25. 圣米歇尔区(Saint-Michel)的环境复合工程 -- 一个世界级的最佳实践(蒙特利尔 美洲)
2023年一级注册建筑师之建筑设计题库附答案(典型题)
2023年一级注册建筑师之建筑设计题库附答案（典型题）单选题（共100题）1、《人民防空工程设计防火规范》规定，人防工程内应采用防火墙划分防火分区，下列划分错误的是（）。
A.防火分区应在各安全出口处的防火门范围内划分B.工程内设置病房、员工宿舍时应划分独立防火分区，其疏散楼梯可与其他防火分区共用C.水泵房、卫生间、盥洗室等无可燃物的房间，其面积可不计入防火分区的面积之内D.与柴油发电机房或锅炉房配套的储油间、水泵间、风机房等，应与柴油发电机房或锅炉房一起划分为一个防火分区【答案】 B2、在决定居住区规模的因素中，下述哪条不属此例？( )A.区级公建服务半径B.城市干道间距C.居民行政管理体制D.地区气候条件【答案】 D3、中国国家领导人参加了联合国“环境与发展”大会，此后中国政府发布了相应的文件是（）。
A.《中国21世纪议程》B.《中国环境与发展宣言》C.《北京宣言—中国环境与发展》D.《中国气候变化白皮书》【答案】 A4、在幼儿园建筑设计中，下列哪项与规范不符？( )A.走道高差变化处必须设置台阶时，踏步不应少于2步，也不得设扇形踏步B.外廊栏杆高度不应小于1.1m，也不应采用易攀登的花格C.楼梯除设成人扶手外，靠墙一侧应设幼儿扶手，高度不应大于0.6mD.幼儿经常出入的门不应设置弹簧门【答案】 A5、紧靠防火墙两侧的门、窗洞口之间的最近边缘的水平距离不应小于：[1998-097]A.1mB.2mC.3mD.4m【答案】 B6、在西班牙格兰纳达的阿尔罕布拉宫中，有两个著名的院子。
其中比较奢华、供后妃们居住的院子是（）。
A.石榴院B.大理石院C.狮子院D.水晶院【答案】 C7、在选定居住小区中小学校的场地时，下列基本要求哪项是最重要的？( )A.应靠近居住区级道路，便于家长接送B.避免小学生跨越主要城市道路C.应邻近住宅组群，便于小学生上学D.尽可能与中学靠近，以便共同使用活动场地【答案】 B8、为了在设计中把握空间组合的规律性，公共建筑空间按使用性质可以划分为哪些部分？（）A.主要使用部分、次要使用部分、交通联系部分B.公共使用部分、半公共使用部分、半私密使用部分C.室内空间、室外空间、半室内空间D.公共空间、私密空间、共享空间【答案】 A9、下列哪座城市是以其独特的不规则城市布局在中国都市建设史上占有重要地位的？（）A.唐长安B.明南京C.明清北京D.宋东京【答案】 B10、由雅各布斯创作的批判城市规划的著作是（）。
《环境规划与管理》张承中主编 课后练习题答案
第一章1.什么是环境管理，如何理解其内涵？2•什么是环境规划，如何理解其内涵？3.简述环境规划与环境管理的关系。
4.简述联合国人类环境会议的主要成果及其历史功绩。
5.简述联合国环境与发展会议的主要成果及其历史功绩。
6.简述联合国环境与发展首脑会议的召开背景及其主要成果。
7.阅读全球《21世纪议程》和《中国21世纪议程》，并归纳其基本思想和主要内容。
8.简述环境规划与管理的基本任务。
9.简述环境规划与管理的对象与手段。
10.说明环境规划与管理的主要内容，并归纳本书的基本框架。
第二章1.简述我国环境与发展十大对策，并说明各项对策包「含的主要内容。
2.试分析环境政策和环境管理制度的相关关系。
3.请在三类相关政策(产业政策、技术政策、环境经济政策)中选择一类，通过查阅资料，收集汇总该类政策执行过程中，国家有关部门已颁布的各项规定(列出汇总表)。
4.说明我国环境保护法规体系的构成。
5.2000年4月29日第九届全国人大常委会第15次会议审查通过的《大气污染防治法》是该法的第二次修订，请比较该法二次修订的主要内容，并分析我国大气污染防治的发展动向。
6.试比较1996年版《水污染防治法》与1984年版《水污染防治法》内容的变化，并分析我国水污染防治的发展动向。
7.试分析《环境影响评价法》规定开展规划的环境影响评价的原因和目的。
8.简述八项环境管理制度的含义和相关规定。
9.举例说明“土地利用规划制度”实施过程对污染严重城市所采取的补救措施。
10.说明我国环境标准的分类方法，并按污染控制因子分类例表归纳常用环境标准目录。
—-Vr.第三章I.管理的含义是什么？有哪些有代表性的定义？2•什么是管理的二重性特点？试采用管理二重性性质剖析我国环境管理中存在的主要问题。
3.管理思想的发展可分为几个阶段？各阶段划分的依据是什么？4.法约尔一般管理主要包括哪些内容？他的提出的管理职能包括哪几方面？其后哈罗协?孔茨和西里尔?奥唐奈对管理职能的分类又作了什么说明？5.简述现代管理不派中各种学派的管理思想的特点。
AP环境科学教材配套练习题答案
Environmental Science Answers for Chapter ExerciseThe first edition by Mony SuTopic 1 Earth Systems and Resources (10-15%)Chapter 02 Principles of Science and SystemsMultiple Choice Questions1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10B D D B E A AC A B11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20A C C A A A C D A A21 22 23A A DTrue / False Questions24 25 26F F FChapter 14 Geology and Earth ResourcesMultiple Choice Questions1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10C D E D A D B B B C11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20C B A C A E B AD B21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30E C D C B C A A D A31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40B A B EC C C A A B41ATrue / False Questions42 43 44 45 46T T T T FEssay Questions47.The diagram should look similar to Figure 14.8 on p. 307 in the textbook. Arrows should indicate that each rock type can be transformed into the other types, depending on the conditions.Chapter 15 Climate ChangeMultiple Choice Questions1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10A A C C DB B A B D11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20B A DC A BD C C D21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30B A BC A E A B B E31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40B A ACD A D C A A41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50A D D C C CB EC C51 52 53 54 55C A BD DTrue / False Questions56 57 58 59 60 61T T F F F FEssay Questions62.ENSO = El Nino Southern Oscillation. El Nino years typically bring intense storms and heavy rain from California across the Midwestern states. In general, the U.S. sees an increased amount of rainfall during El Nino years. La Nina years normally bring hot, dry weather to most of the U.S. The Pacific northwest (Washington, Oregon) usually has the reverse weather patterns. (Drier during El Nino and wetter during La Nina).63.The Kyoto Protocol is a treaty that was established in Kyoto, Japan in 1997. About 160 nations agreed to cut back on emissions of the main greenhouse gases to help with the problems associated with worldwide climate change. Even though the U.S. played an important role in leading the negotiations at Kyoto, it has never been ratified by the U.S. government. President Bush claims that it would be detrimental to our economy to doso. Several big businesses in the U.S. have joined with four of the largest environmental groups to call for strong national legislation to ultimately achieve significant reductions of greenhouse gases. These are huge companies that can make a major impact (GE, Alcoa, BP Gas, etc.) if they are successful. On an individual level, there are many things that can be done including: driving less, driving a fuel-efficient vehicle, planting trees, producing less waste (recycle or compost when possible), adjusting thermostats-especially when not at home, insulating your home, purchasing energy-efficient appliances, turning off lights, computers and other energy-consuming items when not in use, etc.Chapter 17 Water Use and ManagementMultiple Choice Questions1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10C A B A B C A C A A11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20D C A C C D B AE E21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30B D DC E B A C A A31 32 33 34 35 36D C D C B ATrue / False Questions37 38 39 40T F T FEssay Questions41.By comparison, both projects have the same purpose. That is to divert or transfer water from one region to another. In California, there is plentiful rainfall in the north, so excess water is pumped to the south. In China, it is the reverse. Southern China has plentiful water and will be pumping it to the north where it is scarcer. In California, much of the original project was done rather underhandedly. In the early 1900s, land in northern California was quietly purchased by persons in power in Los Angeles. Eventually, they controlled over 90% of the water rights in the Owens Valley area of northern California. They built a huge aqueduct and transported the water to the south. So much water was transferred that the Owens River became dry for much of its course and Owens Lake, which was fed by the river, completely disappeared. In the 1940s, even more water was needed, so sources even further north were tapped to increase the supply. Another lake in this area lost half of its volume. This had serious environmental effects by decimating the population of brine shrimp that lived in the lake. This in turn decreased the number of waterbirds that relied on the shrimp as a food source. After many years of legal issues, the California Water Resources Board ruled in 1994 that LA must allow some water to replenish Lake Mono (the second lake affected). By 2014, the lake must be returned to its 1964 level. Some increase has been seen so far. The ecology also seems to be recovering slowly in this area. In China, a huge multi-year, multi-billion dollar project is now underway to transfer water from southern to northern China. This will involve not one, but three separate routes to transfer the water to the needed regions. There are many problems and issues that will need to be dealt with. One issue is that water polluted by sewage and industrial waste is being transferred. Even though some areas are extremely dry, they are reluctant to accept this water. One of the routes will be extremely expensive and probably will not reach completion until at least 2050. This route will tunnel through mountains and over deep canyons. In addition, if global warming melts all of Tibet's glaciers, it may not be feasible in the long run. Environmental scientists worry that drawing from the Yangtze River will only worsen its pollution problems. Drawing water away from rivers on which millions rely only makes pollution problems worse. Downstream wetlands may also dry up, and ocean circulation may even be affected.42.Should include at least some of the following, but may include others as well. ▪ don't flush every time you use the toilet ▪ don't let the faucet run when washing hands, dishes, or brushing teeth ▪ take shorter showers ▪ use water-efficient plumbing fixtures ▪ check for leaky plumbing ▪ xeriscaping ▪ use recycled (gray) water for outside uses (if possible)—watering lawn, washing car, etc. ▪ run dishwasher only when fullTopic 2 The Living World (10-15%)Chapter 03 Matter, Energy, and LifeMultiple Choice Questions1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10E A B D E C C D E C11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20B E DC E A B E C A21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30B A B DC B C E A C31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40B DC AD A C B B E41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50E D D E A D E D A C51 52 53B E ATrue / False Questions54 55 56 57T T T FEssay Questions58.IV is false. There are many types of biogeochemical cycles, including carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur.59.Points awarded on depth and accuracy of answer. Answer should mention sunlight as the starting point for all energy and transfer of energy through living things in the foodchain/web (including energy lost as heat along each step of the pathway).60.Should include the following: carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, taken up by photosynthesis and released by cellular respiration (same in the oceans); carbon stored in the oceans; carbon deposits (dead organisms) forming calcium carbonate (limestone) on the ocean floor; carbon deposition from dead plants and animals millions of years ago formed today's fossil fuels.Chapter 04 Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species InteractionsMultiple Choice Questions1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10D C B B B A D DE A11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20B D BC BD C A A B21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30D A B D B B D D A D31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40A ABCD A A C A D41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48E C A E A E B BChapter 05 BiomesMultiple Choice Questions1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10B C A B C D B B D D11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20D C D C B BE B A C21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30D A B D C CE E D D31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40C B B BD B A A B A41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50C E E B C B B C C C51DTrue / False Questions52 53 54 55 56F T F T TChapter 11 BiodiversityMultiple Choice Questions1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10C CD AE C A A C D11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20D C D A B C C BE B21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30A D C CBC AD D B31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40A D D D A DB BC D41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48D B A B CE B ATrue / False Questions49 50 51 52 53T F T T FEssay Questions54.Should include some of the following, but may include others as well. 1) We have a large variety of food sources to choose from—all types of grains, starches, fruits, vegetables, seafood, and meat. 2) Pollinators provide us with many of our food sources, so they are also extremely important. They include birds, insects, and bats. 3) Bacteria and fungi provide us with many antibiotics. 4) Bacteria and fungi are also very beneficial as decomposers—cycling of nutrients. 5) Many plants have provided us with numerous drugs used to treat all types of diseases and illnesses. There are many discovered and undiscovered plants that may have medicinal potential. 6) Organisms provide us with ecological services that are invaluable to us—things like soil formation, water purification, production of oxygen, etc. 7) Organisms provide us with the opportunity for recreation—camping in a forest, fishing, horseback riding, etc. 8) Biodiversity can be economically beneficial. Many countries are now turning to ecotourism—making income by maintaining the natural environment for visitors to enjoy.55.Will vary depending upon the region you live in.Topic 3 Population (10-15%)Chapter 06 Population BiologyMultiple Choice Questions1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10A D CB A B ECD B11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20A EBC B A E E C E21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30A C ABCDE C E D31 32 33 34 35 36D B A C D ATrue / False Questions37 38 39 40T F F TChapter 07 Human PopulationsMultiple Choice Questions1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10C E E E E E A B A C11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20C A B A B E CD C A21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30C E B A A E E B B C31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40A B D B D C A B A E41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50B E DC E A B A A CD E B E C A D D E BTrue / False Questions61 62 63 64F T T TEssay Questions65.General trends, not numbers, should be included. There are three basic trends: 1) Rapidly growing countries - characterized by high birth and death rates, high fertility rates, and typically, high emigration rates 2) Stable populations - characterized by low birth and death rates, low fertility rates, and low emigration rates 3) Negative growth countries - characterized by death rates higher than birth rates, (however, both are low), extremely low fertility rates, (typically less than the 2.1 replacement rate) and low emigration rates66.x-axis should be labeled with increasing years of education, y-axis should be labeled with increasing rates of infant mortality. Graph should show a decline in infant mortality rates as years of education increase. Please include X and Y axis label, appropriate scales on the axes, and a legend.Topic 4 Land and Water Use (10-15%)Chapter 09 Food and HungerMultiple Choice Questions1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10C CD B D DE A C AE E B D A C C D D A21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28D C D B AE A DTrue / False Questions29 30 31 32 33 34T F F T T FEssay Questions35.Genetic recombination involves removing specific genes from one organisms and inserting them into another. This type of technology allows for many advantages. Someone who sees the positive benefits of this technology would be a technological optimist. Scientists working in this field would obviously see the benefits; opponents would most likely not be those in the field of genetic engineering. There are many benefits including: improved crops (yield, pest and disease resistance, salt tolerance, etc.), vaccines could be placed in foods like bananas and potatoes, insulin and other hormones can be mass-produced relatively cheaply.Chapter 10 Farming: Conventional and Sustainable PracticesMultiple Choice Questions1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10A B B E C D C E E A11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20B B EC C B E B C B21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30B E D D BC E B E B31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40A D AB B BC C B E41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50B D BC B A C B A AD B CE E D B A E A61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70B AC E C A E C E B71 72 73 74C D E BTrue / False Questions75 76 77 78 79 80T T T F F TEssay Questions81.Industrial farming produces very large amount of foods—in fact more than enough to feed the world's population (if distributed evenly).However, a large amount of this food goes to waste. The use of pesticides in industrial farming is very high and this results in many environmental problems—Poisoning nontarget species, including beneficial predators, pesticide resistance, reproductive problems in nontarget species, persistence and mobility—all can affect humans and animals thousands of miles away. Pesticides are also responsible for a myriad of human health problems. Organic farming does not result in as great a yield as industrial.However, it is much more eco-friendly. It leaves the soil in much better condition and since prices paid for organic products are higher than conventional, net returns are typically higher with organic crops. Since no pesticides are used, there are no negative health effects or other negative impacts associated with this type of farming.82.Should include at least some of the following, but may include others. ▪ buy organic—should contain no pesticides ▪ wash and scrub all fresh fruits and vegetables to remove residues ▪ peel fruits and vegetables when possible to remove all traces of pesticides ▪ throw away the outer leaves of leafy vegetables to remove highest concentration of pesticides ▪ store food carefully to avoid mold or bacterial growth—these organisms can produce their own toxins ▪ cook foods that you suspect have pesticides to break down residues ▪ trim the fat from meat, chicken, and fish—fat contains the highest concentrations of pesticides ▪ reduce the amount of meat in your diet to reduce your pesticide intake ▪ don't pick and eat wild berries that may have been sprayed—it's better to be safe—wash them first ▪ grow your own fruits and vegetables—then you know exactly where the food came from! Chapter 12 Biodiversity: Preserving LandscapesMultiple Choice Questions1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10D B C D D B A A C A11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20A B C B C A C D A B21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30D E B C C C B C C B31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40B A E B B D D EC B41 42 43 44C D C BTrue / False Questions45 46 47T T TEssay Questions48.Old growth forests have the following characteristics: very high levels of biodiversity, many unique species live only in old-growth forests, they accumulate more total biomass in standing vegetation per unit area than any other ecosystem, little or no erosion, nutrient-rich soil, only a small percentage remains and large percentages of that are scheduled to be harvested, the most valuable of these forests are protected (at least for now). Tree farms have the following characteristics: the types and sizes of trees can vary depending upon the cutting technique that is used; however, most are made up of one type of tree, most of which are about the same age and size (clear-cutting), typically soil erosion is prevalent due to lack of undergrowth, rotting logs, and other vegetation, soil is also typically nutrient-poor (no vegetation to be recycled—everything is removed), very little biodiversity due to little variation in habitat, alternative methods of cutting such as selective cutting are much better environmentally—decreases erosion, improves soil quality, increases biodiversity among other benefits.49.Brazil has the largest amount of land in protected status as of now. The majority of this protected land is in the Amazon basin. Nine new protected areas in the northern Amazon basin were established in 2006 (along the borders of Suriname and Guyana). About half of this newly protected land will be strictly protected and will create the largest tropical forest reserve in the world. In contrast to this is the Pantanal. This is the world's largestwetland/savanna complex (somewhat similar to the Florida everglades). Some of the regions of the Pantanal have even greater amounts of biodiversity than the Amazon basin. However, most of this region is privately owned and so far, very little of it has any protected status.Chapter 13 Restoration EcologyMultiple Choice Questions1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10D C AE E A E D A B11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20C A E E B BD C A A21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30A C D E A A C E A A31 32 33 34D D B ATrue / False Questions35 36 37 38 39T F F T TEssay Questions40.The intent of both is obviously to preserve the prairie. However, it is being approached in two completely different ways. The Nature Conservancy (TNC) is cooperating with local ranchers and allowing them to continue grazing cattle on most of the land (which TNC owns) in exchange for specific conservation measures including protection of prairie dog colonies and sage grouse nests. They must also control weed growth. TNC's approach is that by keeping ranch families working on the land, it preserves their lifestyle and at the same time, preserves the biodiversity of the Great Plains. Close by, the American Prairie Foundation (APF) is going about preservation by a completely different route. They have purchased approximately the same amount of land as TNC (close to 60,000 acres). Instead of continuing to allow cattle ranching, they will remove all fences and buildings and return the area to wilderness. They also plan to return wildlife including elk, bison, wolves and grizzly bears to the land. Nearby ranchers are not thrilled with the prospect of the predators being returned, as they feel their livestock will be threatened. Many also are not happy that the funding is coming mainly from Wall Street or Silicon Valley in California. They are upset that people with money from the outside are forcing changes upon them. They worry about restrictions that may be placed on the land. The APF defends its side by saying that tourism, bird-watching, and hunting will be allowed on nearly all of its lands and that this will bring in more income than raising cattle.41.Should include some of the following: 1) To reduce sediment influx (erosion from stream banks or other areas), several different methods may be employed including planting ground cover on banks or uplands; gullies that empty into the stream may be filled with rocks or brush; barriers can be used to deflect the current away from the stream banks or to trap sediment (these may include weirs, vanes, dams, logs, bundled brush, root wads, etc.)—these can actually be beneficial in carving out deep pools in the stream bottom, which provide excellent habitat for fish and other organisms; stabilizing stream banks—should be no more than 45 degrees to minimize erosion; soil can be held in place by plants, rocks, or other ground cover; if there is not enough space to recontour, steep banks will need to be supported by rock walls, riprap, or embedded tree trunks.Chapter 22 Urbanization and Sustainable CitiesMultiple Choice Questions1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10D D AE E B C B E A11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20C B CD C A B A B C21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30C A B A B A A C E E31 32 33 34C C B DTrue / False Questions35 36 37 38 39T T F F TEssay Questions40.Push factors: no jobs, lack of food, inadequate housing, political conflicts, racial conflicts, religious conflicts Pull factors: opportunity for education, variety of jobs, entertainment, freedom, social mobility, prestige, power41.Should contain some of the following information and may include others as well. Compare: Both are communities of living things along with the physical environment; both are affected by the abiotic conditions; both have a constant flow of matter and energy cycling through both living and non-living; both involve niches; both have fairly distinctboundaries. Contrast: Cities involve only humans—other species may live there, but are not an integral part of the functioning city; people not affected so much by abiotic factors (e.g., temp. is regulated by A/C and heating, go to work whether it is raining or snowing); many human activities and inputs are part of a city, but not an ecosystem (city foundation, drainage, sewage, pollution, garbage, etc.); infrastructure completely different—man-made in cities, natural in ecosystems.Chapter 23 Ecological EconomicsMultiple Choice Questions1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10E C E A C B B C C D11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20C A CD D A BE B E21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30D A D C A B BE B D31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40C E B C A ADE A E41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48A AB E D A B ATrue / False Questions49 50 51 52 53T T T F FEssay Questions54.Should look like Fig. 23.7 on p. 521 in textbook.55.Should include some of the following answers: Economist: focus on human resources (buildings, roads, labor); natural systems essential but externalized; manufactured capital is regarded as scarce and valuable; natural capital is regarded as plentiful and cheap; as one natural resource becomes scarce, a substitute will easily be found; based on supply and demand. Ecologist: focus on value of natural services; natural services are internalized; manufactured capital is very large (not really valuable) and puts stresses on natural resources; recycling is important; limited supplies of natural capital, which is valuable and often fragile.Topic 5 Energy Resources and Consumption (10–15%)Chapter 19 Conventional EnergyMultiple Choice Questions1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10A C EB D D E A D E11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20A A CB D A D A B B21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30D C A D AE A E E B31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40C A BD A B D B D C41 42 43 44 45A B C E BTrue / False Questions46 47 48 49 50 51F F T T F FEssay Questions52.In your evaluation, provide the pros and cons and the context in which each energy source would work best.53.Answers should contain at least some of the following but may contain others.Chapter 20 Sustainable EnergyMultiple Choice Questions1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10B BC AD C C B A B11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20E B D E C C C D C C21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30E E B E A C E A C B31 32 33 34 35A A C A BTrue / False Questions36 37 38 39 40 41F T T F F FEssay Questions42.Solar energy would be the best option for this situation. The new amorphous silicon collectors can be made into lightweight, paper-thin sheets that can be layered right on to roof tiles. A tropical country implies that it is warm and sunny year-round, providing the optimalconditions for solar collection. These collectors are already currently being used in remote places without access to conventional power, so this would be a perfect place for this technology. Homes and offices can be built without power plants and power lines; no fuels would need to be purchased; and you would have no monthly energy bills. Prices of solar electricity are dropping each year and will be competitive with conventional power (fossil fuels) by 2020. Even though the start-up cost may be more currently, in the long run the solar power will more than pay for itself.43.Should contain some of the items listed in the table below.Topic 6 Pollution (25-30%)Chapter 08 Environmental Health and ToxicologyMultiple Choice Questions1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10D E D A C A B D A A11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20B ACD B C B B A D21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30D E C D B A A E D A31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40D A B A B DE E C A41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50B C A B A E D C B C51 52 53 54 55C D E C ATrue / False Questions56 57 58 59 60T T T F TEssay Questions61.You would most likely be worried because: (should mention at least one from each category) 1) They may cause kidney and/or liver damage. 2) They may cause some types of cancer. 3) They can act as endocrine disrupters, affecting sex hormones; this can lead to reproductive abnormalities and decreased fertility as well as low sperm counts and decreased sperm motility.62.Should look like Fig. 8.16 in textbook (see explanation for the below figure).Chapter 16 Air PollutionMultiple Choice Questions1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10E A B C D A B C B A11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20E C C B A E A B D C21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30A A D C D D EB A D31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40C E E B AD CE A C41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49B BC BD B D B ATrue / False Questions50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57F F F F T F F FEssay Questions58.Both are formed by atmospheric oxygen (O2) combining with an atom of singlet oxygen (O). In the troposphere, ozone is a major component of smog. It is formed as a photochemical oxidant, resulting mainly from too many hydrocarbons in the air. It is a strong oxidizing agent and damages vegetation and buildings. It is also an irritant to the lungs and eyes. It can be very harmful to persons with underlying respiratory conditions, so itis considered a pollutant. Its role in the stratosphere is completely different. It acts as a UV filter, providing earth with a "natural" shield from incoming solar radiation. When it becomes depleted, due mainly to CFCs, excess UV makes it through the ozone layer. This results in increased incidence of skin cancer and eye damage in humans. It is also harmful to crops, which may show decreased productivity.Chapter 18 Water PollutionMultiple Choice Questions1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10C ED C A B A A C C11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20C B A B CD B C A B21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30D CE E D A E E E A31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40B C A E D A A C A B41 42D ETrue / False Questions43 44 45 46F F F TEssay Questions47.Point ▪ Examples include factories, power plants, sewage treatment plants, underground coal mines, and oil wells ▪ Pollution is discharged from specific locations (e.g., drain pipes, smoke stacks, ditches, sewer outfalls) ▪ Discrete and identifiable, so are relatively easy to monitor and regulate ▪ Generally feasible to divert effluent from the waste stream and treat it before it is released into the environment Nonpoint ▪ Examples include runoff from farm fields and feedlots, golf courses, lawns and gardens, construction sites, logging areas, roads, streets, and parking lots ▪ There is no specific location where they discharge, so it can end up in water anywhere ▪ Typically are scattered or diffuse ▪ Amount of runoff is seasonal (varies with times and amounts of precipitation); heavy rainfalls may flush or carry a lot of pollutants into lakes, rivers, and other bodies of water at one time ▪ Much more difficult to monitor, regulate, and treat48.BOD is one way to measure the amount of bacteria in a water sample. Organic wastes, including sewage, paper pulp, or food, are very rich in certain nutrients—especially nitrogen and phosphorus. Once in aquatic ecosystems, these nutrients stem the growth of decomposing bacteria. These bacteria consume large amounts of oxygen. The BOD can give us an approximation of the amount of organic waste in the water based on the oxygen content. The effects of oxygen-demanding wastes on bodies of water depend on the volume, flow, and temperature of the water. In general, a characteristic decline in oxygen is seen downstream from a point source (e.g., discharge pipe). This is called the oxygen sag. Farther downstream, levels of oxygen will eventually return to normal. A diagram similar to Fig. 18.7 on p. 402 in the text (showing the relationship between BOD and oxygen sag) should be drawn with appropriate labels. Zones, oxygen levels, and types of organisms may be included in this diagram.。
《环境规划与管理》复习题及答案
《环境规划与管理》考试复习提纲——1/2/3/4/8章（LL部分）1．环境管理的里程碑事件a)1962年，美国海洋生物学家蕾切尔·卡逊（Rachel Carson）发表《寂静的春天》，该书通过对污染物迁移、变化特别是滥用杀虫剂DDT后果的描写，向人们阐述了海洋、天空、河流、土壤、动物、植物和人类之间的密切关系。
b)1972年，罗马俱乐部公布《增长的极限》研究报告，分析了世界人口、工业发展、污染、粮食生产和资源消耗五种因素之间的互动关系，认为以当时的人口与工业增长发展下去，世界将面临“崩溃”，解决问题的方法是限制增长即“零增长”。
c)1972年6月，联合国在瑞典斯德哥尔摩召开人类环境会议，这是第一个关于环境问题的世界性会议。
该会议通过了《联合国人类环境会议宣言》文件，《宣言》将会议形成的共同看法和制定的共同原则加以总结，提出了7个共同观点和26项共同原则，初步构筑起环境规划与管理思想和理论的总体框架。
d)1974年，在墨西哥，由联合国环境规划署和联合国贸易与发展会议联合召开的资源利用、环境与发展战略方针专题讨论会上形成了三点共识：①全人类的一切基本需要应得到满足；②要发展以满足需要，但又不能超出生物圈的容许极限；③协调这两个目标的方法即环境管理。
e)1983年第38届联大通过决议，成立联合国“世界环境与发展委员会”(Word Commission on Environment and Development简称 WCED)。
次年，挪威首相布伦特兰夫人(Gro Harlem Brundtland)出任该委员会主席，并以“持续发展”为纲领，制定“全球的变革日程”。
f)1987年，第42届联合国大会通过《我们共同的未来》(Our Common Future)报告，提出“可持续发展”的概念，并给出了如下定义，“人类有能力使发展持续下去，也能保证使之满足当前的需要，而不危及下一代满足其需要的能力”。
劳伦斯·哈尔普林 RSVP环重点讲解
RSVP循环——人类在环境中的创造过程
2.RSVP循环——人类在环境中的创造过程
·我们的地球是一个复杂的整体，地球及其生命的创造与发 展演变过程是由许多力量产生彼此的相互作用而造成的，各 种力量相互作用、相互影响，共同推动了自然界的发展演变。
· 我们人类社会也是一个错综复杂联系的整体,不同的地区，
目录
1.走近大师劳伦斯·哈尔普林 2.《RSVP循环——人类在环境中的创造过程》 3.关于RSVP循环理论的思考 4.后话
1.走近大师劳伦斯·哈尔普林
生平简介：
·阶段一 —关键词（出生、学生）
1916： 劳伦斯•哈尔普林出生于纽约Bronx并在Brooklyn长大。他 的父亲是一家科学仪表公司的经理，母亲是犹太复国主义的一名领 军人物。 1933-1935：哈尔普林协助了海法（现以色列）一个集体农场的建立。 1935-1939：在体验了两年群居生活并接触了多样工作后，他回到美 国并希望可以学习到一些能在荒漠上经营农场的技术。哈普林后来 被美国康奈尔大学建筑系录取，在此取得了植物科学学士学位，并 学习了生态学理论。 1940： 在威斯康辛大学农学硕士学习期间， 他遇到了安娜•舒曼 （Anna Ashuma）， 一个舞者，然后二人相爱结婚并各自成为了其 领域的革新者。之后的岁月中，两人经常应用对方学习领域的知识 来开拓自己学科的邦界。 1940：在造访了赖特（Frank Lloyd Wright）的塔里艾森工作室和 阅读了唐纳德的《现代景观花园》后，哈尔普林决定学习风景园林。 1942：他获得了去哈佛设计研究院学习的奖学金，在此，他师从当 时的先锋现代主义者包括 瓦尔特•格罗皮乌斯（Walter Gropius）， 唐纳德（Tunnad）， 和莫霍利•纳基（Laszlo Moholy Nagy）。他 的同学包括贝聿铭（I.M. Pei），保罗•鲁道夫Paul Rudolph, 和飞 利浦•约翰逊（Phillip Johnson）。德国包豪斯（Bauhaus）创始人 格罗皮乌斯对哈普林影响尤其之大。
《设计结合自然》电子版
Design With Nature（设计结合自然）I.L.麦克哈格[推荐]Design With Nature（设计结合自然）I.L.麦克哈格目录绪言城市与乡村海洋与生存－－沙丘的形成与新泽西海岸的研究困境－－东西方对人与自然的关系的态度前进一步－－里士满林园大路选线方案研究模子和囊膜－－环境和环境的形成大城市地区内的自然－－费城大城市地区开放空间和空气库的研究社会准则对社会准则的回应－－沃辛顿河谷地区研究世界好比是一个宇宙舱视发展过程为价值－－纽约斯塔滕岛环境评价研究自然主义者流域－－波托马克河流域的研究大城市地区－－华盛顿西北部地区自然要素和土地利用的研究发展过程和形式城市：发展过程和形式－－华盛顿特区的分析研究城市：健康和病理－－费城的健康和病理调查研究展望绪言迄今为止，从整体上研究人及其环境相互关系的著作：既研究行星与恒星、岩石、土壤和海洋等所谓物质宇宙，又研究栖息在地球上的生物，即研究使人成为现在这样的所有力量和生物的著作，仍为数不多，有关人类本身的这种知识的研究，发展是缓慢的；因为早先的希腊思想家，或是孤立地研究人，或是在研究自然时忽视了人的存在；为了想文凤法增进人自身的生存，好象人和自然的任何一部分知识，只要通过人脑提供的各种手段和符号文字就能理解。
至少从西方的传统来说，自希波克拉底(Hippocrates,公元前460－375，希腊著名医生、有医学之父的美名－译注）的医学名著<<空气、水和场地>>开始，第一次公开承认：人的生命，无论生病还是健康，都是和自然力量息息相关的；自然是不可抗拒和征服的，倒是必须了解它的规律，尊重它的忠告，把它当作盟友来对待。
<<设计结合自然>>是这以后少数这类重要的收籍中的又一本杰出的著作。
这种西方传统的某些方面以后由医学界继续保持下去，因为人只要无知地违返了自然规律，很快就会受到身心失调的惩罚；但是，虽然努力去克服流行病和传染病有时会取得很小一点环境改善，但这种防治措施没能在人及其环境之间建立一个健全的动作关系，而这种关系却能为维持和提高人类生活而正确地发挥所有潜在的可能性。
法国世界文化遗产赏析
4.韦泽尔峡谷洞穴群与史前遗迹 （Prehistoric Sites and Decorated Caves of the Vézère Valley）
所属大区：阿斯坦大区 列入时 间：1979.12 列入标准：ⅠⅢ 韦泽尔峡谷包括147个旧石器时 代的史前遗址和25个内有壁画 的洞穴。这里无论是从民族学 、人类学还是美学角度来看， 都非常令人感兴趣，因为这里 的壁画，特别是1940年发现的 拉斯科洞岩壁画，对研究人类 史前艺术史有着非常重要的意 义。壁画中的打猎场面有约100 种动物形象，描绘细致，色彩 丰富，栩栩如生
入时间：1982.12 列入标准： ⅠⅡⅣ 阿尔克-塞南皇家盐场位于贝桑松 附近，是由克劳德· 尼古拉斯· 杜 勒创建的。它始创于路易十六统 治时期的1775年，是工业建筑上 第一个重大成就，反映了启蒙的 进步思想。
12.圣塞文-梭尔-加尔坦佩教堂 （Abbey Church of Saint-Savin sur Gartempe）
22.里昂历史遗迹（ Historic Site of Lyons）
所属大区：皮卡第大区 列入 时间：1981.12 列入标准： ⅠⅡ 亚眠大教堂位于皮卡第 (Picardy)地区中心，是13世纪 最大的古典哥特式教堂之一。 整个教堂规划连贯协调，正面 三层塔式向内高挺，造型优美 ，主厅和南交叉甬道的侧厅里 装饰有极富古典美的雕刻，别 具一格。
7.阿尔勒城的古罗马建筑 (Arles, Roman and Romanesque Monuments)
20.米迪运河 （Canal du Midi）
所属大区：南部-比利牛斯大区 朗格 多克-鲁西永大区 列入时间： 1996.12 列入标准：ⅠⅡⅣⅥ 米迪运河总长360公里，各类船只通 过运河在地中海和大西洋间穿梭往 来，整个航运水系涵盖了船闸、沟 渠、桥梁、隧道等328个大小不等的 人工建筑，创造了世界现代史上最 辉煌的土木工程奇迹。运河建于 1667年至1694年之间，为工业革命 开辟了道路。运河设计师皮埃尔－ 保罗· 德里凯(Pierre-Paul Riquet)在 设计上独具匠心。
再生建筑学被遗忘另一条道路
再生建筑学被遗忘另一条道路大凡到过欧美等发达国家的人士，都会对那里成百上千年的街道建筑还在健康得体的使用留下深刻的印象。
比如遍布巴黎每个角落的小型家庭旅馆，大多就是由一二栋多层私用住宅改建而成的；还有最大量的街铺，早先也都是单纯的住宅而已，经过精心改造装修之后，仿佛就像是针对每家不同商铺量身定做过的一般，其格调气氛变得十分鲜明而妥帖...然而这一切的成功背后，无不蕴藏着再生建筑学的技术的力量。
时尚家居再生建筑学(renewal architecture)起源于欧洲的十九世纪中叶，当时以工业革命成果为代表的现代生活方式逐渐成为社会的主流，传统以居住为主的封闭社区和街区开始让位于以交流—娱乐—购物等现代商业空间需求，于是从阿姆斯特丹/威尼斯/摩纳哥等港口城市为先端，在全欧洲乃至对岸的美国开始了大量性的建筑再生运动，直到第一次世界大战爆发，许多是中世纪的成熟城市都已经改造完成与现代生活方式的初步对接，同时，经过理论与实践的积累，再生建筑学也逐步形成一门独立而完整的技术科学。
到了二战结束，面对满目疮痍遍体鳞伤的大中小城市，欧洲各国建设规划当局在一次祭起再生建筑学的大旗，通过再现重建、改造修缮、增建扩建、功能代换等诸多方式，终于在不长的时间内使大多数遭受严重毁坏的城市获得了再生。
本人之所以颇费口舌的啰嗦上述文字，其实是希望试图描述再生建筑学的一种时代背景，以及它所具有的不可估量的物质与文化价值。
众所周知，现中国成立已经五十多年了，单从建设的规模和速度而言，中国足以称得上是人类建设史上的奇迹。
然而，我们又不无遗憾的看到：前五十年的建设成果，在今天轰轰烈烈的房地产运动中一栋栋、一排排、一片片的被推倒重来!而更可怕的是，重新建设的成果当中，又有相当一大批其实只是简单的变换了一下内部平面的布局以及外立面的装饰风格，而所有建筑部件的品质和空间的性质并没有得到实质性的提升。
以改革开放以来的二十多年为例，全国住宅建设总量已经达到二百多亿平方米，而通过抽样调查显示：其中约占70%以上的住宅满足不了现行《住宅建筑标准》(gb50368-2005)的要求。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
25. 圣米歇尔区(Saint-Michel)的环境复合工程 -- 一个世界级的最佳实践(蒙特利尔美洲)
圣—米歇尔区的城市垃圾填埋场改造与环境复合
蒙特利尔的市位于加拿大东南部圣劳伦斯河下游，2002年1月1日由蒙特利尔岛28个城市合并而成。
城市绕山而起，面积494平方公里，人口180万。
全市人口中75％信奉天主教。
蒙特利尔是全国最大的海运、内河航运港口和铁路、公路、航空枢纽，也是加拿大工商业、金融业和文化体育中心。
展示方案的主题有三个：一、蒙特利尔，清洁技术的城市，指的是垃圾填埋场的改造和废弃物回收管理；二、蒙特利尔，绿色的岛屿，指景观建设和自然空间的重建；三、蒙特利尔，包容的城市、文化的城市和创造的城市，突出文化和创意。
方案的核心，就是圣—米歇尔环境复合工程，展示通过酝酿改造圣—米歇尔住宅区中心地带（蒙特利尔东北角）臭气熏天的垃圾填埋场，预期形成集体育、教育文化、休闲和环境技术于一体的大型综合中心（CESM），极好地体现了蒙特利尔对可持续城市化的发展。
它的科研和实验功能也得到了很大加强。
蒙特利尔市产生的垃圾都将运动市外，2012年垃圾再生项目完成时，整个垃圾的回收率将达到60%。
住宅区中心的垃圾填埋场
蒙特利尔旧垃圾场原址——采石场
蒙特利尔圣米歇尔综合生态环境区位于城市东北部，占地192公顷，1925年开始作为采石场，出产石灰石。
1968年停止采石，开始作为垃圾填埋场，鼎盛时发展成为北美第三大垃圾填埋场。
由于圣米歇尔旧垃圾填埋场紧邻居民生活区，填埋垃圾对周边环境造成污染，一是垃圾异味难闻，二是噪声严重，三是众多繁忙的垃圾运输卡车造成交通堵塞，还有垃圾填埋场吸引了大批鸟类啄食垃圾，影响了当地居民的生活环境，引起周边居民反对。
垃圾填埋场吸引了大批鸟类啄食垃圾
市政府决定对旧垃圾填埋场进行改造：
原采石场（垃圾场）改造成为一个大公园，为市民提供丰富的体育、文化、娱乐活动，以及建设与环境保护相关的大规模的教育培训和环保技术基地。
具体做法：1、修复污染土；
2、促进垃圾废弃物有效管理；
3、按照有利于发展环境、教育、娱乐、文化等活动为要求进行场地布局规划；
4、设立废弃物循环利用基金。
土地修复：
圣米歇尔旧垃圾场改造工程始于1997年，首先对沼气进行收集，设置了400多个沼气采集点，埋设沼气收集管线21公里，建造了沼气发电厂，供给周边12，000户居民用电，另外提供给圣米歇尔综合生态环境区接待馆以及音乐大厅供能需求，同时每天通过专门的管线处理污水1500立方米。
然后，最重要的一点就是覆土，70米的垃圾层上面有一个1.2米的覆土层，用的是好土，并在上面种上花草。
沼气采集
整治之后，现在这里建有一座废料鉴定中心、一座沼气和垃圾滤渗液回收中心、一家可再利用材料分拣中心、太阳马戏团的世界总部和TOHU马戏城，如干年后，这里还将成为蒙特利尔最大的公园之一。
马戏团的露天帐篷
居民在改造好的公园内散步
增添乔木和灌木等绿色资源，建立多娱环保马戏城。