小企业管理英文版
国家开放大学电大本科《小企业管理》2023-2024期末试题及答案(试卷代号：1068)
国家开放大学电大本科《小企业管理》2023-2024期末试题及答案(试卷代号：1068)国家开放大学电大本科《小企业管理》2023-2024期末试题及答案（试卷代号：1068）一、单项选择题（下列各题选项中有1个选项是正确的，请将其序号填入括号中。
每小题2分，共10分）1.创业团队组建要以尽可能少的投入获得尽可能多的产出，即必须遵循（）原则。
A.速度B.效能C.效率D.科学2.它是创业计划格式中必不可少的一项，有了它，计划的使用者就可以快捷地了解和查询计划书中的任何一个部分。
它就是（）。
A.目录B•附录C.扉页D.页码3.下列属于权益融资方式的有（）。
A.商业用B.银行借贷C.资产抵押D.企业上市4.小企业在保证质量的前提下，在设计和生产过程中注意原材料的节约使用，从而降低成本获取竞争优势，这就是（）的低成本战略。
A.简化产品B.节约原材料C.降低管理费用D.实行生产创新5.在以下营销组合因素中，能够直接产生收入的途径是（）。
A.分销渠道B.广告C.销售促进D.定价二、多项选择题（下列各题选项中有2-5个是正确的，请将这些序号填入括号中。
每小题2分，共10分）6.根据我国《中小企业划型标准规定》，中小企业可以划为中型、小型、微型三种，具体划分标准是根据（）等指标，并结合行业特点制定。
A.从业人员B.净利润率C.营业收入D.资产总额E.注册资金总额7.组建创业团队要考虑的关键问题是（）。
A.团队的物质资源B.团队的财务资源C.团队的异质性D.团队的完整性E.团队的友谊8.创业设计的内容包括（）oA.人员选择C.地址选择D.工程选择E.组织结构9.创建新企业的必备条件有（）等。
A.拥有专利手艺B.拥有事情经验C.拥有合伙人D.拥有一定量的客户群E.获得充足的创业资金10.小企业运营系统设计的主要内容包括（）A.质量管理B.设施选址和布置C.供应链管理oD.产品和服务设计E.生产计划和事情设计三、判断正误题（下列各题有对有错，对的打错的打X。
企业管理英文作文范文
企业管理英文作文范文英文：As a business manager, I believe that effective communication and delegation are key to successful management. It is important to clearly communicate goals and expectations to your team, and to delegate tasks based on each individual's strengths and abilities.When it comes to communication, I find that being direct and transparent is the best approach. This means being honest about challenges and setbacks, as well as celebrating successes. It's also important to actively listen to your team and address any concerns or feedback they may have.In terms of delegation, it's important to trust your team members and give them the autonomy to complete tasks in their own way. This not only empowers them, but also frees up your time to focus on other important aspects ofthe business.One example of effective delegation in my experiencewas when I assigned a project to a team member who had a strong background in marketing. I provided clear guidelines and expectations, but also gave them the freedom to come up with their own ideas and strategies. The project was a success and the team member felt valued and appreciated for their contributions.Overall, effective communication and delegation are crucial for successful business management. By being direct, transparent, and trusting your team, you can create a positive and productive work environment.中文：作为企业管理者，我认为有效的沟通和委派是成功管理的关键。
中英文外文文献翻译中小企业财务风险管理研究
本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译(此文档为word格式,下载后您可任意修改编辑!)作者：Bernard G期刊：International Journal of Information Business and Management 第5卷，第3期，pp：41-51.原文The research of financial Risk Management in SMESBernard GINTRUDUCTIONSmall and medium sized enterprises (SME) differ from large corporations among other aspects first of all in their size. Theirimportance in the economy however is large . SME sector of India is considered as the backbone of economy contributing to 45% of the industrial output, 40% of India’s exports, employing 60 million people, create 1.3 million jobs every year and produce more than 8000 quality products for the Indian and international markets. With approximately 30 million SMEs in India, 12 million people expected to join the workforce in next 3 years and the sector growing at a rate of 8% per year, Government of India is taking different measures so as to increase their competitiveness in the international market. There are several factors that have contributed towards the growth of Indian SMEs. Few of these include; funding of SMEs by local and foreign investors, the new technology that is used in the market is assisting SMEs add considerable value to their business, various trade directories and trade portals help facilitate trade between buyer and supplier and thus reducing the barrier to trade With this huge potential, backed up by strong government support; Indian SMEs continue to post their growth stories. Despite of this strong growth, there is huge potential amongst Indian SMEs that still remains untapped. Once this untapped potential becomes the source for growth of these units, there would be no stopping to India posting a GDP higher than that of US and China and becoming the world’s economic powerhouse. RESEARCH QUESTIONRisk and economic activity are inseparable. Every business decisionand entrepreneurial act is connected with risk. This applies also to business of small and medium sized enterprises as they are also facing several and often the same risks as bigger companies. In a real business environment with market imperfections they need to manage those risks in order to secure their business continuity and add additional value by avoiding or reducing transaction costs and cost of financial distress or bankruptcy. However, risk management is a challenge for most SME. In contrast to larger companies they often lack the necessary resources, with regard to manpower, databases and specialty of knowledge to perform a standardized and structured risk management. The result is that many smaller companies do not perform sufficient analysis to identify their risk. This aspect is exacerbated due to a lack in literature about methods for risk management in SME, as stated by Henschel: The two challenging aspects with regard to risk management in SME are therefore: 1. SME differ from large corporations in many characteristics 2. The existing research lacks a focus on risk management in SME The following research question will be central to this work: 1.how can SME manage their internal financial risk? 2.Which aspects, based on their characteristics, have to be taken into account for this? 3.Which mean fulfils the requirements and can be applied to SME? LITERA TURE REVIEWIn contrast to larger corporations, in SME one of the owners is oftenpart of the management team. His intuition and experience are important for managing the company. Therefore, in small companies, the (owner-) manager is often responsible for many different tasks and important decisions. Most SME do not have the necessary resources to employ specialists on every position in the company. They focus on their core business and have generalists for the administrative functions. Behr and Guttler find that SME on average have equity ratios lower than 20%. The different characteristics of management, position on procurement and capital markets and the legal framework need to be taken into account when applying management instruments like risk management. Therefore the risk management techniques of larger corporations cannot easily be applied to SME. In practice it can therefore be observed that although SME are not facing less risks and uncertainties than large companies, their risk management differs from the practices in larger companies. The latter have the resources to employ a risk manager and a professional, structured and standardized risk management system. In contrast to that, risk management in SME differs in the degree of implementation and the techniques applied. Jonen & Simgen-Weber With regard to firm size and the use of risk management. Beyer, Hachmeister & Lampenius observe in a study from 2010 that increasing firm size among SME enhances the use of risk management. This observation matches with the opinion of nearly 10% of SME, which are of the opinion, that risk management is onlyreasonable in larger corporations. Beyer, Hachmeister & Lampenius find that most of the surveyed SME identify risks with help of statistics, checklists, creativity and scenario analyses. reveals similar findings and state that most companies rely on key figure systems for identifying and evaluating the urgency of business risks. That small firms face higher costs of hedging than larger corporations. This fact is reducing the benefits from hedging and therefore he advises to evaluate the usage of hedging for each firm individually. The lacking expertise to decide about hedges in SME is also identified by Eckbo, According to his findings, smaller companies often lack the understanding and management capacities needed to use those instruments. METHODOLOGY USE OF FINANCIAL ANAL YSIS IN SME RISK MANAGEMENT How financial analysis can be used in SME risk management? Development of financial risk overview for SME The following sections show the development of the financial risk overview. After presenting the framework, the different ratios will be discussed to finally present a selection of suitable ratios and choose appropriate comparison data. Framework for financial risk overviewThe idea is to use a set of ratios in an overview as the basis for the financial risk management.This provides even more information than the analysis of historicaldata and allows reacting fast on critical developments and managing the identified risks. However not only the internal data can be used for the risk management. In addition to that also the information available in the papers can be used. Some of them state average values for the defaulted or bankrupt companies one year prior bankruptcy -and few papers also for a longer time horizon. Those values can be used as a comparison value to evaluate the risk situation of the company. For this an appropriate set of ratios has to be chosen. The ratios, which will be included in the overview and analysis sheet, should fulfill two main requirements. First of all they should match the main financial risks of the company in order to deliver significant information and not miss an important risk factor. Secondly the ratios need to be relevant in two different ways. On the one hand they should be applicable independently of other ratios. This means that they also deliver useful information when not used in a regression, as it is applied in many of the papers. On the other hand to be appropriate to use them, the ratios need to show a different development for healthy companies than for those under financial distress. The difference between the values of the two groups should be large enough to see into which the observed company belongs. Evaluation of ratios for financial risk overview When choosing ratios from the different categories, it needs to be evaluated which ones are the most appropriate ones. For this some comparison values are needed inorder to see whether the ratios show different values and developments for the two groups of companies. The most convenient source for the comparison values are the research papers as their values are based on large samples of annual reports and by providing average values outweigh outliers in the data. Altman shows a table with the values for 8 different ratios for the five years prior bankruptcy of which he uses 5, while Porporato & Sandin use 13 ratios in their model and Ohlson bases his evaluation on 9 figures and ratios [10]. Khong, Ong & Y ap and Cerovac & Ivicic also show the difference in ratios between the two groups, however only directly before bankruptcy and not as a development over time [9]. Therefore this information is not as valuable as the others ([4][15]).In summary, the main internal financial risks in a SME should be covered by financial structure, liquidity and profitability ratios, which are the main categories of ratios applied in the research papers.Financial structureA ratio used in many of the papers is the total debt to total assets ratio, analyzing the financial structure of the company. Next to the papers of Altman, Ohlson and Porporato & Sandin also Khong, Ong & Y ap and Cerovac & Ivicic show comparison values for this ratio. Those demonstrate a huge difference in size between the bankrupt andnon-bankrupt groups.Therefore the information of total debt/total assets is more reliable and should rather be used for the overview. The other ratios analyzing the financial structure are only used in one of the papers and except for one the reference data only covers the last year before bankruptcy. Therefore a time trend cannot be detected and their relevance cannot be approved.译文中小企业财务风险管理研究博纳德引言除了其他方面，中小型企业(SME)与大型企业的不同之处首先在于他们的规模不同，但是，他们在国民经济中同样具有重要的作用。
管理学-管理学关键词中英文对照
管理学关键词中英文对照1．管理Manage2．管理的目标Management goal3．组织绩效Organization performance4．效益Effectiveness5．效率Efficiency6．管理的二重性Twoness of management7．管理职能Management functions8．计划Plan9．组织Organize10．指挥Command11．协调Coordinate12．控制Control13．计划职能Planning14．组织职能Organizing15．领导职能Leading16．控制职能Controlling17．管理学Management18．管理者Manager19．高层管理者Top managers20．中层管理者Middle managers21．基层管理者Fist-line managers22．组织层次Organizational levels23．管理者的角色The Role of the manager24．人际关系角色Interpersonal roles25．信息情报方面的角色Informational roles26．挂名首脑Figurehead27．监听者Monitor28．谈判者Negotiator29．决策方面的角色Decisional roles30．组织规模Organizational sale31．价值取向Value orientation32．管理者的素质Stuff of managers33．智力商数Intelligence Quotient, IQ34．情商Emotional Intelligence, EI35．情绪Mood36．情感智力Emotional Quotient, EQ37．管理技能Management skill38．技术技能Technical skill39．人际技能Human skill40．概念技能Conceptual skill41．劳动分工Divide of labor42．劳动生产力Prolificacy of work43．劳动时间Time of work44．科学管理理论Scientific management theory 45．工业革命Industrial revolution46．泰罗制Taylor’s Principles47．时间研究Labor time study48．动作研究Motion study49．一般管理理论General administrative theory 50．管理原则Principles of management51．行政组织理论Administrative organization theory 52．古典组织理论Classical organization theory 53．行政管理Administrative management54．官僚制Bureaucracy55．官僚行政组织Bureaucracy56．行为科学Behavior science57．霍桑效应Hawthorne effect58．组织行为Organization behavior59．行为科学理论Behavior school60．X –Y 理论Theory X Y61．X理论Theory X62．Y理论Theory Y63．管理理论丛林Management theory jungle64．管理过程学派Management process school 65．人际关系学派Human relation school66．人际关系Human relation67．群体行为学派Group behavior school68．经验（或案例）学派Experience school69．社会合作系统学派Social technical systems theory 70．社会技术系统学派Social technical systems theory 71．系统管理学派Systems theory school72．决策理论学派Decision theory school 73．管理科学学派Management science school 74．权变理论学派Contingencies theory school 75．权变Contingencies76．经理角色学派Manager role school77．企业文化Organization culture78．愿景Vision79．共同愿景Shared vision80．文化冲击Culture shock81．公司再造Company Reengineering82．准时生产（JIT）Just-in-time83．计算机集成制造系统（CIM）Computer integrated manufacturing 84．精益生产Lean manufacturing85．学习型组织Learning organization86．管理环境Managerial environment87．外部环境External environment88．内部环境Internal environment89．一般环境因素General environmental factors90．宏观环境因素Macro environmental factors91．直接作用因素Direct-action factors92．间接作用因素Indirect-action factors93．环境的复杂性Environmental complexity94．动态环境Dynamic environment95．PEST分析法, PEST(polictial,economic,social,technological) 96．政治与法律环境Political & Legal environment97．特殊任务环境Specific environment98．供应商Suppliers99．服务对象Service object100．顾客Customer101．竞争对手Competitors102．潜在竞争对手Potential competitors103．竞争环境Competitive environment104．竞争意识Competitive intelligence105．进入障碍Barriers to entry106．规模经济Economies of scale107．范围经济Economies of scope108．政府管理部门Government Management department109．特殊利益团体Special-interest groups110．组织内部环境Organizational environment111．组织文化Organizational culture112．使命Mission113．凝聚力Cohesiveness114．合作Collaboration115．核心竞争力Core competence116．环境设计Design for environment117．组织设计Organizational design118．社会责任Social responsibility119．社会义务Social obligation120．社会响应Social responsiveness121．管理道德Management ethics122．道德规范Morality rule123．伦理Ethics124．可持续发展Sustainable development125．全球化Globalization126．全球组织模式Global organization model127．全球性组织Global organization128．全球性外包Global outsourcing129．全球战略Global strategy130．组织利益相关者Stakeholders131．组织Organization132．组织绩效Organizational performance133．生产型组织Manufacture organization134．服务型组织Service organization135．私人组织Private organization136．公共组织Commonality organization137．正式组织Formal organization138．非正式组织Informal organization139．实体组织Entity organization140．虚拟组织Virtual organization141．商业计划Business plan142．企业家Entrepreneur143．企业家才能Entrepreneurship144．创业Entrepreneurship145．创业机会分析Opportunity analysis146．组织目标Organizational goals147．研究与开发(R&D)Research and development 148．目标管理（MBO）Management by objective 149．企业Enterprise150．小企业Small business151．企业法人Corporation152．组织的法律形式Legal forms of organization 153．独资企业Solely- invested enterprise154．个人业主制企业 Sole proprietorship155．合伙制企业Partnership enterprise156．公司制企业Corporation157．有限责任公司Limited liability partnership 158．股份有限公司Limited liability Company 159．无限公司Unlimited company160．两合公司Limited partnership161．企业集团Group company162．劳动密集型企业Labor denseness enterprise 163．资金密集型企业Capital denseness enterprise 164．知识密集型企业Knowledge denseness enterprise 165．股东Shareholder166．董事Director167．董事会Directorate168．监事Monitor169．总经理General manager170．首席执行官（CEO）Chief executive officer171．非营利性组织Nonprofit organitation172．企业生命周期The corporate lifecycles173．发展Development174．萌芽阶段Embryonic stage175．衰退阶段Decline stage176．环境的不确定性Environmental uncertainty 177．组织变革Organization transform178．障碍Obstacle179．核心能力Core competencies180．战略Strategy181．战略管理Strategic management182．战略单位Strategic business units183．企业战略Enterprise strategy184．业务战略Business stratagem185．战略实施Strategy implementation186．差异化Differentiation187．差异化战略Differentiation strategy188．集中战略Concentration strategy189．一体化Intgeration190．纵向一体化V ertical integration191．同业多样化战略Concentric diversification strategy 192．战略联盟Strategic alliance193．合作战略Cooperative strategies194．机会Opportunities195．威胁Threats196．优势Strengths197．劣势Weaknesses198．风险Venture199．SWOT分析SWOT analysis200．成长战略Growth strategies201．稳固战略Stability strategies202．撤退战略Retrenchment strategies203．战略方针Strategic policy204．战略目标Strategic goles205．战略步骤Strategic process206．战略重点Strategic keystone207．战略措施Strategic measure208．预测Forecasting209．长期预测Long-time forecast210．中期预测Metaphase forecast211．短期预测Short-time forecast212．定性预测方法Qualitative forecast213．定量预测方法Quantitative forecast214．德尔菲法Dalphi Method215．讨论Discussion216．集合意见法Jury of opinion217．头脑风暴法Brainstorming218．时间序列法Time series analysis models 219．因果分析法Cause and effect analysis models 220．回归分析预测法Regression modals221．决策Decision222．决策过程Decision –making process 223．问题Problem224．决策标准Decision criteria225．权重Weights226．备选方案Alternatives227．最优化决策Optimum decision228．满意Satisfied229．评价Evaluating230．直觉决策Intuitive decision231．定性决策Qualitative decision232．定量决策Quantitative decision233．战略决策Stratagem decision making234．战术决策Tactics decision235．程序化决策Programmed decision236．非程序化决策Nonprogrammed decision 237．确定型决策Certain decision238．风险型决策Risk decisions239．不确定型决策Uncertain decision240．长期决策Long-term decision241．中期决策Intermediate-term decision242．短期决策Short-term decision243．个人决策Person decision244．集体决策Group decision245．有限理性Bounded rationality246．量本利分析法Breakeven analysis247．盈亏平衡点Breakeven point248．固定成本Fixed costs249．变动成本Variable costs250．决策树Decision tree251．悲观决策法Pessimistic decision252．乐观决策法Optimistic decision253．折衷决策法Compromise decision254．机会均等决策法Occasion equalization decision 255．最小后悔值决策法Regardless decision 256．计划Plan257．执行计划Execute plan258．宗旨Aim259．使命Mission260．目标Goal261．战略Stratagem262．政策Policy263．程序Process264．规则Rule265．规划Program266．项目Project267．预算Budget268．环境扫描Environmental scanning269．长期计划Long-term plans270．中期计划Intermediate-term plans271．短期计划Short-term plans272．战略计划Strategic plans273．业务计划Operational plans274．综合计划Synthetic plans275．局部计划Department plans276．项目计划Project plans277．高层管理计划Top management plans278．中层管理计划Middle management plans279．基层管理计划Fist-line management plans280．生产计划Manufacture281．供应计划Provide plans282．新产品开发计划New product plan283．营销计划Marketing plans284．财务计划Finance plans285．人事计划Human plans286．情境计划Scenario planning287．后勤保障计划Service ensure plans288．指令性计划Mandatory plans289．指导性计划Directional plans290．派生（辅助）计划Derivative plans291．甘特图Gantt chart292．滚动计划方法Rolling plan technique293．网络计划技术Network plan technique294．项目评审法(PERT) Program Evaluation and review techniques 295．线性规划Linear programming296．组织Organizing297．组织结构Organizational structure298．组织工作Organize299．劳动分工Division of labor300．统一指挥Unity of command301．职权Authority302．职责Accountability303．直线权力Line authority304．参谋权力Staff authority305．职能权力Function authority306．组织设计Organizational design307．组织结构设计Organizational structure design 308．组织手册Organization handbook309．职位说明书Job description310．组织系统图Organization system chart 311．组织规模Organization scale312．机械式的结构Mechanistic organization 313．单件生产Unit production314．小量生产Small production315．成批生产Process production316．大量生产Mass production317．连续生产Continuum production318．目标原则Goal principle319．管理幅度Span of control320．指控链Chain of command321．管理层次Chain of command322．岗位设定Job design323．工作分析Job analysis324．岗位设定Job design325．岗位轮换Job rotation326．多样化培训Diversity training327．岗位扩大化Job enlargement328．岗位丰富化Job enrichment329．部门划分Departmentalization330．部门化Departmentalization331．职能部门Functional department332．产品部门化Product departmentalization 333．地区划分部分Geographical departmentalization 334．顾客划分部门Customer departmentalization 335．管理者的能力Ma nager’s ability336．扁平型组织Flattening organization337．锥型组织Awl organization338．组织构架Organizational architecture339．机械式组织Mechanistic organization340．有机式组织Organic organization341．集权Centralization of state power342．集权组织Centralized organization343．分权Decentralization of state power344．分权组织Decentralized organization345．委员会制Committee system346．直线制组织结构Line strcture347．职能制组织结构Functional structure348．直线职能制组织结构Line-functional structure349．事业部制组织机构Divisional structure350．矩陈制组织结构Matrix structure351．专门工作组Bottlegging352．模拟分权制组织Simulation Decentralized organization 353．网络结构Network structure354．领导Leading355．领导Leadership356．职位权力Position power357．个人影响Referent power358．合法权Legitimate authority359．奖赏权Reward power360．惩罚权Punish right361．模范权Exemplary right362．专长权Specialty right363．魅力权Glamour right364．感情权Affection right365．士气Morale366．领导风格Leadership styles367．专制作风Autocratic styles368．民主作风Democratic styles369．放任作风Laissez-faire styles370．领导行为理论Behavioral approach371．管理方格图Managerial grid chart372．贫乏型管理Impoverished management373．任务型管理Task management374．俱乐部型管理Country club management375．中庸型的管理Middle –of –the- road management 376．团队型的管理Team management377．领导权变理论Contingency theory378．菲德勒的权变理论Fiedler contingency model379．“任务导向型”的领导方式Task –oriented leadership 380．“关系导向型”的领导方式Relationship-oriented leadership 381．菲德勒模型The Fiedler model382．情境领导理论Situational leadership theory383．途径——目标理论Path –goal theory384．教练Coach385．指导Coaching386．授权Authorization387．沟通Communicate388．消息Message389．渠道Channel390．传言链Grapevine chains391．语言沟通Verbal communication392．非语言沟通Nonverbal communication393．身体语言Body language394．过滤Filtering395．正式沟通Formal communication396．非正式沟通Informal communication397．小道消息Grapevine398．横向沟通Horizontal communication399．单向沟通One –way communication400．对上沟通Upward communication401．对下沟通Downward communication402．斜向沟通Diagonal communication403．沟通网络Communication network404．链式沟通网络Chain communication network 405．环式沟通网络Round communication network 406．Y式沟通网络Y communication network407．纵向沟通网络Vertical communication network 408．轮式沟通网络Wheel communication network 409．全通道式沟通网络All channel communication network 410．团队管理Team management411．激励Motivation412．激励因素Motivators413．需求Needs414．诱因Inducement415．动机Motivation416．行为Action417．绩效Performance418．激励理论Motivation theory419．内容型激励理论Content motivation theory420．积极性Enthusiasm421．需求层次理论Hierarchy of needs theory422．需求Need423．需求层次Need hierarchy424．生理需要Physiological needs425．安全需要Safety needs426．社交需要Social need427．尊重需要Esteem need428．自我实现需要Self –actualization needs 429．“ERG”理论ERG theory430．存在需要Existence need431．关系需要Relatedness need432．成长需要Growth need433．成就激励论Three-need theory434．成就需要Need for achievement435．权力需要Need for power436．合群需要Need for affiliation437．双因素理论Two –factors theory438．激励——保健理论Motivation –Hygiene theory 439．保健因素Hygiene factors440．激励因素Motivation factors441．满意Satisfaction442．不满意Dissatisfaction443．过程型激励理论Process motivation theory 444．期望Expectancy445．期望理论Expectancy theory446．效价Valence447．努力Make great efforts448．期望Expectation449．公平理论Equity theory450．投入Input451．产出Outcomes452．公平Equity453．不公平Inequity454．外在强化Extrinsic rewards455．内在强化Intrinsic rewards456．强化理论Reinforcement theory457．正强化Positive reinforcement458．负强化Negative reinforcement459．规避性学习Avoidance learning460．修正行为Behavior modification461．搭便车Hitchhike462．投机心理Venture psychology463．消退Fade away464．目标激励法Goal –setting theory465．报酬激励法Reward –setting theory466．工资Wage467．津贴Allowance468．认可Certificate469．赞赏Admiration470．奖惩Rewards and punishment471．惩罚Punishment472．考评Appraise473．控制Control474．控制系统Control system475．信息Information476．反馈Feedback477．信息反馈Information feedback478．控制论Cybernectics479．偏差Warp480．纠正Rectify481．前馈控制Feedforward control482．实时控制Real-time control483．反馈控制Feedback control484．业绩考核Performance appraisals 485．财务报表Financial statement486．资产负债表Balance sheet487．损益表Income statement488．现金流量表Statement of cash flow 489．预算Budgeting490．预算控制Budgeting control491．财务预算Financial budget492．业务预算Operation budget493．销售预算Sell budget494．生产预算Production budget495．生产进度日程表Production schedule table 496．内部审计Internal audit497．外部审计External audit498．创新Innovation499．技术创新Technoiogical innovations 500．产品创新Product innovation501．流程再造Process reengineering502．产品设计Product design503．首席技术官Chief technology officier。
国外大学教材
F23 FH81 2001
Cost accounting :a managerial emphasis/10th ed./成本会计:管理的着重点
Tsinghua University Press/ c2001
清华会计学系列英文版教材。本书是由美国斯坦福大学Charles T. Horngren教授担纲编写的成本会计教材。Horngren教授著述丰厚，在美国全国性会计职业和学术组织中身兼数职，几乎获得过美国会计界所有最高奖项。
中国人民大学出版社/ c2001
民商法精要系列之一,是为配合法学院和商学院开设的国际商事交易法课程而编写。自1981年至1996年，已经出了五版。
F036.3 FS33 2001
Consumer behavior/7th ed./消费者行为学
Tsinghua University Press /c2001
Tsinghua University Press /c2001
清华管理学系列英文版教材，可用作高年级本科生和研究生，以及MBA学生的教材，
F713.1 FM346
Marketing channels/6th ed./市场营销渠道
Tsinghua University Press /c2001
清华营销学系列英文版教材。本书的内容和程度不仅适合作为高校相关课程的教材，而且适合作为企业经理的培训教材。
C936 FR63o
Organizational behavior/9th ed./组织行为学
Tsinghua University Press/ c2001
清华MBA核心课程英文版教材。这是一本不可多得的优秀教材，其内容不仅适合于我国的工商管理专业学生，也适合广大的管理工作者。
SBU管理模式
SBU管理模式概念：SBU是Strategical Business Unit的英文缩写，即战略经营单位管理模式，由美国GM公司总裁阿尔弗雷德.P.斯隆在70年代提出。
目的：彻底实现企业内部与市场接轨提高质量、降低成本、增加利润形成利益共同体，真正实现职工与老板的利益完全统一特征：独立经营、独立核算、上下买卖关系等。
为充分调动各方面资源，尽快将装备优势转化为产品优势，提高新产品研发和市场推进的效率，提升综合竞争力，在“产销研”一体化运行机制的基础上推行战略经营单位（SBU）管理，成立八个SBU项目推进组。
一是确定SBU项目推进组组组织结构及职责。
二是做好责任目标任务分解和责任落实工作。
三是制定年度目标责任制和管理办法，扎实推进工作。
四是统一协调，加强管理，做好月度和阶段性总结和汇报。
据悉，国内海尔（98年）、太钢、济钢、邯钢（10年）等多家企业都引入SBU管理体制，在开发品种、开拓市场、提升企业市场竞争力、推动企业实现战略目标方面已经发挥了重要作用。
杨克明助理联系电话010-********邯钢公司召开2010年SBU总结表彰暨2011年SBU启动大会1月5日下午，邯钢公司召开2010年SBU总结表彰暨2011年SBU 启动大会。
公司董事长、党委书记、SBU领导小组组长李贵阳，总经理、副董事长、党委副书记、SBU领导小组组长彭兆丰出席会议并发表重要讲话，要求公司广大干部职工积极投身到快速提升产品结构和品牌形象的事业中，进一步推进SBU工作，尽快将装备优势转变为产品优势和市场竞争优势，提升邯钢核心竞争力。
公司总会计师、SBU领导小组副组长郭景瑞，副总经理、SBU领导小组副组长李广亮，公司总工程师、SBU领导小组常务副组长许斌出席会议。
出席会议的还有公司副总工程师、SBU领导小组副组长唐恒国。
李广亮主持大会。
李贵阳指出，公司自去年6月初正式启动重点战略产品SBU机制以来，在重点产品销售、生产和工艺技术创新等方面均取得了一定成效，SBU管理模式的良好作用初步显现。
(完整word版)SIYB培训项目讲义
SIYB培训项目讲义《创办和改善你的企业》（Start and Improve Your Business 简称SIYB）SIYB培训是国际劳工组织为帮助微小企业发展，促进就业，专门研究开发的一系列培训小企业家的培训课程,它包括四个培训模块：·产生你的企业想法（GYB)·创办你的企业（SYB）·改善你的企业（IYB)·扩大你的企业（EYB)●这套培训课程专门培养潜在的和现有的小企业创办者,使他们有能力创办切实可行的企业,提高现有企业的生命力和盈利能力,并在此过程中为他人创造就业机会.●目前，SIYB培训已经成为国际劳工组织的创业培训品牌，在全球80多个国家使用并取得了很好的效果，受到各国的普遍欢迎。
被成为小MBA。
●我国与2001年引入SYB项目,在全国试点城市取得巨大成功。
2004年7月正式启动SIYB 项目,GYB、SYB、IYB三个培训模块已经成熟,在实践中也缺德了成功；EYB也在逐步引进。
SIYB培训的四个模块《创办你的企业》 START YOUR BUSINESS中国就业形势：压力巨大长期多钟就业压力交织小企业发展阶段创办 巩固扩大企业发展时间城镇就业压力民工进城创业：就业新道创业定义创业是指不受雇一个单位，而是自己开办和经营企业，为自己和他人创造就业机会。
常见几个概念：创业：理性、有计划地创办企业。
闯业：无计划地办企业。
创业成功：三年内还生存的企业。
成功闯业：短时间企业倒闭了。
●“财聚人散，财散人聚”●30％机会+70%人脉资源●公司可以有负债,但不可一日无现金什么是创业培训?创业培训:是面向有志于创办小企业并具有相应素质的劳动者开展的一种特殊的培训形式。
旨在：让培训者掌握自谋职业和自主创办小企业的方法，并以造就小企业的创办者为己任。
第一.创业意识培训：要求培训者具备对市场的把握能力和洞察能力，第二。
创业计划培训：是对培训者进行技术，技能和人员管理方面的培训，并在创业时刻得到劳动部门的支持，获得2万元以内的小额贷款.第三。
erp心得体会范文
erp心得体会范文erp心得体会范文篇1ERp模拟实践结束了，历时一天的时间，我们做了四年的沙盘经营。
各个小组都有不同的体会，但是我想我们这一组，这个“公司”是体会最深的吧。
原本以为我们的“公司”快要破产了，没想到在老师的拯救下我们反败为胜，获得了实践的第一名，这对于我们说无疑是令人感到喜悦的。
刚开始的时候完全不懂ERp这一词的意思，只知道要做这个实验，后老师讲解以后就知道了它的全称是EnterpriseResureplanning也就是企业资计划的意思，对于一个企业说最总要的就是优化资配置，这样才可以最大限度的将盈利和资保护结合起。
时间开始，老师将我们分成了A—F组，我们所在的是F组，每组十个人，分E、E助理、财务总监、财务助理、营销总监、营销助理、生产总监、生产助理、供应总监、供应助理。
我担任的是供应总监这个角色，做为一个供应总监，把握原材料的供应情况是非常总要的。
要注意细节，进货数量。
实践第0年老师领着我们共同经营，让我们了解了一下基本流程，很快0年的经营结束，改换我们自己经营，由于我们经营战略的失误，第一年公司亏欠了两千一百万，这个结果有一点小小的打击到我们，但是这只是刚开始，我们相信我们是可以做到盈利的。
第二年终于给了我们一些安慰，盈亏平衡了。
到了第三年大家的信心越越满，兴趣也越越浓，彼此互相帮助。
可是由于生产部门的计算错误，公司亏欠一千七百万，有订单却交不了货，直接面临破产的威胁，这时大家的信心越越少，大家就直接坐在那儿一动不动，我想这对与我们说真的是一个巨大的困难，可是困难了就要迎难而上，坚持下去。
到最后大家搬了救兵，我们的大大总裁陈老师，大家和她一起想办法，最后想出了再多建一条生产线，这样就可以交订单了。
危机解除，大家的信心又回了，后越做越顺利，到第四年成为了区域龙头老大，最终盈利180，最后获得小组赛的第一名。
这本是一场需要历时两天的战役，没想打在大家的共同合作和努力下，作战提前一天完成，节约了时间又获得了好成绩，这是最令人喜悦的。
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ntrepreneurship
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
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Entrepreneurship-Friendly Nations
Ch. 1: The Foundations of Entrepreneurship
Ch. 1: The Foundations of Entrepreneurship
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
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What is an Entrepreneur?
One who creates a new business in the face of risk and uncertainty for the purpose of achieving profit and growth by identifying opportunities and assembling the necessary resources to capitalize on them.
Ch. 1: The Foundations of Entrepreneurship
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
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Entrepreneurial Activity Across the Globe
Entrepreneurial spirit - the most significant economic development in recent history.
GEM study: 12.3% of adult population in the U.S. is actively involved in trying to start a new business.
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
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The World of the Entrepreneur
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) study reports:
Ch. 1: The Foundations of Entrepreneurship
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
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What is an Entrepreneur?
1961: David McClleland: An entrepreneur is a person with a high need for achievement [N-Ach]. He is energetic and a moderate risk taker.
Ch. 1: The Foundations of Entrepreneurship
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
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What is an Entrepreneur?
1803: Jean-Baptiste Say: An entrepreneur is an economic agent who unites all means of production- land of one, the labour of another and the capital of yet another and thus produces a product. By selling the product in the market he pays rent of land, wages to labour, interest on capital and what remains is his profit. He shifts economic resources out of an area of lower and into an area of higher productivity and greater yield.
Ch. 1: The Foundations of Entrepreneurship
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
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The World of the Entrepreneur
Every year U.S. entrepreneurs launch 565,000 new businesses.
1964: Peter Drucker: An entrepreneur searches for change, responds to it and exploits opportunities. Innovation is a specific tool of an entrepreneur hence an effective entrepreneur converts a source into a resource.
1934: Schumpeter: Entrepreneurs are innovators who use a process of shattering the status quo of the existing products and services, to set up new products, new services.
► Men are twice as likely to start a business as women.
► Most entrepreneurs turn to family members and friends for capital.
► Entrepreneurs are most likely to launch businesses when they are between the ages of 35 and 44.