贝岭--BL6523GX__V1.00(电量检测IC)

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朗阳科技有限公司电表读表器说明书

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目录1.产品介绍 (1)2.产品规格 (1)3.产品结构 (2)4.核心优势 (3)5.注意事项 (4)6.安装操作 (5)7.保修条例 (7)8.产品保修卡（客户联） (8)9.产品保修卡（存档联） (9)10.常见问题解答 (10)11.表哥智读平台操作说明 (12)1.产品介绍朗读（Auge）®系列·电表读表器采用分体式设计，通过摄像直读方式对电表数字形状的学习，建立起数字的深度学习模型，使用嵌入式AI芯片进行识别。

支持NB-IoT、LoRa等网络形式进行数据远传，对用电量进行集中管理的一种用电量数据采集仪表。

2.产品规格硬件名称：朗读(Auge)®系列·电表读表器产品尺寸：120mm*110mm*50mm整机重量：300g电池容量：8500mAh锂亚电池通讯网络：支持LoRa，NB-loT，Sigfox，WIFI工作电流：小于160mA待机电流：小于5μA工作温度：-10℃～55℃；储运温度:-25～70℃识别准确率：大于99.9%阻燃等级：UL94一v0级防护等级：IP68接收灵敏度：-139+/-1dBm制式最大发射功率：NB：23+/-2dBm驻波比：≤3电磁防护等级：E1级3.产品结构设备平台对接详细指导请参考“表哥智读平台操作说明”4.核心优势＊1.本地识别：自有专利技术，实现表端的数字识别。

BL0940防漏电计量芯片在智能家居的应用

集成电路应用第 36 卷第 3 期（总第 306 期）2019 年 3 月 37Process and Fabrication 工艺与制造BL0940 防漏电计量芯片在智能家居的应用摘要：上海贝岭在计量技术领域的深入研究多年，利用其设计生产的 BL0940 计量芯片进行设计，既可以满足智能家居产品中的计量需要，又具备防漏电检测功能。

分析该芯片在产品定义时，就已考虑到大多数智能家居的生产厂家往往在电能计量校准经验上经验不足的现状，针对性地增加了增益修正功能，使得用户在计量外围电路精度范围可控的前提下，一定程度上实现了免于校准，即可满足精度计量的需要。

关键词：计量芯片；漏电检测；免校准；采样电阻。

中图分类号：TP391.41 文章编号：1674-2583(2019)03-0037-03DOI：10.19339/j.issn.1674-2583.2019.03.010中文引用格式：傅代军，王甲，阮颐. BL0940防漏电计量芯片在智能家居的应用[J].集成电路应用, 2019, 36(03): 37-39.傅代军，王甲，阮颐（上海贝岭股份有限公司，上海 200233）1 引言随着物联网技术的蓬勃发展，各种物联网产品已进入千家万户，但传统使用家用电器并不具备物联网接口，新兴的家用电器虽然具备接口，但各厂家之间的物联网产品通信也未必通信兼容，因此智能插座[1]作为一座可以把家用电器实现物联化的桥梁，在智能家居物联网化的发展中呈现了井喷式的发展。

智能插座的功能也随着发展的进程不断完善，从起初只需要简单的电能计量功能，到具备电能、电流、电压、功率等电气参数的测量功能，一直到具备安全功能的漏电检测功能，可以实现远程/自动通断电，这些智能化需求无形之中为人民群众的生活带来了便捷。

作为智能插座的生产厂家，虽然在智能插座巨大的市场需求中收获了巨大的利益，但是由于智能插座的功能越来越丰富，也对其企业设计能力、制造能力、量产能力，提出了巨大的考验。

BL0906 六相交流电能计量芯片应用指南说明书

BL0906应用指南目录交流电能测量 (1)应用电路图：（1U6I模式） (1)电阻采样方式 (1)关于有功功率防潜动阈值设置 (4)互感器采样方式 (5)寄存器设置 (7)关于电参数转换 (7)电网频率转换 (8)PCB设计注意事项 (8)BL0906是上海贝岭股份有限公司开发的一款内置时钟多路免校准电能计量芯片，最多可测量6相电能，适用于电动自行车充电桩、PDU、多回路电表等需要多路计量的场景。

BL0906集成了7路高精度Sigma-Delta ADC，可同时测量7路信号（电流或电压）。

BL0906能够测量电流、电压有效值、有功功率、有功电能量等参数，可输出快速电流有效值（用于漏电监控、过流保护等故障检测），波形输出等功能，通过UART或高速SPI接口输出数据，交流电能测量应用电路图：（1U6I模式）电阻采样方式上海贝岭股份有限公司2 / 9V1.0 上海市宜山路810号************或173****5186注意：1）M1~M6缺省功能为过流报警输出，M1管脚可配置为校表脉冲输出（具体配置见MODE3寄存器说明）；2）SPI、UART接口的速率，通信协议的描述见“BL0906 datasheet Vx.x.pdf”；3）BL0906在出厂时已做增益修正，如果要免校准，外围器件的精度保证在1%以内；4）Uart通信模式时，RX、TX管脚需要外接上拉电阻；寄存器设置采用1毫欧合金电阻进行采样时，电流通道采用16倍增益，电压通道采用1倍增益；0000=1倍；0001=2倍；0010=8倍；0011=16倍；（注意：输入通道的最大差分电压±0.6V指的是1倍增益，如果使用16倍增益，则输入通道的最大差分电压为±37.5mV）注意：需要先向0x9E（US_WRPROT)寄存器写入0x5555后，才能写入增益相关设置！关于电参数转换BL0906在定义产品时考虑到大部分用户厂家不是专业计量器具厂家，没有专业的校准设备，对电能计量精度要求也相对较低，只是提供用电参考信息，不作计费标准。

低功耗实时时钟芯片BL5372用户手册说明书

低功耗实时时钟芯(RTC)BL5372用户手册V1.4上海贝岭股份有限公司Shanghai Belling Co., Ltd.低功耗实时时钟芯片(RTC)BL53721．概述BL5372是一款低功耗实时时钟电路，通过I 2C 两线接口电路可以与CPU 实时通信，主要用于一切需要提供时基的系统中。

该芯片能够产生多种周期性中断脉冲（最长周期可长达1个月），还具有两套报时系统。

BL5372内部集成一低功耗的稳压电源，故能够使恶劣的环境条件下仍能保持振荡器正常在很低的功耗工作（典型值：**********）。

BL5372具有晶振停振检测锁存的功能，通过检测该位可以检测内部时钟数据的有效性。

BL5372内置数字时间调整电路，可以保证时钟走时的高精度，并且有32KHz 和 32.768KHz 两种晶振选择模式。

该产品与理光RS5C372A 完全兼容。

2．主要特点● 超低功耗（典型值**********）● 实时时钟（12时制或者24时制两种计时方式） ● 自动识别闰年、平年（2000~2099）● BCD 码表示的时钟计数（包括时、分、秒）和万年历（包括闰年、平年、月、日、周）● 30秒数字校时功能● 可控的32.768KHz （或者32KHz ）输出 ● 两个可编程闹钟输出● 两路可编程方波输出，为CPU 提供多种中断（一个月至一秒的周期性中断） ● 通过I 2C 两线接口与CPU 相连（最大数据时钟频率为100KHz ） ● 晶振停振检测锁存功能保证了时钟数据有效性 ● 32KHz 和32.768KHz 晶振选择● 高精度的时间调整电路，保证了时钟走时的精确● 超低电压工作（计时电压最低可至1.8V ，通讯电压最低可至1.8V ） ● SOP8或TSSOP8封装3．管脚排列INTRBSCL SDA GND VDD OSCIN OSCOUT INTRA8 7 6 5 1 2 3 4B L 53724．管脚功能说明PIN NO PIN NAME FUNCTION IN/OUT 1 INTRB 中断输出 B OUT 2 SCL 串行时钟线 IN 3 SDA 串行数据线 IN/OUT 4 GND 电源地 POWER 5 INTRA 中断输出 A OUT 6 OSCOUT 晶振的输出 OUT 7 OSCIN 晶振的输入 IN 8VDD工作电源电压POWER丝印说明SOP8封装 TSSOP8封装其中，其中，“5372·”代表SOP8封装的BL5372 “5372.T ”代表TSSOP8封装的BL5372 “SSSSS ”代表卡号的第4到8位 “SSSSS ”代表卡号的第4到8位4．1 VDD 和GNDVDD 和GND 分别是工作电源和接地引脚。

上海贝岭 BL8307 Ballast control IC 说明书

BL8307 Ballast control IC主要特点n可驱动由双极型晶体管或MOSFET组成的半桥电路n驱动双极型晶体管时，基极回路注入电流强度可自动调节n低功耗启动（启动电流小于100uA）n启动电路具有2V的迟滞（电源电压高于13.7V芯片启动，低于11.7V关闭输出）n预热时间、预热频率与工作频率均可调整n有预热结束输出信号，可用做CUTOFF n有窗口比较器，可做EOL检测和保护n在点火时，有升频功能，可做过流或过压控制n有过扫频功能，可改善低温点火性能n内置一误差放大器，可做简单调光功能典型应用n电子镇流器及节能灯或其他功能简介BL8307是荧光灯电子镇流器专用驱动控制电路，可为荧光灯提供正常工作所需要的预热、点火以及故障保护等功能，且预热时间可以通过外置预热电容CPRE进行设置，同样的，荧光灯的预热频率及工作频率也可以分别通过外接电阻RPRE 和RT进行调节。

BL8307的另外一个特点就是可以驱动13XXX系列的双极型晶体管半桥和MOS晶体管半桥。

比较早期的BL8305A，BL8307的驱动输出电压范围和灯异常保护作了适当的改进，外围电路也作了适当的简化，所以电路更具实用。

在对荧光灯提供完善保护机制的同时，又加入了一个内置误差放大器可用作调光。

电路可具有固定死区（驱动MOS型半桥：1.5us；驱动双极型半桥：3us），以防止半桥上、下管同时导通，以实现零电压开（ZVS），降低损耗，对半桥电路起到保护作用。

_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________Contentspage 1系统框图 (3)2引脚定义 (3)2.1 管脚图 (3)2.2 管脚描述 (4)3 功能描述 (4)3.1 上电启动及芯片供电 (4)3.2 预热、点火及运行 (5)3.3 MOSFET型和Bipolar型半桥驱动 (6)3.3.1 Bipolar型半桥驱动 (6)3.3.2 MOSFET型半桥驱动 (7)3.4调光 (8)3.5 故障保护 (8)3.5.1 点火模式下的过流保护 (8)3.5.2 进入正常工作模式后的过流保护 (9)3.5.3 荧光灯寿命结束检测保护 (9)3.6 PEND输出信号 (10)4 技术参数 (10)4.1 极限参数 (10)4.2 温度参数 (10)4.3 电特性参数 (11)5 电参数特性图....................................................................................................... 错误！未定义书签。

部分电视机CPU型号及简单代换

部分电视机CPU型号及简单代换部分电视机CPU型号及简单代换8879CPBNG6V38 海信CPU8873CPBNG6U73 创维CPUTOSHIBA-HAY-22、8873CSCNG6PR6 通用CPUTDA9373PS/N2/AI1115 SVA CPU13-TB73-TM1V001、LC863332A-5T25、LC863332A-5S97 夏华CPU88CS38N-3P48、TMP88PS38 夏华K2918、K2926，解码TB1251TDA9381PS/N3/2/1741 索尼CPUTDA9381PS/N2/3I0837 LG CPUTDA9381PS/N2/3I0975 三星CPUTDA9373PS/N2/AI0939（Haier9373-V2.0）Haier9373-V1.0 海尔CPU V1.0的可以换空白存储器，按遥控器数字8、V+ 进总线LC863324B-54M2、LC863324A-5W21、LC863324C-55M5 海信CPUOM8370-A-3NC、NOM8370-A-1NC 海信、西湖、夏华、彩星CP-2156TCL-M18V3PNICAN、TCL-M11V1P 王牌CPUH13V02-T0、8829CSNG5CJ2、H13V01-T0 TCL CPUTDA9370PS/N2/AI1429（4706-D93705-64）3P36、4P36 创维CPU 4706-D83702-64CH05T1501 长虹CHD2590M37210M3-551SP日立25M8C CPUTDA9373PS/N2/AI0911（A01V01-PH）TDA9373PS/N2/AI0996 TCL 2990UHD0401、S3F880AXZZ 创维（3S30/5S30/5S31）MN152811TJS 松下CPU 85元LC863524C-55L7、53P4、52Y7、TH-50J2 杂牌CPULC863524C-55L6、55Y5、55K8 杂牌CPU87CK38N-3647（TMP87CK38N-3675、1C48）澳柯玛、松王M37221M6-309S 厦华R2920 CPUTDA9380PS/N1/IS0380（TCL-UOC-V01）王牌CPU，用TDA9383PS代替要把60脚接地13-T00S23-03M01、8879CSBNG6K02 乐华25G6BCH08T2602（8873CSANG6JH8）长虹CPUOM8373PS/N3/2/1870（4706-D83732-64）创维短管机专用CPULC863328A-51J8 嘉华CPU8803CPAN-3PE8（8823CPNG4JR6）换存储器、39脚，C205换1UF，ST6378B1/FKF 4S02-3008 创维数码3008TMP47C434N-3526 通用王牌TCL M14VBC 王牌CPUST6367BB1/BFX 不详LC863324A-5N09 海信CPULC864512V-5C77 海信CPUM34300N4-565SPKY88C94 夏华CPUM34300N4-555SP 日立CPULC863328A-5S15 高路华、海信CPUMC8902A-5Y83 熊猫、高路华CPUMC8904A-5Z25 熊猫、高路华、海信、西湖CPUM37210M3-807SP 康力CPUT-P-16 8823CPNG5RH6 熊猫CPU SAA5647HL/M1 飞利蒲CPUOM8373PS/N3/A/1914（OM8373PS/N3/A/1854）康佳短管CPUTMP47C634AN RC18 厦华CPUHAIER1132S、HAIER1532S 海尔21T8D-S、21F9G-Shisense 8803-1（8803CPBNG3VG6）8823CPNG3PE8 海信TC2111A 换存储器、39脚，C205换1UF，OM8370PS/N3/1（HZ10V01）（TOUL 12-02M00）TCL CPUHAIER8829-V2.0（8829CPNG4PG3）海尔CPUCH0504、CH0503 长虹CPUM34302M8-612SP SONY CPUCH04T1306 长虹CPUNOM8370-A-11B 西湖CPUTCL-T00Y12-02M01（LA76931）、TOOY12-01M01 TCL CPUCKP1302S1（8829CPNG6FP6）CKP1302S 康佳CPUP88P8432N、S3C8849X13-AQB7 嘉华CPU OM8373-B-3NC 海信TF2507FLC863328C-55N6、5T45 康佳CPUTDA9373PS/N2/AI0889、4706-D93731-64 5P30 创维CPULC863328B-53P5、LC863328C-56M9、LC863328B-52E4、50J1 SVA CPUR2J10160G8-A12FP、R2J1016008-A06FP 数源S21A07 等13-TOOS13-08M01、8873CSBNG6N15 TCL CPU8873CPANG6HV9 数源TJ21A23 CPU87CM38N-1K45、87CM38N-1U87 夏华XT-259ATAVC139 三洋CPULC863320A-5N94、LC863320A-5N17（3Y01）创维CPUCH05T1604（TDA9370PS/N2/AI0848）长虹超级芯片CH05T1607（TDA9370PS/N2/AI1092）TDA9370PS 长虹超级芯片CH05T1606（TDA9373PS/N2/AI1087）TDA9373PS 长虹超级芯片CH05T1630、OM8373PS/N3/A/1842（CH05T1621）长虹，按键功能错乱，伴音失控。

Microsemi IGLOO2 FPGA 评估板说明书

IGLOO2 FPGA Evaluation KitQuickstart CardKit Contents—M2GL-EVAL-KITQuantity Description1IGLOO2 FPGA 12K LE M2GL010T-1FGG484 Evaluation Board 112 V, 2 A AC power adapter1FlashPro4 JTAG programmer1USB 2.0 A-Male to Mini-B cable1Quickstart cardOverviewThe Microsemi IGLOO®2 FPGA Evaluation Kit makes it easier to develop embedded applications that involve motor control, system management, industrial automation, and high-speed serial I/O applications such as PCIe, SGMII, and user-customizable serial interfaces. The kit offers best-in-class feature integration coupled with the lowest power, proven security, and exceptional reliability. The board is also small form-factor PCIe-compliant, which allows quick prototyping and evaluation using any desktop PC or laptop with a PCIe slot.The kit enables you to:• Develop and test PCI Express Gen2 x1 lane designs• Test signal quality of the FPGA transceiver using the full-duplex SerDes SMA pairs• Measure the low power consumption of the IGLOO2 FPGA• Quickly create a working PCIe link with the included PCIe Control Plane DemoHardware Features• 12K LE IGLOO2 FPGA in the FGG484 package (M2GL010T-1FGG484)• 64 Mb SPI flash memory• 512 Mb LPDDR• PCI Express Gen2 x1 interface• Four SMA connectors for testing the full-duplex SerDes channel • RJ45 interface for 10/100/1000 Ethernet • JTAG/SPI programming interface• Headers for I2C, SPI, and GPIOs• Push-button switches and LEDs for demo purposes• Current measurement test pointsRunning the DemoThe IGLOO2 FPGA Evaluation Kit is shipped with the PCI Express Control Plane demo preloaded. Instructions on running the demo design are available in the IGLOO2 FPGA Evaluation Kit PCIe Control Plane Demo user guide. See the Documentation Resources section for more information. ProgrammingThe IGLOO2 FPGA Evaluation Kit comes with a FlashPro4 programmer. Embedded programming with the IGLOO2 FPGA Evaluation Kit is also available, and it is supported by the Libero SoC v11.4 SP1 or later.Jumper SettingsJumper Development Kit Function Pins Factory DefaultJ23Selects switch-side MUX inputsof A or B to the line side 1–2 (input A to the line side) thatis on board 125 MHz differentialclock oscillator output will berouted to line sideClosed2–3 (input B to the line side)that is external clock requiredto source through SMAconnectors to the line sideOpenJ22Selects the output enablecontrol for the line side outputs 1–2 (line-side output enabled)Closed 2–3 (line-side output disabled)OpenJ24Provides the VBUS supply toUSB when using in Host mode OpenJ8Selects between RVI headeror FP4 header for applicationdebug1–2 FP4 for SoftConsole/FlashPro Closed2–3 RVI for Keil ULINK/IARJ-Link Open2–4 for toggling JTAG_SELsignal remotely using the GPIOcapability of the FT4232 chipOpenJ3Selects either the SW2 inputor the ENABLE_FT4232 signalfrom the FT4232H chip1–2 for manual power switchingusing the SW7 switch Closed2–3 for remote power switchusing the GPIO capability of theFT4232 chipOpenJ31Selects between FTDI JTAGprogramming and FTDI slaveprogramming1–2 for FlashPro FTDI JTAGprogramming Closed2–3 for SPI slave programming OpenJ32Selects between FTDI SPI andSC_SCI header 1–2 for programming throughFTDI SPI Closed 2–3 for programming throughSC_SPI header OpenJ35Selects between FP4 headerand FTDI JTAG 1–2 for programming throughFP4 header Closed 2–3 for programming throughFTDI JTAG Open©2016–2017 Microsemi Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsemi and the Microsemi logo are registered trademarks of Microsemi Corporation. Microsemi Corporate Headquarters One Enterprise, Aliso Viejo, CA 92656 USA Within the USA: +1 (800) 713-4113 Outside the USA: +1 (949) 380-6100 Fax: +1 (949) 215-4996Email:***************************Microsemi makes no warranty, representation, or guarantee regarding the information contained herein or the suitability of its products and services for any particular purpose, nor does Microsemi assume any liability whatsoever arising out of the application or use of any product or circuit. The products sold hereunder and any other products sold by Microsemi have been subject to limited testing and should not be used in conjunction with mission-critical equipment or applications. Any performance specifications are believed to be reliable but are not verified, and Buyer must conduct and complete all performance and other testing of the products, alone and together with, or installed in, any end-products. Buyer shall not rely on any data and performance specifications or parameters provided by Microsemi. It is the Buyer’s responsibility to independently determine suitability of any products and to test and verify the same. The information provided by Microsemi hereunder is provided “as is, where is” and with all faults, and the entire risk associated with such information is entirely with the Buyer. Microsemi does not grant, explicitly or implicitly, to any party any patent rights, licenses, or any other IP rights, whether with regard to such information itself Software and LicensingLibero ® SoC Design Suite offers high productivity with its comprehensive, easy-to-learn, easy-to-adopt development tools for designing with Microsemi’s low power Flash FPGAs and SoC. The suite integrates industry standard Synopsys Synplify Pro ® synthesis and Mentor Graphics ModelSim ® simulation with best-in-class constraints management and debug capabilities.Download the latest Libero SoC release/products/fpga-soc/design-resources/design-software/libero-soc#downloads Generate a Libero Silver license for your kit/products/fpga-soc/design-resources/licensingDocumentation ResourcesFor more information about the IGLOO2 FPGA Evaluation Kit, including user’s guides, tutorials, and design examples, see the documentation at /products/fpga-soc/design-resources/dev-kits/igloo2/igloo2-evaluation-kit#documentation .SupportTechnical support is available online at /soc/support and by email at **********************Microsemi sales offices, including representatives and distributors, are located worldwide. To find your local representative, go to /salescontacts。

MAX774ISDN铃声电源供应器评估套件（EV套件）使用说明书

For free samples & the latest literature: , or phone 1-800-998-8800.For small orders, phone 408-737-7600 ext. 3468._______________General DescriptionThe MAX774 ISDN ring-tone power-supply (IRG) evalua-tion kit (EV kit) provides the high voltages required for implementing a plain old telephone system (POTS) inter-face on ISDN modems and line cards. It is a fully assem-bled and tested board that provides a tightly regulated, -24V output for powering off-hook voice communication and a -70V output for on-hook, ring-tone generation.The EV kit is designed for applications that implement the telephone interface using subscriber line interface circuit (SLIC) ICs, such as the AM79R79 from AMD and comparable products from Lucent, Harris, and other vendors. Its design feeds back the -24V output, achiev-ing tight regulation for clean voice-signal transmission.An economical, off-the-shelf, surface-mount transformer reduces system cost and size. Compact design con-serves board area. High efficiency and reduced quies-cent current make this design the optimal solution for green PC and portable designs.The MAX774 IRG EV kit can also be used to evaluate the MAX775/MAX776. It has a layout that allows modifi-cation for -48V output operation as well as adaptation____________________________Featureso +3V to +16.5V Operating Rangeo Tightly Regulated, -24V Output for Off-Hook Voice Communication o -70V Output Supports a Five-Ringer-Equivalent Load (V IN > 10.5V)o Compact Construction o Proven PC Board Design o Uses Off-the-Shelf Components o Up to 84% Efficiency o 5µA Shutdown Current o Fully Assembled and TestedEvaluates: MAX774/MAX775/MAX776MAX774 ISDN, Ring-Tone, Power-Supply Evaluation Kit________________________________________________________________Maxim Integrated Products119-1287; Rev 0; 9/97______________Ordering InformationE v a l u a t e s : M A X 774/M A X 775/M A X 776MAX774 ISDN, Ring-Tone,Power-Supply Evaluation Kit 2____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Quick Start The MAX774 IRG evaluation kit (EV kit) is fully assem-bled and tested. Follow these steps to verify board operation. Do not turn on the power supply until all connections are completed.1)Connect a 12V, 2A power-supply ground terminal to a GND pad on the MAX774 IRG EV kit. 2)Monitor the input current by connecting the power supply's positive terminal to the EV kit’s VIN input through a current meter. 3)Attach a voltmeter across the EV kit’s VIN and GND inputs to monitor input voltage.4)Connect voltmeters to each of the EV kit’s outputs labeled -70V and -24V.5)Connect the SHDN pad to GND.6)Turn on the power supply and slowly increase the voltage to 12V. 7)Monitor the outputs for correct voltage and check the input for typical supply current (20mA at 12V)._______________Detailed DescriptionThe MAX774 IRG EV kit provides the high voltages required for implementing a plain old telephone system (POTS) interface on ISDN modems and other telephone line cards. These boards typically employ ICs such as the AM79R79 Ringing Subscriber Line Interface Circuit (SLIC) from AMD. These ICs generate an analog tele-phone interface by providing both off-hook and on-hook signal transmission, ring-tone generation, and ring-trip detection. Ringing SLIC ICs typically require two high-voltage power-supply inputs. The first is atightly regulated voltage around -24V or -48V for off-hook signal transmission. The second is a loosely regu-lated -70V for ring-tone generation. Servicing a typical five-ringer equivalent load requires a current around 100mA or more from the -70V supply, depending on the SLIC IC and the ring-generation scheme.The MAX774 IRG EV kit can service a SLIC with a five-phone ringer equivalent load (approximately 9W) from a 12V ±10% input. It operates down to 3V, and pro-vides 2.4W from 3.3V and 3.9W from 5V. Use of an inexpensive off-the-shelf transformer, such as the Versa-Pac™ model VP2-0216, provides both high-volt-age outputs from a single inverting DC-DC controller,reducing board area and component costs. Selection of a transformer with multifilar winding enhances cross regulation by improving voltage coupling between the outputs and reducing spiking from leakage inductance.The two outputs are implemented by connecting three pairs of transformer windings in series. The -24V output is obtained by connecting a diode (D1) and output filter capacitor (C9) to the first pair of windings. Feeding back this output achieves tight regulation. The -70V output is derived from the third pair of windings. Loose regulation of this output is obtained by the turns ratio with the -24V output.Circuit OperationThe EV kit schematic (Figure 1) and the MAX774 block diagram in the MAX774/MAX775/MAX776 data sheet show how the circuit works. When the -24V output drops out of regulation, the error comparator in the MAX774 initiates a switching cycle. The P-channel MOSFET (P1) turns on, allowing current to ramp up through the transformer’s lower windings (between the 1/3 tap and ground) and store energy in a magnetic field. When the current through the sense resistor crosses the trip threshold (210mV / 68m Ω= 3.09A), the MOSFET turns off and interrupts the current flow, caus-ing the magnetic field in the transformer to collapse.The transformer forces current through the output diodes, transferring the stored energy to the output fil-ter capacitors. The output filter capacitors smooth the power and voltage delivered to the load. The MAX774waits until it senses the output dropping below the reg-ulation trip point before initiating another cycle. The -24V output is precisely regulated by connecting a volt-age divider, R1 and R2, as shown in Figure 1. The MAX774 regulates the FB pin, keeping it at 0V. The -70V output is regulated using the turns ratios between the -24V and -70V output.Versa-Pac is a trademark of Coiltronics Corp.Output Filter CapacitorsThe positive pin of the filter capacitor for the -70V out-put is connected to the -24V output rather than ground to simplify board layout, enhance stability, allow the use of a lower-cost lower-voltage capacitor, and improve cross-regulation. Ripple on the -24V output is about 200mV and can be reduced further using a capacitor with lower ESR. The Sanyo MV-GX series is recom-mended.__________Applications InformationThis section is intended to aid in transferring the EV kit design to a finished product.Transformer SelectionChoose a transformer with an inductance around 10µH to 15µH per winding, with a saturation-current rating greater than 3A. The MAX774 IRG EV kit uses Coiltronics’ Versa-Pac model VP2-0216. This economi-cal, off-the-shelf transformer uses two trifilar windings for superior coupling and improved regulation of the-70V output. Dale’s LPE6855-100MB and LPE6562-100MB also work, but have different footprints and pinouts and require almost double preloading.If lower output power is desired, increase the current-sense-resistor value and transformer inductance propor-tionally. For example, when reducing power capability to one-half of the current design, double the current-sense resistor to around 130m Ωand the transformer induc-tance per winding to around 20µH to 33µH.Cross RegulationThe -70V output is derived from the -24V output by stacking pairs of windings in an autotransformer config-uration. Cross regulation between the two outputs, how-ever, has limitations. In the on-hook and ringing case,when the -24V output is lightly loaded with the -70V out-put heavily loaded, the -70V output droops. In the off-hook case with the -24V output heavily loaded and the -70V output lightly loaded, the -70V output rises. These effects occur in all transformer-based flyback solutions when the outputs are dissimilarly loaded.Evaluates: MAX774/MAX775/MAX776MAX774 ISDN, Ring-Tone, Power-Supply Evaluation Kit_______________________________________________________________________________________3Figure 1. MAX774 IRG EV Kit SchematicE v a l u a t e s : M A X 774/M A X 775/M A X 776PreloadingUse preloading at the outputs to keep the -70V output in regulation. For designs servicing a five-ringer equiva-lent load, use the following preloads. For the off-hook case, only a couple hundred microamperes are neces-sary to hold down the -70V output. This can be achieved using either a 330k Ωresistor (R4, Figure 1) or zener diode (Figure 2b). For the on-hook case, draw approximately 5.5mA from the -24V output to hold up the -70V output. This 5.5mA can be drawn continuously using two 8.2k Ωresistors (R5 and R6), or intermittently using a transistor to gate the preload while the phone is ringing (Figure 2c). The transistor can be controlled using a microcontroller input/output line, or it can be decoded from the control signals of the AM79R79.To optimize performance or efficiency in applications servicing a different ringer-equivalent load, use the pre-loading curves for guidance (Figure 3 and 4). UseFigure 3 to determine the minimum preloading needed on the -24V output for adequate regulation of the -70V output while the SLIC IC is ringing phones (on-hook case). For example, approximately 50mA is required for a two-phone load. First, follow the vertical line from the -70V output axis up to curve A or B. Next, follow the hor-izontal lines to the corresponding point on the -24V Output Minimum Load axis, in this case 2.5mA using curve A. Preload the -24V output with this current using a resistor R = V / I or 24V / 2.5mA = 9.6k Ω. Round down to the nearest standard value (9.1k Ω). The power rating of the resistor must exceed V 2 / R = 24V 2 / 9.1k Ω=63mW.Use Figure 4 to determine the preloading needed to hold down the -70V output when the -24V output is heavily loaded during off-hook communication. This preloading is intended to protect the AM79R79. The VBAT1 pin of this SLIC IC has a -75V operational range and a -80V absolute maximum rating. If a zener diode is used for preloading, set the zener voltage rating suf-ficiently above the regulation set point to prevent unnecessary current draw.Efficiency, Quiescent Current,and PreloadingThe MAX774 is a pulse-frequency-modulation (PFM)controller designed primarily for use in portable appli-cations. It improves efficiency and reduces quiescent current by switching only as needed to service the load. Prior to preloading, this circuit’s efficiency can be up to 84%, and quiescent current is around 170µA.Resistor preloading reduces efficiency and increasesMAX774 ISDN, Ring-Tone,Power-Supply Evaluation Kit 4_______________________________________________________________________________________Figure 2. Fixed and Switchable Preloading SchemesFigure 3. Cross Regulation for -24V Output Preload Selection (on-hook case)quiescent current. Switchable preloading on the -24V output (Figure 2c), combined with zener clamping of the -70V output (Figure 2b) can be used to reduce cir-cuit current consumption.Current Limiting and Overload ProtectionNeither this EV kit nor competing solutions have a prac-tical level of current protection at the outputs. Use the current-limiting features built into the AM79R79 SLIC IC as described in the data sheet for that product. Using PolySwitch™ resettable fuses at the outputs adds pro-tection to the system at little expense (Figure 5). With a PolySwitch, use faster models such as the surface-mount SMD series.The MAX774 uses an internal current-sense compara-tor that provides pulse-by-pulse input current limiting.However, like competing flyback solutions, this trans-lates to power (and not current) limiting at the output.As the output voltage pulls down during overload, the output current can become high (essentially P IN(MAX)/V OUT ) until inefficiency and parasitic resistance in the circuit dominate. Since the circuit is designed for 9W (min) output to service a five-phone load, short-circuit currents can reach several amperes.Stability and Feedback CompensationThe MAX774 IRG EV kit has been compensated and tested for a full range of loads. When implementing the circuit, ensure stability by following the EV kit board and component list (see PC Board Layout section). Use NPO or COG ceramic capacitors for C1 and C2.Connect the ground terminal of the -70V filter capacitor to the -24V output rather than to ground. (This also improves transient response and simplifies layout.)The MAX774 uses a PFM control scheme that adjusts the pulse rate to regulate power and voltage to the load. Pulse spacing decreases with increasing load. As the pulses begin touching each other, the circuit transi-tions into continuous-conduction mode. Stable transi-tion into continuous conduction occurs through pulse grouping, with gaps less than two cycles wide between groups, and output ripple no larger than the single-cycle voltage ripple at light loads (Figure 6).Poor PC board layout or improper compensation can cause instability by corrupting the feedback signals.Instability is identified by either grouped pulses, large gaps between groups, or output ripple larger than the single-cycle voltage ripple (Figure 7). It can cause increased audio interference. Test for instability with aEvaluates: MAX774/MAX775/MAX776MAX774 ISDN, Ring-Tone, Power-Supply Evaluation Kit_______________________________________________________________________________________5Figure 4. Cross Regulation for -70V Output Preload Selection (off-hook case)Figure 5. Overload Protection Using Raychem PolySwitch Resettable FusesPolySwitch is a trademark of Raychem Corp.M A X 774I R G E V F I G 065µs/divV OUT1 = -23.6V, V OUT2 = -70V, I OUT2 = -30mA, V IN = 9VA: MOSFET DRAIN, 20V/divB: V OUT1, 100mV/div, AC COUPLED C: TRANSFORMER CURRENT, 1A/divFigure 6. Normal Light-Load Switching WaveformsE v a l u a t e s : M A X 774/M A X 775/M A X 7769V input by applying a 5mA to 10mA load on the -24V output and then sweeping the -70V output to full-load. If instability occurs due to errors in the design if a pro-duction board, try removing C7 and C8.If the feedback resistors are changed, adjust the com-pensation capacitors. In general, M x C1 x R1 = C2 x R2with C2 around 1nF provides the best results, where M ranges from 0.5 to 1.PC Board LayoutUse of the tested PC board design is strongly recom-mended. Components can be placed closer together to conserve space. Observe the following guidelines in PC board design:1)Place the current-sense resistor (R3) within 0.2in.(5mm) of the MAX774, directly between the V+ and CS pins. The V+ and reference-bypass capacitors (C3 and C4) must be placed as close as possible to their respective pins. Figure 8 shows the recom-mended layout and routing for these components. 2)Place the voltage-feedback resistors (R1 and R2)and compensation capacitors (C1 and C2) within 0.2in. (5mm) of the MAX774’s FB pin. Keep high-current traces and noisy signals, such as EXT, away from FB. On multilayer boards, if inner ground or power planes are thinly separated from the top-side copper, use small cutouts in the ground plane under the FB node to reduce stray capacitance and capacitive coupling. 3)Make high-power traces, highlighted in the EV kit schematic (Figure 1), as short and as wide as possi-ble. Make the supply-current loop (formed by C5,C6, R3, P1, and L1) and output current loops (L1,D1, and C9 for the -24V output; L1, D2, C9, and C10for the -70V output) as tight as possible to reduce radiated noise. 4)Route transformer L1’s ground pins (C5, C6, and C10) to a common ground point in a star ground configuration using top-side copper fill as a pseudo-ground plane. On multilayer boards, use the star ground as described, and connect it to the inner ground plane using vias. Build up separate star grounds for the power components and controller IC (Figure 9), and then couple them together through the back side of the board using several vias.5)For reduced noise and improved heat dissipation,keep the extra copper on the PC board’s compo-nent and solder sides, rather than etching it away,and connect it to ground for use as a pseudo-ground plane.DC-DC Converter Placementand Audio InterferencePrevent interference through careful board and system design. Place the DC-DC converter and high-speed CMOS logic on a corner of the PC board, away from sensitive analog circuitry such as audio-signal pream-plifier stages (Figure 10). In very compact designs, use localized shielding around sensitive analog stages. Use a separate ground plane for analog circuitry. Where necessary, reduce supply ripple to sensitive analog stages by using LC Pi filters or specialized, low-dropout linear regulators. Tiny, inexpensive linear regulators,such as the SOT23 MAX8863 and µMAX MAX8865, are designed specifically for this purpose. These solutions are commonly used in cellular phones and other portable communications devices.MAX774 ISDN, Ring-Tone,Power-Supply Evaluation Kit 6_______________________________________________________________________________________M A X 774I R G E V F I G 07250µs/divV OUT1 = -23.6V, V OUT2 = -70V, I OUT2 = -30mA, V IN = 9V A: MOSFET DRAIN, 20V/divB: V OUT1, 100mV/div, AC COUPLED C: TRANSFORMER CURRENT, 1A/divC2 REMOVEDFigure 7. Unstable Switching Waveforms from Improper Compensation or Board DesignFigure 8. Recommended Placement and Routing of R3, C3,and C4Modification for -48V and -70V OutputsThe MAX774 IRG EV kit board design allows leeway for adapting the circuit for -48V and -70V outputs. Perform the following steps for implementation:1)Cut the trace from the transformer’s 1/3 tap to theoutput diode, and then solder a wire jumper from the transformer’s 2/3 tap to the diode (D2) (Figure 11).2)Swap output filter capacitors C9 with C10. Be sure toconnect them with the correct polarity. This exchange ensures that the output filter capacitors have voltage ratings exceeding their respective outputs.3)Replace voltage-feedback resistor R2 with a 31.6k Ωresistor.4)Replace compensation capacitor C1 with a 330pFceramic capacitor.5)Change R5 and R6 to 16k Ωresistors.Evaluates: MAX774/MAX775/MAX776MAX774 ISDN, Ring-Tone, Power-Supply Evaluation Kit_______________________________________________________________________________________7SWITCHING DC-DCCONVERTERSSHIELDING (IF NEEDED)DIGITAL LOGIC= LC Pi FILTERS OR LDO LINEAR REGULATORFigure 10. Place the DC-DC converter and CMOS logic away from sensitive analog circuitry.PLACE POWER COMPONENTS CLOSE TOGETHER;MAKE POWER TRACES SHORT AND WIDE.LEAVE THE EXTRA FRONT- AND BACK-SIDE COPPER ON THE BOARD AS A PSEUDO-GROUND PLANE.PLACE GROUND PINS OF POWER COMPONENTS CLOSE TOGETHER AND ORIENT TO CONVERGE, FORMING A STAR GROUND.PLACE VOLTAGE-FEEDBACK COMPONENTS AS CLOSE TO THE FB PIN AS POSSIBLE.PLACE BYPASS CAPACITORS CLOSE TO THE REF AND V+ PINS; ORIENT AS SHOWN.TIE THE IC GROUND AND POWER STAR GROUND TOGETHER USING VIAS AND A WIDE BACK-SIDE GROUND TRACE. ON MULTILAYER BOARDS, TIE INTERIOR GROUND PLANES TO THE POWER STAR GROUND.PLACE CURRENT-SENSE RESISTOR R3 WITHIN 0.2IN. OF CS AND V+ PINS.Figure 9. Key Layout FeaturesE v a l u a t e s : M A X 774/M A X 775/M A X 776MAX774 ISDN, Ring-Tone, Power-Supply Evaluation Kit Maxim cannot assume responsibility for use of any circuitry other than circuitry entirely embodied in a Maxim product. No circuit patent licenses are implied. Maxim reserves the right to change the circuitry and specifications without notice at any time.8_____________________Maxim Integrated Products, 120 San Gabriel Drive, Sunnyvale, CA 94086 408-737-7600©1997 Maxim Integrated ProductsPrinted USAis a registered trademark of Maxim Integrated Products.Modification for European ApplicationsApplications targeted for Europe may require a lower voltage on the -70V output to meet European safety regulations. In such cases, modify the circuit for -48V and -70V outputs as described previously, then change the feedback resistor R2 to reduce output voltages to -43V and -65V. Add a clamping zener to preload the high-voltage output. Since the MAX774 regulates the FB pin to 0V, R2 will be:R2 = (V REF / V OUT ) x R1where V REF = 1.5V.Adjust C1 so that R1C1 = R2C2. Verify correct com-pensation by examining stability over all loading combi-nations, especially with the -43V output lightly loaded and the -65V output moderately and heavily loaded.Suggested values are R1 = 1M Ω, C1 = 330pF, R2 =34.8k Ω, C2 = 1000pF.RECONNECT TRACE HERECUT TRACE HEREFigure 11. PC Board Changes for -48V and -70V OperationFigure 12. MAX774 IRG EV Kit Component Placement Guide (Top Silkscreen)Figure 13. MAX774 IRG EV Kit PC Board Layout—Component SideFigure 14. MAX774 IRG EV Kit PC Board Layout—Solder Side1.0"1.0" 1.0"。

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上海贝岭股份有限公司上海市宜山路 810 号 021-24261000
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2. 封装尺寸 SOP16
单相多功能电能计量芯片
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电流信号和电压信号先分别经增益放大器（PGA）和高精度的模数转换（ADC）将模拟信号转换为数字信号，后通过降采样滤波器（SINC4）、高通滤波器（HPF）滤去高频噪声与直流偏移，得到需要的电流波形数据和电压波形数据。将电流波形数据和电压波形数据相乘，便得到瞬时有功功率，接着经过低通滤波器（LPF1），输出平均有功功率。这里分别计算了电流通道 A 和电流通道 B 的平均有功功率。选择其中一路有功功率通过积分，可获得有功能量。电流波形数据和电压波形数据分别通过平方电路（X2）、低通滤波器（LPF）、开根电路（ROOT），分别得到电流有效值和电压有效值。电流有效值和电压有效值的乘积可以获得视在功率，有功功率和视在功率的比例为功率因子。当 A 和 B 通道的电流有效值或有功功率相差一定数值，或 A 和 B 通道的平均有功功率相差一定数值时候，输出 FAULT 信号，指示两相不平衡状况。
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IAP IAN PGA GAIN[3:0] VP VN PGA GAIN[11:8] IBP IBN PGA GAIN[7:4] ADC ADC ADC Phase PHCAL[7:0] Phase PHCAL[23:16] Phase PHCAL[15:8] SINC4 HPF SINC4 HPF SINC4 HPF × +
相关专利申请中
BL6523GX 符合新国家电网标准。
管脚与系统框图
IAN IBP IBN VP VN VREF GND /RST
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9
IAP VDD RX TX GND CLKIN CLKOUT CF
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单相多功能电能计量芯片
概述
BL6523GX 是一颗宽量程单相多功能电子电能计量芯片，适用于简单单相多功能或单相电力线载波电能表应用，具有较高的性价比。 BL6523GX 集成了 3 路高精度 Sigma-Delta ADC，参考电压，电源管理等模拟电路模块，以及处理有功功率、视在功率、电流电压有效值等电参数的数字信号处理电路。 BL6523GX 具有两个电流采样端，分别采样火线和零线电流，当两者相差超过设定的阈值时，发出指示信号，表明有窃电行为或错误接线 ,可根据设定的阈值实现双通道自动切换。 BL6523GX 能够测量单相有功能量、视在能量、功率因子、电流电压有效值、线频率等参数；具有失压及过压监测功能；电流电压峰值检测；过零检测，能够充分满足单相多功能电能表的需要。 BL6523GX 具有专利防潜动设计，配合合理的外部硬件设计，可通过 0.5mT 外部强磁场干扰实验。另在超过 48 小时的潜动实验中，确保不出大于 1 个脉冲。 BL6523GX 集成一个 UART 接口。以方便与外部 MCU 之间进行计量参数以及校表参数的传递。通讯接口特殊设计，具有高可靠性。可通过软复位功能复位 BL6523GX，确保计量可靠。 BL6523GX 支持全数字域的偏置补偿、增益调整、相位校正（最大±2.54°可调）等。有功功率校验输出快速脉冲 CF，可以直接接到标准表进行误差校正。
单相多功能电能计量芯片
BL6523GX System Block
IA_CHGN IA_CHOS × V_CHGN × + V_CHOS +
IA_WAVE PEAK IA_PEAK
V_WAVE PEAK V_PEAK
IB_WAVE PEAK IB_PEAK
IB_CHGN IB_CHOS
IA_WAVE
x²
4. 电参数
（VDD = 5V，GND＝0V，片上基准电压源，3.58MHz 晶振，25℃）测量项目有功功率测量误差（绝对误差）有功功率测量跳动（大信号）有功功率测量跳动（小信号）通道间相角引起测量误差（容性）通道间相角引起测量误差（感性） AC 电源抑制（输出频率幅度变化）符号 WATT_err 测量条件 6000:1 输入动态范围 Ib=5A 输入，测试 2 圈平均 0.02%Ib 输入，测试 1 圈相位超前 37 （PF=0.8）相位滞后 60 （PF=0.5） IP/N=100mV
BL6523GX
特点
高精度，在输入动态工作范围（6000:1）内，非线性测量误差小于 0.1% 大信号稳定性，Ib 点 CF 输出跳动小于 0.01% 小信号稳定性，0.02%Ib 点 CF 跳动小于 0.1% 芯片可精确测量正负两个方向的有功功率，输出快速输出脉冲（CF）芯片有两个电流采样端，采样火线和零线电流芯片给出电压和双电流的有效值，测量范围（20mA~12Ib）芯片具有双重防潜动设计，确保在大于 48 小时的潜动实验中，不出大于 1 个脉冲芯片具有电压失压和断相检测功能芯片上有电源电压监测电路，检测掉电状况芯片具有可编程增益调整和相位补偿功率因子（PF）测量范围（20mA~12Ib）芯片内置参考电压源 2.5V ，也可使用外部 2.5V 电压。内部具有基准掉电检测，防止外部电容击穿造成的快走。芯片外接晶振 3.58MHz 芯片单工作电源 5V，低功耗 25mW（典型值） BL6523GX 为 UART 接口芯片，通信速率固定为 4800bps
上海贝岭股份有限公司上海市宜山路 810 号 021-242610.3 1200 370 14 -4 -1.5 2.5 ±200 5 2.6 0.8 4 1 4.75 3 2 5.25 15 +4 +1.5 % % % mV kΩ kHz % % V mV ppm/℃ V V V V V mA mA
5、工作原理 5.1 系统框图
DC 电源抑制（输出频率幅度变化）电压有效值测量精度（相对误差）电流有效值测量精度（相对误差）模拟输入电平模拟输入阻抗模拟输入带宽模拟输入增益误差模拟输入相间增益匹配误差内部电压基准基准偏差温度系数逻辑输入高电平逻辑输入低电平逻辑输出高电平逻辑输出低电平电源 VDD AIDD DIDD VDD IAVDD IDVDD VDD=5.25V VDD=5.25V Vref Vreferr TempCoef VDD=5V±5% VDD=5V±5% VDD=5V±5% VDD=5V±5% （-3dB）外部 2.5V 基准电压外部 2.5V 基准电压 VREF DCPSRR VRMSerr IRMSerr VP/N=100mV 0.4%Ib~12Ib input DR 0.4%Ib~12Ib input DR 差分输入（峰值）
VDD 电源监控
CLKOUT CLKIN 时钟中断 U A R T RX TX
SOP16
上海贝岭股份有限公司上海市宜山路 810 号 021-24261000
BL6523GX
数字信号处理
BL6523GX
GND /RST
电流电压有效值功率因子有功/视在功率值有功/视在能量值电流不平衡检测电流电压峰值检测电压失压断相检测多种中断事件
输出
CF
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V1.00
BL6523GX
1. 引脚定义（SOP16）
管脚号 16,1 符号 IAP，IAN 说明
单相多功能电能计量芯片
电流通道的模拟输入，管脚的最大差分电压± 660mV，增益可以调整，详见寄存器 GAIN。由于内部有 ESD 保护电路，如果电压过压在± 1.5V 时，仍然不会出现太大的破坏。电流通道的模拟输入，管脚的最大差分电压± 660mV，增益可以调整，详见寄存器 GAIN。由于内部有 ESD 保护电路，如果电压过压在± 1.5V 时，仍然不会出现太大的破坏。电压通道的模拟输入，管脚的最大差分电压 ± 660mV ，详见寄存器 GAIN。（同上，信号最大幅度为± 1.5V）参考电压端，片内基准电压标称值 2.58% ，温度系数典型值为 30ppm/C。外部参考源可以接在这个管脚上。另外，该管脚需要使用 1uF 的陶瓷电容消除对地耦合。内部模拟电路参考地。这个管脚应该绑定到模拟接地板上或是系统中最为稳定地静态地，此静态地使用在所有的模拟电路中，为了将芯片中地信号中的噪声降至最低，静态地平面只能在一点上连接数字地平面。芯片复位信号输入，低电平有效。校验脉冲输出脚，此管脚给出了有功功率的信息，这个输出可用来较表，满刻度下的输出频率可以通过 WA_CFNUM 来调整。在计量小功率时，CF 定脉宽为 90ms。当计量大功率时，CF 输出周期小于 180ms 时，CF 的脉宽为周期的一半。晶振可以通过该管脚和 CLKIN 管脚一起为芯片提供时钟，当外部时钟和晶振被引入时，该管脚可以驱动一个 CMOS 负载。内部模拟电路及数字处理电路的主时钟，可引入外部时钟。晶振可并联在 CLKIN 和 CLKOUT 上为芯片提供时钟源，时钟频率为 3.58MHz。 22pF 和 33pF 间的陶瓷负载电容可以使用在晶振电路中。内部模拟电路参考地。串行接口的数据输出端。串行接口的数据输入端。正电源（+5V），提供模拟部分电源，正常工作时电源电压应该保持在 +4.75V~5.25V 之间。