Herman Melville简介
HermanMelville赫尔曼.梅尔维尔
His major works
Novels Typee《泰比》(1846) Ommo 《欧穆》(1847) Mardi《玛地》(1849) Redburn《雷德本》(1849) White Jacket《白外衣》(1850) Moby Dick or The Whale《白鲸》《莫比•狄克》(1851) Pierre《皮埃尔》(1852) Israel Potter《伊斯雷尔•波特》(1855) The Confidence-Man《骗子的化妆表演》(1857) Billy Budd《比利•巴德》(1924)
Early life
In 1819, Melville was born in New York City. Both his parents came from well-to-do families.
When he was 11, his father, a businessman, suffered heavy financial losses (亏损) and soon died from worry and illness.
He dropped out of school when he was 15. Family circumstances was worse he had to seek job.
He worked as a store clerk, a bank messenger and a teacher.
In 1842, Melville jumped off ship in the Marquesas Islands. There, he for a month was the captive of cannibal tribe（食人族）.
Inห้องสมุดไป่ตู้1843, he served as seaman on the man-of-war United States.
赫尔曼·麦尔维尔
Herman Melville
赫尔曼·麦尔维尔
（1819-1891）
赫尔曼·梅尔维尔（1819-1891）
地位 19世纪美国最伟大的小说家、散文家和诗人之一，
与纳撒尼尔·霍桑齐名，梅尔维尔身前没有引起应 有的重视，在20世纪二十年代声名鹊起，被普遍 认为是美国文学的巅峰人物之一。 英国作家毛姆 认为他的《白鲸》是世界十大文学名著之一，其 文学史地位更在马克·吐温等人之上。梅尔维尔也 被誉为美国的“莎士比小说家之一， 也是美国象征主义文学大师。他不仅是小说 家, 而且还是一位卓越的哲学家和诗人, 他以极 其敏锐的目光关注着自己生活的时代及其社会 变迁。一生潦倒不得意，他的作品在当时大多 也不受欢迎，其代表作品《白鲸》就像任何一 部真正的艺术作品一样， 散发着象征与寓言的 意味。这些象征手法贯穿小说始终，从而揭示 出梅尔维尔的人与自然观：人类应该观察探索 自然， 人类若狂妄地反抗自然， 就会导致毁 灭。
作品分类
纵观麦尔维尔的创作实践，他的作品可以分成三 大类：第一类是他早期的和一些不太知名的小说。 这些作品大都是依据某些史实和作者本人的海上 经历而创作的，其中也包括寓言性很强的《玛 迪》。第二类是《白鲸》，这是作者的登峰造极 之作。第三类是他的后期作品。这一时期的作品 比他的早期作品略为知名一些，其中有不少堪称 大手笔的短篇和诗作，如他的《贝尼托·塞莱诺》、 《书记员巴特尔比》、《比利·巴德》和诗集《克 拉莱尔》、《战事集》等就是这一时期的典型之 作。
Herman Melville赫尔曼 梅尔维尔简介
Melville’s Major Works
1) Novels
(1)Polynsie Trilogy “波里尼西亚三部曲” from his adventures among
the people of the South Pacific islands Typee 1846«泰皮» Omoo 1847«欧穆» Mardi 1849«玛地»
• During the summer of 1890 in Pittsfield, Melville and American writer Nathaniel Hawthorne met and became good friends.
His friendship with Hawthorne
3) Poetry:
(1) Battle-Pieces and the Aspects of War 《战事集》(1866) (2) Clarel 《克拉瑞尔》 (1876)
(2) Benito Cereno 《贝尼托•塞莱诺》 The story centers on a slave rebellion on board a Spanish merchant ship in 1799. It is regarded by many as Melville's finest short story.
selfishness and commercialism of Melville’s time. (8) Billy Budd 《比利•巴德》(1891)
A novella about a young sailor, personifying innocence, doomed by
the malevolent hatred of a ship’s officer, personifying evil.
Herman Melville赫尔曼.梅尔维尔简介
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Herman Melville was born in New York City on August 1, 1819. He was a descendent of English and Dutch colonial families. His father, once a successful dry-goods. Melville‘s education began when he was five years old, and then he read widely. When he was 12 years old, his farther died because of bankruptcy . Since Melville was no longer attending school, he had to face the hard time of his family. In order to get rid of poverty, he began to work on merchant ship. Sailing broadened his vision. Then he became a successful writer. Withdrawn from literary circles, back in New York, being a clerk in a customhouse. His death went unnoticed by the public in 1891.
书记员巴特尔比 The story of Bartleby is simply about a man losing his will to live.
(2) Benito Cereno 《贝尼托•塞莱诺》 The story centers on a slave rebellion on board a Spanish merchant ship in 1799. It is regarded by many as Melville's finest short story.
Herman Melville赫尔曼.梅尔维尔
His major works
Novels Typee《泰比》(1846)
Ommo 《欧穆》(1847)
Mardi《玛地》(1849) Redburn《雷德本》(1849) White Jacket《白外衣》(1850) Moby Dick or The Whale《白鲸》《莫比•狄克》(1851)
Sailing Experience
In 1839, he signed on a British merchant ship bound to Liverpool and back.
In 1841, he signed on the whaler（捕鲸船） Acushnet as a sailor. In 1842, Melville jumped off ship in the Marquesas Islands. There, he for a month was the captive of cannibal tribe（食人族）. In 1843, he served as seaman on the man-of-war United States. In 1844, he was discharged.
Herman Melville(1819-1891)
赫尔曼•梅尔维尔
General Introduction Life major works
His His
Appreciation
of Moby Dick
General Introduction
Herman Melville (1819-1891) was an American novelist, writer of short stories, and poet. He is one of the great American writers. H e i s al s o k n o w n a s t h e " A m e r i c a n Shakespeare". He was largely unrecognized in his lifetime. His reputation was revived until the 1920s.
美国文学Herman Melville
Herman Melville麦尔维尔(1819—1891)Herman Melville1. Three important things in his life:* Going out to seaHis experiences and adventures on the sea furnished him with abundant material for his fiction writings, especially his masterpiece Moby Dick2) His marriageIn the history of American literature there were two authors had similar marriages. Melville and Scott Fitzgerald, both married above them and had to do hackwork（纯粹为糊口而写的东西，庸俗作品）for the money they needed to keep their wives in their extravagant style.3)His friendship with HawthorneDuring the summer of 1890 Melville and Hawthorne met and became good friends.They shared similar ideas and opinions on most kinds of fields.Especially against the background of Transcendental optimism, Melville agrees with Hawthorne’s Blackness --- the evil at the core of life. “Evil in life and the human soul help make life and man better”“To scale great heights, we must come out of the lowest depths. The way to heaven is through hell. We need fiery baptism in the fierce flame of our bosoms.”凤凰涅槃浴火重生• The original design of Moby Dick was just a text on the whale fishery.When Melville met Hawthorne, he had completed one third of Moby Dick. Without Hawthorne, Melville would have just written it about whaling hunting.With the influence of Hawthorne, Melville rewrote it into a world classic with a mixture of:游记、航海故事、寓言、捕鲸传说、有关鲸鱼与捕鲸业的百科全书、美国史诗、莎士比亚式的悲剧、抒情散文长诗、塞万提斯式的浪漫体小In Token of my admiration for his genius, this book is inscribed to NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE.2. Melville’s Major Works1) Novels(1)Polynsie Trilogy “波里尼西亚三部曲” from his adventures among the people of the South Pacific islandsTypee 1846«泰皮»Omoo 1847«欧穆»Mardi1849«玛地»(2) Redburn 1849 «雷得本» an account of his voyage to England(3) White Jacket 1850 «白外衣»his life on a United States man-of-war军舰(4) Pierre《皮埃尔》 (1852):A darkly allegorical exploration of the nature of evil, which is psychologically complex and elaborate.(5) Israel Potter《伊斯雷尔·波特》 (1855):A historical romance(6) The Confidence Man《骗子的化装表演》(1857):Satirizes the selfishness and commercialism of Melville’s time.(7) Billy Budd《比利•巴德》(1891)A novella about a young sailor, personifying innocence, doomed by the malevolent hatred of a ship’s officer, personifying evil.2) Short storiesThe Piazza Tales《广场故事》(1856):Contains some of Melville’s finest shorter works(1) Bartleby, the Scrivener书记员巴特尔比The story of Bartlebyis simply about a manlosing his will to live.Subtitled, "A Story of Wall Street”, it is set in the business world of 19th-century New York.Bartleby, a scrivener was good at the copying part of his job, but when asked to proofread aloud one day he simply replied, "I prefer not to." From that moment forward, he used the phrase "I prefer not to" for every task requested of him, eventually "preferring not to" do any work whatsoever.Bartleby chose to rebel and become an anti-hero. It is intended to show the reader a dark side in all of us when the meaning of our existence is allowed to be challenged."Bartleby, the Scrivener" reflects Melville's own pessimism at the time. (2) Benito Cereno 《贝尼托·塞莱诺》The story centers on a slave rebellion on board a Spanish merchant ship in 1799.Earlier critics regarded Benito Cereno as a tale that primarily explores human depravity .It is regarded by many as Melville's finest short story.3) Poetry:(1) Battle-Pieces and the Aspects of War《战事集》(1866)(2) Clarel 《克拉瑞尔》 (1876)Melville’s Masterpiece Moby-Dick«白鲸»，«莫比•狄克»an encyclopedia of everything: history, philosophy, religion, the whaling industrya Shakespearean tragedy of man fighting against fates in an indifferent and hostile world.Moby-Dick---“the world’s greatest sea novel”, compound of search, pursuit, conflict, and catastrophe.1. PlotThe novel’s plot is built on one conflict---Ahab vs. the WhaleIt is essentially the story of Ahab and his quest to defeat Moby Dick, for this white whale took Ahab’s leg.• Ishmael伊什梅尔, feeling depressed, seeks escape by going out to sea on the whaling ship, Peqoud裴廓德号.The captain is Ahab亚哈, the man with one leg.•• Moby Dick, the white whale, had sheared off Ahab’s leg on a previous voyage, and Ahab resolves to hunt him.• The ship makes a good catch of whales but Ahab refuses to turn back until he has killed his enemy.• Eventually, the whale appears, and the Peqoud begins its doomed fight with it.• On the third day, the whale carries the Peqoud along with it to its doom.• All on board the whaler get drowned, except one, Ishmael,who survives to tell the tale.2. Characters• Ishmael伊什梅尔/以实玛利• The narrator of the story• Name: the first son of Abraham (from The Bible) symbol of orphans, exiles,wanderers and social outcasts,etc.starts out feeling badhopes to find an ideal lifecomes to see the folly of Ahab seeking to conquer naturefeels the significance of love and companionshiplearns to accept,an attitude which ensures his survival2) Ahab 亚哈• Name: Ahab, King of Israel (from The Bible， a tyrant) symbol of evil • The tyrannical captain of the PequodAhab has the qualities of a tragic hero – a great heart and a fatal flaw.•Melville portrayed Ahab an Emersonian self-reliant individual.But he is too much of self-reliance.For him, the only law is his own will;To him the world exists for his sake;He may do what he wills:lives may be sacrificedand nature may havebeen vanquished.His too much self-reliance leads to death—physical, spiritual, emotional, at the expense of all else.His tragedy stems from his extreme individualism or solipsism(唯我论). Moby Dick– a negative reflection upon Transcendentalism3. Symbols in Moby Dick1) The ship – Pequod and the voyage2) Moby Dick3) Ahab4) Queequeg’s Coffin1) The Pequod and the voyage(1) a symbol of doom 必遭毁灭的命运named after a Native American tribe in Massachusettsdid not long survive the arrival of white men (extincted)is painted gloomy black and covered in whale teeth and bones(2) the Pequod -the ship of the American soul象征执著探寻自然界秘密的美国精神the voyage - search and discovery, the search for the ultimate truth of experience/象征探索与发现的心灵历程2) Moby DickThe white whale is capable of many interpretations.For he is a mixture of evil and goodness:“paradoxically benign (kind and gentle) and malevolent (malicious and wicked),nourishing (providing sth good) and destructive,”“massive, brutal, monolithic(massive), but at the same time protean(changeable), erotically beautiful, infinitely variable.”various symbolic meanings to different peopeto the pequod’s crew--一只时而平静安详,时而恐怖暴虐的海怪a concept onto which they can displace their anxiety about dangerous and frightening jobsto Ahab---A symbol of evil邪恶与恐怖、难以征服而又必须予以摧毁的仇敌a manifestation of all that is wrong with the worldTo IshmaelMoby-dick is the embodiment of the mysterious nature or universea metaphor for the human relationship with God: God is unkown and cannot be pinned down(force)Paradoxical whiteness: Death and corruption Purity and innocenceA symbol of evilA symbol of goodnessA symbol of both白鲸既代表高洁安宁,也代表恐怖死亡,它是宇宙间一切对立矛盾的结合4).Queequeg’s Coffin• Queequeg’s coffin alternately symbolizes life and death.• Queequeg has it built when he is seriously ill, but when he recovers, it becomes a chest to hold his belongings and an emblem of his will to live.• He perpetuates the knowledge tattooed on his body by carving it onto the coffin’s lid.• The coffin further comes to symbolize life when it replaces the Pequod’s life buoy.• When the Pequod sinks, the coffin becomes Ishmael’s buoy(浮标), saving not only his life but the life of the narrative that he will pass on.4. Themes of Moby Dick1) Melville's bleak view (negative attitude): the sense of futility andmeaninglessness of the world.His attitude to life is “Everlasting Nay”• Man in this universe lives a meaningless and futile life, meaningless because futile (having no useful results徒劳的).• Man cannot overcome nature. Once he attempts to seek power over it he is doomed.• Man must place himself at the mercy of nature.• The idea that man can make the world for himself is nothing but a transcendentalist folly.the adventure of killing Moby Dick is meaningless.Ahab tries to control it, which leads to his doom.the loss of faith, the sense of futility2) alienation (far away from each other)exists between man and man, man and society, and man and nature.Ahab cuts himself off from his family, stays away from his crew, hates Moby Dick and becomes a devil rushing to his doom.He was within “the masoned石瓦匠, walled town of a captian’s exclusiveness”,which leads him to his doom.3) loneliness and suicidal individualism (individualism causing disaster and death)Ahab: too much of a self-reliant individual to be a good human beinga victim of extreme individualismThe price of self-reliance is death.Moby Dick is a negative reflection upon Transcendentalism4）rejection and questVoyaging for Ishmael has become a journey in quest of knowledge and values.starts out feeling badhopes to find an ideal lifecomes to see the folly of Ahab seeking to conquer naturefeels the significance of love and companionshiplearns to accept,an attitude which ensures his survivalRevival of Moby DickBorn in the 19th century, Melville didn’t receive recognition until the 20th century.Moby-Dick best illustrates the loss of faith, and sense of futility and meaninglessness which characerize the modern life of the west so that the twentith century has found it both fascinating and great.5. Writing styles of Melville1) His works are symbolic and metaphorical.voyage- "search and discovery, the search for the ultimate truth of experience."the Pequod -the ship of the American soulMoby Dick---a symbol ofits whiteness--- paradoxical color(2)He manages to achieve the effect of ambiguity through employing the technique of multiple view of his narratives.Moby Dick is portrayed for the reader from different angles.The author is unwillingness to commit himself, and the reader is thrown upon himself for judgment.(3) He tends to write periodic chapters (掉尾章的手法).掉尾句是主句在最后出现的一种复合句the last paragraph of chapter one pulling all things into one sentence is a good illustration in point.Chapter one Loomings 幻影重重/海市蜃楼。
HermanMelville赫尔曼梅尔维尔简介
Herman Melville
赫尔曼·梅尔维尔 （1819-1891）
A. Introduction of Herman Melville B. Introduction of his life and family C. The experience as an seaman D. The period of his writing E. Herman Melville’s major work
Melville’she Piazza Tales 《广场故事》 (1856):Contains some of Melville’s finest shorter works (1) Bartleby, the Scrivener
赫尔曼.梅尔菲尔 介绍
• There seems, also, to be a background of gloom in his nature, making itself felt even in the midst of his sunshine: and now and then his speculations and rhapsodies have a tinge almost of insanity.
• All the stories are told in the first person, and there is a fascination and mystery in the narrator's personality that much enhances the interest of the tale. But Melville's imagination has a tendency to wildness and metaphysical extravagance; and when he trusted to it alone, he becomes difficult and sometimes repulsive.
• Melville is less well known as a poet and did not publish poetry until later in life. After the Civil War, he published Battle Pieces and Aspects of the War, which did not sell well; of the Harper & Bros. printing of 1200 copies, only 525 had been sold ten years later. Again tending to outrun the tastes of his readers, Melville's epic length verse-narrative Clarel, was also quite obscure, even in his own time.
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《白鲸》（ 《莫比· 迪克》）
About the book
• When the novel Moby Dick was first published, reviewers and readers alike were, at best, puzzled by its density and, at worst, offended by its religious and sexual allusions. (Three main characters in the book is from different places and have different religions. And two man seems had fall in love with each other.) • If you want to get to know the nineteenth-century American mind and America itself, you has to read Moby Dick.
Herman Melville (1819 - 1891)
A famous American novelist and poet
Born in New York, America
Three things that deserve mention about his life: • going out to the sea • his marriage with Elizabeth Shaw • his friendship with Hawthorne
relationships that are possible between man and Nature.
• Race: characters includes a South Sea Islander, a Native American,
and an African tribesman. It express attitudes of racial tolerance that are surprising for a nineteenth century text.
man, a great capital.
• Moby Dick: represent evil, such as death, corruption and any
other thing that make people angry and pain.
Symbolism of the book
• Voyage: a metaphor(暗喻）for “search and discovery, the search for
the ultimate truth of experience.”
• Ahab: the evil and dark part of human mind, but he was a brave
• Fate and Free Will: e.g. Ishmael is an escapist and he says he go
on his voyage because it is his fate.
• Madness: insanity. Ahab strong desire to kill the white whale.
An account of his voyage to England.
Thus, he was known as a popular writer of exotic(异
国风情的）
White-Jacket (1850)
《白外套》
tales.
It relates his life on a US man-of-war.
• He wrote some short stories and poems later. • In 1866 to 1885, he became a customs inspector in New York. • He was gradually forgotten by public.
• It was not until the 1920’s that Melville’s genius
Nathaniel Hawthorne 1804～1864 A famous American novelist
Expect which have mentioned
• Moby-Dick(1851) : He is best known as the author of Moby-Dick, one of the world’s greatest masterpieces. • Pierre (1852) • Israel Potter (1855) • Piazza Tales (1856) • The Confidence-Man (1857) • Battle Pieces (1866) • Clarel (1876) : His most famous poetic work. • John Marr and Other Sailors (1888) • Timoleon (1891) • Billy Budd (posthumous, 1924) • Uncollected Prose (1839-1856)
•At his time, his novels, expect Typee and Omoo sold
well, did not bring him the recognition he craved or the money he needed.
• The cool response of the public to Moby-Dick disgusted him so that he almost left off novel writing in his late forties.
• In 1847, Melville married Elizabeth Shaw, the daughter of a wealthy judge. • Melville had to work hard to keep his wife in her extravagant style. • He was continually harassed（疲倦） by a pecuniary(金钱的） need and stopped worrying about it only when he was quite old.
The story
• Ishmael, feeling depressed, seeks escape by going out to sea on the whaling ship, Pequod. The captain is Ahab, the man with one leg. Moby Dick, the white whale, had sheared off his leg on a previous voyage, and Ahab resolves to hunt him to the kill. He hangs a doubloon(古西班牙金币） on the mast as a reward for anyone who sights the whale first. The Pequod makes a good catch of whales but Ahab refuses to turn back until he killed his enemy. • Eventually the white whale appears, and the Pequod begins its doomed fight with it. On the first day the whale overturns a boat; on the second it swamps another. When the third day comes, Ahab and his crew manage to plunge a harpoon into it, but the whale carries the Pequod along with it to its doom. All on board the whaler get drowned, expect one, Ishmael, who survives to tell the tale.
• Hawthorne was an important peer to Melville. Because of his effect, a significant change came about in the original design of Moby-Dick (1851), and was rewritten into the world classic that we read today after they met.
was recognized and evaluated.
• And his longest novel, Moby Dick was rediscovered in the 20th century as one of the chief literary masterpieces of both American and world literature.
• It is an encyclopedia of everything: history, philosophy, religion, in addition to a detailed account of the operations of the whaling industry, etc. • It is first a Shakespearean tragedy of man fighting against overwhelming odds in an indifferent and even hostile universe.