gis题

《地理信息系统》双语课程辅导题一、Define the following terms (total marks are 15, and 3 marks of everyone)1. Geographic Information SystemGIS is much more than a container of maps in digital form.A GIS is also a computerized tool for solving geographic problems,A GIS is a mechanized inventory of geographically distributed features and facilitiesA GIS is a tool for revealing what is otherwise invisible in geographic information A GIS is a tool for performing operations on geographic data that are too tedious or expensive or inaccurate if performed by hand2. Tobler's First Law of GeographyEverything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things.3. Spatial autocorrelationis a term referring to the degree of relationship that exists between two or more spatial variables, such that when one changes, the other(s) also change. This change can either be in the same direction, which is a positive autocorrelation, or in the opposite direction, which is a negative autocorrelation.4. Data modelA data model is an essential ingredient of any operational GIS, and the heart of any GIS is the data model, which is a set of constructs for representing objects and processes in the digital environment of the computer.There is no single type of GIS data model that is best for all circumstances.5. MetadataData about data and usage aspects of it. This information will often include some of the following:What it is about? Where it is to be found? Who one needs to ask to get it? How much it costs? Who can access it? In what format it is available? What is the quality of the data for a specified purpose? What spatial location does it cover and over what time period? When and where the data were collected and by whom and what purposes the data have been used for, by whom and what related data sets are available? etc.Metadata are needed for:To enable the process of search and discovery over distributed archives;To assess the fitness of a dataset for a given use;To provide the information needed to handle the dataset effectively; and To provide useful information on the dataset’s contents.6. Spatial analysisSpatial analysis is analytical techniques associated with the study of locations of geographic phenomena together with their spatial dimensions and their associated attributes.Spatial analysis is useful for evaluating suitability, for estimating and predicting, and for interpreting and understanding the location and distribution of geographic features and phenomena.Spatial analysis can reveal things that might otherwise be invisible - it can make what is implicit or implicit.Spatial analysis is the crux of GIS, the means of adding value to geographic data, and of turning data into useful information.Effective spatial analysis requires an intelligent user, not just a powerful computer.Spatial analysis helps us in situations when our eyes might otherwise deceive us. Spatial analysis is a set of methods whose results are not invariant under changes in the locations of the objects being analyzed.Spatial analysis is a set of methods whose results change when the locations of the objects being analyzed change.7. ClassificationClassification is a method of generalisation. In the process of classification, an attempt is made to group data into classes according to some common characteristics thereby reducing the number of data elements. Classification tends to be based upon the attributes or characteristics of data rather than their geometry. In digital image processing, images are usually classified according to the spectral properties of the pixels composing the image. In spatial analysis, a map can be classified according to any attribute value, for example, soil types, population density, unemployment etc. The result of performing classification is a thematic derived map.8. BufferBuffer — returns a geometry that represents all the points whose distance from the geometry is less than or equal to a user-defined distance. Given a geometry and a buffer distance, the buffer operator returns a polygon that covers all points whose distance from the geometry is less than or equal to the buffer distance.9. DEMThe term DEM can refer to one of the following: 1. A digital representation of a continuous variable over a two- dimensional surface by a regular array of z values referenced to a common datum. Digital elevation models are typically used to represent terrain relief and frequently comprise a foundational layer in any archaeological GIS database. 2. An elevation database for elevation data by map sheet from the National Mapping Division of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).3. The format of the USGS digital elevation data sets (ESRI 1996)10. NetworkAn interconnected set of arcs or lines representing possible paths for the movement of resources from one location to another.A group of computers that are linked, and are able to share peripherals, software and data. The Internet is probably the most well known example of a computernetwork.A type of database structure. A network data model is based upon the idea of explicit links between related entities.二、Cloze( total marks are 20, and 1mark for each blank)1.Many roots of GIS come from principles of geography.2.Canada Geographic Information System is developed in 1963 by Roger Tomlinsonand colleagues for Canadian Land Inventory.3.Arclnfo was the first major commercial GIS software system. Designed forminicomputers and based on the vector and relational database data model, it set a new standard for the industry.ponents of a GIS includes: Computer hardware, GIS software, People, Data,Network, Procedures.5.Geographical data link place, time and attributes.6.Geographical attributes are classified as nominal, ordinal, interval andratio.7.GIS software systems deal with the three-tier architecture to a GIS: userinterfaces, tools, and data management.8.Types of GIS software includes: Desktop GIS, Professional GIS, Server / InternetGIS, Developer / Component GIS, Hand-held GIS, Others(Raster-based GIS, CAD-based GIS)9.Spatial autocorrelation is determined both by similarities in position, andby similarities in attributes.10.Raster data model uses an array of cells, or pixels, to represent real-worldobjects. Features are vector objects of type point, polyline, or polygon.11.To improve storage efficiency, many types of raster compression technique havebeen developed such as run-length encoding, block encoding, Chain Codes, and quadtrees.12.Three key hallmarks of object orientation: Polymorphism, Encapsulation,Inheritance.13.Three key aspects of resolution are: spatial, spectral, and temporal.14.Expressions of DBMS structure can be defined as Flat file, Hierarchical datastructure, Network data structure, Relational data structure.15.DBMS can be classified according to the way they store and manipulate data.3 main types of DBMS: relational (RDBMS), object (ODBMS) and object-relational(ORDBMS).16.According to this ISO/OGC standard, nine methods to test spatial relationsbetween geometries: Equals, Disjoint, Intersects, Touches, Crosses, Within, Contains, Overlaps, Relate.17.A network can be represented digitally by nodes and links.三、The left column contains a list of explanation or interpretation of GIS terms. Write the term in the box to the right side. (Total marks are 10, and 2 mark for everyone)四、Write the meaning of these abbreviations listed below both in English and inChinese, total marks are 10 and 1 mark for each.1.FGDC = Federal Geographic Data Committee2.NSDI: National Spatial Data Infrastructure3.TIGER = Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing4.AM/FM=Automated Mapping and Facilities Management5.TIN = Triangulated irregular network6.APIs = application programming interfaces7.GPS = Global Positioning System8.GUIs = graphical user interfaces9.SDI= spatial data infrastructure initiativesGS = United States Geologic Survey11.NASA = National Aeronautics and Space Administration12.DEM = Digital Elevation Model13.BIL (Band Interleaved)14.EPS = US Environmental Protection Agency15.FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency16.OGC = Open Geospatial Consortium17.ISO = International Standards Organization18.TC 211 = technical committees 21119.DBMS = database BSQ (Band Sequential)20.BIP (Band Interleaved by Pixel)21.DIME : Dual Independent Map Encoding五、Answer the questions briefly (Total marks are 30)1. Where Is a GIS From? (2 marks)2. What are the relative advantages and disadvantages of raster and vector representation? In other word, describe the comparison between raster and vector approaches please. (10 marks)3. Traditional geographical analysis procedure (10 marks)Establish the objectives and criteria for the analysis.Prepare the data for spatial operations.Perform the spatial operations.Prepare the derived data for tabular analysis.Perform the tabular analysis.Evaluate the interpret the results.Refine the analysis as needed.4. List GIS application areas (3 marks) .CartographySurveying and engineeringRemote sensingResource managementUrban and regional planning and managementFacilities management (AM/FM)Science and researchCommercial applicationsPublic service5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of storing geographic data in a DBMS?(15 marks)The database approach to storing geographic data offers a number of advantages over traditional file- based datasets.Assembling all data at a single location reduces redundancy.Maintenance costs decrease because of better organization and reduced data duplication.Applications become data independent so that multiple applications can use the same data and can evolve separately over time..User knowledge can be transferred between applications more easily because thedatabase remains constant..Data sharing is facilitated and a corporate view of data can be provided to all managers and users.Security and standards for data and data access can be established and enforced.DBMS are better suited to managing large numbers of concurrent users working with vast amounts of data.Disadvantages to using databases when compared to filesThe cost of acquiring and maintaining DBMS software can be quite high.A DBMS adds complexity to the problem of managing data, especially in smallprojectsSingle user performance will often be better for files, especially for more complex data types and structures where specialist indexes and access algorithms can be implemented.六、Translations (Total marks are 15)1. The two fundamental ways of representing geography are discrete objects and continuous fields. The discrete object view represents the world as objects with well-defined boundaries in empty space. The continuous field view represents the real world as a finite number of variables, each one defined at every possible position. (5 marks)2. 数据中的不确定性导致分析结果的不确定性。