Investigation of the Harada Robot Hand For Space
英语四级新试题总结及答案解析(37)
英语四级新试题及答案解析（37）(1/1)PartⅠWritingDirections: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter on the issue of employment for gradutes. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline given below in Chinese:1. 就业的形势越来越严峻，东西部人才供需并不均衡。
2. 你认为是否应在西部就业及其原因_____________下一题(1~10/共10题)Trust Me, I Am a RobotRobot safety: as robots move into homes and offices, ensuring that they do not injure people will be vital. But how?The incidentIn 1981 Kenji Urada, a 37-year-old Japanese factory worker, climbed over a safety fence at a Kawasaki plant to carry out some maintenance work on a robot. In his haste, he failed to switch the robot off properly. Unable to sense him, the robot´s powerful hydraulic arm kept on working and accidentally pushed the engineer into a grinding machine. His death made Urada the first recorded victim to die at the hands of a robot.This gruesome industrial accident would not have happened in a world in which robot behaviour was governed by the Three Laws of Robotics drawn up by Isaac Asimov, a science-fiction writer. The laws appeared in I, Robot, a book of short stories published in 1950 that inspired a recent Hollywood film. But decades later the laws, designed to prevent robots from harming people either through action or inaction, remain in the realm of fiction. Indeed, despite the introduction of improved safety mechanisms, robots have claimed many more victims since 198 I. Over the years people have been crushed, hit on the head, welded and even had molten aluminium poured over them by robots. Last year there were 77 robot-related accidents in Britain alone, according to the Health and Safety Executive.More related issuesWith robots now poised to emerge from their industrial cages and to move into homes and workplaces, roboticists are concerned about the safety implications beyond the factory floor. To address these concerns, leading robot experts have come together to try to find ways to prevent robots from harming people. Inspired by the Pugwash Conferences--an international group of scientists, academics and activists founded in 1957 to campaign for the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons—the new group of robo-ethicists met earlier this year in Genoa, Italy, and announced their initial findings in March at the European Robotics Symposium in Palermo, Sicily. "Security, safety and sex are the big concerns," says Henrik Christensen, chairman of the European Robotics Network at the Swedish Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, and one of the organisers of the new robo-ethics group. Should robots that are strong enough or heavy enough to crush people be allowed into homes? Is "system malfunction" a justifiable defence for a robotic fighter plane that contravenes the Geneva Convention and mistakenly fires on innocent civilians? And should robotic sex dolls resembling children be legally allowed?These questions may seem esoteric but in the next few years they will become increasingly relevant, says Dr. Christensen. According to the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe´s World Robotics Survey, in 2002 the number of domestic and service robots more than tripled, nearly surpassing their industrial counterparts. By the end of 2003 there were more than600,000 robot vacuum cleaners and lawn mowers — a figure predicted to rise to more than 4m by the end of next year. Japanese industrial firms are racing to build humanoid robots to act as domestic helpers for the elderly, and South Korea has set a goal that 100% of households should have domestic robots by 2020. In light of all this, it is crucial that we start to think about safety and ethical guidelines now, says Dr. Christensen.DifficultiesSo what exactly is being done to protect us from these mechanical menaces? "Not enough," says Blay Whitby, an artificial-intelligence expert at the University of Sussex in England. This is hardly surprising given that the field of "safety-critical computing" is barely a decade old, he says. But things are changing, and researchers are increasingly taking an interest in trying to make robots safer.Regulating the behaviour of robots is going to become more difficult in the future, since they will increasingly have self-learning mechanisms built into them, says Gianmarco Veruggio, a roboticist in Italy. As a result, their behaviour will become impossible to predict fully, he says, since they will not be behaving in predefined ways but will learn new behaviour as they go. Then there is the question of unpredictable failures. What happens if a robot´s motors stop working, or it suffers a system failure just as it is performing heart surgery or handing you a cup of hot coffee? You can, of course, build in redundancy by adding backup systems, says Hirochika Inoue, a veteran roboticist at the University of Tokyo who is now an adviser to the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. But this guarantees nothing, he says. "One hundred percent safety is impossible through technology," says Dr. Inoue. This is because ultimately no matter how thorough you are, you cannot anticipate the unpredictable nature of human behaviour, he says. Legal problemsSo where does this leave Asimov´s Three Laws of Robotics? They were a narrative device, and were never actually meant to work in the real world, says Dr. Whitby. Let alone the fact that the laws require the robot to have some form of human-like intelligence, which robots still lack, the laws themselves don´t actually work very well. Indeed, Asimov repeatedly knocked them down in his robot stories, showing time and again how these seemingly watertight roles could produce unintended consequences.In any case, says Dr. Inoue, the laws really just encapsulate commonsense principles that are already applied to the design of most modem appliances, both domestic and industrial. Every toaster, lawn mower and mobile phone is designed to minimise the risk of causing injury — yet people still manage to electrocute themselves, lose fingers or fall out of windows in an effort to get a better signal. At the very least, robots must meet the rigorous safety standards that cover existing products~ The question is whether new, robot-specific rules are needed-- and, if so, what they should say."Making sure robots are safe will be critical," says Colin Angle of Robot, which has sold over 2m "Roomba" household-vacuuming robots. But be argues that his firm´s robots are, in fact, much safer than some popular toys. But what he believes is that robot is just like other home appliances that deserves no special treatment.Robot safety is likely to appear in the civil courts as a matter of product liability. "When the first robot carpet-sweeper sucks up a baby, who will be to blame?" asks John Hallam, a professor at the University of Southern Denmark in Odense. If a robot is autonomous and capable of learning, can its designer be held responsible for all its actions? Today the answer to these questions isgenerally "yes". But as robots grow in complexity it will become a lot less clear cut, he says.However, the idea that general-purpose robots, capable of learning, will become widespread is wrong, suggests Mr. Angle. It is more likely, he believes, that robots will be relatively dumb machines designed for particular tasks. Rather than a humanoid robot maid, "it´ s going to be a heterogeneous swarm of robots that will take care of the house," he says.第1题This passage is mainly about the benefits of developing robots and how people are going to get used to living with robots in their office and home.A.YB.NC.NG第2题The Three Laws of Robotics mentioned in this passage only exited in a book of short stories.A.YB.NC.NG第3题Although people have realized the danger of robots and began to introduce and improve the safety mechanisms, there is still increasing number of people dying at the hands of robots since 1981.A.YB.NC.NG第4题It can be inferred from this passage that the Pugwash Conference and the meeting in Genoa, Italy had come up with similar measures against potential dangers.A.YB.NC.NG第5题As Henrik Christensen pointed out, three big concerns related to robots were security, safety, and sex.A.YB.NC.NG第6题According to the passage, East Asia is more likely to have more problems related to robot than western countries because they have a more ambitious plan for robot development.A.YB.NC.NG第7题With advancement in the field of artificial-intelligence, it will be easier to regulate the behavior of robots in the future.A.YB.NC.NG第8题To avoid unpredictable failures, Hirochika Inoue suggests building in______by adding backup systems, but he also points out it might not guarantee everything.第9题There will be indeed unpredictable events; however, people believe that at least, robots must meet the rigorous safety standards that cover______.第10题People believe that though it is possible that there will be more robots handling particular tasks, the general-purpose robots which are______will not be possible.上一题下一题(11~18/共15题)Part ⅢListening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Questions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have Just heard.Play00:00…Volume第11题A.Doctor and patient.B.Husband and wife.C.Boss and employee.D.Father and daughter.第12题A.Boss and job hunter.B.Clerk and customer.C.Manager and waiter.D.Waiter and customer.第13题A.At 9:30.B.At 10:30.C.At 10:00.D.At 11:00.第14题A.He came late because he had no money for taxi fee.B.He failed to come on time because of traffic jam.C.He failed to give a short notice because he had no change for a telephone call.D.He failed to come on time because he had a car problem.A.Both of them like pop music.B.They both go to the concert very often.C.They like to go to museum very much.D.Both of them like classical music.第16题A.Worse than the last match.B.The worst match he has ever watched.C.Better than the last match.D.The best match he has ever seen.第17题A.35.B.25.C.45.D.30.第18题A.It doesn´t matter which apartment the man chooses.B.It´s a difficult decision.C.She doesn´t like either apartment.D.The marl should choose a different apartment.上一题下一题(19~22/共15题)Part ⅢListening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have Just heard.Play00:00…Volume第19题A.It is healthy.B.It contains sugar.C.It doesn´t have sugar in them.D.It is sour.第20题A.Paul is keen on sweet food.B.Paul´s teeth are not healthy.C.Paul eats too much sweet food.D.Paul is crazy about sweets.第21题A.Lettuce.C.Parsley.D.Watercress.第22题A.Diagnosis on a disease.B.How to avoid being fat.C.Hot to cook.D.Suggestions on the diet of a child.上一题下一题(23~25/共15题)Part ⅢListening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.Play00:0003:27Volume第23题A.Shanghai.B.Beijing.C.Tianjin.D.Guangzhou.第24题A.The technical manager.B.The sales manager.C.The laboratory manager.D.The operation manager.第25题A.Production manager.b manager.C.Sales manager.D.Quality control manager.上一题下一题(26~28/共10题)Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.Play00:0002:48Volume第26题A.How to improve transportation.B.The best transportation facilities.C.A comparison between railway and airplane.D.Transportation in China.第27题A.Not comfortable.B.Rather crowded and slow.C.Interval is long.D.Cannot reach suburban areas.第28题A.By buses.B.By private cars.C.By rail.D.By air.上一题下一题(29~31/共10题)Questions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.Play00:0002:22Volume第29题A.Cultural differences and communication.nguage and communication.C.Intercultural communications.D.Three prerequisites of successful communication between cultures.第30题nguage elements.B.Cultural differences.C.Something happens when people from another culture want to communicate.D.Practical problems in communications between different cultures.第31题A.An ambassador can serve as a bridge between two cultures.B.An ambassador has to understand more than a language to communicate effectively.C.Knowledge of a foreign language is enough for successful communication.D.Mutual understanding is important to maintain good relations between cultures.上一题下一题(32~35/共10题)Questions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.Play00:0003:02Volume第32题A.How to read a book.B.Evaluation of a book.C.Evaluation of a writer.D.The contends of a book report.第33题A.To know whether they read the book or whether they understand the book.B.As a common home assignment.C.To help improve their writing.D.To monitor their research.第34题A.Reading comprehension.B.Ability to analyze.C.English proficiency.D.Writing.第35题A.Introduction.B.Summary of book.C.Analysis of writer´s style.ments.上一题下一题(36~46/共11题)Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first trine, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.Play00:00…VolumeBefore the 1850´s, the United States had a number of small colleges, most of them dating from colonial days. They were small, church__36__institutions whose primary concern was to__37__the moral character of their students.Throughout Europe, institutions of__38__learning had developed, bearing the ancient name of__39__. In Germany a different kind of university had developed. The German university was concerned__40__with creating and spreading knowledge, not__41__. Between mid-century and the end of the 1800s, more than nine thousand young Americans,__42__with their training at home, went to Germany for__43__study.Some of them returned__44__The new presidents broke all ties with the churches and brought in a new kind of faculty.__45__The new principle was that a university was to create knowledge as well as pass it on, and this called for a faculty composed of teacher-scholars. Drilling and learning by rote were replaced by the German method of lecturing,__46__Graduate training leading to the Ph.D., an ancient German degree signifying the highest level of advanced scholarly attainment, was introduced.第36题第37题第38题第39题第40题第41题第42题第44题第45题第46题上一题下一题(47~56/共20题)Section BDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.This book is about the future of technology. In it we will examine some of the many recent developments in a few key fields and try, in a__47__ way, to predict where they will take us in the next fifteen years or so.If that sounds like a modest goal, it´s not. Technology is the__48__ force of our time and probably of all time to come. It appears in more__49__ than we can count. It changes so rapidly that no scientist or engineer can keep up with his own field, much less with technology in general. It has__50__ and shaped our lives at every turn, we live in technology as fish live in the sea, and we have only a little better chance of__51__ the details of its future changes.Yet the task is well worth undertaking. Whatever hints we can gather about the future will help us prepare for the changes to come. And though technology has made the present much less__52__ than the past, and surely will make the future more disturbed, still, there is good reason to hope that our lives, in sum and on average, will be better as a result. In an age of uncomfortable__53__ , this is reassurance we all can use.For an idea of what is to come -- in magnitude if not in specifics -- look to the past. In the last ninety years, the world has shrunk, while human experience has__54__ almost beyond the recognition of those who grew up in our grandparents´ generation.A century after America´s founders__55__ their agrarian (耕地的) democracy, nearly all their descendents still lived on farming. Since World War I, technology has__56__ us from behind horse-drawn plows and plugged us into assembly lines and offices. Today it is removing many of us from offices and letting us work at home or forcing us to work on the road.[A].similarities [B].forecasting [C].conceived[D].varieties [E].reformed [F].stable[G].challenges [H].advanced [I].neutral[J].permeated [K].opportunities [L].limited[M].extracted [N].reminding [O].dominant第47题第48题第49题第50题第51题第52题第53题第54题第55题上一题下一题(57~61/共20题)Section BDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.In the thirteenth century, in order to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, Frederic Ⅱtold the nurses to keep silent, and all the infants died before the first year. But dearly there was more than language deprivation here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is serious affected.Today no such ruthless deprivation exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the cues and signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to mop up language rapidly. There are critical times, it seems, when children learn more readily. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed.Linguists suggest that speech milestones are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ, (Intelligence Quotient). At twelve weeks a baby smiles and utters vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about 1,000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar.Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak. What is special about man´s brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a teddy-bear (玩具熊) with the sound pattern "teddy-bear". And even more incredible is the young brain´s ability to pick out an order in language from the hubbub of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in novel ways.But speech has to be triggered, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the cues and signals in the child´s babbling, dinging, grasping, crying, smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends of only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the child´s non-verbal cues is essential to the growth and development of language.第57题The reason some children are backward in speaking today is that ______.A.they do not listen carefully to their mothersB.their mothers are not intelligent enough to help themC.their brains have to absorb too much language at onceD.their mothers do not respond to their attempts to speak第58题Frederick Ⅱ´s experiment was "ruthless" because ______.A.he was unkind to the nursesB.he ignored the importance of mothering to the infantC.he wanted to prove that children are born with the ability to speakD.he wanted to see if the children would die before they reached the age of one第59题By "critical times" (para. 2) the author means ______.A.important stages in the child´s developmentB.difficult periods in the child´s lifeC.times when mothers often neglect their childrenD.moments when the child becomes critical towards its mother第60题Which of the following is NOT implied in the passage?A.The child´s brain is highly selective.B.The faculty of speech is inborn in man.C.Children do not need to be encouraged to speak.D.Most children learn their language in definite states.第61题According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?A.Frederick´s experiment proved that children are born with the ability to speak.B.Good mothering is important only after the child has learned to speak.C.The author does not believe that children select and analyze their language.D.If the mother does not respond to her child´s signals, the child will make little effort to speak. 上一题下一题(62~66/共20题)Section BDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.The post-war explosion in the use of detergents (清结剂) was a prime cause for the deteriorating (恶化) condition of Thames twenty-five years ago. Between 1951 and 1961, detergent use increased three times. A tragic example of the results of this was when a man drowned because, though help was at hand, the would-be rescuers could not see him through the mass of foam. Previously, detergents had been of vegetable origin and caused no trouble. The new "hard" (technically, non-biodegradable 不能分解的) detergents contained elements which could not be degraded in the treatment plants sewage (污水) works. These detergents decreased the efficiency of plants by an estimated 30 percent. So when the waste water from the works was sent into the river, it still contained much "hard" detergent, which foamed or spread on the surface and greatly reduced the amount of oxygen naturally taken into the water. These detergents were also poisonous to fish.The threat became so serious that in 1957 the Standing Technical Committee on Synthetic Detergents held talks with government representatives, river authorities and manufacturers. Through friendly persuasion manufactures voluntarily agreed to phase out (逐步停止) "hard" detergents in favor of biodegradable ones which could be broken down during sewage treatment.A very marked improvement to the Thames, and some other rivers, quickly came on the heels of this application of cooperative common sense.Continuing guard is kept on the Thames: Specialists watch over the river as doctors might do for a patient. Samples are taken daily at high and low tide at twenty-nine points on a fortnightly cycle. Thus is the health of the river constantly monitored: Any minor illness is at once corrected, continuing improvement joyously recorded.The restoration of the tidal Thames is perhaps best demonstrated by the following simple table: Take the figure 900 as representing the general degree of pollution in 1950. Twenty-five years later it was 250. In 1980 it read 90 -- a reduction of pollution over thirty years by 90 percent. Justifiably we can speak of "the Thames saved".第62题What can we infer from the tragic example given in the first paragraph?A.People rescued the man before he was drowned in the polluted water.B.Some people were near the man who was drowning but they did not try to rescue him.C.The man could have been saved if the Thames had not been so seriously polluted.D.The rescuers could not see the drowned man because he was carried away by the fast flowing river water.第63题The "hard" detergents caused trouble during the 1950s because ______.A.they were not made from vegetablesB.there was not much oxygen in themC.nowhere could they be treated except in the treatment plants at sewage worksD.their elements could not be broken down into various substances of which they were made第64题After 1957 the pollution of the Thames began to reduce quickly because ______.A.manufacturers agreed to produce biodegradable detergents instead of non-biodegradable detergentsB.river authorities cooperated very well with government representativesC.ways had been found to degrade the new "hard" detergentsD.more sewage works had been built to treat polluted water第65题Paragraph 4 is mainly about ______.A.the similarity of specialists to doctorsB.the comparison between the river and the patientC.how healthy the Thames isD.the ways specialists monitor the Thames第66题Which statement is TRUE according to the passage?A.The Thames has not been saved from pollution yet.B.The condition of the Thames was at worst in the 1950s.C.Few people are concerned about the pollution problems of the Thames.D.No one is certain what the main cause for the pollution of the Thames is.上一题下一题(67~86/共20题)Part ⅤCloze。
高考英语时事新闻语法填空环氧树脂手工艺品,美国女孩获再生元科学天才奖,哈兰德破纪录
神奇的环氧树脂手工艺品When I was a child, I was enthusiastic about making handicrafts by myself. I 1 _____________(try) many kinds of handicrafts since childhood, such as paper folding, building small models, dry flowers and so on. But the most enjoyable way for me to create is to make ornaments (装饰物) from epoxy resin (环氧树脂).Epoxy resin is a kind of polymer (聚合物). Before you use it, it is divided 2 __________two liquids. When you need to use it, you just need to mix the two liquids together. In a few days, it will become a transparent solid.3 ____________(make) a beautiful ornament from epoxy resin isn’t an easy task, however. You first need to know4 ___________it is that you want to do. When you have a clear goal in mind, you can start taking ideas and putting them into5 __________(real). As for me, I usually like to use rotten (腐烂的) wood at the bottom of the ornament6 ______________(process) some details on the wood. After that, you can make a mold (模具) with plastic slices according to the shape of the whole wood. After the mold7 _______________(finish) , you can mix the two liquids together and pour them into the mold. Make sure your mold is absolutely sealed (密封的),8 ___________the epoxy resin will leak everywhere. After that, just wait for two days, _9_________you can get a rough ornament.As for me, polishing is the hardest step. It not only takes time to do, but is also boring. Especially when 10 _____________(polish) larger ornaments, you need to sit on a bench and polish its surface with sandpaper for three to four hours. I often grind (磨) my hand to the point of getting blisters (水泡) because of polishing. During this process, the idea of giving up is tempting, but I always press on to get the perfect result in the end.Every time I take out the fruits of my labor from my display case, I think to myself that all of my efforts are worth it.参考答案：1 have tried 2 into 3 Making 4 what 5 reality 6 to process 7 is finished 8 otherwise 9 and 10 polishing美国女孩获再生元科学天才奖Kamisi Adetunji, a 17-year-old student from the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics in Durham, US, is making headlines with her 1______________(impress) science project that aims to tackle community health and safety risks.Her project aimed to improve treatment for sickle cell disease (镰状细胞贫血病). This genetic (遗传的) condition_2__________(cause) red blood cells to sickle. That makes 3________harder for those cells to carry oxygen throughout the body. Natural compounds (化合物) called flavonoids (类黄酮) were known to reduce sickle cells. By changing the chemical structure of flavonoids 4_______________( extract) from fruits, Adetunji was able to improve their anti-sickling powers.Adetunji’s inspiration for the project came from her personal experience. Adetunji said. “One day I was on a walk with my mom, and we were talking about a family friend who was5_____________(current) battling sickle cell disease. And she was telling me about all the people back home that she knew who had it or have passed from it.” When having the opportunity 6__________(do) research at school, she immediately knew that she wanted to study sickle cell disease, Adetunji added.The biggest challenge Adetunji faced while 7____________(work) on her project was that she had no experience with a science project like this. She had to trust in herself and believe that shewould be able to finish this project and continue trying different things when her methods at first weren’t working.She plans to continue the research on sickle cell disease. Adetunji said, “I still want to do medicinal chemistry research, especially with other diseases 8__________ affect minority communities.”“If you asked me two years ago 9_______I would be doing this research … I would have been like, ‘There’s no way’,” Adetunji said. “I think the most important thing is to just trust that you’re capable 10_________a lot more than you think you are.”参考答案：1 impressive 2 causes 3 extracted 4 it 5 currently 6 to do 7 working 8 that 9 if 10 of哈兰德：“记录破碎机”！The 22-year-old Norwegian scored his 45th goal in Manchester City’s 3-0 win over Bayern Munich in the Champions League on April 11. This 1__________(mean) that he has now scored more in a single season for a Premier League club than anyone has ever managed to do so before. Not only is this a massive achievement already, but Haaland has the potential 2_______________(extend) his record with a possible 15 more games to play before the season finishes.One reason 3_________ Haaland’s excellent record-breaking achievement is his multi-faceted (多面的) way of playing soccer. Able to score seamlessly (无缝地) with both feet, Haaland also has speed and agility (敏捷性) that allow him to quickly pick up on the ball when4_____________(pass) to him as well as leap into the air to score headers. His quick thinking also helps Haaland react 5______the actions of others, always being able to quickly hit the ball when attempts by his teammates are deflected (转移) by the opposing keeper.As 6___________(prove) of his strong goal-scoring ability, Haaland only touched the ball 28 times during the game,7 _____________(few) than any other starting player for either team, but still managed to score, according to the BBC.Liverpool’s Mohamed Salah previously held the record with 44 strikes across all competitions in the 2017-18 season.8____________, with the soccer season not ending until July, the stark (明显的) difference between Haaland 9_________all past goal-scoring greats is clear. Only time will tell how many more goals he can score and whether this individual success can lead to his team 10____________(win) trophies (奖杯).参考答案：1 means 2 to extend 3 for 4 passed 5 to 6 proof 7 fewer 8 However 9 and 10 winning。
蜘蛛侠机器人英语作文
In the realm of science fiction,the concept of a SpiderMan robot is a fascinating one. Imagine a machine that embodies the agility,strength,and heroism of the iconic webslinger.Heres a detailed English composition on such a concept:Title:The SpiderMan Robot:A Leap into the Future of TechnologyIn the heart of New York City,where skyscrapers touch the sky and the streets buzz with life,a new protector has emerged.Its not a human,but a technological marvel:the SpiderMan Robot.This advanced piece of machinery is designed to patrol the city, ensuring the safety of its inhabitants with the grace and power of SpiderMan himself.Design and CapabilitiesThe SpiderMan Robot is an engineering feat,standing tall at six feet with a sleek, aerodynamic design.Its exterior is made of a composite material that is both lightweight and incredibly strong,capable of withstanding the rigors of urban patrolling.The robot is equipped with a sophisticated AI system that allows it to make quick decisions,analyze situations,and respond to emergencies with the efficiency of a seasoned superhero.One of its most notable features is the ability to mimic SpiderMans signature webslinging. The robot can shoot artificial webs from its mechanical wrists,enabling it to swing from building to building with remarkable agility.These webs are strong enough to support the robots weight and can adhere to various surfaces,including glass and metal.Artificial Intelligence and EthicsThe AI within the SpiderMan Robot is programmed with a strong ethical code,ensuring that it respects human rights and operates within the boundaries of the law.It is designed to assist,not replace,human law enforcement,providing support during highrisk situations such as hostage rescues or the pursuit of dangerous criminals.The robots AI is also capable of learning and adapting.It can analyze data from past incidents to improve its response strategies,making it an everevolving guardian of the city.Integration with SocietyFor the SpiderMan Robot to be truly effective,it must be accepted and integrated intosociety.It is designed to interact with the public in a friendly and approachable manner, using a voice synthesizer to communicate and reassure those it encounters.The robots creators have also ensured that it is recognizable,with a design that pays homage to the classic SpiderMan suit,complete with the iconic web pattern and mask.Challenges and ControversiesDespite its many benefits,the SpiderMan Robot also faces challenges and controversies. Some argue that the presence of such a powerful machine could infringe on personal freedoms or lead to an overreliance on technology for security.Others worry about the potential for misuse or malfunction,which could have disastrous consequences.To address these concerns,the robots creators have implemented strict protocols for its operation and maintenance.It is regularly monitored and updated to ensure that it remains a force for good.ConclusionThe SpiderMan Robot represents a bold step into the future of technology and law enforcement.It stands as a testament to human ingenuity and our neverending quest to create a safer,more secure world.As we continue to push the boundaries of what is possible,the SpiderMan Robot serves as a symbol of our potential to harness technology for the greater good.In the end,the SpiderMan Robot is more than just a machine it is a symbol of hope,a guardian that watches over the city with the same unwavering dedication as its human counterpart.As we look to the future,it is inspiring to imagine a world where such advanced technology works hand in hand with humanity to protect and serve.This composition explores the potential of a SpiderManinspired robot,its integration into society,and the ethical considerations that come with such advanced technology.。
大鱼人机英语听力
大鱼人机英语听力Title: The English Listening Comprehension of Aquatic RoboticsIn the realm of aquatic robotics, the integration of English listening comprehension presents a unique challenge and opportunity. As these machines navigate underwater environments, their ability to interpret and respond to English commands can greatly enhance their functionality and utility. Here, we delve into the significance, methods, and advancements in enhancing the English listening comprehension of aquatic robots.Significance:The significance of enhancing English listening comprehension in aquatic robotics lies in improving human-robot interaction and operational efficiency. By understanding and executing English commands, these robotscan collaborate seamlessly with human operators, facilitating tasks ranging from underwater exploration to maintenance and rescue operations.Methods:Several methods are employed to enhance the English listening comprehension of aquatic robots. One approach involves natural language processing (NLP) algorithms that enable robots to decipher spoken or written English commands. These algorithms utilize techniques such as machine learning and deep learning to analyze linguistic patterns and extract meaning from English inputs.Another method involves the integration of speech recognition systems into the robot's architecture. These systems convert spoken English commands into text, which is then processed and executed by the robot. Advancements in speech recognition technology have improved the accuracy andreliability of this method, enabling more precise communication between humans and robots.Furthermore, multimodal approaches combine speech recognition with other sensory inputs, such as visual or tactile cues, to enhance comprehension and robustness. By integrating multiple modalities, aquatic robots can overcome challenges such as noisy underwater environments or ambiguous commands.Advancements:Recent advancements have propelled the field of English listening comprehension in aquatic robotics forward. One notable development is the use of neural networks for language understanding. These neural networks, inspired by the human brain, can learn complex linguistic structures and context, enabling more nuanced interpretation of English commands by aquatic robots.Additionally, the application of reinforcement learning has led to adaptive and autonomous systems that improve over time through experience. Aquatic robots equipped with reinforcement learning algorithms can refine their listening comprehension capabilities through interactions with humans and the environment, ultimately becoming more proficient and reliable in executing tasks.Moreover, the integration of domain-specific knowledge, such as marine terminology and context, further enhances the effectiveness of English listening comprehension in aquatic robotics. By incorporating domain knowledge into NLP models and speech recognition systems, robots can better understand and respond to commands tailored to underwater operations.Conclusion:In conclusion, the enhancement of English listening comprehension in aquatic robotics is a multifaceted endeavor with profound implications for human-robot collaboration andoperational efficiency. By leveraging advanced technologies and methodologies, such as NLP, speech recognition, and neural networks, researchers continue to push the boundaries of what is possible in enabling underwater robots to understand and execute English commands effectively. As advancements in this field progress, the potential for transformative applications in marine exploration, maintenance, and rescue missions becomes increasingly tangible.。
日本图书馆人工智能研究与应用前沿
*本文系国家社会科学基金重点项目“智慧公共文化服务及云平台优化研究”（项目编号：18AZD036）研究成果。
日本图书馆人工智能研究与应用前沿*韦景竹，叶彦君摘要日本较早从事图书馆人工智能研究，近年在应用领域取得了新成果。
文章采用文献研究与案例分析法，分析日本图书馆人工智能特色实践应用，探讨日本图书馆应用人工智能的特点。
研究发现：日本图书馆主要围绕机器人应用、智能空间建设、古籍草书文本识别等开展智能服务；呈现出重视文化遗产的保护和利用、公共文化机构和民间企业联动合作以及活用开放获取的大数据环境等特点。
我国可在借鉴日本经验的同时，结合自身优势和实际，探索与我国高质量发展相适应的智慧图书馆建设路径。
关键词日本图书馆人工智能智慧图书馆引用本文格式韦景竹，叶彦君.日本图书馆人工智能研究与应用前沿[J].图书馆论坛，2022，42（8）：51-61.The Frontiers of Artificial Intelligence Research and Application in Jap-anese LibrariesWEI Jingzhu &YE YanjunAbstract As a major country of robotics ，Japan has embarked on library artificial intelligence research to an ear⁃lier start ，and has successfully made some new achievements and breakthroughs in recent ing literature re⁃view and case analysis ，this paper analyzes the hot spots and characteristics of artificial intelligence application in Japanese libraries.Library intelligent services in Japan emphasize robot applications ，the building of intelligent spaces ，and the recognition of cursive texts from ancient books ，which is characterizes by attaching importance to the preservation and utilization of cultural heritage ，the linkage and cooperation of cultural institutions and private enterprises ，and the use of open access in big data environment.Drawing on the experiences from Japan ，Chinacan explore a path to build smart libraries compatible with the new stage of high-quality development in line with its advantages and conditions.Keywords Japan ；libraries ；artificial intelligence ；smart libraries0引言随着机器学习技术进步、大数据爆炸性增长和信息处理能力增强，人工智能发展进入第三个爆发期，普遍应用于制造业、农业、交通运输、教育、金融等领域[1]。
人教版2017课标高中英语必修第二册Unit2单元测试试卷-含答案01
Unit 2 单元测试一、阅读理解（共两节，满分35分）第一节（共10小题，每小题2.5分，满分25分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
AMore than two thirds of the world’s polar bears will be wiped out by 2050, according to ashocking new study. By then, scientists say, global warming will have melted 42 percent of theArctic sea ice. By 2100, only a very few of these important creatures will be left.The report has been produced by the US Geological Survey. The scientists have publicizedtheir findings in the hope of influencing US Interior Secretary Dirk Kempthorne, who has beenasked to put polar bears on the US endangered species list.Polar bears depend on floating sea ice as a platform for hunting seals, which are their main food. Without enough ice, polar bears would be forced to go onto the land, where they are killed by hunters, and would be unlikely to adapt to the life on the land in time. Experts say few little bears would survive and the stress could make many females unable to get pregnant.The team of American and Canadian scientists spent six months studying bears: on the ground, from spotter planes and in the lab, using computer models. Some team members fear the result is even worse for the bears than what their report says. They say the Arctic is warming faster than anywhere in the world and much faster than their computer had been forecasting, Satellite observations have showed that the ice has decreased to an all-time low.However, not everyone in the scientific community believes that global warming is happening on such an alarming scale. Another investigation has found that polar bears are still being hunted by wealthy “sportsmen” who want their skins and heads. At least ten international companies offer bear-hunting trips.1. What do we know about Dirk Kempthorne according to the passage?A. He is an animal scientist.B. He is a protector of animals working for the US government.C. He was asked to put polar bears on the US endangered species list.D. He offered to put polar bears on the endangered species list.2. Why will polar bears die out if there is not enough sea ice?A. Because polar bears can’t catch enough food without sea ice.B. Because polar bears eat ice when they feel thirsty.C. Because polar bears will be easily found by hunters without ice.D. Because most female bears are used to giving birth under ice.3. After a six-month study, some scientists fear that ________.A. there is something wrong with their computersB. polar bears will disappear even faster than they ever expectedC. their computer models are not as accurate as they expectedD. global warming will destroy everything in the ArcticBThe British are known for their sense of humor. However, it is often difficult for foreigners to understand their jokes. The main point to remember is that the British often use understatement.Understatement means saying less than you think or feel. For example, if someone gets very wet in a shower of rain, he might say, “It’s a little damp（潮湿的）outside.” Or, if someone is very impolite and shouts at another person, someone else might say, “She isn’t exactly friendly.” Understatement is often used in an unpleasant situation or to make another person look silly. Understatement plays an important part in British humor.Another key to understanding British humor is that the British like to make fun of themselves as well as others. They often laugh about the silly and unpleasant things that happen to our everyday life when someone accidently falls over in the street. They also like to make jokes about people from different classes of society. They like to make jokes about their accents, the way they dress and the way they behave. What’s more, the British love to watch comedies（喜剧）about people who do not know how to behave in society. The comedies series Mr. Bean is a good example of this kind of humor.Mr. Bean is the character created by British actor Rowan Atkinson in 1990. Mr. Bean doesn’t talk often, and instead he uses his body movement and facial expressions to make people laugh. Perhaps what makes Mr. Bean so funny is that he does things that adults in the real world cannot do. Mr. Bean is popular in many countries around the world because you do not have to speak English to understand the humor. Because of this, many people have become familiar with the British sense of humor.4. Why is it difficult for foreigners to understand British jokes?A. The British often enlarge the fact.B. British jokes are connected with many different cultures.C. British jokes are not as funny as jokes in other countries.D. The British try to make out that something is less important than it is.5. The author explains understatement by ________.A. describing a processB. making comparisonsC. following time orderD. using examples6. What can be the best title for the text?A. British Humor in ComedyB. Humor in Different CulturesC. Understanding British HumorD. Developing Your Sense of HumorCWhere do the turtles go?Every summer, thousands of endangered green sea turtles climb onto beaches around the world. Each mother sea turtle produces 100 or more eggs in a hole, and covers the hole with sand before she swims away.Two months later, the eggs hatch, and the baby turtles climb out of the sand andswim into the ocean. They don’t reappear until they have grown as large as dinner plates.Until now, no one knows where the baby turtles go or what they do.“If we don’t know where these little turtles are, we can’t protect them,” says KimReich, who helps solve part of the mystery.Her teacher, Karen Bjorndal, has studied green sea turtles for more than 30 years.Every year, Bjorndal goes to the Bahamas Islands. Many young sea turtles come here tolive and eat at the end of their childhood.These turtles are the only sea turtles that live as plant eaters. In fact, their name may be a result of what they eat. The turtles don’t look green but they do have green fat. Scientists learned that the turtles eat green sea plants, which may turn their fat green.Between 2002 and 2004, Bjorndal caught 44 green sea turtles in the Bahamas. After testing them, she found something to support the 20-year-old idea: baby green sea turtles eat meat before they turn to a diet of plants. In fact, they eat animals that live in the open ocean.Scientists still need to find where exactly green sea turtles grow. We now know that baby green sea turtles are out in the open ocean, but the open ocean is a big place.“It is really a problem,” says Bjorndal. The discovery may help us do a better job of protecting this sea animal.7. What can we learn from the first two paragraphs?A. Baby turtles go to the ocean when they are three months old.B. Mother turtles leave the eggs alone after they produce them.C. No one knows when turtles appear on the beach.D. Mother turtles are as large as dinner plates.8. Kim Reich does research on where baby turtles go because she wants to ________.A. help her teacherB. prove an ideaC. protect turtlesD. become a scientist9. What does Karen Bjorndal’s research prove about green sea turtles?A. The young live in the Bahamas Islands.B. The young eat meat before turning to a diet of plants.C. They live in the open ocean for a lifelong time.D. They are the only sea turtles that live as plant eaters.10. What does the underlined word “It” in the last paragraph refer to?A. Finding out where young turtles grow.B. Protecting this endangered sea animal.C. Changing young turtles’ eating habits.D. Living in the open ocean.第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）答卷时应注意事项１、拿到试卷，要认真仔细的先填好自己的考生信息。
高考英语一轮复习提能练三十二Unit2Robots含解析
Unit 2 RobotsⅠ.阅读理解A(2020·河北省高三年级名校联考) In elementary school，Glenn Cameron was very aware of the challenges faced by his friend，Roger，who had lost a hand.Now he has built an artificial helper for him.The robotic hand is called “Dexi”．Each of its fingers can move independently.The strength and speed of the hand's“muscles” can be controlled.He's also created a digital version of this hand，which responds on a computer screen.Through a special headset，the system takes electrical signals from a human brain，sends them to a computer，and then the computer “ tells” the hand what to do.For example，to make the hand close，you “see” a fist in your head.In fact，Cameron's first robotic hand was 3D printed online.Realizing the hand was too limited，he decided to build his own.It was quite a challenge，but his new version was better.It was also cheap，compared to many other robotic hand projects.Cameron says designing and building the hand was hard，but he went on.Then came the one Roger is using.Cameron is working on a hand that can actually be used by a person who's lost a hand at present.He says the new hand will be simpler，because there won't be as much space.To make up for this，he's adding a mini camera and trying to make the hand smarter.Cameron encourages young people who think they might want to do something demanding and similar，“ You just begin working towards it.Take one little step at a time，purposeful and steadfast，sooner or later you're going to get to the place you long for.”语篇解读在小学的时候，Glenn Cameron看到朋友缺少一只手，内心很受触动，他现在已经制造出了可以由人脑控制的机械手来帮助朋友。
广东省2021届高三下学期2月英语试卷精选汇编：阅读理解专题
阅读理解专题广东省揭阳市2020-2021学年下学期高三质量测试英语试题第一节（共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项.AI've been reading lots of books per year during the past decade. So obviously I get the usual question of what books I recommend. Well here are my top 4 favorite books of all time, which influenced me into who I am today.1. Think & Grow Rich by Napoleon Hill.It's one of the biggest bestsellers of all time. Napoleon Hill spent two decades analyzing over 500 successful men like Henry Ford, Thomas Edison and John D. Rockefeller to discover how they did it. The result of Hill's research is in Think & Grow Rich — 13 steps to achieve your goal, whatever it is. All other self-help books are just copies of Hill's book first published in 1937.2. Psyclho-Cybernetics by Maxwell Maltz.It's another bestseller and the only self-help book you'll need next to Think & Crow Rich. Maxwell Maltz was a plastic surgeon who was amazed that some patients still felt ugly after surgery. That's when he discovered they also needed reconstruction work inside — their "self-image". Everything about how to use the "mind-body" connection to achieve your goals, and how to feel confident about your body is inside this book.3. Talent is Overrated by Geoff Colvin.This book drives the point home that success in any field is not determined by genes or talent but deliberate practice, Colvin uses examples from class achievers like Tiger Woods, Jack Welch, Warren Buffet, Mozart to prove that they all got theirs through years of practice—the 10,000 hours rule. You'll reexamine your beliefs about what it takes to succeed and supercharge your motivation after reading Colvin's book.4. Mastery by George Leonard.This book also stresses that practice is the secret of success in anything. Leonard explains that mastership never ends — you will never have perfect technique and be able to stop. Instead you'll keep learning, improving, and hitting plateaus. The big point in Mastery is that plateaus are vital for improving your skills and that you therefore must start enjoying them instead of getting impatient or quitting like most guys do.1. For what purpose will a person read the book Think & Grow Rich as a reference?A. To make a research on being rich and famous.B. To draw a conclusion on the successful men's stories.C. To deliver a lecture on the instructions on how to succeed.D. To write a report on how to copy Hill's 13 steps to become famous.2. What do Think & Grow Rich and Psycho-Cybernetics both share?A. They are on the same bookshelf next to each other.B. They are bestsellers and the self-help books as well.C. They introduce about successful people and their secrets.D. They help readers to become successful by offering confidence.3. Which books can best explain the sayings "Practice makes perfect" and "Live and learn" respectively?A. Talent is Overrated; Mastery.B. Mastery; Psycho-Cybernetics.C. Think & Grow Rich; Psycho-Cybernetics.D. Think & Grow Rich; Talent is Overrated. 【答案】1. C 2. B 3. ABHaving just completed her diploma in French, Feng Yu, as a brave young girl, was ready for some adventure. She finally took on the job offer that brought her to the Democratic Republic of the Congo to work as an interpreter. Only 22 years old at the time, she could hardly imagine the hardships sue would face there. But with the support of her African friends in China, she stood firm and found out that an extraordinary experience was awaiting for her there.Despite having made all necessary preparations, Feng spent her first night on the continent in tears. But she did her best to adapt to the new living environment.After a few months, she look on a new job offer in the Democratic Republic of the Congo before moving to Algeria. She stayed on the African continent for three and a half years in total , before finally returning to China.As days went by, a golden opportunity opened to her. Her company needed someone to go to a faraway village deep in the forest. None of her colleagues wanted to go, but Feng, as a junior employee, seized the opportunity.This village is inhabited by the tribe, cut off from the world, still maintains is traditional ways. That night when the kerosene lamp went out, Feng found herself in total darkness. "I was so scared, but I had nowhere to run away," she recalled. The next day, she saw how singing and dancing play a major role in the lives of local villagers.Little by little, Feng was caught up in this lively atmosphere and soon forgot her initial worries.Back home, she found a position in an African embassy in Beijing. For the next four years, from 2014 to 2018, Feng traveled twice to Mauritania and twice to Madagascar. She was captivated by the continent again and again.4. What do we know about Feng Yu from Paragraph One?A. She wanted to experience some hardships after graduation.B. She is an experienced Chinese oversea student.C. She wanted to work in Africa after graduation.D. She was working at an embassy in Africa.5. Where did Feng Yu go to work when she was 22 years old?A. Algeria.B. Mauritania.C. Madagascar.D. Congo.6. How did Feng Yu feel after in the village finally?A. Scared.B. Relaxed.C. Worried.D. Excited.7. How long did she stay in Africa in all before she got a position in an African embassy?A. Almost four years.B. Almost three years.C. More than four years.D. More than five years.【答案】4. C 5. D 6. B 7. ACMarco Springmann and his colleagues, at the Oxford Martin School's Future of Food Programme, built computer models that predicted what would happen if everyone became vegetarian by 2050. The results indicate that if the world went vegan, the greenhouse gas emissions declines would be around 70%.In the US, for example, an average family of four emits more greenhouse gases because of the meal they eat than from driving two cars——but it is cars, not steaks, that regularly come up in discussions about global warming.Food, especially livestock, also takes up a lot of room. 68% of agricultural land in the world is used for livestock. When these lands become grasslands and forests, they would capture carbon dioxide and further ease climate change.However, if the whole world went vegan, there would be negative effects too. First, it is necessary to keep livestock for environmental purposes. "I'm sitting here in Scotland where the Highlands' environment is very man-made and based largely on grazing by sheep," says Peter Alexander, a researcher in socio-ecological systems modeling at the University of Edinburgh. "If we took all the sheep away, the environment would look different and there would be a potential negative impact on biodiversity. "Plus, meat is an important part of history , tradition and cultural identity. Numerous groups around the world give livestock gifts at weddings, celebratory dinners such as Christmas with turkey or roast beef.And nowadays, moderation in meal-eating's frequency and portion size is key to solving these conflicts. "Certain changes would encourage us to make healthier and more environmentally friendly dietary decisions," says Springmann, "like putting a higher price lag on meat and making fresh fruits and vegetables cheaper. "In fact, clear solutions already exist for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the livestock industry. What is lacking is the will to implement those changes.8. What can we infer from the underlined sentence in the second paragraph?A. Driving cars is more dangerous than eating steaks in the US.B. Our dietary choices affecting climate change is often underestimated.C. People compare the greenhouse gas emissions of the cars and steaks.D. Cars affect the global warming more seriously than the steaks.9. Why does Peter Alexander mention the sheep?A. To show the important impact of livestock on the environment.B. To show his work as a researcher in the socio-ecological systemsC. To encourage people to take all the sheep back for environmental purpose.D. To point out the negative impact of the sheep on the biodiversity.10. Which saying can best show the author's attitude to livestock?A. It is hard to please all.B. Don't put all your eggs in one basket.C. One cannnot see the wood for the trees.D. Everything is a double-edged sword.11. Where is this text most likely from?A. A biology textbook.B. A health magazine.C. A scientific journal.D. An educational review.【答案】8. B 9. A 10. D 11. CDAccording to the majority of Americans, women are every bit as capable of being good political leaders as men. The same can be said of their ability to dominate the corporate boardroom. And according to a new Pew Research Center survey on women and leadership, most Americans find women indistinguishable from men on key leadership traits such as intelligence and capacity for innovation, with many saying they're stronger than men in terms of being passionate and organized leaders.So why, then, are women in short supply at the top of government and business in the United States? According to the public, at least, it's not that they lack toughness, management talent or proper skill sets. It’s also not all about work-life balance. Although economic research and previous survey findings have shown that career interruptions related to motherhood may make it harder for women to advance in their careers and compete for top executive jobs, relatively few adults in the recent survey point to this as a key barrier for women seeking leadership roles. Only about one-in-five say women's family responsibilities are a major reason why there aren't more females in top leadership positions in business and politics.Instead, topping the list of reasons, about four-in-ten Americans point to a double standard for women seeking to climb to the highest levels of either politics or business, where they have to do more than their male counterparts to prove themselves. Similar shares say the electorate and corporate America are just not ready to put more women in top leadership positions.As a result, the public is divided about whether the imbalance in corporate America will change in the foreseeable future, even though women have made major advances in the workplace. While 53% believe men will continue to hold more top executive positions in business in the future, 44% say it's only a matter of time before as many women are in top executive positions as men. Americans are less doubtful when it comes to politics: 73% expect to see a female president in their lifetime.12. What do most Americans think of women leaders according to a new Pew Research Center survey?A. They have to do more to distinguish themselves.B. They have to strive harder to win their positionsC. They are stronger than men in terms of willpower.D. They are just as intelligent and innovative as men.13. What do we learn from previous survey findings about women seeking leadership roles?A. They have unconquerable difficulties on their way to success.B. They are lacking in confidence when competing with men.C. Their failures may have something to do with family duties.D. Relatively few are affected in their career advancement.14. What is the primary factor keeping women from taking top leadership positions according to the recent survey?A. Personality traitsB. Gender bias.C. Family responsibilities.D. Lack of vacancies.15. What does the passage say about corporate America in the near future?A. More and more women will sit in the boardroom.B. Gender imbalance in leadership is likely to change.C. The public is undecided about whether women will make good leaders.D. People have opposing opinions as to whether it will have more women leaders.【答案】12. D 13. C 14. B 15. D广东省韶关市2021届高三综合测试英语试题第一部分阅读理解（共两节，满分50分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分）阅读短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D选项中，选出最佳选项。
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11. Harada Hand: Design
The Harada robot hand shown inFigure 1. It has four fingers and a thumb builtto is approximate dimensions of the human hand (seeTable 1). Each of the four fingers has three links and three revolute joints to pitch the finger forward outof the planeof the palm. Each of the fingers each hasone motor supplying one independent DOF. The motor controls the finger by pulling a tendon cable over a carefully engineered pulley system that bends each joint approximately equally inangle. The joints can rotate each to 90 degrees in pitch, andare spring loaded to provide return torque when the tendon slackened. Finger lengths, weights andjoint is angle ranges are summarized inTable 1. The thumb has twolinks with tworevolute joints. As in eachfinger, it only hasone motor for actuation, but the motordrives 2 motions around 2 different joint axes in series. The thumb starts from a vertical position alongside the palm (as shown in 1). As the lead screw Fig. turns, the tendon system first rotates the basejoint 90 degrees to bring the thumb in front of the palm, and next hyper-extends the 2”d out to a maximum of 74 degrees from the plane of the joint palm (see Fig. 2). This limited motion of the thumb approximates one DOF motion of the human thumb and allows some grasps that require thumb in opposition to the fingers. However, it is the greatly restricted from the range of motiona real human thumb. of All motors and gearing located withinthe rigid palm. The motors are manufactured are by Namiki Precision JewelCompany, type 12CL-20N08G120 (15:1), with no load current maximum of 120 mA and starting torque 29.4 mN.m at 2.15A operated froma 5 V power a supply [13. They are controlled through computer interface which takes TTL level inputs representing commands for finger contraction and extension, and converts them to 5 V drive signals for each motor. Controlinputs can also be generated from myoelectric signals (muscle
Introduction I.
We report on the Harada hand, 5 degree of freedom (DOF) robotic hand designed and a constructed by Harada Electric Industry Inc. of Japan 101. The hand was originally developed [ for prostheticapplications, including the form and function the human hand andinterface of electronics for myoelectric control from muscle activity the forearm. Here we describe its in characteristics and evaluate its potential for use in space applications, such as in spacetelerobotic assistants for Extra VehicularActivities (EVA) or anthropomorphic robots for outposts on Mars. Space applications are often designed with tools and controlinterfaces meant to be manipulated by human hands.Therefore dexterous robotic manipulatorsdesigned to participate in those tasks will share many of thefunctional requirements of prosthetic hands. Both robotic hands and prosthetic hands must approach the levelmanipulative dexterity and grasp of robustness found in the human hand. Theyalso must entail minimal effort to control by human operators. These requirements dictate that the robotic hand must be of anthropomorphic design to mimic the human hand in form and function, for most natural useby operator (in telerobotics or prosthetics), and for space applications such as EVAs where the robot will required to be manipulate tools designed for astronauts in space suits.
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The hand is incomplete in that the current prototype has no sensor feedback. The major drawback is that it has neither motor encoders nor joint encoders to give feedback onthe positions of the joints. There are also no load sensors for force feedback or tactile sensors for sensing surface contact. This will certainly needto be corrected infuture versions of the hand before any sophisticated control methods can used for space applications. be
Index Middle Ring Pinkie Thumb Total
[l]. Figure 2. Kinematics of the fingers, from
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Figure 3. Torque vs bending degree the index and pinkie fingers, from for [l]. Table 2. Torques and bending time, from [l]
Figure 1
Top. Harada hand (front and back).
Bottom. Hand dimensions fቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱom [l] (units: mm)
t
Table 1. Harada hand dimensions Weight [gr] Length Phalanges [cm] Bottom Middle TP O Phalanx Phalanx Phalanx 1.9cm 3.65 cm 2.36 cm 60 gr 1.9 cm 61 er 4.45 cm 2.85 cm 1.9 cm 4.13 cm 2.85 cm 61 gr 1.9 cm 50 m3.5 cm 2.23 cm 4.45 cm 7 cm (and back hand) 137 gr 369 gr