英语国家概况论文
英语国家概况论文FROM THE BRITISH EMPIRE TO THE COMMONWEALTH
FROM THE BRITISH EMPIRE TO THECOMMONWEALTHI.Introduction.Great Britain, also known as The United Kingdom of Great Britain and North Ireland, had once been the center of world for centuries and made great contributionto human civilization. However, in the late 19th century, with the rise ofother countries, Britain began to fall in the fierce competition among capitalist countries. Afterwards, suffering great loss in the two world wars, Britain became less powerful and thecolonies won independence one after another. The Great Britain Empire gradually transformed itself to a friendly and harmonious Commonwealth. II.Background: The Rise of The British Empire.a)Industrial Revolution and ExpansionThe British Industrial Revolution, which took place in 1700s, resulted in great development of the British society.Hand production methods could no longer meet the need of products.The newly-invented machines simplified the process of production and greatly increased the productivity.And the well-known steam engine provided new source of power, thanks to which, fast development also took place in other important fields such as transportation, steel industry and coal industry.The industrial revolution marked the beginning of a new era in the history of mankind.In 1588, the Spanish Armada was defeated by the Great Britain, which marked Great Britain’s gaining of sea supremacy, and paved the way for the expansion.During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, British citizens were encouraged to trade abroad,or even plunder and colonize through sailing. Weaker countries’ door s were first knocked open with commerce, and it was often followed by occupation and colonization backed withstrong military force.With advanced technology and broad market, bourgeoisie of Britain started their accumulation of capital, and the country started to lead theworld.b)The Sun-never-set EmpireThe British Empire became the “workshop of the world”, and London became the financial center. For over a century, it was the principal naval and imperial power, and almost unchallenged at seaand in territory. In the early 1900s, it ruled a population of over 500 million and occupied more than one fifth of the Earth’s total land ar ea.Because of its expanse around the globe, the sun could shine on at least one of its territories at any time. P eople call it “the empire on which the sun never sets”.III.Transformation to the Commonwealth.a)The Proposal of CommonwealthQueen Elizabeth II once declared that the confederation of Canada on 1st July 1867 marked “the beginning of that free association of independent states which is now known as the Commonwealth of Nations".In 1884, Lord Rosebery, while visiting Australia, described the changing British Empireas some of its colonies became moreindependentas a "Commonwealth of Nations".In 1917, a specific proposal was presented by Jan Smuts,at that time a member of the British Imperial War Cabinet, when he brought up the term "the British Commonwealth of Nations". The term first received imperial statutory recognition in the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921, which concluded the Irish War of Independence, when the term “British Commonwealth of Nations” was substituted for “British Empire” in the wording of the oath taken by the parliament of the Irish Free State.b)Falling EmpireThe two Industrial Revolutions pushed more countries to develop bourgeoisie and look for foreign markets and raw materials.Therefore, the competition became fiercer. Newly-emerging powers, especially Germany, struggled for a repartition of market and land, while the British Empire had to fight to defend the acquired benefits.The First World War broke out in 1914 and lasted about four years, during which nearly every country suffered from it except America.Although Britain was one of the victorious nations and won many new colonies from the Germans, it could n’t afford to the great expenses for maintainingsuch a huge lions of people died, economy suffered, and Britain became a debtor, rather than creditor. At the same time, independence movements in thecolonies were running high.The empire was losing its control of the colonies. The international financial center transferred to New York. All of these deprived the Empire of its hegemonic position.c)TransformationThe Balfour Declaration, issued by the 1926 Imperial Conference, declared that the United Kingdom and the Dominions are...autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs, though united by a common allegiance to the Crown, and freely associated as members of the British Commonwealth of Nations. ...The declaration accepted the fact that the dominions were having growing independence in internal and external affairs in the years after World War I, and became the basis of the Statute of Westminster 1931.The Parliament of the United Kingdom passed Statute of Westminster in 1931. It is a statutory embodiment and formalization of the principles of equality and allegiance to the Crown, which were brought up in the Balfour Declaration. Until today, the Statute of Westminster still serves as a basis of the relationship between the Commonwealth realms and the Crown.d)Postwar ChangesAfter World War II, the situation of the world changed profoundly. Europe, a continent that had dominated the whole world for several centuries, was in ruins. The United States and Soviet Union held the super power, while Britain was left bankrupt.In this period, anti-colonial movements were on the rise in the colonies of European nations.The London Declaration was issued by the 1949 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference. It is considered a milestone in the history of the modern Commonwealth.The declaration allowed the Commonwealth to admit and retain members that were not Dominions, and it changed the name of the organization from the “British Commonwealth of Nations”to the “Commonwealth of Nations”. The dropping of the word “British” reflects the major changes.After London Declaration, the colonies gained their independence and new members from different continents joined the Commonwealth.Finally, the handover ceremony of Hong Kong in 1997 marked the end of the long decolonization process, as well as the empire.monwealth Today.The Commonwealth of Nations is an voluntary intergovernmental organization of52 independent member states that are mostly former territories of the British Empire.Although they acknowledge the British Monarch as the symbolic head of the Commonwealth, they have no obligation to each other and have full autonomy on their own internal and external affairs. They are united by language, history, culture and their shared values of democracy, human rights, and the rule of law.Commonwealth countries interact with each other outside governmentwith various non-governmental organizations of different fields, such as sport, culture, education, law and charity.The Commonwealth Foundation is an intergovernmental organization, resourced by Commonwealth governments. It aims to strengthen civil society in theachievement of Commonwealth priorities: democracy and good governance, respect for human rights and gender equality, poverty eradication, people-centered and sustainable development, and to promote arts and culture.The Commonwealth games is the third largest multi-sport event in the world.Being held every four years, the games include sports particularly popular in Commonwealth countries, such as netball and rugby sevens. The games were designed with the goal of promoting relations between Commonwealth countries and celebrating their shared sporting and cultural heritage.V.Conclusion.History witnessed the rise and fall of the British Empire and its transformation to the Commonwealth of Nations.From the history, there’s much we can learn.The rise of the British Empire from the Industrial Revolution can help us realize the importance of science and technology. With advanced technology, a little effort can produce great achievement.The lack of ability and power to control the large area of colonies can remind us that we should pre-estimate the situation, in order that what we wouldn’t cause results that we cannot control.The self-transformation to a loose commonwealth can also enlighten us that we should always follow the historical trend and that being against the trend is not a wise option.。
英语国家概况考试作文
英语国家概况考试作文**English Overview Exam Essay: Exploring the Cultural Nuances of English-Speaking Nations**The English Overview Exam essay, a crucial component of understanding the diverse cultures and nuances of English-speaking countries, offers a unique opportunity to delveinto the rich tapestry of these nations. This essay notonly examines the historical backgrounds, political systems, and social structures of these countries, but also explores their unique cultural identities and traditions.Beginning with the historical backgrounds, the English Overview Exam essay highlights the significant events and periods that have shaped the identities of English-speaking nations. From the colonization of the Americas by theBritish Empire to the establishment of independent governments, these countries have experienced a diverse range of historical influences. The essay delves into the impact of these events on the political systems and social structures of these nations, analyzing how they haveevolved over time.Moreover, the essay explores the cultural identities and traditions of English-speaking countries. From the vibrant festivals and celebrations to the diverse culinary delights, these cultures offer a fascinating array of experiences. The essay examines how these traditions have been preserved and adapted over the centuries, reflecting the unique blend of old and new in these nations.In addition, the essay considers the role of language in shaping the cultural identities of English-speaking countries. English, as a global language, has become a unifying force among these nations, allowing for greater cultural exchange and understanding. However, the essay also acknowledges the existence of regional dialects and accents, which further enrich the cultural landscapes of these countries.Furthermore, the essay analyzes the social and economic impact of English-speaking countries on the global stage. From the economic prowess of the United States and the United Kingdom to the cultural influence of Australia and Canada, these nations have left an indelible mark on the world. The essay explores how these countries haveleveraged their resources and strengths to shape global policies and trends.Finally, the English Overview Exam essay concludes with a reflection on the importance of understanding thecultural nuances of English-speaking nations. In a world increasingly connected by globalization, it is crucial to appreciate the diversity and uniqueness of different cultures. By exploring the historical backgrounds,political systems, social structures, and culturalidentities of these countries, we can gain a deeper understanding of their people, values, and traditions.In conclusion, the English Overview Exam essay provides a comprehensive overview of the cultural nuances ofEnglish-speaking nations. Through an exploration of their historical backgrounds, political systems, social structures, cultural identities, and global influence, the essay offers a unique perspective on the rich and diverse cultures of these countries. This understanding not only enhances our appreciation of their uniqueness but also fosters a greater sense of cultural tolerance and respectin a globalized world.**英语国家概况考试作文：探索英语国家文化细微差别** 英语国家概况考试作文，是深入了解英语国家多样文化和细微差别的重要途径，它为我们提供了探究这些国家丰富文化纹理的独特机会。
英语国家概况1800字
英语国家概况1800字IntroductionEnglish-speaking countries are countries where English is the official language or a prominent language spoken widely in that country. These countries are spread across different continents, and they share many characteristics that are unique to them. In this essay, we will take a look at some of these prominent English-speaking countries and explore their cultural, historical and economic characteristics.United States of AmericaThe United States is the world's most influential and powerful nation. It has a population of over 330 million people and consists of 50 states. English is the country's official language, however, due to its multicultural environment, Spanish and other languages are also widely spoken.The country is known for its cultural and economic diversity, with Hollywood being the home of the world's most famous movie studios. America is also a leader in technology, industrial, and medical development with Silicon Valley being the home of prominent tech companies. In terms of international relations, America has played a vital role in various global issues and remains one of the leading superpowers in the world.United KingdomThe UK is one of the most influential countries in the world, despite being relatively small in size. It is made up of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, and has a population of over 66 million people. English is the country's official language with a few regional languages like Welsh and Gaelic also spoken.The UK has a rich cultural heritage with famous landmarks like London's Big Ben, Edinburgh Castle, and Stonehedge. The country is also famed for its contribution to literature, music, and science. It is the birthplace of famous playwrights William Shakespeare, and Charles Dickens, and scientists such as Isaac Newton.CanadaCanada is the second-largest country in the world and has a population of over 37 million people. English is the country's official language and is spoken widely throughout the provinces. French is also an official language and is the primary language spoken in the province of Quebec.The country is known for its stunning natural scenery, with its rugged mountains, vast wilderness, and beautiful lakes. Canada is a highly developed country, with a strong economy, free healthcare, and high living standards. Throughout its history, Canada has been known for its peaceful and diplomatic relations, which have made it a respected global leader.AustraliaAustralia is a country and a continent located in the southern hemisphere. It has a population of around 24 million people, and English is the country's official language.Australia is known for its natural wonders, including the Great Barrier Reef and Uluru. The country is also famous for its sports culture, specifically cricket, rugby, and Australian rules football. Australia is a developed country with a strong economy, and its industries include mining, agriculture, and finance.New ZealandNew Zealand is an English-speaking country located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It has a population of around five million people, and English is the official language. The country is known for its beautiful landscapes, including beautiful beaches, mountains, and forests.New Zealand is also famous for its production of wine and its passion for sport, especially rugby union. The country has a strong economy with a focus on tourism, agriculture, and technology.ConclusionIn conclusion, English-speaking countries are diverse and unique, yet they share many cultural, historical, and economic characteristics. These countries play major roles in different fields, such as entertainment, literature, science, and technology, and they have a significant impact on global affairs. Despite their differing lifestyles and customs, they are connected by theircommon language and culture, which serves as a universal connecting factor between them.。
英语国家概况论文-政治体制-英文
Comparison of the Politics in Britain and United StatesAbstract: The system that British established in 19 century has a profound effect not only on its own country’s society developments of politics and history but also on other counties’ modern institution, politics and history. British is the mother of world capitalist constitutionalism. As a powerful capitalistic country, US’ system is also based on the British’s system and set a prefect system after some reforms. Even so, the systems of the two countries still have many differences. Both of the two countries have powerful political systems in the world.Keywords: constitution, party systems, electoral system1. Introduction: (political institution is superstructure, generally refers to the state power organs and the basic system which adapted with the social nature. "Political system, as same as the various systems of the human society, is the product of history development, branding with time and space.”) After the English bourgeois revolution, democratic politics was gradually established. The constitution was promulgated and constitutionalism was gradually be taken. Capitalism got a considerable development in Britain. Britain built the first set of the capitalist system, which is known as the source and model of Western political system.British and US political systems have the same theoretical basis: the principle of "separation of powers” and the theory of “human rights”; the concrete content includes the parliamentary system, the electoral system, the judicial system, and the political party system, etc; these are all considered to be the elements of "people's democracy", Regimes implemented the principles of separation of powers and check and balance and the "rule of law". And most fundamentally,as two typical representatives of capitalist countries’ political systems, Britain and USA have the same nature in the maintenance of bourgeois interests and the private capitalist system, the implementation of other aspects of bourgeois dictatorship. But in the specific political system level, they present different characteristics, the paper only compare British and American political system from three aspects of the Constitution, the party system, the electoral system.2. Comparison of constitutionsBritain is typical of countries with unwritten constitution, there is no unified, complete written form, and its constitutional system is extremely complex which is constituted by a variety of written and unwritten customary law, jurisprudence and constitutional practices constituted. British constitution can not be listed by one or several pieces of documents, nor strict distinct by the time, it lacks rigorous and explicit content, consistent and complete system。
英语国家概况英文作文
英语国家概况英文作文The United States is a vast and diverse country, known for its rich history, cultural diversity, and technological innovation. From the towering skyscrapers of New York Cityto the stunning natural beauty of the Grand Canyon, the U.S. offers a wide range of experiences for visitors andresidents alike.The country is home to a melting pot of cultures, with people from all over the world coming to live and work in the U.S. This diversity is reflected in the country's cuisine, music, and art, making it a vibrant and dynamic place to live.One of the most iconic symbols of the United States is the American flag, with its red, white, and blue stripesand stars. It is a powerful symbol of the country's valuesof freedom, democracy, and opportunity.The U.S. is also known for its technological innovation,with Silicon Valley in California being a hub for some of the world's leading tech companies. From smartphones to social media, many of the products and services that we use on a daily basis were developed in the United States.In addition to its cultural and technological achievements, the United States is also known for its natural beauty. From the stunning beaches of Hawaii to the majestic mountains of Colorado, the country offers a wide range of landscapes for outdoor enthusiasts to explore.Overall, the United States is a country of great diversity and opportunity, with a rich cultural heritage and a strong tradition of innovation. It continues to be a leading global power in many fields, and its influence is felt around the world.。
英语国家概况期末考试英国教育体制作文
英语国家概况期末考试英国教育体制作文The education system in the United Kingdom is known for its strong emphasis on academic excellence and a well-rounded education.英国的教育体制以强调学术卓越和全面教育而闻名。
From a young age, children in the UK are encouraged to develop a love for learning and critical thinking skills.从小，英国的孩子们就被鼓励培养对学习的热爱和批判性思维能力。
One of the unique features of the UK education system is the presence of independent schools, which are privately funded institutions that offer a high standard of education.英国教育体制的一个独特特点是私立学校的存在，这些学校是由私人资助的机构，提供高水平的教育。
These schools often have smaller class sizes, more resources, and a wider range of extracurricular activities compared to state-funded schools.与公立学校相比，这些学校通常拥有较小的班级规模、更多的资源和更广泛的课外活动。
However, access to independent schools is often limited to those who can afford the high tuition fees, leading to criticisms of elitism and inequality within the education system.然而，私立学校的学费通常较高，只有富有的家庭才能负担得起，这导致对教育体制内精英主义和不平等的批评。
英语国家概况期末论文1
英语国家概况期末论文1American and British educationThe number of people holds view that the future of the nation depends largely on education, so as the future of the children. Each country has its own education system. Most of countries try to put the national education in the first place. And most families consider the home education as part of their life. What are the country education systems? What are their purposes? How do parents do at ho me for their children’s education? The following I will talk about the formal education and family education among the United States and the United Kingdom.American Education1. Formal EducationIn the United States, education is regarded as both an individual benefit and a social necessity. There are three ideals of American education. Firstly, education is governed by state and local governments, not by the national government. Each of the 50 states has its own laws regulating education, but some laws are similar, for example, all states require young people to attend school until the age of either 16 or 18. Secondly, receive an equal education. In the other words, many people are possible to have access to as much as education as they want. This ideal is an outcome of the American’s assertions about equality among people. Thirdly, American schools tend to put more emphasis on developing critical thinking than acquiring quantities of facts. And American students are encouraged to express their own opinion in class and to think for themselves, and goal of American education is to teach c hildren how to learn and helpthem reach their maximum potential. In addition, formal education in United States consists of elementary, secondary and higher education. Elementary and secondary education, which are the basis of public education, are compulsory. Classes of students are divided into twelve academic levels called grades. Before attend the first academic institution,many parents choose to enroll their children in kindergarten and, even earlier, nursery school or daycare center. After high school, part of students will go to further education—university. There are some famous universities in the United States, such as Harvard University, a comprehensive university; Yale University with a high academic standard and great prestige; Massachusetts Institute of T echnology, an institute famous for its scientific and technological training and research.2. Family EducationIt is a general perspective that every American has the right and obligation to become educated. And some are tutoring at home by their parents, instead of school teachers. American parents suggest that little children are not just a process of memorizing knowledge that already exists in books, but work to discover new information or conceive new ways to understand what is already known. In addition, parents pay much attention to children’s independence. They think that children should do many things all by themselves. If parents do that for them, they would become lazy and dependent on others. When children make mistakes, American parents would punish them, let them realize their faults and warn them not to do that again. They would not pay much attention to children’s ability to learn or to read, but teach them to understand the world.The United Kingdom Education1. Formal EducationIn the history, education in British was voluntary and many British schools were set up by the church. Now education in Britain is divided into four stages: primary, secondary, further education and higher education. The compulsory education for all children is between the ages of 5 and 16. There are two parallel school systems in Britain for primary and secondary education, the state system and the independent system. The education in the state system is provided free of charge while the independent system requires fees.Education is compulsory for all children between the ages of 5 and 16. Children begin primary school at the age of 5 and go on to secondary school at the age of 11 and stay there until 16. Free compulsory education is available for all children up to the age of 16. After that, they can choose to study for two more years in preparation for higher education and they start their university education around the age of 18. And some choose to comprehensive schools, which provide a general education. Most British universities are partially funded by central government grant. Students from poor families can receive the maintenance grant from the central government grant. Like the united states, the united kingdom has its famous universities, for instance, Oxford, the oldest university in the English-speaking world; Cambridge, which is well-known by its reputation for outstanding academic achievement. King’s College Lond on, which has a multicultural student body and an academic reputation that goes from strength to strength.2. Family EducationIn the United Kingdom, parents also pay much attention to tutor their children to be well controlled by themselves. Whenthe children do something wrong, parents would take action to correct their behavior or even punish them. There is no reason for them to get their parents’ overindulgence. Both the United States and the United Kingdom emphasize independence on Family education. Th e United Kingdom’s parents think that if they Over Indulgent their children, their children will never know what independence means. They also have a prospect that they should be responsible for the children’s future. The parents seem not to be competent a s their children couldn’t adapt the community or make contributions to the society; the common response is that parents should feel guilty as incapable of educating their children.As far as I am concerned, different countries have their own educational ways. But one in common is that all the national education systems and family education want to make the children out of boys and turn them into useful person in society. People believe that future of the nation depends largely on education, so as the future of children. The only thing we can do is to respect for cultural differences and take the essence and discard the dregs. Only in this way, children can grow up more happily and independent so that they can make great contributions to their society.。
英语国家地理概况结业论文
英语国家地理概况结业论文英语国家地理概况结课论文专业班级: 学号:姓名:2013年5月28日大国崛起之美国篇——美国如何从一个新兴国家成为霸权主义国家美国:全称美利坚合众国（United States of America），原为英国殖日民地，后因各种因素逐渐兴起而成为一个强大的国家。
那么美国是如何从一个新兴国家成为霸权主义国家呢？通过本门课程的学习，回溯历史，探寻老师的亲身经历让我们了解到美国的历史与现状。
下面就个人所学所知谈谈美国的崛起！……美洲，一个原被人遗忘的地方，当哥伦布发现新大陆时, 居住在美洲的印第安人，约有2,000万，其中有大约100万人住在现在的加拿大和美国中北部, 其余绝大部分住在现在的墨西哥和美国南部。
大约1万年前，有一批亚洲人, 移居到北美北部，这是后来的爱斯基摩人。
而最早到美洲的白种人大概是维京人。
殖民时期1607年, 一个约一百人的殖民团体因为寒冷被迫回到英国，1587年又来了91个男人17个女人，9 个孩子，在乞沙比克海滩建立了詹姆士镇，这是英国在北美所建的第一个永久性殖民地。
在以后150年中, 陆续涌来了许多的殖民者，定居于沿岸地区, 其中大部分来自英国，也有一部分来自法国、德国、荷兰、爱尔兰和其他国家. 18世纪中叶, 13个英国殖民地逐渐形成，他们在英国的最高主权下有各自的政府和议会。
这13个殖民区因气候和地理环境的差异, 造成了各地经济形态、政治制度与观念上的差别。
这就是美洲最原始的殖民地时代。
十七世纪初，英国开始向北美殖民。
最初的北美移民主要是一些失去土地的农民，生活艰苦的工人以及受宗教迫害的清教徒。
1620年，他们乘“五月花号(Mayflower)”到北美并在船上制定《五月花号公约》。
在11月21日于普利茅斯上岸，清教徒与41名自由的成年男人签署共同遵守《五月花号公约》。
内容为组织公民团体；拟订法规等。
奠定自治政府的基础。
18世纪中叶，在美洲的殖民地与英国之间, 已有了裂痕。
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A Comparative Study on Rail Transportation Between Chinaand The United StatesRailways have been shown to contribute to social economy because of its ability to transport large amounts of goods and passengers and naturally, railway transportatation plays an important part in China and The United States. Both of these two countries have achieve great success in this rail transportation field and, of course, they must have their specific problems in this field. This passage is going to make a comparative study on rail transportation between China and The United States, mainly focusing on the similarity and difference of, for one thing, the developmental level of Freight rail and passenger rail in two countries and for another, the development of high-speed rialway, which is tightly relative to passenger transport.For one thing, when it comes to the developmental level of Freight rail and passenger rail in two countries, it’s distinctive that, in the United States, Freight rail dominant the freight market in terms of freight turnover while the passenger transport proportion is very limited. In the USA, freight railway shared a percent of 35.7% in 2000 and this figure climbed to 39.5% in 2007, far higher than other modes of transportation. In 2009, America's freight railways had sent 29.79 million car goods and created a freight revenue of $49.4 billion.On the contrary, in terms of passenger transport turnover, 10 years, the national passenger rail company intercity passenger rail market share stood at 0.1%, far behind the other mode of transportation. Road passenger transport market share has remained at around 87%, and air is around 10%, which roses to 11.4% in 2009, but the urban traffic share at around 1%.By comparision, China seems to be more better in passenger transport. In China, one of the most different part in this aspect is that China's railway passenger flow and density is much higher than that in the United States. In 2010, the national railway transportation capacity is 1.67609 billion people, which means a year-on-year increase of 151.58 million people and a growth of 9.9%, accounting for 5.1% of all passenger traffic on the mode of transportation. Although the proportion is not high, but because China's large population, it still shoulder the responsibility of public welfare undertakings for railway passenger transport.From the point of operating passenger density, Chinese passenger density and density of China railway freight is far more than the United States. From the point of turnover, the American freight is approximately correspond to that in China, but the total freight is only half of China.For another, to talk about the development of high-speed rialway in two countries, there is no doubt that China has become one of the leader of world's high-speed rail. At the same time, the American railway development is rather slow. China began to build high-speed rail in order to pursue other countries like Japan, Germany. To the end of 2012, China has built more than 42 High-speed rail passenger routes. The total mileage will be 13000 Km, This will be the world's high-speed rail leader.But in the USA, in the 1978 To the1999 and even the 21st Years, the federal government only spent $183 on the railway transport, Accounting for only a total of transportation3.6%.The federal governmentestablish the kingdom Railway passenger transport company, Amtrak, in 1971, to strengthen northeast railway passenger service and investment channel promotion project. But it was still Continues to lose its share in the transportation. Distance too far between major cities, Lower gasoline prices,The developed high Speed highway and aviation system causethe problem that the United States has failed to develop high-speed rail for so long.To sum up, rail transportation is very important in both China and The United States but its also has different characteristic in both countries. In the United States, freight rail play as a leading role in the transportation of goods while in China, passenger flow and density is much more proficient. And to talk about high-speed rail, China can be regarded as aadvanced country rather than the United States. Reference:(1)"High-Speed Rail Strategic Plan: Press Release & Highlights"by U.S.Department of Transportation. April 16, 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-20.(2)“High-speed rail development in China and the United States” AmericanRailroads and the Transformation of the Ante-Bellum Economy Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 14-157.(3)Hong Kong Information Services Department of the Hong Kong SARGovernment. Hong Kong 2009;(4)Puentes, R. (2008). A Bridge to Somewhere: Rethinking AmericanTransportation for the 21st Century. Brookings Institution Metropolitan Policy Report: Blueprint for American Prosperity series report.陈晓新·英师五班20120201089。