Herman Melville
Melville 麦尔维尔
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Masters influencing him
• He was deeply impressed by Hawthorne’s book. Hawthorne’s understanding of evil impacted Melville’s original design of Moby Dick. • They were philosophically closely related, and they represented a position of tragic humanism in their time.
Works
Moby Dick《白鲸》
• Moby-Dick, Herman Melville's 1851 novel, tells the story of obsessed Captain Ahab’s quest for revenge on the White Whale as observed by a common seaman who identifies himself only as Ishmael.
A whaling ship is my Yale College and my Harvard. ------Herman Melville
◆ 1847, married Elizabeth Shaw, the daughter of Lemuel Shaw, Chief Justice of Massachusetts. ◆ 1850-1863, bought a farm near Pittsfield, Mass., and became friends with his neighbor Nathaniel Hawthorne. ◆ 1851, Moby-Dick was published, but received little attention. ◆ died in 1891 in poverty and obscurity
Herman Melville赫尔曼.梅尔维尔简介
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Herman Melville was born in New York City on August 1, 1819. He was a descendent of English and Dutch colonial families. His father, once a successful dry-goods. Melville‘s education began when he was five years old, and then he read widely. When he was 12 years old, his farther died because of bankruptcy . Since Melville was no longer attending school, he had to face the hard time of his family. In order to get rid of poverty, he began to work on merchant ship. Sailing broadened his vision. Then he became a successful writer. Withdrawn from literary circles, back in New York, being a clerk in a customhouse. His death went unnoticed by the public in 1891.
书记员巴特尔比 The story of Bartleby is simply about a man losing his will to live.
(2) Benito Cereno 《贝尼托•塞莱诺》 The story centers on a slave rebellion on board a Spanish merchant ship in 1799. It is regarded by many as Melville's finest short story.
赫尔曼 梅尔维尔
美国作家赫尔曼·麦尔维尔
01 人物生平
03 评价 05 人物思想
目录
02 写作特点 04 影响 Nhomakorabea赫尔曼·梅尔维尔（Herman Melville，1819年8月1日～1891年9月28日），19世纪美国最伟大的小说家、 散文家和诗人之一，与纳撒尼尔·霍桑齐名，梅尔维尔生前没有引起应有的重视，在20世纪20年代声名鹊起，被 普遍认为是美国文学的巅峰人物之一。英国作家毛姆认为他的《白鲸》是世界十大文学名著之一，其文学史地位 更在马克·吐温等人之上。梅尔维尔也被誉为美国的“莎士比亚”。
梅尔维尔1841年到1844年的航海生涯对梅尔维尔的一生影响很大，而这其中，相当的时间是在捕鲸船上，这 样，梅尔维尔的思想基本上被奠定了。坎坷的经历、丰富的生活和强烈的思想构成了以后梅尔维尔写作生涯的基 础。他的作品是他生活的写照，也是他思想的写照。
1841年元旦刚过，他便随船向太平洋航行。捕鲸船在海上漂泊了十八个月，但返航仍遥遥无期。
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人物生平
赫尔曼·梅尔维尔赫尔曼·梅尔维尔出生在纽约市一个有名望的家庭。他的祖父参加过美国独立战争。外祖 父是一名将领，祖父参与了波士顿倾茶事件。梅尔维尔年幼时家境富裕，受到良好教育，养成博览群书的习惯。 他十二岁时，父亲因破产而忧虑成疾，不久便去世了。小梅尔维尔不得不辍学做工，以帮助养家。他先后当过银 行小职员、农场工人、皮货店小伙计、农村教师等。家庭的不幸与环境的骤然变化使梅尔维尔感到被生活所遗弃， 形成了复杂深沉的性格。为了摆脱穷困，年仅十九岁的梅尔维尔到一艘开往英国的货轮上当差。航海开阔了梅尔 维尔的视野。他发现船是一个崭新的世界。在这里，船长主宰一切，是不容置疑的最高权威。海上生活异常艰苦， 甚至危险。但另一方面，人与人的关系与陆地上不同：船员相互平等，一切工作由大家合力完成。在他们的关系 里，家庭、宗教、文化背景上的差异都不重要了。当船抵达目的地英国工业城市利物浦时，梅尔维尔看到肮脏的 贫民窟和衣衫褴褛、面黄肌瘦的人群。资本主义的丑恶现实使年轻的梅尔维尔震惊难忘。这次首航给梅尔维尔提 供了创作素材，并使他的思想趋于成熟和独立，对他的民主、平等和人道主义思想的形成起了重要作用。从英国 返回后，梅尔维尔在捕鲸船“阿古希耐”号上当水手。
Herman Melville简介
• Hawthorne was an important peer to Melville. Because of his effect, a significant change came about in the original design of Moby-Dick (1851), and was rewritten into the world classic that we read today after they met.
These first three novels drew from his adventures among the people of the South Pacific islands.
• Typee(1846) 《泰比》 • Omoo (1847) 《欧穆》 Redburn (1849) • Mardi (1849) 《玛地》
Herman Melville (1819 - 1891)
A famous American novelist and poet
Born in New York, America
Three things that deserve mention about his life: • going out to the sea • his marriage with Elizabeth Shaw • his friendship with Hawthorne
relationships that are possible between man and Nature.
• Race: characters includes a South Sea Islander, a Native American,
and an African tribesman. It express attitudes of racial tolerance that are surprising for a nineteenth century text.
赫尔曼.梅尔菲尔 介绍
• There seems, also, to be a background of gloom in his nature, making itself felt even in the midst of his sunshine: and now and then his speculations and rhapsodies have a tinge almost of insanity.
• All the stories are told in the first person, and there is a fascination and mystery in the narrator's personality that much enhances the interest of the tale. But Melville's imagination has a tendency to wildness and metaphysical extravagance; and when he trusted to it alone, he becomes difficult and sometimes repulsive.
• Melville is less well known as a poet and did not publish poetry until later in life. After the Civil War, he published Battle Pieces and Aspects of the War, which did not sell well; of the Harper & Bros. printing of 1200 copies, only 525 had been sold ten years later. Again tending to outrun the tastes of his readers, Melville's epic length verse-narrative Clarel, was also quite obscure, even in his own time.
麦尔维尔简介
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Moby Dick (1851)
Herman Melville Moby Dick is regarded as the first American prose epic（散文叙事诗）. Although it is presented in the form of a novel, at times it seems like a prose poem.
The major events influencing Melville’s literary career
• There are three things which deserve to be mentioned about his life. • Going out to sea is one of them, the other two being his marriage and his friendship with Hawthorne.
• His experience and adventure on the sea furnished him with abundant material for fiction. • Melville had to do hackwork for the money he needed to keep his wife in her extravagant（奢 侈的） style . • Melville saw in Hawthorne the one American who was expressively aware of the evil at the core of American life.He found Hawthorne's understanding of evil, that blackness of vision, unusually fascinating.
美国文学HermanMelville.pdf
Herman Melville麦尔维尔(1819—1891)Herman Melville1. Three important things in his life:* Going out to seaHis experiences and adventures on the sea furnished him with abundant material for his fiction writings, especially his masterpiece Moby Dick2) His marriageIn the history of American literature there were two authors had similar marriages. Melville and Scott Fitzgerald, both married above them and had to do hackwork（纯粹为糊口而写的东西，庸俗作品）for the money they needed to keep their wives in their extravagant style.3)His friendship with HawthorneDuring the summer of 1890 Melville and Hawthorne met and became good friends.They shared similar ideas and opinions on most kinds of fields.Especially against the background of Transcendental optimism, Melville agrees with Hawthorne’s Blackness --- the evil at the core of life. “Evil in life and the human soul help make life and man better”“To scale great heights, we must come out of the lowest depths. The way to heaven is through hell. We need fiery baptism in the fierce flame of our bosoms.”凤凰涅槃浴火重生• The original design of Moby Dick was just a text on the whale fishery.When Melville met Hawthorne, he had completed one third of Moby Dick. Without Hawthorne, Melville would have just written it about whaling hunting.With the influence of Hawthorne, Melville rewrote it into a world classic with a mixture of:游记、航海故事、寓言、捕鲸传说、有关鲸鱼与捕鲸业的百科全书、美国史诗、莎士比亚式的悲剧、抒情散文长诗、塞万提斯式的浪漫体小In Token of my admiration for his genius, this book is inscribed to NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE.2. Melville’s Major Works1) Novels(1)Polynsie Trilogy “波里尼西亚三部曲” from his adventures among the people of the South Pacific islandsTypee 1846«泰皮»Omoo 1847«欧穆»Mardi1849«玛地»(2) Redburn 1849 «雷得本» an account of his voyage to England(3) White Jacket 1850 «白外衣»his life on a United States man-of-war军舰(4) Pierre《皮埃尔》 (1852):A darkly allegorical exploration of the nature of evil, which is psychologically complex and elaborate.(5) Israel Potter《伊斯雷尔·波特》 (1855):A historical romance(6) The Confidence Man《骗子的化装表演》(1857):Satirizes the selfishness and commercialism of Melville’s time.(7) Billy Budd《比利•巴德》(1891)A novella about a young sailor, personifying innocence, doomed by the malevolent hatred of a ship’s officer, personifying evil.2) Short storiesThe Piazza Tales《广场故事》(1856):Contains some of Melville’s finest shorter works(1) Bartleby, the Scrivener书记员巴特尔比The story of Bartlebyis simply about a manlosing his will to live.Subtitled, "A Story of Wall Street”, it is set in the business world of 19th-century New York.Bartleby, a scrivener was good at the copying part of his job, but when asked to proofread aloud one day he simply replied, "I prefer not to." From that moment forward, he used the phrase "I prefer not to" for every task requested of him, eventually "preferring not to" do any work whatsoever.Bartleby chose to rebel and become an anti-hero. It is intended to show the reader a dark side in all of us when the meaning of our existence is allowed to be challenged."Bartleby, the Scrivener" reflects Melville's own pessimism at the time. (2) Benito Cereno 《贝尼托·塞莱诺》The story centers on a slave rebellion on board a Spanish merchant ship in 1799.Earlier critics regarded Benito Cereno as a tale that primarily explores human depravity .It is regarded by many as Melville's finest short story.3) Poetry:(1) Battle-Pieces and the Aspects of War《战事集》(1866)(2) Clarel 《克拉瑞尔》 (1876)Melville’s Masterpiece Moby-Dick«白鲸»，«莫比•狄克»an encyclopedia of everything: history, philosophy, religion, the whaling industrya Shakespearean tragedy of man fighting against fates in an indifferent and hostile world.Moby-Dick---“the world’s greatest sea novel”, compound of search, pursuit, conflict, and catastrophe.1. PlotThe novel’s plot is built on one conflict---Ahab vs. the WhaleIt is essentially the story of Ahab and his quest to defeat Moby Dick, for this white whale took Ahab’s leg.• Ishmael伊什梅尔, feeling depressed, seeks escape by going out to sea on the whaling ship, Peqoud裴廓德号.The captain is Ahab亚哈, the man with one leg.•• Moby Dick, the white whale, had sheared off Ahab’s leg on a previous voyage, and Ahab resolves to hunt him.• The ship makes a good catch of whales but Ahab refuses to turn back until he has killed his enemy.• Eventually, the whale appears, and the Peqoud begins its doomed fight with it.• On the third day, the whale carries the Peqoud along with it to its doom.• All on board the whaler get drowned, except one, Ishmael,who survives to tell the tale.2. Characters• Ishmael伊什梅尔/以实玛利• The narrator of the story• Name: the first son of Abraham (from The Bible) symbol of orphans, exiles,wanderers and social outcasts,etc.starts out feeling badhopes to find an ideal lifecomes to see the folly of Ahab seeking to conquer naturefeels the significance of love and companionshiplearns to accept,an attitude which ensures his survival2) Ahab 亚哈• Name: Ahab, King of Israel (from The Bible， a tyrant) symbol of evil • The tyrannical captain of the PequodAhab has the qualities of a tragic hero – a great heart and a fatal flaw.•Melville portrayed Ahab an Emersonian self-reliant individual.But he is too much of self-reliance.For him, the only law is his own will;To him the world exists for his sake;He may do what he wills:lives may be sacrificedand nature may havebeen vanquished.His too much self-reliance leads to death—physical, spiritual, emotional, at the expense of all else.His tragedy stems from his extreme individualism or solipsism(唯我论). Moby Dick– a negative reflection upon Transcendentalism3. Symbols in Moby Dick1) The ship – Pequod and the voyage2) Moby Dick3) Ahab4) Queequeg’s Coffin1) The Pequod and the voyage(1) a symbol of doom 必遭毁灭的命运named after a Native American tribe in Massachusettsdid not long survive the arrival of white men (extincted)is painted gloomy black and covered in whale teeth and bones(2) the Pequod -the ship of the American soul象征执著探寻自然界秘密的美国精神the voyage - search and discovery, the search for the ultimate truth of experience/象征探索与发现的心灵历程2) Moby DickThe white whale is capable of many interpretations.For he is a mixture of evil and goodness:“paradoxically benign (kind and gentle) and malevolent (malicious and wicked),nourishing (providing sth good) and destructive,”“massive, brutal, monolithic(massive), but at the same time protean(changeable), erotically beautiful, infinitely variable.”various symbolic meanings to different peopeto the pequod’s crew--一只时而平静安详,时而恐怖暴虐的海怪a concept onto which they can displace their anxiety about dangerous and frightening jobsto Ahab---A symbol of evil邪恶与恐怖、难以征服而又必须予以摧毁的仇敌a manifestation of all that is wrong with the worldTo IshmaelMoby-dick is the embodiment of the mysterious nature or universea metaphor for the human relationship with God: God is unkown and cannot be pinned down(force)Paradoxical whiteness: Death and corruption Purity and innocenceA symbol of evilA symbol of goodnessA symbol of both白鲸既代表高洁安宁,也代表恐怖死亡,它是宇宙间一切对立矛盾的结合4).Queequeg’s Coffin• Queequeg’s coffin alternately symbolizes life and death.• Queequeg has it built when he is seriously ill, but when he recovers, it becomes a chest to hold his belongings and an emblem of his will to live.• He perpetuates the knowledge tattooed on his body by carving it onto the coffin’s lid.• The coffin further comes to symbolize life when it replaces the Pequod’s life buoy.• When the Pequod sinks, the coffin becomes Ishmael’s buoy(浮标), saving not only his life but the life of the narrative that he will pass on.4. Themes of Moby Dick1) Melville's bleak view (negative attitude): the sense of futility and。
Herman_Melville_作家及作品介绍
5.Artistic features
1) Language features Moby-Dick is regarded as the first American epic. Although it is presented in the form of a novel, at times it seems like a prose poem. It is difficult to read because much of the talk in the novel is sailors talk and much of the language is purposely old-fashioned and Elizabethan.
1.The story
Eventually the whale appears, the Pequod begins its doomed fight with it. On the first day, the whale overturns a boat; on the second it swamps another. Ehen the third day comes, Ahab and his crew manage to plunge 使插入 a harpoon into it, but the whale carries the Pequod along with it to its doom. All on board the whale ship get drowned, except one, Ishmael, who survives to tell the tale.
realism
4. Symbolism and allegory 5. Artistic features: 1) Language style; 2) writing style 6. The excerpt
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is painted gloomy black and covered in whale teeth and bones
like a primitive coffin
a symbol of doom (注定要死亡的象征） The Pequod is the microcosom of human society and the voyage becomes a search for truth.
Characters
Ishmael: The name has come to symbolize orphans, exiles, and social outcasts (in Genesis)----the son of Abraham and the slave girl Hagar Elijah:The character Elijah (named for the Biblical prophet, Elijah Ahab:Ahab is the tyrannical captain of the Pequod who is driven by a monomaniacal desire to kill Moby Dick, Mates: Starbuck, Stubb. Flask. The three mates of the Pequod are all from New England Harpooners: Queequeg, Tashtego, Daggoo, Fedallah (from different countries in the world)
Life Experience
born on August 1, 1819 in New York City into an established merchant family, the third of 8 children. His father became bankrupt and insane, dying when Melville was 12. His sea experiences and adventures furnished him with abundant materials, and resulted in five novels that brought him wide fame as a writer of sea stories. In 1850, he met Hawthorne and they became good friends. He read Hawthorne’s books and was deeply impressed by Hawthorne’s black vision. His fame was recognized after his death.
Melville’s Major Works
1) Typee «泰皮» from his adventures among the people 2) Omoo «欧穆» of the South Pacific islands 3) Mardi «玛地» an account of 4) Bedburn «雷得本» his voyage to England 5) White Jacket «白外衣»
与白鲸有关的背景
对爱斯基摩人来说，白鲸也是非常重要的，不仅因 为其肉好吃，而且它们的油用来点灯不仅明亮，还 能释放出大量热量，使简陋的冰屋保持温暖。除此 之外，白鲸的皮也很有用，还有一种香味，可以制 成各种装饰品。 然而，不幸的是，自从17世纪以来，由于捕鲸的高 额利润，捕鲸者对白鲸进行了疯狂的捕杀，致使白 鲸数量锐减。更加可悲的是白鲸的生态环境遭到毁 灭性的破坏，一批批白鲸相继死亡
Symbols in Moby Dick
The Pequod Moby Dick（Is Moby Dick evil or good?)
The Pequod
named after a Native American tribe in Massachusetts did not long survive the arrival of white men (extincted)
Moby Dick
Moby Dick is not a character, as the reader has no access to the white whale‟s thoughts, feelings, or intentions. Instead, moby dick is an impersonal force, one that many critics have interpreted as an allegorical representation of God, an inscrutable and all-powerful being that humankind can neither understand nor defy.
Teaching Objectives
1) 2) 3)
4)
Melville’s Life and Main Works Melville’s masterpiece Moby Dick The Main Plot, Major characters, theme, Symbols Social significance of Moby Dick
Immersed in the tragedies of Shakespeare
– King Lear, Hamlet, Othello, Macbeth
Epic poetry, Homer
Moby Dick (1)
This book is dedicated to Hawthorne, for Hawthorne encourged Melville to change this novel from a story full of details about whaling, into an allegorical novel.
Ahab
The Peqod‟s obsessed captain, represents both an ancient and a modern type of hero. Like the heroes of Greek or Shakespearean tragedy, Ahab suffers from a single fatal flaw (致命性的缺陷). ----overconfidence According to the critic M. H. Abrams, such a tragic hero “move us to pity because, since he is not an evil person, his misfortune is greater than he deserves; but he moves us also to fear, because we recognize similar possibilities of error in our own lesser and fallible selves.” 这样一个悲剧英雄人物让我们为之感动，因为他不是一个 恶人，他的不幸超过了他所得到的；但是他也让我们感到 恐惧，因为我们认识到，尽管我们渺小，易于犯错误，但 也会有可能铸成如此大错。
Moby Dick (2)
Epic in scope. It consists of 135 chapters. - the long and arduous journey - the great battle Defined as an epic, which contains a tragic drama, a tragedy of pride, and pursuit and revenge, which is also a tragedy of thought
Introduction to Ishmael
The narrator of the story (knowledgeable, intelligent), digression from art, geology, anatomy, to legal codes, and literature ---- Jack of all trades A whaling ship “is my Yale College and Harvard” His intention in the ship journey: out of some spiritual malaise (精神的抑郁） Additionally, Ishmael represents the contradiction between the story and its setting. (suitable but fictional) Learned person & working-class men (less-educated and even rough)
Moby Dick
is hidden all the time unknown and unknowable truths only the surface of the ocean is available for human observation and interpretation inscrutable, mysterious
Melville’s Major Works
Moby-Dick
« 白鲸» ，« 莫比•狄克»
an encyclopedia of everything history, philosophy, a Shakespearean religion, the tragedy of man whaling fighting against industry fates