oracle 9i tuning sql2
Oracle 9i 数据库性能调优技术-les02
Maintenance of the Alert Log File
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The alert log file consists of a chronological log of messages and errors. Check the alert log file regularly to:
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Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2002. All rights reserved.
Tuning Using Oracle Expert
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Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2002. All rights reserved.
Statspack
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Installation of Statspack using the spcreate.sql script Collection of statistics execute statspack.snap Automatic collection of statistics using the spauto.sql script Produce a report using the spreport.sql script To collect timing information, set TIMED_STATISTICS = True
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Oracle Enterprise Manager Console
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Oracle Server X9-2L 数据表说明书
Oracle Server X9-2LOracle Server X9-2L is the ideal 2U platform for databases, enterprise storage, and big data solutions. Supporting the standard and enterprise editions of Oracle Database, this server delivers best-in-class database reliability in single-node configurations. With support for up to 132.8 TB of high-bandwidth NVM Express (NVMe) flash storage, Oracle Database using its Database Smart Flash Cache feature, as well as NoSQL and Hadoop applications can be significantly accelerated. Optimized for compute, memory, I/O, and storage density simultaneously, Oracle Server X9-2L delivers extreme storage capacity at lower cost when combined with Oracle Linux, or Oracle Solaris with ZFS file system compression. Each server comes with built-in, proactive fault detection and advanced diagnostics, along with firmware that is already optimized for Oracle software, to deliver extreme reliability.Product OverviewOracle Server X9-2L is a two-socket server designed and built specifically for the demands of enterprise workloads. It is a crucial building block in Oracle engineered systems and Oracle Cloud Infrastructure. Powered by one Platinum, two Gold, or one Silver Intel® Xeon® Scalable Processor Third Generation models with up to 32 cores per socket, along with 32 memory slots, this server offers high-performance processors plus the most dense flash storage options in a 2U enclosure. Oracle Server X9-2L is the most balanced and highest performing 2U enterprise server in its class because it offers optimal core and memory density combined with high I/O throughput.In addition to optimized processing power and storage density, Oracle ServerX9-2L offers 10 PCIe 4.0 expansion slots (two 16-lane and eight 8-lane) for maximal I/O card and port density. With 576 gigabytes per second of bidirectional I/O bandwidth, Oracle Server X9-2L can handle the most demanding enterprise workloads.Oracle Server X9-2L offers best-in-class reliability, serviceability, and availability (RAS) features that increase overall uptime of the server. This extreme reliability makes Oracle Server X9-2L the best choice for single-node Oracle Database deployments in remote or branch office locations. Real-time monitoring of the health of the CPU, memory, and I/O subsystems, coupled with off lining capability of failed components, increases the system availability. Building on the firmware-level problem detection, Oracle Linux and Oracle Solaris are enhanced to provide fault detection capabilities when running on Oracle Server X9-2L. In Key FeaturesMost flash-dense andenergy-efficient 2Uenterprise-class serverTwo Intel® Xeon® Scalable Processor Third GenerationCPUsThirty-two DIMM slots with maximum memory of 2 TB Ten PCIe Gen 4 slotsUp to 216 TB SAS-3 disk storage in 12 slots instandard configurationsUp to 132.8 TB NVM Express high-bandwidth all-flashconfigurationOracle Integrated Lights Out Manager (ILOM)Key BenefitsReduce vulnerability tocyberattacksAccelerate Oracle Database, NoSQL, and Hadoopapplications using Oracle’sunique NVM Express design Satisfy demands ofenterprise applications withextreme I/O card densityIncrease uptime with built-in diagnostics and faultdetection from Oracle Linuxand Oracle SolarisIncrease storage capacity 15x compared to previousgeneration, combiningextreme compute power with Oracle Solaris and ZFScompressionMaximize system power efficiency with OracleAdvanced System CoolingMaximize IT productivity by running Oracle software onOracle hardwareaddition, exhaustive system diagnostics and hardware-assisted error reporting and logging enable identification of failed components for ease of service.To help users achieve accelerated performance of Oracle Database, Oracle Server X9-2L supports hot-swappable, high-bandwidth flash that combines with Database Smart Flash Cache to drive down cost per database transaction. In the all-flash configuration, with Oracle’s unique NVM Express design, Oracle Server X9-2L supports up to 12 small form factor NVMe drives and up to eight NVMe add-in cards, for a total capacity of 132.8 TB. This massive flash capacity also benefits NoSQL and Hadoop applications, reducing network infrastructure needs and accelerating performance with 120 GB per second of total NVMe bidirectional bandwidth.For maximizing storage capacity, Oracle Server X9-2L is also offered in a standard 12-disk configuration, with 3.5-inch large form factor disk slots accommodating high-capacity hard disk drives (HDDs). A maximum 216 TB of direct-attached storage makes Oracle Server X9-2L ideally suited as a storage server. The compute power of this server can be used to extend storage density even further with Oracle Solaris and ZFS file system compression to achieve up to 15x compression of data without significant performance impact. Oracle Server X9-2L is also well suited for other storage-dense implementations, such as video compression and transcoding, which require a balanced combination of compute power and storage capacity at the same time.Oracle Server X9-2L ships with Oracle ILOM 5.0, a cloud-ready service processor designed for today's security challenges. Oracle ILOM provides real-time monitoring and management of all system and chassis functions as well as enables remote management of Oracle servers. Oracle ILOM uses advanced service processor hardware with built-in hardening and encryption as well as improved interfaces to reduce the attack surface and improve overall security. Oracle ILOM has improved firmware image validation through the use of improved firmware image signing. This mechanism provides silicon-anchored service processor firmware validation that cryptographically prevents malicious firmware from booting. After Oracle ILOM's boot code is validated by the hardware, a chain of trust allows each subsequent firmware component in the boot process to be validated. Finally, with a focus on security assurance, using secure coding and testing methodologies, Oracle is able to maximize firmware security by working to prevent and remediate vulnerabilities prior to release. With advanced system cooling that is unique to Oracle, Oracle Server X9-2L achieves system efficiencies that result in power savings and maximum uptime. Oracle Advanced System Cooling utilizes remote temperature sensors for fan speed control, minimizing power consumption while keeping optimal temperatures inside the server. These remote temperature sensors are designed into key areas of this server to ensure efficient fan usage by organizing all major subsystems into cooling zones. This technology helps reduce energy consumption in a way that other servers cannot.Oracle Premier Support customers have access to My Oracle Support and multi-server management tools in Oracle Enterprise Manager, a critical component that enables application-to-disk system management including servers, virtual Key ValueOracle Server X9-2L is the most storage-dense, versatile two-socket server in its class for the enterprise data center, packing the optimal balance of compute power, memory capacity, and I/O capacity into a compact and energy-efficient 2U enclosure. Related productsOracle Server X9-2Oracle Server X8-8Related servicesThe following services are available from Oracle Customer Support:SupportInstallationEco-optimization servicesmachines, databases, storage, and networking enterprise wide in a single pane of glass. Oracle Enterprise Manager enables Exadata, database, and systems administrators to proactively monitor the availability and health of their systems and to execute corrective actions without user intervention, enabling maximum service levels and simplified support.With industry-leading in-depth security spanning its entire portfolio of software and systems, Oracle believes that security must be built in at every layer of the IT environment. In order to build x86 servers with end-to-end security, Oracle maintains 100 percent in-house design, controls 100 percent of the supply chain, and controls 100 percent of the firmware source code. Oracle’s x86 servers enable only secure protocols out of the box to prevent unauthorized access at point of install. For even greater security, customers running Oracle Ksplice on Oracle’s x86 servers will benefit greatly from zero downtime patching of the Oracle Linux kernel.Oracle is driven to produce the most reliable and highest performing x86 systems in its class, with security-in-depth features layered into these servers, for two reasons: Oracle Cloud Infrastructure and Oracle Engineered Systems. At their foundation, these rapidly expanding cloud and converged infrastructure businesses run on Oracle’s x86 servers. To ensure that Oracle’s SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS offerings operate at the highest levels of efficiency, only enterprise-class features are designed into these systems, along with significant co-development among cloud, hardware, and software engineering. Judicious component selection, extensive integration, and robust real-world testing enable the optimal performance and reliability critical to these core businesses. All the same features and benefits available in Oracle’s cloud are standard in Oracle’s x86 standalone servers, helping customers to easily transition from on-premises applications to cloud with guaranteed compatibility and efficiency.Oracle Server X9-2L System SpecificationsCache•Level 1: 32 KB instruction and 32 KB data L1 cache per core•Level 2: 1 MB shared data and instruction L2 cache per core•Level 3: up to 1.375 MB shared inclusive L3 cache per coreMain Memory•Thirty-two DIMM slots provide up to 2 TB of DDR4 DIMM memory•RDIMM options: 32 GB or 64 GB at DDR4-3200 dual rankInterfaces Standard I/O•One 1000BASE-T network management Ethernet port•One 1000BASE-T host management Ethernet port•One RJ-45 serial management port•One rear USB 3.0 port•Expansion bus: 10 PCIe 4.0 slots, two x16 and eight x8 slots•Supports LP-PCIe cards including Ethernet, FC, SAS and flashStorage•Twelve 3.5-inch front hot-swappable disk bays plus two internal M.2boot drives•Disk bays can be populated with 3.5-inch 18 TB HDDs or 2.5-inch 6.8 or 3.84 NVMesolid-state drives (SSDs)•PCIe flash•Sixteen-port 12 Gb/sec RAID HBA supporting levels: 0, 1, 5, 6, 10, 50, and 60 with 1GB of DDR3 onboard memory with flash memory backup via SAS-3 HBA PCIe cardHigh-Bandwidth Flash•All flash configuration—up to 132.8 TB in the all-flash configuration (maximum of12 hot-swappable 6.8 TB NVMe SSDs and eight 6.4 TB NVMe PCIe cards)NVMe functionality in 3.5-inch disk bays 8-11 requires an Oracle NVMeretimer that is installed in PCIe slot 10Systems Management Interfaces•Dedicated 1000BASE-T network management Ethernet port (10/100/1000 Gb/sec)•One 1000BASE-T host management Ethernet port (10/100/1000 Gb/sec)•In-band, out-of-band, and side-band network management access•One RJ-45 serial management portService ProcessorOracle Integrated Lights Out Manager (Oracle ILOM) provides:•Remote keyboard, video, and mouse redirection•Full remote management through command-line, IPMI, and browser interfaces•Remote media capability (USB, DVD, CD, and ISO image)•Advanced power management and monitoring•Active Directory, LDAP, and RADIUS support•Dual Oracle ILOM flash•Direct virtual media redirection•FIPS 140-2 mode using OpenSSL FIPS certification (#1747)Monitoring•Comprehensive fault detection and notification•In-band, out-of-band, and side-band SNMP monitoring v2c and v3•Syslog and SMTP alerts•Automatic creation of a service request for key hardware faults with Oracleautomated service request (ASR)Oracle Enterprise Manager•Advanced monitoring and management of hardware and software•Deployment and provisioning of databases•Cloud and virtualization management•Inventory control and patch management•OS observability for performance monitoring and tuning•Single pane of glass for management of entire Oracle deployments, including onpremises and Oracle CloudSoftware Operating Systems•Oracle Linux•Oracle SolarisVirtualization•Oracle KVMFor more information on software go to: Oracle Server X9-2L Options & DownloadsOperating Environment •Ambient Operating temperature: 5°C to 40°C (41°F to 104°F)•Ambient Non-operating temperature: -40°C to 68°C (-40°F to 154°F)•Operating relative humidity: 10% to 90%, noncondensing•Non-operating relative humidity: up to 93%, noncondensing•Operating altitude: Maximum ambient operating temperature is derated by 1°C per 300 m of elevation beyond 900 m, up to a maximum altitude of 3000 m•Non-operating altitude: up to 39,370 feet (12,000 m)•Acoustic noise-Maximum condition: 7.1 Bels A weightedIdle condition: 7.0 Bels A weightedConnect with usCall +1.800.ORACLE1 or visit . Outside North America, find your local office at: /contact. /oracle /oracleCopyright © 2023, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. This document is provided for information purposes only, and the contents hereof are subject to change without notice. This document is not warranted to be error-free, nor subject to any other warranties or conditions, whether expressed orally or implied in law, including implied warranties and conditions of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. We specifically disclaim any liability with respect to this document, and no contractual obligations are formed either directly or indirectly by this document. This document may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, for any purpose, without our prior written permission.This device has not been authorized as required by the rules of the Federal Communications Commission. 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Oracle9i的多种连接语法
Oracle9i的简化SQL语法(含连接)Oracle对Oracle9i SQL 做了一些很重要的改进，包括一些令人兴奋的新特点，支持1：5的数量级和ISO99中的SQL标准。
作为Oracle的补充，它包括以下新的TABLE JOIN的句法结构：CROSS IN——它在两个表格中创建了一个卡迪尔列，就象是在Oracle8i中没写WHERE 时那样。
NA TURAL JOIN——这是一个很有用的Oracle9i的句法，它通过从WHERE子句中移动连接标准来改善SQL的稳定性USING子句——它可以通过名字来具体指定连接ON子句——这个句法允许在两个表格中为连接具体指定栏目的名头LEFT OUTER JOIN——它返回表格中左边的行和右边的数值，如果没有搭配的行的话，则返回空//我刚才试过了，left (outer) join等这种连接的语法，在oracle9i的版本中开始支持了，我在oracle中试了一下，是可以的，所以可以放心地用连接了。
也就是说在oracle9中，以下两种方法都是正确的：select * from test,test1 where test.ID(+) = test1.ID;select * from test1 left join test on test1.ID = test.ID;RIGHT OUTER JOIN——它返回表格中右边的行和左边的数值，如果没有搭配的行的话，则返回空FULL OUTER JOIN——它返回的是两个表格中所有的行，用空填满每一个空格。
这在Oracle8i中则没有相应的此种句法大多数改进都是为了让那些非Oracle的请求以快速的进入Oracle数据库而引进的，并且必须记住这些只是句法上的不同，ISO99标准并没有给Oracle9i SQL带来任何新的功能。
The CROSS JOIN在Oracle中，CROSS JOIN产生了一个“卡迪尔的产物（Cartesian product）”，就象是在连接两个表格时忘记加入一个WHERE子句一样select last_name,dept_idfrom emp,depts;在Oracle9i中，我们使用CROSS JOIN 来达到相同的结果select last_name.dept_idfrom empCROSS JOIN dept;NA TURAL JOIN我喜欢NATURAL JOIN的原因在于它能够通过在两个表格中配对的栏目的名头来自动的检查join。
Oracle 9i 整体性能优化概述草稿之一 调整争用
2.2.2是否存在latch争用
select event,total_waits,time_waited
from v$system_event
where event = ‘latch free’;
如：
EVENT TOTAL_WAITS TIME_WAITED
---------- ----------- -----------
? library cache：需要优化library cache。
? cache buffers LRU chain：管理database cache buffers上的LRU List上的块，自由缓冲区列表。此争用有两种可能：
- 导致严重的全部扫描的SQL语句或执行计划。SQL需要优化。
- 脏缓冲区写盘database writer未能跟上I/O请求。优化磁盘I/O。
比如如果应用程序有许多频繁插入行的用户，在试图访问该表的free list就可能会经历等待。
2.3.2是否存在free list争用
select event,total_waits,time_waited from v$system_event
where event = ‘buffer busy waits’;
而lock，在遇到问题的时候，可作为维护参考，平时不进行太多的维护（或从应用上考虑优化）。（除了定期去$ORACLE_HOME/admin/$ORACLE_SID/udump查看死锁情况外）
2.2诊断latch竞争
2.2.1概念
Latch是简单的、低层次的序列化技术，用以保护SGA中的共享数据结构，比如并发用户列表和buffer cache里的blocks信息。一个服务器进程或后台进程在开始操作或寻找一个共享数据结构之前必须获得对应的latch，在完成以后释放latch。不必对latch本身进行优化，如果latch存在竞争，表明SGA的一部分正在经历不正常的资源使用。
Oracle 9i完美安装、配置及操作
Oracle 9i完美安装、配置及操作一、说明：1. 准备工作通过解压后在硬盘上形成与三张光盘相关的三个子目录，它们是92010NT_Disk1、92010NT_Disk2、92010NT_Disk3目录，通过三个子目录可以制作成带有三张光盘的Oracle 9i软件。
2 安装数据库服务器(1)将Oracle9i的第一张光盘插入光驱，系统将自动运行Oracle 9i的安装程序，出现如图1所示的启动安装窗口，单击【开始安装】字样，相继出现如图2版本窗口和3的欢迎窗口。
在图3中单击【下一步】按钮。
图1 启动安装图2 Oracle版本图3 欢迎使用(2)出现如图所示的文件定位窗口。
此窗口主要指出源文件和目标文件的位置，按照默认即可，单击【下一步】按钮。
(3)安装程序将有一段时间做加载产品的工作，然后出现如图所示的可用产品窗口。
共有三个选项。
安装数据库服务器时，选中【Oracle9i Database 9.2.0.1.0】单选钮，单击【下一步】按钮。
(4)出现如图所示的安装类型窗口。
共有四个选项。
选中【企业版】单选钮，单击【下一步】按钮。
(5)出现如图所示的数据库配置窗口。
共有五个选项。
选中【通用】单选钮，单击【下一步】按钮。
(6)出现如图所示的Oracle事务恢复服务配置窗口。
在窗口中需要输入一个端口号，默认为2030。
保持默认值，单击【下一步】按钮。
(7)出现如图所示的数据库标识窗口。
共有两个参数。
全局数据库名：Oracle9i是分布式数据库系统，因此要求用全局数据库名唯一标识。
全局数据库名由数据库名和域名组成。
通常的形式为“name.domain”。
其中，name是数据库名，domain是数据库所在的网络域名。
SID：数据库系统标识符，是System Identifer的英文缩写。
主要用于区分同一台计算机上安装的不同的数据库例程。
在全局数据库名文本框里输入“”，单击【下一步】按钮。
(8)出现如图所示的数据文件位置窗口。
oracle各个版本之间的区别
Oracle的各个版本之间的区别一、Oracle 9i比8i多了哪些新特性？1、并发集群，8i OPS升级为9i RAC，8i结点间用硬盘交换信息，9i结点间采用高速网线的缓存熔合(Cache Fusion)技术交换信息，交换速度提高100倍以上。
2、9i可以在线修改内核参数和内存分配，8i不行。
数据文件和表空间管理，8i手工管理，9i自动管理。
3、9i比8i增强了对ANSI SQL99的支持。
4、9i比8i增强了故障后的快速恢复(Fast-start)。
5、8i只支持物理备份(physical backup)数据库，9i还增加了支持逻辑备份(logical backup)数据库，使备份数据库除了作为主数据库的镜像外，还可以提供其他数据服务.二、Oracle 10g比9i多的新特性？1. 10g支持网格计算，即多台结点服务器利用高速网络组成一个虚拟的高性能服务器，负载在整个网格中衡(Load Balance)，按需增删结点，避免单点故障(Single Point of Faliure）2.10g容易安装，且安装速度比9i少了一半3.新增基于浏览器的企业管理器(Enterprise Manager)。
4.支持自动管理(Automatic Management)增删硬盘不再需要操作系统管理员设置的镜像、负载均衡物理卷、逻辑卷、分区、文件系统，只要打一条Oracle命令，ASM会自动管理增加或删除的硬盘。
5.内存自动化，根据需要自动分配和释放系统内存。
6.SQL性能调整自动化。
7.快速纠正人为错误的闪回(Flashback)查询和恢复，可以恢复数据库、表甚至记录。
8.数据泵(Data Pump)高速导入、导出数据，比传统方法导出速度快两倍以上，导入速度快15--45倍.9.精细审计(Fine-Grained Auditing)，记录一切对敏感数据的操作10.存储数据的表空间(Tablespace)跨平台复制，极大的提高数据仓库加载速度。
Oracle 9i SQL优化快速手册V1.00
Oracle 9i SQL优化快速手册——蒋红腥1概述《Oracle 9i数据库SQL优化快速手册》并不全面讲解Oracle9i SQL优化技术，也不具体分析各种优化方法的原理，旨在通过简单明显有效的调整方法，帮助程序员或维护人员在开发、维护过程中，针对执行速度极慢的Oracle数据库开发操作，快速取得更快、更好的执行效果。
此时优化的结果并不是最优的，但我们的目标是能快速满足我们操作数据库的需求即可。
若想取得更多的SQL优化效果，请参考附件《Oracle 9i SQL语句调整》。
若要取得尽可能多的优化效果，则需要参考有关书籍，从Oracle服务器级优化、网络级优化、内存级优化以及优化器-SQL 优化等等入手进行综合优化。
下文中使用的方法，并不是完全规范的，合理的，但为求简单、方便快速的满足一般应用，一些设置采用了推荐设置、默认设置，直接按照说明操作，即可获得大多数的明显的优化结果。
2简易优化过程根据执行计划，通过添加索引，使用CBO提示等优化方式，调整执行计划，达到满足需求。
前提条件：已知那些执行语句慢。
2.1第一步：准备优化调试环境⏹使用windows自带的command，打开2个窗口登陆到数据库服务器。
⏹设置查看“执行计划环境command窗口”。
在其中一个以$sqlplus “/as sysdba”方式登陆的SQL提示符下执行如下命令：SQL>set autotrace traceonly explainSQL>⏹设置“调试SQL语句窗口”。
在另一个command窗口使用执行该语句的用户登陆；执行该语句，记录执行时间。
如：$sqlplus perf/perf@omcdbSQL> set timing on ---设置SQL执行时间记录返回--- 照着执行SQL>alter session set optimizer_index_cost_adj=30; --- 照着执行SQL>alter session set optimizer_index_caching=40; --- 照着执行SQL>执行返回的时间格式说明，如：已用时间: 00: 00: 00.04 小时:分:秒.微秒2.2第二步：查看SQL语句执行计划在“执行计划环境command窗口”中，执行被调试的SQL语句，此时会输出该语句的执行计划，如下所示：（在from table的table表名前，添加该表的所属用户名）如上图所示，兰色部分为我们输入的需要执行计划提示的命令和我们需要调试的SQL语句，红色部分为该语句在数据库中将使用的执行计划。
【免费下载】oracle11g SPA 应用在9i升级到10g SQL性能测试
SPA实施目的为了保证升级10g能更加平稳，我们采用Oracle 11g SQL 性能分析器(SQL Performance Analyzer，以下简称SPA)新功能来预测数据库的关键SQL在Oracle 10g平台上性能情况，以便提前发现问题并做相关的优化。
大型业务关键应用程序要在响应时间、吞吐量、运行时间和可用性方面提供特定服务级别的保证。
对系统的任何更改（如升级数据库或修改配置）通常都需要进行全面的测试和验证，然后才能在生产系统中实施这些更改。
在移到生产系统之前为了保证安全，数据库管理员(DBA) 必须让测试系统承受与生产环境中的工作量很近似的压力，以便分析系统级更改对整体SQL 性能的影响，并在在移到生产之前进行必要的优化。
Oracle Database 11g 引入了SQL 性能分析器；使用该工具可以准确地预测系统更改对SQL 语句性能的影响。
这种功能可向DBA 提供有关SQL 语句性能的详细信息，例如，执行前后的统计信息，提高或降低性能的语句。
这样，你就在测试环境中先进行更改，以确定数据库升级是否会影响SQL性能。
SQL 性能分析器可用于预测和防止会影响SQL 执行计划结构的任何数据库环境更改所带来的潜在性能问题。
这些更改可以包括（但不限于）以下任何一种更改：●数据库升级●实施优化建议●更改方案●收集统计信息●更改数据库参数●更改操作系统和硬件SQL 性能分析器是11g的新功能，通过相关的配置可以应用在Oracle 9i升级到10g的过程中，大致的框架如下：先收集9i数据库的上的sql trace信息(需要涵盖关键业务的SQL)，然后在11g数据库上生成STS(SQL T uning Set)和SQL统计信息，接着把这些SQL通过数据库链连接到10g 数据库上运行并把统计信息返回到11g库上，最后对每条SQL生成9i和10g上的对比报告，从这个报告便能发现SQL性能是否改善，执行计划有没有改变。