankind itself.Their reasoning was practical. For the philosopher David Hume, humanity was the right subject for philosophy because we can examine human behavior and so find real evidence of how people think andfeel. And from that we can make judgments about the societies we live in and make concrete suggestions about how they can be improved, for universal benefit.Hume's enquiry into the nature of knowledge laid the foundations for the scientific method-the pursuit of truth through experiment. His friend and fellow resident of Edinburgh, Adam Smith, famously applied the study of mankind to the ways in which mankind does business. Trade, he argued, was a form of information. In pursuing our own interests through trading in markets, we all come to benefit each other.Smith's idea has dominated modern views of economics. It also has wide applications. He was one of the philosophers to point out that nations can become rich, free and powerful through peace, trade and invention.Although the Scottish Enlightenment ended a long time ago, the ideas which evolved at that time still underpin构成……的基础our theories of human exchange and enquiry. It also exists in Scotland itself in an educational tradition that combines academic excellence with orientation方向;1. Scotland is the right place to receive a first-class education.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned2. According to Arthur Herman, the Scots developed many important ideas which modern life depends on.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned3. Philosophers had come to know the importance of studying humanity even before the Scottish Enlightenment took place.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned4. David Hume was the first philosopher to study mankind.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned5. Smith's idea has extensive applications.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned6. Our current theories of human exchange and enquiry have nothing to do with the ideas developed during the Scottish Enlightenment.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned7. Smith died in 1800.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned参考答案： A A B C A B CRiches and Romance From France’s Wine HarvestSeptember is harvest tme. And with bunches of grapes swinging 摇摆 in the wind, the vineyards of southern France are getting ready to celebrate it.The yearly wine festival is held in honour of Bacchus, the Roman god of wine. It’s a fun time with parties, music, dancing, big meals and, of course, lots of wine.French wine making began more than 2,500 years ago. The world’s oldest type of vine grows in France and always produces a good quality wine. Today France produces one fifth of the world’s wine, and some of the most famous varieties.The top wine producing areas are Bordeaux, Burgundy and the Loire Valley. Champagne, a drink used in celebrations, is named after the place where sparkling 有气泡的wine was first produced in 1700.Wine is made from the juice of freshly picked grapes. It is the sugars that turn into alcohol. Traditionally, people used to take off their shoes and crush the grapes with their bare feet to bring out the juice. Nowadays, this practice is usually carried out by machines.Each wine producing region has its own character, based on its type of grapes and soil.The taste of wine changes with time. Until 1850, all French champagne was sweet. Now, both wine and champagne taste slightly bitter.The drink has always been linked with riches, romance and nobleness. Yet the French think of it in more ordinary terms.They believe it makes daily living easier, less hurried and with fewer problems.“All its links are with times when people are at their best; with relaxation, happiness, long slow meals and the free flow of ideas,”wrote wine expert Hugh Johnson.1 All French people celebrate the grape harvest every September.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned2 In the yearly wine festival, people always enjoy themselves.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned3 Wine making in France has a history of over 2,500 years.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned4 Many varieties of wine produced in France are named after places.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned5 Different regions in France produce different types of wine.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned6 French wine will taste sour 酸的 in future.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned7 The French people believe that drinking wine is a good way to relax.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned参考答案：B A A C A C AThe Industrial Age and EmploymentThe industrial age has been the only period of human history in which most people's work has taken the form of jobs. The industrial age may now be coming to an end, and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed. This seems a daunting thought. But, in fact, it could offer the prospect of a better future for work. Universal employment, as its history shows, has not meant economic freedom.Employment became widespread when the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves. Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from people's homes. Later, as transport improved, first by rail and then by road, people commuted longer distances to their places of employment until, eventually, many people's work lost all connection with their home lives and the places in which they lived.Meanwhile, employment put women at a disadvantage. In pre-industrial times, men and women had shared the productive work of the household and village community. Now it became customary for the husband to go out to paid employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and families to his wife. Tax and benefit regulations still assume this norm today, and restrict more flexible sharing of work roles between the sexes.It was not only women whose work status suffered. As employment became the dominant form of work, young people and old people were excluded-a problem now, as more teenagers become frustrated at school and more retired people want to live active lives.All this may now have to change. The time has certainly come to switch some effort and resources away from the idealist goal of creating jobs for all, to the urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without full-time jobs.1. The established work patterns may be changed with the closing of the industrial age.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned2. Universal employment has brought about economic freedom.。
初二关于预防生病的英语作文范文
初二关于预防生病的英语作文范文Preventing Illness in Grade 8As the cold weather sets in and flu season approaches, it's important for Grade 8 students to take proactive measures to prevent getting sick. By following some simple tips and practices, students can reduce their chances of contracting illnesses and stay healthy throughout the school year.First and foremost, maintaining good hygiene is essential for preventing the spread of germs. Grade 8 students should make it a habit to wash their hands regularly throughout the day, especially before eating and after using the restroom. Using soap and warm water and scrubbing for at least 20 seconds can help eliminate harmful bacteria and viruses that may be lingering on their hands.In addition to hand-washing, students should also avoid touching their face, especially their eyes, nose, and mouth. Germs can easily enter the body through these entry points, so keeping hands away from the face can help minimize the risk of infection.Furthermore, Grade 8 students should practice good respiratory hygiene by covering their mouth and nose with atissue or their elbow when coughing or sneezing. This can prevent the spread of respiratory droplets that may contain germs and viruses. Properly disposing of used tissues and regularly cleaning and disinfecting common surfaces can also help reduce the risk of spreading illness.Staying hydrated, eating a balanced diet, and getting enough sleep are also key components of maintaining good health. Grade 8 students should aim to drink plenty of water throughout the day, eat a variety of fruits and vegetables, and prioritize getting at least 8 hours of sleep each night. These healthy habits can boost the immune system and help the body fight off infections more effectively.Lastly, Grade 8 students should consider getting vaccinated against preventable diseases such as the flu, meningitis, and HPV. Vaccines are a safe and effective way to protect against serious illnesses and can help create herd immunity within the school community.By adopting these preventive measures and making them a part of their daily routine, Grade 8 students can reduce their risk of getting sick and stay healthy throughout the school year. It's important to remember that taking care of one's health is alifelong commitment, and the habits formed during adolescence can have a lasting impact on overall well-being.。
英文作文关于病毒
英文作文关于病毒1. Viruses are tiny, infectious agents that can cause a wide range of diseases in humans, animals, and plants. They consist of genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat, and can only replicate inside a host cell. Viruses can spread through various means, such as direct contact, droplets, or contaminated surfaces.2. The symptoms of viral infections can vary depending on the type of virus and the affected organ or system. Some common symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat, runny nose, fatigue, and muscle aches. In some cases, viruses can also cause more severe illnesses, such as pneumonia, meningitis, or hepatitis.3. There are many different types of viruses, each with its own unique characteristics and modes of transmission. Some viruses, such as influenza or HIV, can mutate rapidly, making it difficult to develop effective vaccines or treatments. Other viruses, such as herpes or Epstein-Barr,can remain dormant in the body for years and reactivate later on.4. Prevention and control of viral infections can be challenging, as viruses can be highly contagious and resistant to disinfectants. However, there are some basic measures that can help reduce the risk of infection, such as washing hands frequently, avoiding close contact with sick people, and wearing masks in crowded places.5. In recent years, the world has witnessed several outbreaks of viral diseases, such as SARS, MERS, Ebola, and Zika. These outbreaks have highlighted the importance of global cooperation and preparedness in addressing emerging infectious diseases. Researchers and public healthofficials are working tirelessly to develop new vaccines, therapies, and diagnostic tools to combat viral infections and prevent future epidemics.。
VOA听力原稿翻译
This is the VOA Special English Health Report.现在是VOA特别英语——健康报道The World Health Organization says it has reached a limit in its fight against diseases and disasters.世界卫生组织表示该组织在与疾病和灾难抗争方面已经达到了承受极限。
Director-General Margaret Chan says the agency is "overextended" and faces "serious funding shortfalls."首席执行干事陈女士表示该组织应经超负荷运行，面临严重的资金短缺。
Dr. Chan says the WHO is no longer operating "at the level of top performance that is increasingly needed, and expected.陈女士说WHO不能再以日益期望不断增长的模式进行高负荷运作了。
" She told the agency's Executive Board on Monday that the level of action should not be governed by the size of a problem.她对董事会说，这种行动大小的程度不能再由问题的大小所决定了。
Instead, it should be governed by the extent to which the WHO can have an effect on the problem.相反，应该有WHO在这个问题上所能产生的影响决定。
Dr. Chan said one of the most exciting developments recently is a new vaccine that could end Africa's deadly meningitis epidemics.陈女士最近感到最激动的发展是一种能结束非洲致命传染病的疫苗的生产。
预防接种证-英文
Group A Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine
Tuberculosis Hepatitis B Poliomyelitis Measles Pertussis, diphtheria, tetanus
Diphtheria, tetanus
Epidemic encephalitis B
Epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis (Group A)
Newborn
Free
Free Newborn 0, 1 and 6 months
2, 3, 4 months, 1.5 – 2 years old, 4 years old 8 months, 1.5-2 years old, 6 years old
3, 4, 5months, 1.5-2 years old
Free
Free
Free, acellular pertussis diphtheria tetanus vaccine shall be paid.
6 years old
Free
2 vaccinations at early period of 6 months - 1.5 years old are no need; separately intensify once at 2 years old and 6 years old
7. After vaccination, the children may have slight fever, local pain or red and swollen, which are the normal reaction and can fade within 3 days. If there are abnormal conditions after vaccination, please timely report to the vaccination unit and go to medical unit to receive symptomatic treatment
十种常见疫苗禁忌及不良反应(Ten common vaccines, contraindications and adverse reactions)
十种常见疫苗禁忌及不良反应（Ten common vaccines, contraindications and adverse reactions）Any vaccine may cause an adverse reaction after inoculation. So what is the taboo when the baby is vaccinated? Please read this carefully.1 、 measles vaccineMeasles vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine, the vaccination reaction is mild, the immunity is good, and the baby is vaccinated regularly after birth, so it can prevent measles.[reaction] after injection, the local general no response. On the 6-10 day, a few people may have a fever, usually not more than 2 days, and occasionally have a rash.[contraindications] no serious illness, fever, or allergies (especially those with an allergy to eggs) are not allowed.[note] the skin should be sterilized with 75% alcohol and injected after being dry. The vaccine should be injected at least 6 weeks intervals after the injection of gamma globulin. At least 2 weeks after the inoculation of measles vaccine, gamma globulin can be injected.[inoculation site] the upper arm, deltoid muscle attachment, subcutaneous injection.[dose] 0.2ml2, the polio vaccine (referred to as polio candy)The pill is an oral polio vaccine formulation, white granulated sugar pills, vaccination safety. After birth, according to the plan take candy, can effectively prevent poliomyelitis (polio).[reaction] only a small number of infants after polio vaccine has a transient diarrhea, can not cure self-healing.[contraindications] there is no immune restriction, and no use during the course of the immunosuppressive treatment. The milk and milk products are forbidden to take the pill allergy vaccine, can take liquid vaccine.[note] this vaccine is for oral use only. This product is a live vaccine. Do not take it in hot water or hot food. Occasionally, over dosage, multiple doses of the vaccine are harmless to the human body.[inoculation site] oral.[dosage] sugar pills type 1, liquid dosage form 2 drops3, preparation of DPTIt is made of Pertussis Vaccine, refined diphtheria toxoid and purified tetanus toxoid, which can prevent whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus simultaneously.[reaction] local redness, pain, itching, or low fever, fatigue,headache, etc.. Generally do not require special treatment, that is, self extinction. Occasionally allergic skin rash, vascular edema. Aseptic purulent. Multi line injection too shallow or vaccine is not shaken, induration can not be absorbed, and the formation of injection site purulent. If the whole body response is heavy, should promptly go to the hospital to carry on the diagnosis and treatment.Contraindicated in epilepsy, nervous system diseases and convulsions; acute infectious diseases (including convalescence) and fever; suspension of injection; child immune preparations; adults banned.[note] must fully shake when in use; products can not be frozen, freeze after clot, cannot be used; by intramuscular injection, there may be local induration, can be gradually absorbed, second injections should be replaced with the other side; there should be 1:1000 for emergency epinephrine, occasionally occurring shock; first needle injection after the high fever, convulsions and other abnormal conditions occur, no second injections.[inoculation site] 1/4 or upper arm deltoid muscle on the hip, intramuscular injection.4 BCG vaccineIt is safe and effective, which is made of nontoxic bovine tubercle bacillus. Vaccination after birth is a reliable measure for the prevention of tuberculosis.BCG is an attenuated live bacterial vaccine designed to prevent the development of tuberculosis. Generally, in countries with high TB cases, it is advocated that the newborn be inoculated with BCG vaccine when it is not infected so as to produce resistance to tuberculosis.[reaction] 2 weeks or so, local redness and swelling can occur. If subsequently fester, form small ulcer, can use 1% dragon courage to daub, in case infection. Generally 8~12 weeks after scab, normal response. In case of lymph node enlargement, can be treated with hot packs. As has been softened to form pustules, available sterile syringes. Don't open. As an aspiration healed, also repeated aspiration, until the recovery so far. As has been broken, it is healing time longer, can expand the wound drainage, and at the same time with isoniazid or topical pasid ointment, once every 2~3 days for dressing, it can shorten the healing time and treatment.[contraindication] any person suffering from tuberculosis, acute infectious diseases, nephritis, heart disease, eczema, immunodeficiency or other skin diseases shall not be inoculated.[notice] no subcutaneous or intramuscular injection; inoculation of products containing adsorbent within 4 weeks of the same arm can not be vaccinated; BCG vaccination, 4 weeks with the arm can not be vaccinated other vaccines.[site of inoculation] upper arm lateral deltoid, intradermal injection.[dose] 0.1ml5 、 encephalitis B vaccineJapanese encephalitis vaccine infected Japanese B encephalitis virus infected hamster kidney cells, and then harvested and harvested the virus to freeze dried to make attenuated live vaccine for preventing epidemic encephalitis B.(1) inactivated JE vaccine[response] most people were vaccinated without reaction. Only after the injection of some children did they develop redness and pain, and subsided within 1~2 days. A small number of fever, are generally below 38 degrees C. A few have dizziness, headache, discomfort and other self-conscious symptoms. Occasional rash, vascular edema and anaphylactic shock rate increased with the number of vaccination. It usually occurs 10~30 minutes after injection and rarely exceeds 24 hours. This kind of vaccination reaction is more frequently seen in repeated injection, especially in children over 7 years old.[contraindications] fever and acute diseases; severe chronic diseases; disorders of the brain and nervous system; allergic diseases; previous history of allergies to antibiotics and vaccines.[note] vaccine (yellow) color, opacity, ampoule crack, foreign bodies were not used; after vaccination, a moment of rest in the field, to prevent the occurrence of adverse reactions; there should be 1:1000 for emergency epinephrine, accidentalshock; people over the age of 10 has been due to latent infection and acquired immunity therefore, there is no need to be vaccinated.[inoculation site] the upper arm, deltoid muscle attachment, subcutaneous injection.[dose] 0.5ml(2) live attenuated JE vaccine[reaction] after the injection of general no response, a small number of local redness and swelling, and occasionally fever and allergic rash.[taboo] fever; acute infectious disease; otitis media; heart, kidney and liver diseases; active tuberculosis; history of allergy or ventilation history; known to have defects in the immune system, recent or ongoing immunosuppressive therapy.[note] open the ampoule injection and do not allow the disinfectant contact vaccine; vaccine dissolution after shake ampoule scattered the clot, crack, can not be used; the vaccine before dissolution discoloration (red), do not use.[inoculation site] the upper arm, deltoid muscle attachment, subcutaneous injection.[dose] 0.5ml6, a meningococcal vaccineGroup A Neisseria meningitidis was prepared by chemical method of polysaccharide antigen lyophilized. For the prevention of meningococcal A caused the epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis in.Injection of meningococcal vaccine to prevent epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis (referred to as ECM). The disease is acute respiratory tract caused by meningococcal infectious disease incidence and epidemic in winter and spring, mainly in children under 15 years of age onset, manifested as high fever, severe headache, vomiting, skin spray a little bleeding point, stiff neck, convulsions, coma, shock, the mortality rate is relatively high.Children will be born in the vaccine injection within six months, the general basis of needle injection only once (but in endemic areas after three months to at once). Second years must be stepped up to maintain effective antibody levels. This vaccine and encephalitis B vaccine is a seasonal epidemic, usually in the 2-4 month popular peak, so the vaccine before this 1-2 months 7-10 days after injection, the injection can test bleeding protective antibody Qing, reached a peak at 2-4 weeks, then just enter the flow line of ECM to protect the antibody peak. The children don't get sick.Most areas are still 11-12 in the injection of meningococcal vaccine (Beijing in December), if your child is over 6 months in September, to wait until December before injection of vaccine, if in December during the injection of meningococcal vaccine your child is 6 months old,That will not wait until December of next year.After the reaction of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis vaccine were mild, occasionally brief fever, some older children (8~12 years old) occasional allergic reactions, namely herpes after inoculation of skin at ten hours, should consult a doctor. Local injection may appear red and tender, usually subsided within 24 hours, do not have special treatment.7. Hepatitis A vaccineThe Department will be harmless to people, hepatitis A virus has good immunogenicity of attenuated strains inoculated in human diploid cells, cultured after isolated and purified salt solution in the balance of amino acids, for the prevention of hepatitis a virus.What are the targets of hepatitis A vaccine?All children who are susceptible to hepatitis A virus should be vaccinated for children aged 1 and over. Inactivated hepatitis A vaccine for children, medical workers, food industry practitioners, professional nature of contact with hepatitis A virus, the child's first free time is one year old, no age limit for adults. Vaccination should be delayed in febrile, acute, and progressive chronic conditions. Intensive immunization is available 3 years after vaccination. What is the immune effect of intramuscular injection of hepatitis A vaccine at 1ml per person per dose?After the inoculation of hepatitis A vaccine, it can produce high antibody in 8 weeks or so, and obtain good immunity. Positive seroconversion rate was 98-100%., and no hepatitis A occurred after vaccination. Therefore, hepatitis A vaccine has a good immune protection effect.What reaction does hepatitis A vaccine have after inoculation?After the inoculation of hepatitis A vaccine, there were no adverse reactions in both the local and the whole body.8 、 genetically engineered hepatitis B vaccineIs a kind of hepatitis B subunit vaccine, the hepatitis B virus surface antigen gene was cloned into expression in yeast by using modern biological technology, through the cultivation of the recombinant yeast to obtain HBsAg subunit, purified with adjuvant made after adsorption. This new generation of hepatitis B vaccine has the advantages of safety, efficiency and so on.[response] there are very few adverse reactions. Occasionally, redness or pain, fever and headache are present at the site of the vaccination, without any treatment.[taboo] fever, suffering from hepatitis, acute infection or other acute and chronic serious diseases prohibited; have allergies history disabled.[cautions] shake well when used. Ampoule should not be used whenbroken or shaken. Do not use epinephrine. Use when allergic reactions occur.[site of inoculation] upper arm deltoid muscle injection.[dosage] 1 (5 g/ branch, yeast vaccine or 10 mu g/ branch, 20 g/ branch, CHO vaccine)9 、 live mumps vaccineThe mumps virus attenuated strain was inoculated into chicken embryo cells and cultured to obtain the virus and then freeze dried. Used to prevent mumps.[caution] those who are allergic to egg products should be used with caution, and forbidden by pregnant women. IVIG should be suspended for one month, and gamma globulin should not be used within 2 weeks after vaccination. Infants under 1 years of age should not accept this product because the neutralizing antibodies from the mother may interfere with the immune response.[drug name] mumps vaccine Mumps Vaccine[drug alias] Parotidic, Vaccine, Live[Specification] injection preparation: 2 servings.[indications] prevention of mumps.[usage] dissolve the water for injection, inject 0.25ml intothe lateral part of the deltoid muscle of the upper arm, dissolve the liquid, use up in 1H, and discard the rest.10 rubella vaccineWith rubella virus BPD strain reducing culture made II infection of human diploid cells, the freeze-dried vaccine was dissolved after the clarification of orange. For the prevention of rubella.[adverse reactions] fever, skin rash, local induration, erythema, tenderness and lymph node enlargement. 2 months after immunization, temporary arthritis, joint pain and multiple neuritis may occur. There are very few chronic arthritis and encephalitis. The incidence of adverse reactions increases with age, and is higher in women.[usage] subcutaneous injection, 0.5ml injection into the upper arm of the lateral surface, 8h did not run out, should be abandoned.[notice] there is fever, acute disease, serious chronic organic disease, nervous system disease, allergic history, and pregnant women, lactating women and menstrual period women are prohibited.[name of drug] rubella vaccine Rubellavaccine[preparation Specification] injection: 1ml.[indications] prevention of rubella.How many taboos are there for baby vaccinations?No baby can be vaccinated anytime, anywhere. The timing of the vaccination, the conditions of the vaccinated person, and any contraindications, etc., have an impact on the efficacy of the vaccine and the possible adverse reactions that may occur after vaccination. Children in the following circumstances should be contraindicated or suspended vaccination:The patients suffering from severe heart, liver, kidney disease and active tuberculosis baby should not be vaccinated;The temperatures above 37.5 degrees Celsius, or with axillary lymph node enlargement baby should not be vaccinated, should find out the pathogeny cure after inoculation;The severe malnutrition, severe rickets, congenital immunodeficiency baby should not be vaccinated;I have asthma, urticaria and other allergic baby should not be vaccinated;The nervous system consists of brain development is not normal, encephalitis sequela, epilepsy baby should not be vaccinated;Such suffering from dermatitis, purulent skin disease, severe eczema baby should not be vaccinated, waiting for the recovery will be carried out after the inoculation;If the baby stool every day, more than four times, to berecovered after two weeks before taking polio vaccine;Recently, the injected polyvalent immunoglobulin baby should not be vaccinated within six weeks;Mild, cold, fever and other general diseases as the case may suspend the vaccination; not that hunger when vaccination. In addition, parents in the baby vaccination, must be the baby's physical condition at the time to reflect on the doctor, it is best to carry relevant medical history information.Pay attention to the discomfort after the baby is vaccinated Any vaccine may cause an adverse reaction after inoculation.If the baby after the inoculation appeared local redness and swelling, pain, lymph node enlargement, fever and other symptoms, but soon subsided, this is a normal discomfort reaction. If these symptoms increase, it is best to go to the hospital as soon as possible treatment.In addition some babies may cause allergic reactions to vaccines appear rash, allergic purpura, angioedema, and even shock and other symptoms, then cause allergic components in vaccine containing immunizations, must be careful, best not to the same vaccine inoculation.If you have to inject, you must reflect the baby's allergies to the doctor, the doctor prepared rescue measures after vaccination. Special remind parents, must choose regular medical institutions to vaccinate, do not buy the baby aftertheir own inoculation, so as to avoid adverse consequences.。
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Meningitis is an annual occurrence in an area stretching across of her meningitis -stricken child down sahelian Africa from Senegal to Ethiopia that has the highest burden of meningococcal disease in the world. But this year, the outbreak is much worse. Martin Dawes is Communications Chief for West and Central Africa at UNICEF. "What we are talking about is the so-called meningitis belt of Sahelian Africa," said Martin Dawes. "With a number of countries now reporting a large number of cases. It is hitting earlier, faster and harder than we have known for at least five years." Meningitis attacks the lining of the brain. According to the World Health Organization up to 10 percent of patients die from the disease and most survivors are left with irreversible neurological consequences. The bacterial form of the disease is highly contagious and transmitted through coughing and sneezing. Dawes says unusual weather this year has contributed to spread of the epidemic.
More Vaccines Needed as Meningitis Flares in West Africa
Broadcast date: 4-22-2009 / Written by Fid Thompson
From /voanews/english/ The U.N. Children's Fund says that countries in West Africa are experiencing the worst meningitis epidemic in more than five years and are in need of vaccines and antibiotics. Almost 50,000 cases of meningitis have been reported in four West African countries and more than 2,500 people have died since the epidemic broke out at the beginning of this year. Nigeria is the hardest hit with over 1,000 deaths, and Niger, Burkina Faso and Chad are also experiencing epidemic levels. Central African Republic, Cte d'Ivoire, Mali and Togo have reported cases as well.
A mother in rural Burkina Faso uses cold water to bring the temperature
Байду номын сангаас
"It is colder, people are getting more respiratory infections, it is dusty dry and cold," he said. "People are sneezing and coughing that is the ideal conditions for this particular condition to spread. So we are worried about it spreading further - there needs to be mass vaccinations both where it is happening and the areas around it." But Dawes says that more vaccines and antibiotics are needed. Global stocks of the meningitis vaccine are low and some countries have none at all. In Chad where meningitis drugs are not currently available, one in 10 people are infected with the disease die. Dawes says governments need to take more responsibility in preparing themselves for disease outbreaks expected every year. "It is a recognized seasonal problem, but there is also an issue of governance - needing to make sure that their preparedness is better," said Dawes. "They need to have better and more trained health personnel on the ground, knowing what is happening in the populations." The largest recorded outbreak of meningitis killed more than 25,000 people in Africa in 1996.