大学英语四级阅读理解的篇章段落组织模式

大学英语四级阅读理解的篇章段落组织模式林明金寻找文章或段落的主题是阅读理解中重要的一环节，也是四级阅读理解考查的一个要点。

但文章或段落的（supporting sentences/details）所提供的事实、实例或论据才使文章或段落的主题得到充实和丰富。

作者一般会采用一定的模式来组织辅助性的细节内容，故把握好作者对细节内容的组织模式对所阅读的内容的理解和记忆极为有益。

下面介绍几种基本的篇章段落组织模式：（一）列举法——Addition or Listing（二）过程/程序法——Process（三）类别法——Classification（四）举例法——Example（五）因果法——Cause and Effect.（六）时间顺序法——Time Order.（七）比较/对比法——Comparison and/Contrast.（八）综合法——A Combination of the Above（一）列举法：指对文章或段落的主题或某一观点所提供的细节，作者按照自己喜好的顺序加以排列或罗列。

列举法是一种最常见和最简单的一种细节组织模式。

例如：[主题句] Water is essential for good health. It is necessary for every process of the body like digestion and absorption of food. In addition, water helps control the temperature of the body. It keeps the temperature at 37℃. Water also cleans the tissues.此例是一个典型的列举模式：作者用了三个细节来说明本段的主题。

作者还在此采用了该模式常见的信号词（in addition, also）。

列举法一些常用的信号词还有：and, too, plus, again, besides, moreover, furthermore, first, second，next, in the same way, similarly, etc.列举法在四级阅读测试中也很常见，例如（2000年6月）[主题句]Social support cushions stress in a number of ways. First, friends, relatives, and co-workers may let us know that they value us. Our self-respect is strengthened when we feel accepted by others despite our faults and difficulties. Second, other people often provide us with informational support. They help us to define and understand our problems and find solutions to them. Third, we typically find social companionship supportive. Engaging in leisure-time activities with others helps us to meet our social needs while at the same time distracting(转移...注意力)us from our worries and troubles. Finally, other people may give us instrumental support --- financial aid, material resources, and needed services -- that reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems.在主题句之后，作者列举了四个方面的细节来论证该主题句。

（二）过程/程序法：作者用做事情的一系列步骤的顺序来组织细节，用来说明做某事件的模式，即为过程法。

举例如下：[主题句]Changing a tire is a matter of four simple steps. First, jack up the side of the car highenough to clear the ground. Second, carefully loosen the nuts that hold the tire and rim in place by using lug wrench. Next, remove the flat tire and put the spare tire in place. Now you are ready to put the nuts back on the wheel and tighten them well.此种组织模式在四级阅读测试试题中相当常见。

例如：（2000年6月）Long after the 1998 World Cup was won, disappointed fans were still cursing the disputed refereeing (裁判) decisions that denied victory to their team. A researcher was appointed[中心主题] to study the performance of some top referees.The researcher organized an experimental tournament (锦标赛) involving four youth teams. Each match lasted an hour, divided into three periods of 20 minutes during which different referees were in charge.Observers noted down the referees' errors, of which there were 61 over the tournament. Converted to a standard match of 90 minutes, each referee made almost 23 mistakes, a remarkably high number.The researcher then studied the videotapes to analyse the matches in detail. Surprisingly, he found that errors were more likely when the referees were close to the incident. When the officials got it right, they were, on average, 17 meters away from the action. The average distance in the case of errors was 12 meters. The research shows the optimum (最佳的) distance is about 20 meters.There also seemed to be an optimum speed. Correct decisions came when the referees were moving at a speed of about 2 meters per second. The average speed for errors was 4 meters per second.If FIFA, football's international ruling body, wants to improve the standard of refereeing at the next World Cup,[结论] it should encourage referees to keep their eyes on the action from a distance, rather than rushing to keep up with the ball, the researcher argues.He also says that FIFA's insistence that referees should retire at age 45 may be misguided. If keeping up with the action is not so important,[结论] their physical condition is less critical.这篇短文的细节部分的组织模式即为过程/程序法，作者用了三个步骤：①组织一场实验性的比赛；②记下裁判犯下的错误；③对录像带进行研究。

以此来说明主题“(how) to study the performance of some top referees.”并在文章的最后，给出了两个结论。

考生应当注意区分列举法和过程/程序法，列举法模式中的顺序可以随意调换，但过程/程序法中的顺序不可以随意改变。

（三）类别法：作者在首句或主题句中探讨事物较大一级的类别/种类之后，用首句中大类别属下的小类别对主题进行一一说明或支持的细节组织模式。

常见典型的信号标志：categories, kinds, classes, groups, elements, varieties, 等。

[主题句]There are two factors determine an individual’s intelligence. The first is the sort of brain he is born with. Human brains differ considerably, some being more capable than others. But no matter how good a brain he has to begin with, an individual will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn. So the second factor is what happens to the individual-the sort of environment in which he is reared. If an individual is handicapped environmentally, it is likely that his brain will fail to develop and he will never attain the lever of intelligence of which he is capable.这篇短文所用的模式就是典型的类别法：主题句先提到决定个人智力的因素有两个。