Answers to Case Study
Casestudy及参考答案
Casestudy及参考答案Case 1Xie Li and Tom have been working on a scientific experiment at a British university for some months. It has not been totally successful. They are discussing the situation in the laboratory.Xie Li: I don?t know where it went wrong!Tom: Don?t feel so bad. Cheer up; you?ve done your job.Xie Li: But our experiment has turned out to be a failure.Tom: Relax for a couple of days. I?ll face the music.Xie Li: Tom, we are not playing children?s games here. This is a scientific experiment. T om: I?ve never taken the experiment as child?s play, and I?m playing the game.Xie Li: You say you?re playing the game! It?s a rather important experiment!Xie Li walks out of the laboratory angrily. Tom is puzzled.Key:Idiomatic phrases are often misunderstood. In E nglish …face the music? means: to face the reality and take the consequence; while …play the game? means: abide completion rules. Here Xie Li misinterpreted the idiomatic phrases Tom used. First he thought that Tom didn?t take the failure of the experiment seriously and wanted to escape from it, because he said he would “face the music”Secondly, he misinterpreted Tom?s …playing the game? as that he hadn?t done the experiment seriously, which might have led to the failure.Case 2In 1997, a Danish woman left her 14-month-old baby girl in a stroller outside a Manhattan restaurant while she was inside.Other diners at the restaurant became concerned and called New York City Police. The woman was charged with endangering a child and was jailed for two nights. Her child was placed in foster care. The woman and the Danish consulate explained that leaving children unattended outside cafes is common in Denmark. Pictures were wired to the police showing numerous strollers parked outside cafes while parents were eating inside.Key:This case reflects preconceived notion, one of the barriers to the effective intercultural communication----assuming similarity instead of difference. In American culture, it is illegal for parents to leave their baby alone while it is commonplace for parents to do so in Danish culture. The Danish woman had assumed that Copenhagen is similar to New York, that what is commonly done in Copenhagen is also commonly done in New York.Case 3Mr. Wang, the Chairman of Board of Directors of a Chinese firm, told a story on CCTV program "Dialogue" of how he once almost lost a valuable Canadian employee working for him in Vancouver. He emailed every day to the Canadian, inquiring for the index number he was most concerned about. T o his great astonishment, his Canadian employee turned in his resignation after a week. Mr. Wang was puzzled how he could do that to him as he gave such great attention to his job.Key:The resignation of Canadian employee resulted from the communication barrier due to the preconception of Mr. Wang, the Chairman of Board of Directors. Mr. Wang assumed unconsciously that the Canadian was more similar to his Chinese employees than he actually was and treated him just as hetreated any Chinese employee. A Chinese employee would have been more than happy if his or her boss had showed such great concern for him or her. But Mr. Wang found out that, unlike Chinese employees, the Canadian took what meant great concern to Chinese as distrust.。
高三英语学术研究方法创新不断探索单选题30题
高三英语学术研究方法创新不断探索单选题30题1. In academic research, a hypothesis is a ______ that is tested through experiments and observations.A. predictionB. conclusionC. theoryD. assumption答案：D。
本题考查学术研究中“假说”相关的基本概念。
选项A“prediction”意为“预测”，通常是基于现有信息对未来的估计；选项B“conclusion”指“结论”，是在研究后得出的最终判断；选项C“theory”是“理论”，是经过大量研究和验证形成的体系；选项D“assumption”表示“假定、设想”，更符合“假说”的含义，即在研究初期未经充分验证的设想。
2. The main purpose of conducting academic research is to ______ new knowledge and understanding.A. discoverB. createC. inventD. produce答案：A。
此题考查学术研究目的相关的词汇。
选项A“discover”意思是“发现”，强调找到原本存在但未被知晓的事物；选项B“create”意为“创造”，侧重于从无到有地造出新的东西；选项C“invent”指“发明”，通常指创造出新的工具、设备等；选项D“produce”有“生产、产生”的意思，比较宽泛。
在学术研究中，主要是“发现”新知识和理解，所以选A。
3. A reliable academic research should be based on ______ data and methods.A. accurateB. preciseC. correctD. valid答案：D。
本题关于可靠学术研究的基础。
选项A“accurate”侧重于“准确无误”，强调与事实完全相符；选项B“precise”意为“精确的、明确的”，更强调细节的清晰和明确；选项C“correct”指“正确的”；选项D“valid”表示“有效的、有根据的”，强调数据和方法具有合理性和可靠性。
2017全国高考试卷英语
2017全国高考试卷英语2017全国高考试卷英语祝奋斗在高考一线的高考学子们考试顺利，并且考上自己心仪的大学。
下面是店铺为大家推荐的2017全国高考试卷英语，仅供大家参考!2017全国高考试卷英语第一部分听力 (共两节，满分20分)做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。
录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题纸上。
第一节 (共5小题;每小题1分，满分5分)听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
1. What are the speakers talking about?A. Buying DVDs.B. Renting DVDs.C. Sharing DVDs.2. What does the woman mean?A. She will help the man later.B. She is unwilling to help the man.C. She can’t be of any assistance.3. Where does the conversation most probably take place?A. In Henry’s house.B. In a restaurant.C. In a hospital.4. What is the probable relationship between Fred and Anne?A. Boss and secretary.B. Husband and wife.C. Teacher and student.5. How did Tom go to London?A. By car.B. By plane.C. By train.第二节 (共15小题;每小题1分，满分15分)听下面5段对话或独白。
专业八级模拟611
专业八级模拟611(总分：134.92，做题时间：90分钟)一、PART Ⅰ LISTENING COMPREHENSION(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、SECTION A MINI-LECTURE(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Culture Shock and the Process of AdaptationⅠ. Culture shock1) Theoretical 1—troublesome feelings,—caused by loss of familiar 2 from the home culture.2) 3—to describe problemse.g. Chinese meet when they 4e.g. Foreigners have when they come to China.3) 5 of culture shock.—Living in one"s home culture, a person knows what people mean by means of 6—After leaving the familiar environment, meanings are not 7 , and the person does not know how to respond.4) Results of culture shock.— 8 : the person will not adapt successfully.—opportunities: changes as a person.It is not easy predict who will adapt successfully and who will not. toⅡ. The process of adaptation.1) Stage one: Excitement.—The excitement continues through 9—Eventually the person will meet a situation in which home culture 10 do not work in the new environment, but make the problem worse.2) Stage two: 11—people experience a 12 in mood or spirit.3) Stage three: Frustration.—self-doubt and depression are replaced by more13 attitudes.—start the long climb up toward feeling positive.4) Stage four: Growing effectiveness.—increasing 14 that he can deal with new situations as they arise.5) Stage five: Appreciation.—be able to experience the full 15 of human feelings in the new culture.6) Increased ability.Culture Shock and the Process of AdaptationⅠ. Culture shock1) Theoretical 1—troublesome feelings,—caused by loss of familiar 2 from the home culture.2) 3—to describe problemse.g. Chinese meet when they 4e.g. Foreigners have when they come to China.3) 5 of culture shock.—Living in one"s home culture, a person knows what people mean by means of 6—After leaving the familiar environment, meanings are not 7 , and the person does not know how to respond.4) Results of culture shock.— 8 : the person will not adapt successfully.—opportunities: changes as a person.It is not easy predict who will adapt successfully and who will not. toⅡ. The process of adaptation.1) Stage one: Excitement.—The excitement continues through 9—Eventually the person will meet a situation in which home culture 10 do not work in the new environment, but make the problem worse.2) Stage two: 11—people experience a 12 in mood or spirit.3) Stage three: Frustration.—self-doubt and depression are replaced by more13 attitudes.—start the long climb up toward feeling positive.4) Stage four: Growing effectiveness.—increasing 14 that he can deal with new situations as they arise.5) Stage five: Appreciation.—be able to experience the full 15 of human feelings in the new culture.6) Increased ability.（分数：15.00）解析：definition [听力原文]Good morning, everyone, today"s lecture is the very first of a series of lectures on culture shock. So I"d like to spend some time discussing with you the nature of culture shock and the six stages of the adaptation process so as to help you better understand and adapt to a new cultural environment.First of all, what is culture shock? I believe most people are familiar with the idea of culture shock. In theory, culture shock is defined as troublesome feelings such as depression, loneliness, confusion, inadequacy, hostility, frustration, and tension, caused by the loss of familiar cues from the home culture. The "shock" in culture shock emphasizes the pain and doubt that a person experiences when faced with a significantly new experience.In practice, people usually use the term culture shock whenever they tell a story about problems. Chinese meet when they go abroad or when they want to describe problems foreigners have when they come to China. It can be easily understood that when a person is living in his home culture, he knows what people mean when they speak and act. He is able to interpret situations and knows how to respond. The world makes sense. However, when he leaves that familiar environment, he is deprived of familiar cues, familiar behaviors and meanings that reassure him that he understands the world. Suddenly meanings are not clear, and the person does not know how to respond. He feels disoriented. This is perfectly normal and occurs in situations other than moving to a new culture. When put into any significantly new and challenging situation, the person faces risks and has opportunities. The risk is that the person will not adapt successfully. If the person is not able to endure the pain and overcome the problems, he may abandon the new situation and return to a life that is more familiar and comfortable. If that is not possible, he may continue to live inthe new situation, but in a way that causes continuing difficulties for himself and others. If the person adapts successfully, he changes as a person. He acquires new skills, new attitudes, and a new outlook on the world.It is not easy to predict who will adapt successfully and who will not. So before going abroad, learning about the process of adaptation will help you better understand what is happening to you, though it will not prevent culture shock. Typically people experience the following stages as they adapt to a new cultural situation.Stage one: Excitement about the new situation.Except for refugees and others who are pushed to leave home against their will, most people who go abroad to live temporarily or permanently in a new culture do so willingly. They have some specific purpose in mind such as furthering their education, pursuing economic or professional opportunities, or simply experiencing something new. Especially when friends and relatives put a positive value on going abroad, when they give it high prestige or think they will also benefit, then the person who is going usually anticipates the experience with a great deal of excitement. The excitement of this stage typically continues through the early period after arriving in the new culture. Everything seems to be wonderful. The expectations the person has for the new experience have not yet been tested. The newcomer is using standards from his home culture to evaluate the situation in the new culture. But eventually the person will meet a situation in which home culture strategies for dealing with problems not only do not work, but make the problem worse. And this marks the end of the first stage and the beginning of the second.Stage two: Confusion when faced with the hidden aspects of culture.At the beginning of the confusion stage, the person in an unfamiliar culture often experiences a sudden decline in mood or spirit. Often at this stage, newcomers misread or misinterpret the behavior and speech of the local people. Part of the problem may be limited language skills, but more important is a tendency to interpret meanings according to the home cultural grammar. Stage three: Frustration when old ways of dealing with situations fail to work.At this stage the confusion, self-doubt and depression of the second stage usually decline and are replaced by more negative attitudes such as frustration and anger about the new culture. Instead of blaming or doubting himself, the newcomer starts to put the blame for his difficulties on the new culture and its people. He may become suspicious and believe that the host country people around him always have negative reasons for doing what they do. In a way, this is a change for the better, because it shows that the newcomer is paying more attention to what the people around him are actually doing. And this will lead him to start the long climb up toward feeling as positive about himself and the new culture as he did the day he left home.Stage four: Growing effectiveness as new skills are acquired.During the third stage the person is feeling bad but is acting in a more assertive way to deal with the new culture. In time these efforts pay off and the person becomes more effective. The person is gaining cross-cultural skills and has added important new skills to his cultural software and has some confidence that he can deal with new situations as they arise.Stage five: Appreciation as new skills and attitudes enable the person to live more fully in the new situation.In this stage the person moves beyond effectiveness in the new culture to an attitude of appreciation. He is developing a more personal understanding of the new culture and values it. The person is able to live a full life, experiencing the full range of human feelings in the new culture. He is becoming more creative, expressive and able to take initiative and responsibility. Stage six: Increased ability to deal with new and novel situations.When a person has successfully adapted to a new culture, he has learned how to learn culture. That is a valuable attribute for anyone living in the global village. The person is now ready for new cross-cultural experiences.Now, to sum up, in today"s lecture we have elaborated on the nature, causes and results of culture shock, which was a commonplace phenomenon experienced by people going abroad. The subsequent discussion on the six stages of the adaptation process focuses on what is happening to people going abroad, a good knowledge of these stages can help people understand what is going on, so as to ease the confusion and frustration of the initial stages and accelerate the acquisition of the ability to appreciate and deal with the new cultural environment.[解析] 由文章开头看出讲座首先从理论的角度定义了culture shock这一概念。
高二英语学术生活单选题30题
高二英语学术生活单选题30题1.In the classroom discussion, we need to express our ____ clearly.A.opinionsB.suggestionsC.advicesD.thoughts答案：A。
本题主要考查名词辨析。
“opinions”表示“观点、看法”；“suggestions”表示“建议”；“advice”是不可数名词，不能用“advices”的形式；“thoughts”表示“想法”。
在课堂讨论中，通常是表达我们的观点。
2.When you study in the library, you can find many ____ to help you with your research.A.referencesB.sourcesrmationsD.data答案：A。
“references”表示“参考资料”；“sources”表示“来源”；“information”是不可数名词，不能用“informations”的形式；“data”表示“数据”。
在图书馆学习时，能找到很多参考资料来帮助做研究。
3.During the academic lecture, the professor gave several ____ to support his argument.A.examplesB.casesC.instancesD.samples答案：A。
“examples”表示“例子”；“cases”表示“情况、案例”；“instances”表示“例子、事例”，与“examples”意思相近但较正式；“samples”表示“样本”。
教授在讲座中通常会给出几个例子来支持论点。
4.In academic research, accurate ____ is crucial for a reliable conclusion.A.detailsB.factsC.realitiesD.truths答案：B。
跨文化交际案例case study 6
Chapter 5 Verbal and Non-verbal CommunicationCase 1Two strangers have been chatting.A: So you’re been here for a year?B: Yes. One more year to go, then I’ll go back to china.A: What will you do back home?B: It’s hard to know. There’s a lot change at the moment.A: Yeah.Everything’s changing, everythere. Sometimes it’s difficult to keep up.B: That’s true. Maybe I’ll…(A’s mobile phone rings.)A: Excuse me, I’d better answer this. It’s probably work.B: Sure. Take your time.分析：有时在与人交谈中，难免要有什么原因要离开一会儿，或是去接一个电话，或要去洗手间。
礼貌再此被提出来。
出于礼貌起见，要记住做一些恰当解释再离开。
不管理由是什么，即便是要接一个手机电话，在打开电话回话前，向对方说声对不起。
如果只离开几分钟，没有必要找一个理由。
你说了对不起，就表明你确实是有事要离开一会儿。
Case 2One cold winter day in a Chinese city, Wang Lin on his way to the library met an American pro fessor who knew very little about China. After greeting him, Wang said: “It’s rather cold. You’d better put on more clothes.” But the professor didn’t appear happy on hearing this.分析：美国人以及大部分西方国家的人们不喜欢被告知要怎么做怎么做，他们比较喜欢独立，然而中国人则习惯关心别人，这个案例中王林的建议表达的就是一种对他人的关心，可是美国教授却不习惯这样的表达。
英语六级听力真题长对话
英语六级听力真题长对话英语六级听力真题（长对话）（通用8篇）随着时间的推移，一年一度的六级考试马上就要到来了。
听力一直是六级考试的难点。
下面是yjbys网店铺提供给大家关于英语六级听力真题(长对话)，供大家参考。
英语六级听力真题长对话篇1Conversation OneM: So how long have you been a Market Research Consultant?W: Well, I started straight after finishing university.M: Did you study market research?W: Yeah, and it really helped me to get into the industry, but I have to say that it's more important to get experience in different types of market research to find out exactly what you're interested in.M: So what are you interested in?W: Well, at the moment, I specialize in quantitative advertising research, which means that I do two types of projects. Trackers, which are ongoing projects that look at trends or customer satisfaction over a long period of time. The only problem with trackers is that it takes up a lot of your time. But you do build up a good relationship with the client. I also do a couple of ad-hoc jobs which are much shorter projects.M: What exactly do you mean by ad-hoc jobs?W: It's basically when companies need quick answers to their questions about their consumers' habits. They just ask for one questionnaire to be sent out for example, so the time you spend on an ad-hoc project tends to be fairly short.M: Which do you prefer, trackers or ad-hoc?W: I like doing both and in fact I need to do both at the sametime to keep me from going crazy. I need the variety.M: Can you just explain what process you go through with a new client?W: Well, together we decide on the methodology and the objectives of the research. I then design a questionnaire. Once the interviewers have been briefed, I send the client a schedule and then they get back to me with deadlines. Once the final charts and tables are ready, I have to check them and organize a presentation.M: Hmm, one last question, what do you like and dislike about your job?W: As I said, variety is important and as for what I don't like, it has to be the checking of charts and tables.Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.Q1: What position does the woman hold in the company?Q2: What does the woman specialize in at the moment?Q3: What does the woman say about trackers?Q4: What does the woman dislike about her job?Conversation TwoW: Hello, I'm here with Frederick. Now Fred, you went to university in Canada?M: Yeah, that's right.W: OK, and you have very strong views about universities in Canada. Could you please explain?M: Well, we don't have private universities in Canada. They’re all public. All the universities are owned by the government, so there is the Ministry of Education in charge of creating the curriculum for the universities and so there is not much room for flexibility. Since it's a government operatedinstitution, things don't move very fast. If you want something to be done, then their staff do not have so much incentive to help you because he's a worker for the government. So I don't think it's very efficient. However, there are certain advantages of public universities, such as the fees being free. You don't have to pay for your education. But the system isn't efficient, and it does not work that well.W: Yeah, I can see your point, but in the United States we have many private universities, and I think they are large bureaucracies also. Maybe people don't act that much differently, because it’s the same thing working for a private university. They get paid for their job. I don’t know if they're that much more motivated to help people. Also, we have a problem in the United States that usually only wealthy kids go to the best schools and it's kind of a problem actually.M: I agree with you. I think it's a problem because you're not giving equal access to education to everybody. It’s no t easy, but having only public universities also might not be the best solution. Perhaps we can learn from Japan where they have a system of private and public universities. Now, in Japan, public universities are considered to be the best.W: Right. It's the exact opposite in the United States.M: So, as you see, it's very hard to say which one is better.W: Right, a good point.Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard.Q5: What does the woman want Frederick to talk about?Q6: What does the man say about the curriculum in Canadian universities?Q7: On what point do the speakers agree?Q8: What point does the man make at the end of the conversation?英语六级听力真题长对话篇2Lecture 1The negative impacts of natural disasters can be seen everywhere. In just the past few weeks, the world has witnessed the destructive powers of earthquakes in Indonesia, typhoons in the Philippines, and the destructive sea waves that struck Samoa and neighboring islands.A study by the Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters finds that, between 1980 and 2007, nearly 8,400 natural disasters killed more than two-million people. These catastrophic events caused more than $1.5 trillion in economic losses.U.N. weather expert Geoffrey Love says that is the bad news. "Over the last 50 years, economic losses have increased by a factor of 50. That sounds pretty terrible, but the loss of life has decreased by a factor of 10 simply because we are getting better at warning people. We are making a difference. Extreme events, however, will continue to occur. But, the message is that they may not be disasters."Love, who is director of Weather and Disaster Risk Reduction at the World Meteorological Organization, says most of the deaths and economic losses were caused by weather, climate, or water-related extremes. These include droughts, floods, windstorms, strong tropical winds and wildfires.He says extreme events will continue. But, he says extreme events become disasters only when people fail to prepare for them."Many of the remedies are well-known. From a planning perspective, it is pretty simple. Build better buildings. Don’tbuild where the hazards will destroy them. From an early-warning perspective, make sure the warnings go right down to the community level. Build community action plans. ”The World Meteorological Organization points to Cuba and Bangladesh as examples of countries that have successfully reduced the loss of life caused by natural disasters by taking preventive action.It says tropical cyclones formerly claimed dozens, if not hundreds of lives, each year, in Cuba. But, the development of an early-warning system has reversed that trend. In 2008, Cuba was hit by five successive hurricanes, but only seven people were killed.Bangladesh also has achieved substantial results. Major storm surges in 1970 and 1991 caused the deaths of about 440,000 people. Through careful preparation, the death toll from a super tropical storm in November 2007 was less than 3,500.Q16. What is the talk mainly about?Q17. How can we stop extreme events from turning into events?Q18. What does the example of Cuba serve to show?Lecture 2As U.S. banks recovered with the help of American government and the American taxpayers, president Obama held meetings with top bank execut ives, telling them it’s time to return the favor. “The way I see it are banks now having a greater obligation to the goal of a wide recovery,” he said. But the president may be giving the financial sector too much credit. “It was in a free fall, and it was a very scary period.” Economist Martin Neil Baily said. After the failure of Lehman Brothers, many of the world’s largest banks feared the worst as the collapse ofthe housing bubble exposed in investments in risky loans.Although he says the worst is just over, Bailey says the banking crisis is not. More than 130 US banks failed in 2009. He predicts high failure rates for smaller, regional banks in 2010 as commercial real estate loans come due."So there may actually be a worsening of credit availability to small and medium sized businesses in the next year or so."Analysts say the biggest problem is high unemployment, which weakens demand and makes banks reluctant to lend. But US Bankcorp chief Richard Davis sees the situation differently."We're probably more optimistic than the experts might be.With that in mind, we're putting everything we can, lending is the coal to our engine, so we want to make more loans. We have to find a way to qualify more people and not put ourselves at risk."While some economists predict continued recovery in the future, Baily says the only certainty is that banks are unlikely to make the same mistakes - twice. "You know, forecasting's become a very hazardous business so I don't want to commit myself too much. I don't think we know exactly what's going to happen but it's certainly possible that we could get very slow growth over the next year or two.”If the economy starts to shrink again, Baily says it would make a strong case for a second stimulus -- something the Obama administration hopes will not be necessary.Q19. What dose president Obama hope the banks will do?Q20. What is Martin Neil Baily’s prediction about the financial situation in the future?Q21. What does U.S. Bankcorp chief Richard Davis say about its future operation?Q22. What does Martin Neil Baily think of a second stimulus to the economy?英语六级听力真题长对话篇3Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of eachconversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will bespoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer. from the fourchoices marked A), B),C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with asingle line through the centre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
案例研究设计与方法Case Study Research Design and Methods
案例研究设计与方法Case Study Research Design andMethodsCase Study Research. Design and Methods (1994, Second edition. Thousand Oaks: Sage)By Robert K. YinSummaryGeneral characteristics, When to use case study method?1) The type of research question: typically to answer questions like “how”or “why”2) Extent of control over behavioural events: when investigator hasalittle/no possibility to control the events3) General circumstances of the phenomenon to be studied: contemporaryphenomenon in a real-life context, Case study is an empirical inquiry, in which:-Focus is on a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context &boundaries between phenomenon and its context are not clearly evident, Suitable for studying complex social phenomena-Procedural characteristics in the situation include: Many variables ofinterest; multiple sources of evidence; theoretical propositions to guide thecollection and analysis of data-Types of case studies might be: explanatory; exploratory; descriptive-Designs can be single- or multiple-case studies-Used methods can be qualitative, quantitative, or both, Typical criticisms towards case studies & correcting answers: -Lack of systematic handling of data -> Systematic reporting of all evidence-No basis for scientific generalization -> Purpose is to generalize to theoreticalpropositions, not to population as in statistical research-Take too long, end up with unreadable documents -> Time limits & writingformula depend on the choices of investigatorsCase study research design, Central components of a case study design & their functions:1) A study’s questions –“how”, “why”2) Study’s (theoretical) propositions – pointing attention, limiting scope,suggesting possible links between phenomena3) Study’s units of analysis – main units must be at the samelevel as thestudy questions & typically comparable to those previously studied4) Logic linking the data to the propositions – matching pieces ofinformation to rival patterns that can be derived from the propositions5) Criteria for interpreting the findings – iteration between propositionsand data, matching sufficiently contrasting rival patterns to data; thereis no precise way of setting the criteria1Research design links the data to be collected and conclusions to be drawn to theinitial questions of the study – it provides a conceptual framework & an action planfor getting from questions to set of conclusions., Preliminary theory & blueprint of the study: having solved thefive stepsmentioned above leads to the formation of a loose theory & a blueprint relatedto the topic of study-Initial theory & understanding of what is being studied is necessarybefore any field contacts; the complete research design embodies a “theory”of what is being studied, Deciding between explanatory, exploratory and descriptive designs: -Depends on the richness of the rival propositions in theoriesrelated to thetopic of the study; richest theories allow explanatory designs-> Search for theoretical propositions that can be elaborated to cover studyquestions, propositions, units of analysis, data-proposition links & criteria ofinterpretation-> Reviewing literature, discussing with investigators, asking challengingquestions, thinking what is to be learned from the study-> Being aware of the range of theories & selecting the requiredlevel(individual, organization, societal)-> Construction of the design / conceptual framework takes time &can bedifficult, but is a crucial step for the success of the study, Selection of the cases:-Cases should be selected in the same way as the topic of an experiment isselected-> Developed preliminary theory is used as a template with which to comparethe characteristics & empirical findings from the case(s)-> Selected cases should reflect characteristics & problems identified in theunderlying theoretical propositions / conceptual framework, The level of generalization of the study results = appropriately developedpreliminary theory / study design-Mode of generalization = theory-related analytic generalization, notstatistical-Analytic generalization possible from one or more casesHOW MANY OF CASES & UNITS OF ANALYSIS?1) Case – represents somehow the interesting topic of the study empirically (e.g.the role of the United States in the world economy) 2) Unit of analysis – is the actual source of information: individual, organizational document, artifact, for example (e.g. the capital flow betweencountries, an economic policy)1) Cases:A) Single cases – if case seems to represent a critical test to existing theory;rare or unique events -> Important to select case & unit of analysis properly2B) Multiple cases –if a “replication logic” is supposed to reveal support for theoreticallyi. Similar resultsii. Contrasting results for predictable reasons-> Theoretical framework must identify clearly the conditions, when aparticular phenomenon is likely to be found (i.) and when it is not likely (ii.)-> Theoretical framework is the vehicle for generalizing to new cases; ifempirical cases do not work as predicted, modifications must be made to thetheory-> Number of case replications depends upon the certainty wanted to achieve& richness of the underlying theoretical propositions2) Units of analysis:A) Holistic designs – include a single unit of analysis; if aim is to study the global nature of the phenomenon; when no logical sub-units can be pointed ->danger of abstractnessB) Embedded designs – include multiple units of analysis; study may includemain & smaller units on different levels -> looking for consistent patterns ofevidence across units, but within a case, Note: The flexibility of case study design is in selecting cases different fromthose initially identified, not in changing the purpose or objectives of thestudy to suit the casesConducting case studies, Desired skills of the investigator:-Good knowledge of the phenomenon (->collection procedures are not routinized)-Sensitivity for novel & unexpected issues in data collection-Asking good questions-Being a good “listener” -Adaptiveness & flexibility, A case study protocol should be essential part of every case study project - A protocol contains the instrument for the research, but also the proceduresand general rules that shoud be followed using the instrument:- Overview of the study project (objectives, issues, readings,literature & research)- Field procedures (access to field sites, sources of information) - Case study questions posed to INVESTIGATORS; keyclassifications; suggestions for likely sources of evidence (not the literal questions to be asked)- A guide for the case study report- Note: Case study protocol should be co-authored by all study investigators, Important to identify different levels of questions:A) Single case -level1. Questions asked of specific interviewees32. Questions asked of the individual caseB) More general levels1. Findings across multiple cases2. Findings across an entire study (including reviewed literature)3. Normative questions about policy recommendations & conclusions, Sometimes a pilot study may provide useful helpCollecting the evidence, Six sources of evidence:1) Documents (letters, agendas, progress reports)2) Archival records (Service records, organizational charts, budgets etc.)3) Interviews (typically open-ended, but also focused, structured &surveys are possible)4) Direct observations (formal or casual; useful to have multipleobservers)5) Participant observation (assuming a role in the situation &getting aninside view of the events)6) Physical artefacts, Three principles of data collection:1) Use multiple sources of evidence-Triangulation = searching converging findings from differentsources ->increases construct validity2) Create a case study database-A database separate from the final report to be written, containing - Case study notes (clear & available for later use)- Case study documents- Tabular materials (collected & created)- Narratives (initial open-ended answers to the study questionssuggested by investigators)3) Maintain a chain of evidence-> The link between initial study questions and case study procedureshould be pointed out in the case study protocol, as also the circumstancesof the evidence to be collected-> Putting the data collection to practice on the basis of the protocol-> Actual evidence storage in the database for later checks (specificcollection circumstances indicated)-> Sufficient citing of the case study data base & evidence in the finalreport and conclusions to be drawnAnalysing the evidenceAnalysis of evidence is one the least developed and most difficult aspects of doingcase studies. Most important is to have a general analytic strategy, which helps tochoose among different techniques. In absence preliminarytechniques – matrixes,4tabulation of frequencies, temporal schemes etc. – can be tried out to get the analysisstarted., Two general analytic strategies:1) Relying on theoretical propositions: theoretical orientation guidingthe analysis; following theoretical propositions that have formed thedesign of the case study -> helps to focus attention on certain data &to ignore other data2) Developing a case description: a descriptive framework fororganizing the case study; analysis organized on the basis ofdescription of the general characteristics and relations of the phenomenon in question, Analytic techniques to be used as part of the general strategy:1) Pattern matching (explanatory / descriptive)-Comparing empirically based patterns with predicted one(s)a) Expected outcomes as a pattern: comparing if theinitially predicted results have been found andalternative patterns are absentb) Rival explanations as patterns: searching if some of thetheoretically salient explaining conditions might bearticulated in empirical findings; then the presence ofcertain explanation should exclude the presence ofothersc) Simpler patterns: pattern matching is possible also withonly few variables, if the derived patterns are predictedto have enough clear differences2) Explanation-building (mainly explanatory)-Analyzing case study data by building an explanation about the case & identifying a set of causal links-Explanation is a result of series of iterations:Initial theoretical statement -> Comparing findings of an initial case ->revising statement -> Comparing details of the case -> Revising -> Comparing to other additional cases-Note: Danger of drifting away from original topic of interest3) Time-series analysis-“How”- and “why”- questions about relationships & changes of events over time-Identifying theoretically proposed sequences of an event that are expected to lead to a certain outcome; identification of events must bedone before the onset of the investigation->Comparing this trend with the trend of empirical data points -> Comparing with some rival trend to rule alternatives out, Analysis should show that:It relied on all the relevant evidence; all major rival interpretations are dealt;most significant issue of the study is addressed; prior expert knowledge isbrought to the study 5。
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1. (1) Yes, the defendant’s act has obviously infringed the plantiff’s industrial design patent right. In consequence, plantiff’s requirement of the defendant’s stopping producing and selling the products and paying damages should be justified by the court.(2) According to the definition in the textbook, industrial design patent right means that any new design of the shape, pattern or their combination or the combination of the colour with shape or pattern of a product that creates an aethetic feeling and is fit for industrial application, which is one kind of patent right.定义The regulation of Article 2 of Patent Law in this Law，that“inventions-creations” mean inventions，utility models and designs, infers that industrial design is protected as the objuct of patent right.As is ruled by law, the duration of protection of industrial design is 10 years.有效期(3) According to the case, the shaver with brand of Gillette is a famous quality product made by Gillette company of the USA. The company applied and was granted patent right for its new design in 1993.事实Therefore, we are sufficiently convinced that Gillette company of the USA definitely possesses industrial design patent right of the new designed Gillette shaver, and that the product of Gillettee company is identical with the requirement of the definition, characteristics and patentability of industrial design patent right. Since the Gillette company sued Hangzhou’s plant in 1997 when the protection of its industrial design is still within the duration of protection, the patent right is effective.有权，权有效(4) Any conduct that, a third party makes exploitation of the industrial design without the license from the patentee, or other legal basis, must be justified as acts of infringement to patent.侵权的定义Refering to Article 11 of Patent Law, after the grant of the patent right for a design, no entity or individual may, without the authorization of the patentee, exploit the patent, that is, make, sell or import the product incorporating its or his patented design, for production or business purposes.And such misconduct has the identical characteristics of general acts of infringement in Civil Law. Firstly, the misconductor exploits other’s patent without permission; Secondly, the misconduct is neither approved of in a contract, nor permitted by law.侵权的特征As is mentioned in the case, the kind of disposable bilayer razor produced in Hang Zhou, similar to the Gillette’s patented one on China’s market, has been produced and sold without any permission of Gillette company, based on which we can draw a conclusion that Hangzhou’s plant has produced and sold a patented industrial design without thepatentee’s permission. Such act composes an infrignment of the patent owner’s right.In addition, the court has reaffirmed the infringement: The Hangzhou plant’s products were really somewhat different from the plaintiff's the aspects of head and handle and its products as a whole were also different from the defendant’s, the two kinds of products as a whole were still rather similar with each other in spite of products structure difference.事实（5）All in all, Hangzhou’s plant has violate Gillette’s patent right of industrial design. And the Gillette company in the USA’s requirement that the plantiff should stop producing and selling infringed products and claiming for damages from the defendant ought to be justified as well as approved of by the court.2.(1) Refering to 7.1 and 7.2.1 of Chapter 5 of Part 4 of “Manual of Patent Examining Procedure”, f or industrial right,The identicality of the design refers to that the compared design and the earlier design are the designs of the products in the same class; and all the elements of compared design are identical with the corresponding elements of the earlier design. Wherein, the design elements refer to shape, pattern and color.The products in the same class refer to the products which have the same use.Similarity of Design can be defined that, only for the products in the same or similar class, may the similar designs exist. The so-called products in similar classes refer to the products the use of which is similar.(2) No, the slight difference in aspects of shape, structure between two products can not be regarded as “different” or “not similar”.According to 6.2.3 of Chapter 5 of Part 4 of “Manual of Patent Ex amining Procedure”, we can be convinced that, a design which is a combination of existing design or some features of them, including slight difference from the corresponding parts of the existing design, should be considered as Similarity of Design.In addtion, substituting for another identicle or similar features of other designs, or combining or subsituting the shape, colour and structure for an existing one, neither of both must not be regarded as “different” nor “not similar”.So in the case, Hangzhou’s plant’s pro ducts should be deemed to be a identicality or similarity other than different or not similar.。