Molecular Self-Assembly and the Origin of Life
苏忠民教授简历
苏忠民教授简历学院：化学学院姓名：苏忠民性别：男出生年月：1960年4月一、主要学习工作经历1978年9月—1983年7月，东北师大化学系本科学生1986年9月—1989年6月，东北师大化学系硕士研究生1994年9月—1997年6月，东北师大化学系博士研究生1998年4月—2000年4月，吉林大学理论化学研究所博士后1985年5月—1988年10月，东北师大化学系助教1988年10月—1992年12月，东北师大化学系讲师1992年12月—1994年9月，东北师大化学系物理化学专业副教授1994年9月—现在，东北师大化学系物理化学专业教授1998年10月—现在，东北师大化学系博士生指导教师2000年6月—现在，东北师大化学学院教授委员会教授1998年4月—现在，东北师大化学学院，功能材料化学研究所所长1999年1月—1999年10月，东北师大校长助理1999年10月—2003年12月，东北师大校长助理兼科技处处长2003年11月—现在，东北师大研究生院院长（副校级）2004年2月—现在，东北师范大学学位评定委员会副主席2006年3月—现在，东北师范大学自然科学学术委员会委员2007年3月—现在，东北师范大学自然科学学术委员会副主任2007年1月—现在，东北师范大学化学学院教育部长江学者特聘教授(无机化学专业)2008年1月—2010年12月，东北师范大学化学学院2007度教育部“长江学者和创新团队发展计划”创新团队负责人1995年11月—1997年11月，香港大学化学系访问学者2006年6月—现在，吉林省第六届化学会副理事长2006年11月—现在，中国化学会第二十七届理事会理事2006年11月—现在，第三届吉林省学位委员会委员2005年7月—现在，吉林省高校科研与学位管理学会，吉林省研究生教育与学位管理专业委员会理事长2005年7月—现在，香港大学内地校友联谊社第五届理事会理事2005年12月—2006年10月，长春市南关区第十五届人民代表大会代表2006年10月—现在，长春市南关区第十六届人民代表大会代表2008年1月—2012年12月，《科学通报》编辑委员会委员2009年1月—2014年12月，国务院学位委员会第六届学科评议组化学组成员2009年1月—2011年12月，长春市科学技术协会常委二、主要研究方向或领域(一) 功能材料化学的理论和实验研究1．有机分子/聚合物的导电性质研究(1) 合成表征聚并苯半导体导电材料并进行改性研究，其可作为电极材料用于制作二次电池和双电层电容器，性能指标达到国际先进水平，并曾小批量投放市场。
翻译水平的调节
在氨基酸饥饿的条件下，磷酸化的
eIF-2增多，活化的eIF-2减少，翻译 起始复合物的再循环必然受到限制。 翻译完uORF1后的核糖体迅速滑过 其它uORF，到达GCN4-ORF开始 翻译，逃避了其它uORF的抑制。
五、翻译后水平的调节
（一）蛋白质的成熟
1.
多余序列的切除 胰岛素原的激活
•Termination codon right after codon 47
•A short hairpin at the take-off site
•Identity between codons 47 and 48
•A 50 nt spacing between codons 47 and 48
珠蛋白
铁＋卟啉 血红素
血红蛋白
哺乳动物网 织红细胞蛋白质 合成调控研究得 较为详细。 网织 红细胞是红细胞 成熟前发育的最 后阶段，由它合 成的蛋白质90％ 以上是珠蛋白。
血红素与珠蛋白的合成 以平行速度进行，如完整细 胞中缺铁或网织红细胞内缺 血红素，合成蛋白质的速度 下降到原来的10％。
abstract
A 50-nucleotide untranslated region is shown to be present within the coding sequence of Escherichia coli bacteriophage T4 gene 60, which encodes one of the subunits for its type II DNA topoisomerase. This interruption is part of the transcribed messenger RNA and appears not to be removed before translation. Thus, the usual colinearity between messenger RNA and the encoded protein sequence apparently does not exist in this case. The interruption is bracketed by a direct repeat of five base pairs. A mechanism is proposed in which folding of the untranslated region brings together codons separated by the interruption so that the elongating ribosome may skip the 50 nucleotides during translation. The alternative possibility, that the protein is efficiently translated from a very minor and undetectable form of processed messenger RNA, seems unlikely, but has not been completely ruled out.
高分子专业术语中英文对照表
高分子专业术语中英文对照表加工processing反应性加工reactive processing等离子体加工plasma processing加工性processability熔体流动指数melt [flow] index门尼粘度Mooney index塑化plasticizing增塑作用plasticization内增塑作用internal plasticization外增塑作用external plasticization增塑溶胶plastisol增强reinforcing增容作用compatibilization相容性compatibility相溶性intermiscibility生物相容性biocompatibility血液相容性blood compatibility组织相容性tissue compatibility混炼milling, mixing素炼mastication塑炼plastication过炼dead milled橡胶配合rubber compounding共混blend捏和kneading冷轧cold rolling压延性calenderability压延calendering埋置embedding压片preforming模塑molding模压成型compression molding压缩成型compression forming冲压模塑impact moulding, shock moulding叠模压塑stack moulding复合成型composite molding注射成型injection molding注塑压缩成型injection compression molding射流注塑jet molding无流道冷料注塑runnerless injection molding共注塑coinjection molding气辅注塑gas aided injection molding注塑焊接injection welding传递成型transfer molding树脂传递成型resin transfer molding铸塑cast熔铸fusion casting铸塑成型cast molding单体浇铸monomer casting挤出extrusion共挤出coextrusion多层挤塑multi-layer extrusion共挤吹塑coextrusion blow molding同轴挤塑coaxial extrusion吹胀挤塑blown extrusion挤出吹塑extrusion blow molding挤拉吹塑成型extrusion draw blow molding 反应性挤塑reactive extrusion固相挤出solid-phase extrusion发泡expanding foam后发泡post expansion物理发泡physical foam化学发泡chemical foam吹塑blow molding多层吹塑multi-layer blow molding拉伸吹塑成型stretch blow molding滚塑rotational moulding反应注射成型reaction injection molding, RIM 真空成型vacuum forming无压成型zero ressure molding真空烧结vacuum sintering真空袋成型vacuum bag molding热成型thermal forming拉伸热成型stretch thermoforming袋模塑bag molding糊塑paste molding镶铸imbedding冲压成型impact molding触压成型impression molding层压材料laminate泡沫塑料成型foam molding包模成型drape molding充气吹胀inflation橡胶胶乳rubber latex胶乳latex高分子胶体polymer colloid生橡胶raw rubber，crude rubber硬质胶ebonite再生胶reclaimed rubber充油橡胶oil-extended rubber母胶masterbatch交联crosslinking固化cure光固化photo-cure硫化vulcanization后硫化post cure，post vulcanization自硫[化] bin cure自交联self crosslinking , self curing过硫over cure返硫reversion欠硫under cure动态硫化dynamic vulcanization不均匀硫化heterogeneous vulcanization开始[硫化]效应set-up effect自动硫化self-curing, self-vulcanizing焦烧scorching无压硫化non-pressure cure模压硫化moulding curing常温硫化auto-vulcanization热硫化heat curing蒸汽硫化steam curing微波硫化micro wave curing辐射硫化radiation vulcanization辐射交联radiation crosslinking连续硫化continuous vulcanization无模硫化open vulcanization成纤fiber forming可纺性spinnability纺丝spinning干纺dry spinning湿纺wet spinning干湿法纺丝dry wet spinning干喷湿法纺丝dry jet wet spinning溶液纺丝solution spinning乳液纺丝emulsion spinning乳液闪蒸纺丝法emulsion flash spinning process 喷射纺丝jet spinning喷纺成形spray spinning液晶纺丝liquid crystal spinning熔纺melt spinning共混纺丝blended spinning凝胶纺[丝] gel spinning反应纺丝reaction spinning静电纺丝electrostatic spinning高压纺丝high-pressure spinning复合纺丝conjugate spinning无纺布non-woven fabrics单丝monofilament, monofil复丝multifilament全取向丝fully oriented yarn中空纤维hollow fiber皮芯纤维sheath core fiber共纺cospinning冷拉伸cold drawing, cold stretching单轴拉伸uniaxial drawing，uniaxial elongation双轴拉伸biaxial drawing多轴拉伸multiaxial drawing皮心效应skin and core effect皮层效应skin effect防缩non-shrink熟成ripening垂挂sag定型sizing起球现象pilling effect捻度twist旦denier特tex纱yarn股strand粘合adhesion反应粘合reaction bonding压敏粘合pressure sensitive adhesion 底漆primer浸渍impregnation浸渍树脂solvent impregnated resin基体matrix聚合物表面活性剂polymeric surfactant 高分子絮凝剂polymeric flocculant预发颗粒pre-expanded bead高分子膜polymeric membraneH-膜H-filmLB膜Langmuir Blodgett film (LB film) 半透膜semipermeable membrane反渗透膜Reverse osmosis membrance多孔膜porous membrane各向异性膜anisotropic membrane正离子交换膜cation exchange membrane 负离子交换膜anionic exchange membrane 吸附树脂polymeric adsorbent添加剂additive固化剂curing agent潜固化剂latent curing agent硫化剂vulcanizing agent给硫剂sulfur donor agent, sulfur donor硫化促进剂vulcanization accelerator硫化活化剂vulcanization activator活化促进剂activating accelerator活化剂activator防焦剂scorch retarder抗硫化返原剂anti-reversion agent塑解剂peptizer偶联剂coupling agent硅烷偶联剂silane coupling agent钛酸酯偶联剂titanate coupling agent铝酸酯偶联剂aluminate coupling agent增强剂reinforcing agent增硬剂hardening agent惰性填料inert filler增塑剂plasticizer辅增塑剂coplasticizer增粘剂tackifier增容剂compatibilizer增塑增容剂plasticizer extender分散剂dispersant agent结构控制剂constitution controller色料colorant荧光增白剂optical bleaching agent抗降解剂antidegradant防老剂anti-aging agent防臭氧剂antiozonant抗龟裂剂anticracking agent抗疲劳剂anti-fatigue agent抗微生物剂biocide防蚀剂anti-corrosion agent光致抗蚀剂photoresist防霉剂antiseptic防腐剂rot resistor防潮剂moisture proof agent除臭剂re-odorant抗氧剂antioxidant热稳定剂heat stabilizer抗静电添加剂antistatic additive抗静电剂antistatic agent紫外线稳定剂ultraviolet stabilizer紫外光吸收剂ultraviolet absorber光稳定剂light stabilizer, photostabilizer光屏蔽剂light screener发泡剂foaming agent物理发泡剂physical foaming agent化学发泡剂chemical foaming agent脱模剂releasing agent内脱模剂internal releasing agent外脱模剂external releasing agent阻燃剂flame retardant防火剂fire retardant烧蚀剂ablator润滑剂lubricant湿润剂wetting agent隔离剂separant增韧剂toughening agent抗冲改性剂impact modifier消泡剂antifoaming agent减阻剂drag reducer破乳剂demulsifier粘度改进剂viscosity modifier增稠剂thickening agent, thickener阻黏剂abhesive洗脱剂eluant附聚剂agglomerating agent后处理剂after-treating agent催干剂drier防结皮剂anti-skinning agent纺织品整理剂textile finishing agent－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－高物高化类：结构单元constitutional unit重复结构单元constitutional repeating unit构型单元configurational unit立构重复单元stereorepeating unit立构规整度tacticity等规度, 全同立构[规整]度isotacticity间同度，间同立构[规整]度syndiotacticity无规度，无规立构度atacticity嵌段block规整嵌段regular block非规整嵌段irregular block立构嵌段stereoblock有规立构嵌段isotactic block无规立构嵌段atactic block单体单元monomeric unit二单元组diad三单元组triad四单元组tetrad五单元组pentad无规线团random coil自由连接链freely-jointed chain自由旋转链freely-rotating chain蠕虫状链worm-like chain柔性链flexible chain链柔性chain flexibility刚性链rigid chain棒状链rodlike chain链刚性chain rigidity聚集aggregation聚集体aggregate凝聚、聚集coalescence链缠结chain entanglement凝聚缠结cohesional entanglement物理缠结physical entanglement拓扑缠结topological entanglement凝聚相condensed phase凝聚态condensed state凝聚过程condensing process临界聚集浓度critical aggregation concentration 线团-球粒转换coil-globule transition受限链confined chain受限态confined state物理交联physical crosslinking统计线团statistical coil等效链equivalent chain统计链段statistical segment链段chain segment链构象chain conformation无规线团模型random coil model无规行走模型random walk model自避随机行走模型self avoiding walk model卷曲构象coiled conformation高斯链Gaussian chain无扰尺寸unperturbed dimension扰动尺寸perturbed dimension热力学等效球thermodynamically equivalent sphere近程分子内相互作用short-range intramolecular interaction远程分子内相互作用long-range intramolecular interaction链间相互作用interchain interaction链间距interchain spacing长程有序long range order近程有序short range order回转半径radius of gyration末端间矢量end-to-end vector链末端chain end末端距end-to-end distance无扰末端距unperturbed end-to-end distance均方根末端距root-mean-square end-to-end distance伸直长度contour length相关长度persistence length主链；链骨架chain backbone支链branch chain链支化chain branching短支链short-chain branch长支链long-chain branch支化系数branching index支化密度branching density支化度degree of branching交联度degree of crosslinking网络network网络密度network density溶胀swelling平衡溶胀equilibrium swelling分子组装，分子组合molecular assembly自组装self assembly微凝胶microgel凝胶点gel point可逆[性]凝胶reversible gel溶胶-凝胶转化sol-gel transformation临界胶束浓度critical micelle concentration，CMC组成非均一性constitutional heterogenity, compositional heterogenity摩尔质量平均molar mass average数均分子量number-average molecular weight, number-average molar mass重均分子量weight-average molecular weight, weight-average molar massZ均分子量Z(Zaverage)-average molecular weight, Z-molar mass黏均分子量viscosity-average molecular weight，viscosity-average molar mass 表观摩尔质量apparent molar mass表观分子量apparent molecular weight聚合度degree of polymerization动力学链长kinetic chain length单分散性monodispersity临界分子量critical molecular weight分子量分布molecular weight distribution，MWD多分散性指数polydispersity index，PID平均聚合度average degree of polymerization质量分布函数mass distribution function数量分布函数number distribution function重量分布函数weight distribution function舒尔茨-齐姆分布Schulz-Zimm distribution最概然分布most probable distribution对数正态分布logarithmic normal distribution聚合物溶液polymer solution聚合物-溶剂相互作用polymer-solvent interaction溶剂热力学性质thermodynamic quality of solvent均方末端距mean square end to end distance均方旋转半径mean square radius of gyrationθ温度theta temperatureθ态theta stateθ溶剂theta solvent良溶剂good solvent不良溶剂poor solvent位力系数Virial coefficient排除体积excluded volume溶胀因子expansion factor溶胀度degree of swelling弗洛里-哈金斯理论Flory-Huggins theory哈金斯公式Huggins equation哈金斯系数Huggins coefficientχ(相互作用)参数χ-parameter溶度参数solubility parameter摩擦系数frictional coefficient流体力学等效球hydrodynamically equivalent sphere流体力学体积hydrodynamic volume珠-棒模型bead-rod model球-簧链模型ball-spring [chain] model流动双折射flow birefringence, streaming birefringence动态光散射dynamic light scattering小角激光光散射low angle laser light scattering沉降平衡sedimentation equilibrium沉降系数sedimentation coefficient沉降速度法sedimentation velocity method沉降平衡法sedimentation equilibrium method相对黏度relative viscosity相对黏度增量relative viscosity increment黏度比viscosity ratio黏数viscosity number[乌氏]稀释黏度计[Ubbelohde] dilution viscometer毛细管黏度计capillary viscometer落球黏度计ball viscometer落球黏度ball viscosity本体黏度bulk viscosity比浓黏度reduced viscosity比浓对数黏度inherent viscosity, logarithmic viscosity number 特性黏数intrinsic viscosity, limiting viscosity number黏度函数viscosity function零切变速率黏度zero shear viscosity端基分析analysis of end group蒸气压渗透法vapor pressure osmometry, VPO辐射的相干弹性散射coherent elastic scattering of radiation折光指数增量refractive index increment瑞利比Rayleigh ratio超瑞利比excess Rayleigh ratio粒子散射函数particle scattering function粒子散射因子particle scattering factor齐姆图Zimm plot散射的非对称性dissymmetry of scattering解偏振作用depolarization分级fractionation沉淀分级precipitation fractionation萃取分级extraction fractionation色谱分级chromatographic fractionation柱分级column fractionation洗脱分级，淋洗分级elution fractionation热分级thermal fractionation凝胶色谱法gel chromatography摩尔质量排除极限molar mass exclusion limit溶剂梯度洗脱色谱法solvent gradient [elution] chromatography 分子量排除极限molecular weight exclusion limit洗脱体积elution volume普适标定universal calibration加宽函数spreading function链轴chain axis等同周期identity period链重复距离chain repeating distance晶体折叠周期crystalline fold period构象重复单元conformational repeating unit几何等效geometrical equivalence螺旋链helix chain构型无序configurational disorder链取向无序chain orientational disorder构象无序conformational disorder锯齿链zigzag chain双[股]螺旋double stranded helix[分子]链大尺度取向global chain orientation结晶聚合物crystalline polymer半结晶聚合物semi-crystalline polymer高分子晶体polymer crystal高分子微晶polymer crystallite结晶度degree of crystallinity, crystallinity高分子[异质]同晶现象macromolecular isomorphism 聚合物形态学morphology of polymer片晶lamella, lamellar crystal轴晶axialite树枝[状]晶体dendrite纤维晶fibrous crystal串晶结构shish-kebab structure球晶spherulite折叠链folded chain链折叠chain folding折叠表面fold surface折叠面fold plane折叠微区fold domain相邻再入模型adjacent re-entry model接线板模型switchboard model缨状微束模型fringed-micelle model折叠链晶体folded-chain crystal平行链晶体parallel-chain crystal伸展链晶体extended-chain crystal球状链晶体globular-chain crystal长周期long period近程结构short-range structure远程结构long-range structure成核作用nucleation分子成核作用molecular nucleation阿夫拉米方程Avrami equation主结晶primary crystallization后期结晶secondary crystallization外延结晶，附生结晶epitaxial crystallization外延晶体生长，附生晶体生长epitaxial growth织构texture液晶态liquid crystal state溶致性液晶lyotopic liquid crystal热致性液晶thermotropic liquid crystal热致性介晶thermotropic mesomorphism近晶相液晶smectic liquid crystal近晶中介相smectic mesophase近晶相smectic phase条带织构banded texture环带球晶ringed spherulite向列相nematic phase盘状相discotic phase解取向disorientation分聚segregation非晶相amorphous phase非晶区amorphous region非晶态amorphous state非晶取向amorphous orientation链段运动segmental motion亚稳态metastable state相分离phase separation亚稳相分离spinodal decompositionbimodal decomposition微相microphase界面相boundary phase相容性compatibility混容性miscibility不相容性incompatibility不混容性immiscibility增容作用compatiibilization最低临界共溶(溶解)温度lower critical solution temperature, LCST 最高临界共溶(溶解)温度upper critical solution temperature , UCST 浓度猝灭concentration quenching激基缔合物荧光excimer fluorescence激基复合物荧光exciplex fluorescence激光共聚焦荧光显微镜laser confocal fluorescence microscopy单轴取向uniaxial orientation双轴取向biaxial orientation, biorientation取向度degree of orientation橡胶态rubber state玻璃态glassy state高弹态elastomeric state黏流态viscous flow state伸长elongation高弹形变high elastic deformation回缩性，弹性复原nerviness拉伸比draw ratio, extension ratio泊松比Poisson's ratio杨氏模量Young's modulus本体模量bulk modulus剪切模量shear modulus法向应力normal stress剪切应力shear stress剪切应变shear strain屈服yielding颈缩现象necking屈服应力yield stress屈服应变yield strain脆性断裂brittle fracture脆性开裂brittle cracking脆-韧转变brittle ductile transition脆化温度brittleness(brittle) temperature延性破裂ductile fracture冲击强度impact strength拉伸强度tensile strength极限拉伸强度ultimate tensile strength抗撕强度tearing strength弯曲强度flexural strength, bending strength 弯曲模量bending modulus弯曲应变bending strain弯曲应力bending stress收缩开裂shrinkage crack剪切强度shear strength剥离强度peeling strength疲劳强度fatigue strength, fatigue resistance 挠曲deflection压缩强度compressive strength压缩永久变形compression set压缩变形compressive deformation压痕硬度indentation hardness洛氏硬度Rockwell hardness布氏硬度Brinell hardness抗刮性scrath resistance断裂力学fracture mechanics力学破坏mechanical failure应力强度因子stress intensity factor断裂伸长elongation at break屈服强度yield strength断裂韧性fracture toughness弹性形变elastic deformation弹性滞后elastic hysteresis弹性elasticity弹性模量modulus of elasticity弹性回复elastic recovery不可回复形变irrecoverable deformation 裂缝crack银纹craze形变；变形deformation永久变形deformation set剩余变形residual deformation剩余伸长residual stretch回弹，回弹性resilience延迟形变retarded deformation延迟弹性retarded elasticity可逆形变reversible deformation应力开裂stress cracking应力-应变曲线stress strain curve拉伸应变stretching strain拉伸应力弛豫tensile stress relaxation热历史thermal history热收缩thermoshrinking扭辫分析torsional braid analysis，TBA 应力致白stress whitening应变能strain energy应变张量strain tensor剩余应力residual stress应变硬化strain hardening应变软化strain softening电流变液electrorheological fluid假塑性pseudoplastic拉胀性auxiticity牛顿流体Newtonian fluid非牛顿流体non-Newtonian fluid宾汉姆流体Bingham fluid冷流cold flow牛顿剪切黏度Newtonian shear viscosity 剪切黏度shear viscosity表观剪切黏度apparent shear viscosity剪切变稀shear thinning触变性thixotropy塑性形变plastic deformation塑性流动plastic flow体积弛豫volume relaxation拉伸黏度extensional viscosity黏弹性viscoelasticity线性黏弹性linear viscoelasticity非线性黏弹性non-linear viscoelasticity蠕变creep弛豫[作用] relaxation弛豫模量relaxation modulus蠕变柔量creep compliance热畸变温度heat distortion temperature弛豫谱relaxation spectrum推迟[时间]谱retardation [time] spectrum弛豫时间relaxation time推迟时间retardation time动态力学行为dynamic mechanical behavior动态黏弹性dynamic viscoelasticity热-机械曲线thermo-mechanical curve动态转变dynamic transition储能模量storage modulus损耗模量loss modulus复数模量complex modulus复数柔量complex compliance动态黏度dynamic viscosity复数黏度complex viscosity复数介电常数complex dielectric permittivity介电损耗因子dielectric dissipation factor介电损耗常数dielectric loss constant介电弛豫时间dielectric relaxation time玻璃化转变glass transition玻璃化转变温度glass-transition temperature次级弛豫secondary relaxation次级转变secondary transition次级弛豫温度secondary relaxation temperature开尔文模型Kelvin model麦克斯韦模型Maxwell model时-温叠加原理time-temperature superposition principle 玻耳兹曼叠加原理Boltzmann superposition principle平移因子shift factorWLF公式WLF[Williams-Lendel-Ferry] equation软化温度softening temperature平衡熔点equilibrium melting point物理老化physical ageing光老化photoageing热老化thermal ageing热氧老化thermo-oxidative ageing人工老化artificial ageing加速老化accelerated ageing计算机模拟computer simulation分子动力学模拟molecular dynamics simulation蒙特卡洛模拟Monte Carlo simulation－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－聚合反应类：单体monomer官能度functionality平均官能度average functionality双官能［基］单体bifunctional monomer三官能［基］单体trifunctional monomer乙烯基单体vinyl monomer1,1-亚乙烯基单体，偏［二］取代乙烯单体vinylidene monomer1,2-亚乙烯基单体，1,2-二取代乙烯单体vinylene monomer双烯单体，二烯单体diene monomer极性单体polar monomer非极性单体non polar monomer共轭单体conjugated monomer非共轭单体non conjugated monomer活化单体activated monomer官能单体functional monomer大分子单体macromer, macromonomer环状单体cyclic monomer共聚单体comonomer聚合［反应］polymerization均聚反应homopolymerization低聚反应，齐聚反应(曾用名) oligomerization调聚反应telomerization自发聚合spontaneous polymerization预聚合prepolymerization后聚合post polymerization再聚合repolymerization铸塑聚合, 浇铸聚合cast polymerization链［式］聚合chain polymerization烯类聚合，乙烯基聚合vinyl polymerization双烯［类］聚合diene polymerization加［成］聚［合］addition polymerization自由基聚合，游离基聚合(曾用名) free radical polymerization,radical polymerization控制自由基聚合，可控自由基聚合controlled radical polymerization，CRP活性自由基聚合living radical polymerization原子转移自由基聚合atom transfer radical polymerization，ATRP反向原子转移自由基聚合reverse atom transfer radical polymerization，RATRP 可逆加成断裂链转移reversible addition fragmentation chaintransfer，RAFT氮氧[自由基]调控聚合nitroxide mediated polymerization稳定自由基聚合stable free radical polymerization，FRP自由基异构化聚合free radical isomerization polymerization自由基开环聚合radical ring opening polymerization氧化还原聚合redox polymerization无活性端聚合，死端聚合(曾用名) dead end polymerization光［致］聚合photo polymerization光引发聚合light initiated polymerization光敏聚合photosensitized polymerization四中心聚合four center polymerization电荷转移聚合charge transfer polymerization辐射引发聚合radiation initiated polymerization热聚合thermal polymerization电解聚合electrolytic polymerization等离子体聚合plasma polymerization易位聚合metathesis polymerization开环易位聚合ring opening metathesis polymerization，ROMP精密聚合precision polymerization环化聚合cyclopolymerization拓扑化学聚合topochemical polymerization平衡聚合equilibrium polymerization离子［型］聚合ionic polymerization辐射离子聚合radiation ion polymerization离子对聚合ion pair polymerization正离子聚合，阳离子聚合cationic polymerization碳正离子聚合carbenium ion polymerization,carbocationic polymerization假正离子聚合pseudo cationic polymerization假正离子活［性］聚合pseudo cationic living polymerization活性正离子聚合living cationic polymerization负离子聚合，阴离子聚合anionic polymerization碳负离子聚合carbanionic polymerization活性负离子聚合living anionic polymerization负离子环化聚合anionic cyclopolymerization负离子电化学聚合anionic electrochemical polymerization负离子异构化聚合anionic isomerization polymerization烯丙基聚合allylic polymerization活［性］聚合living polymerization两性离子聚合zwitterion polymerization齐格勒-纳塔聚合Ziegler Natta polymerization配位聚合coordination polymerization配位离子聚合coordinated ionic polymerization配位负离子聚合coordinated anionic polymerization配位正离子聚合coordinated cationic polymerization插入聚合insertion polymerization定向聚合，立构规整聚合stereoregular polymerization, stereospecific polymerization 有规立构聚合tactic polymerization全同立构聚合isospecific polymerization不对称诱导聚合asymmetric induction polymerization不对称选择性聚合asymmetric selective polymerization不对称立体选择性聚合asymmetric stereoselective polymerization对映［体］不对称聚合enantioasymmetric polymerization对映［体］对称聚合enantiosymmetric polymerization异构化聚合isomerization polymerization氢转移聚合hydrogen transfer polymerization基团转移聚合group transfer polymerization，GTP消除聚合elimination polymerization模板聚合matrix polymerization,template polymerization插层聚合intercalation polymerization无催化聚合uncatalyzed polymerization开环聚合ring opening polymerization活性开环聚合living ring opening polymerization不死的聚合immortal polymerization酶聚合作用enzymatic polymerization聚加成反应，逐步加成聚合(曾用名) polyaddition偶联聚合coupling polymerization序列聚合sequential polymerization闪发聚合，俗称暴聚flash polymerization氧化聚合oxidative polymerization氧化偶联聚合oxidative coupling polymerization逐步［增长］聚合step growth polymerization缩聚反应condensation polymerization，polycondensation酯交换型聚合transesterification type polymerization, ester exchange polycondensation自催化缩聚autocatalytic polycondensation均相聚合homogeneous polymerization非均相聚合heterogeneous polymerization相转化聚合phase inversion polymerization本体聚合bulk polymerization, mass polymerization固相聚合solid phase polymerization气相聚合gaseous polymerization,gas phase polymerization吸附聚合adsorption polymerization溶液聚合solution polymerization沉淀聚合precipitation polymerization淤浆聚合slurry polymerization悬浮聚合suspension polymerization反相悬浮聚合reversed phase suspension polymerization 珠状聚合bead polymerization, pearl polymerization分散聚合dispersion polymerization反相分散聚合inverse dispersion polymerization种子聚合seeding polymerization乳液聚合emulsion polymerization无乳化剂乳液聚合emulsifier free emulsion polymerization 反相乳液聚合inverse emulsion polymerization微乳液聚合micro emulsion polymerization连续聚合continuous polymerization半连续聚合semicontinuous polymerization分批聚合，间歇聚合batch polymerization原位聚合in situ polymerization均相缩聚homopolycondensation活化缩聚activated polycondensation熔融缩聚melt phase polycondensation固相缩聚solid phase polycondensation体型缩聚three dimensional polycondensation界面聚合interfacial polymerization界面缩聚interfacial polycondensation环加成聚合cycloaddition polymerization环烯聚合cycloalkene polymerization环硅氧烷聚合cyclosiloxane polymerization引发剂initiator引发剂活性activity of initiator聚合催化剂polymerization catalyst自由基引发剂radical initiator偶氮［类］引发剂azo type initiator2,2′偶氮二异丁腈2,2'- azobisisobutyronitrile, AIBN过氧化苯甲酰benzoyl peroxide, BPO过硫酸盐引发剂persulphate initiator复合引发体系complex initiation system氧化还原引发剂redox initiator电荷转移复合物，电荷转移络合物charge transfer complex, CTC聚合加速剂，聚合促进剂polymerization accelerator光敏引发剂photoinitiator双官能引发剂bifunctional initiator，difunctional initiator三官能引发剂trifunctional initiator大分子引发剂macroinitiator引发-转移剂initiator transfer agent, inifer引发-转移-终止剂initiator transfer agent terminator, iniferter光引发转移终止剂photoiniferter热引发转移终止剂thermoiniferter正离子催化剂cationic catalyst正离子引发剂cationic initiator负离子引发剂ionioic initiator共引发剂coinitiator烷基锂引发剂alkyllithium initiator负离子自由基引发剂anion radical initiator烯醇钠引发剂alfin initiator齐格勒-纳塔催化剂Ziegler Natta catalyst过渡金属催化剂transition metal catalyst双组分催化剂bicomponent catalyst后过渡金属催化剂late transition metal catalyst金属络合物催化剂metal complex catalyst［二］茂金属催化剂metallocene catalyst甲基铝氧烷methylaluminoxane, MAOμ氧桥双金属烷氧化物催化剂b imetallic μ-oxo alkoxides catalyst双金属催化剂bimetallic catalyst桥基茂金属bridged metallocene限定几何构型茂金属催化剂constrained geometry metallocene catalyst 均相茂金属催化剂homogeneous metallocene catalyst链引发chain initiation热引发thermal initiation染料敏化光引发dye sensitized phtoinitiation电荷转移引发charge transfer initiation诱导期induction period引发剂效率initiator efficiency诱导分解induced decomposition再引发reinitiation链增长chain growth, chain propagation增长链端propagating chain end活性种reactive species活性中心active center持续自由基persistent radical聚合最高温度ceilling temperature of polymerization链终止chain termination双分子终止bimolecular termination初级自由基终止primary radical termination扩散控制终止diffusion controlled termination歧化终止disproportionation termination偶合终止coupling termination单分子终止unimolecular termination自发终止spontaneous termination终止剂terminator链终止剂chain terminating agent假终止pseudotermination自发终止self termination自由基捕获剂radical scavenger旋转光闸法rotating sector method自由基寿命free radical lifetime凝胶效应gel effect自动加速效应autoacceleration effect链转移chain transfer链转移剂chain transfer agent尾咬转移backbitting transfer退化链转移degradation (degradative) chain transfer加成断裂链转移［反应］addition fragmentation chain transfer 链转移常数chain transfer constant①缓聚作用②延迟作用retardation阻聚作用inhibition缓聚剂retarder缓聚剂，阻滞剂retarding agent阻聚剂inhibitor封端［反应］end capping端基terminal group聚合动力学polymerization kinetics聚合热力学polymerization thermodynamics聚合热heat of polymerization共聚合［反应］copolymerization二元共聚合binary copolymerization三元共聚合ternary copolymerization竞聚率reactivity ratio自由基共聚合radical copolymerization离子共聚合ionic copolymerization无规共聚合random copolymerization理想共聚合ideal copolymerization交替共聚合alternating copolymerization恒［组］分共聚合azeotropic copolymerization 接枝共聚合graft copolymerization嵌段共聚合block copolymerization开环共聚合ring opening copolymerization共聚合方程copolymerization equation共缩聚copolycondensation逐步共聚合step copolymerization同种增长homopropagation自增长self propagation交叉增长cross propagation前末端基效应penultimate effect交叉终止cross terminationQ值Q valuee值e valueQ,e概念Q, e scheme序列长度分布sequence length distribution侧基反应reaction of pendant group扩链剂，链增长剂chain extender交联crosslinking化学交联chemical crosslinking自交联self crosslinking光交联photocrosslinking交联度degree of crosslinking硫化vulcanization固化curing硫［黄］硫化sulfur vulcanization促进硫化accelerated sulfur vulcanization过氧化物交联peroxide crosslinking无规交联random crosslinking交联密度crosslinking density交联指数crosslinking index解聚depolymerization①降解②退化degradation链断裂chain breaking解聚酶depolymerase细菌降解bacterial degradation生物降解biodegradation化学降解chemical degradation辐射降解radiation degradation断链降解chain scission degradation自由基链降解free radical chain degradation无规降解random degradation水解降解hydrolytic degradation热降解thermal degradation热氧化降解thermal oxidative degradation光降解photodegradation光氧化降解photo oxidative degradation力化学降解mechanochemical degradation接枝聚合graft polymerization活化接枝activation grafting接枝点grafting site链支化chain branching支化度degree of branching接枝效率efficiency of grafting接枝度grafting degree辐射诱导接枝radiation induced grafting嵌段聚合block polymerization－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－通用类：高分子macromolecule, polymer超高分子supra polymer天然高分子natural polymer无机高分子inorganic polymer有机高分子organic polymer无机-有机高分子inorganic organic polymer金属有机聚合物organometallic polymer元素高分子element polymer高聚物high polymer聚合物polymer低聚物oligomer二聚体dimer三聚体trimer调聚物telomer预聚物prepolymer均聚物homopolymer无规聚合物random polymer无规卷曲聚合物random coiling polymer头-头聚合物head-to-head polymer头-尾聚合物head-to-tail polymer尾-尾聚合物tail-to-tail polymer反式有规聚合物transtactic polymer顺式有规聚合物cistactic polymer。
self-assembly的生物学解释
自我组装（self-assembly）是指微观尺度上的分子或物质自发地按照特定的规律结合在一起形成有序的结构。
在生物学中，自我组装现象在细胞和生物体各个组织及器官中都有广泛的应用。
本文将从生物学的角度探讨自我组装的相关概念、机制和应用。
一、自我组装的概念自我组装是一种自发的过程，通过该过程，分子或物质在没有外部干预的情况下，按照一定的规律自行组合形成有序的结构。
这种自组装过程常常受到分子间的相互作用力的影响，比如静电相互作用、疏水相互作用等。
在生物体内，自我组装现象表现为细胞自组装形成组织、器官和生物体整体结构。
二、细胞内的自我组装1. 蛋白质自组装细胞内的许多结构和器官都是通过蛋白质自组装形成的。
细胞骨架是由微管和微丝等蛋白质组成的，它们按照特定的规律在细胞内自我组装形成细胞骨架，维持细胞的形态和结构。
2. 膜蛋白的自组装细胞膜是由多种膜脂和膜蛋白组成的，它们在细胞内通过自组装形成双分子层结构，保护和维持细胞的完整性。
三、生物体的自我组装1. 胚胎发育过程中的自我组装在生物体的胚胎发育过程中，不同的胚层细胞会按照特定的规律自我组装形成各种器官和组织，最终构成一个完整的生物体。
2. 组织和器官的自我组装在成体生物中，细胞和组织按照一定的规律自我组装，形成不同的器官和系统，保持生物体的结构和功能。
四、自我组装的应用1. 生物医学领域利用自我组装原理可以设计和制造新型的生物材料，用于组织工程和再生医学等领域，有望为医学治疗和健康管理带来新的突破。
2. 纳米技术领域自我组装原理被广泛应用于纳米技术领域，用于设计和制备纳米材料和纳米器件，有望推动纳米技术的发展和应用。
五、总结自我组装作为一种重要的生物现象，不仅在细胞和生物体内起着重要的作用，而且在生物医学和纳米技术等领域也具有重要的应用价值。
深入研究自我组装的机制和规律，将有望为生物学和生物技术领域带来新的发展机遇。
六、自我组装的机制1. 分子间相互作用在生物体内，自我组装的过程受到分子间相互作用的影响。
自组装工艺
自组装能否实现取决于基本结构单元的特性，即外在 驱动力，如表面形貌、形状、表面官能团和表面电势等， 使最后的组装体具有最低的自由能。研究表明，内部驱动 力是实现自组装的关键，包括范德华力、氢键、静电力等 只能作用于分子水平的非共价键力和那些能作用于较大尺 寸范围的力，如表面张力 、毛细管力等。
驱动力在自组装中的应用举例
化学修饰电极（CME）是指在导电性的基本电极表面上，用化学方法接 上某种功能团，使之构成一种修饰电极。 化学修饰方法： （1）吸附型修饰电极（将特定官能团分子吸附到电极表面）
吸附方式：
平衡吸附
静电吸附 LB膜吸附
单层吸附膜 复合膜
（2）共价键合型修饰电极（ 通过化学反应键接特定官能团 分子或聚合物。） 基底电极：碳电极，金属电极、金属氧化物电极； 键合方法：基底电极表面处理→引入化学活性基团→修饰物
修饰电极在分析化学中的应用
提高电极的灵敏度
玻碳电极化学键合-EDTA后对Ag+的灵敏度提高。
特殊响应的电化学传感器
玻碳电极化学键合 L-氨基酸氧化酶，pH传感器。
生物传感技术
生物传感器是目前分析化学中最活跃的研究领域之一， 按照识别元件的不同，可分为酶传感器、微生物传感器、 免疫传感器、基因传感器等。 生物传感器一般由敏感膜、换能器和信号处理器三部 分组成。其原理是：生物敏感膜内含有能与目标物进行选 择性作用的生物活性组分；换能器则能敏感捕捉生物活性 组分与目标物之间的作用过程，并将其表达为可检测的物 理信号。
。
胶体外延法
胶体外延法又叫做模板 定向法。 优点：借助于外界模板 的引导作用可以得到更 为复杂的晶格结构并人 为控制晶体的取向。
ndv的资料
新城疫病毒（NDV）核壳蛋白基因（NP）的研究进展已有1226 次阅读2008-8-1 10:45新城疫病毒（NDV）核壳蛋白基因（NP）的研究进展新城疫病毒(Newcastle disease virus ,NDV）是副粘病毒科(Paramyxoviridae)副粘病毒亚科（Paramyxovirinae）Avulavirus属的模式种⑴。
该病毒的基因组，由NP、P、M、F、HN、L六个蛋白基因组成。
其中的NP（又有缩写为N的）基因，由于其在基因组的RNA复制时起非常重要的作用，一直是多年来许多研究工作注重的焦点，本文旨在就这些研究的进展作一综述。
1结构1.1 在负染电子显微镜中出现的分离的NDV的NP为一具有大约18nm直径和1um长度的柔性螺旋结构，类似于具有从中心管突出的突起的经典的人字形形态，当病毒膜移去或破裂时能被清楚地看到。
结构的基本亚单位是一个分子量大致为53kDa的含489残基的多肽。
病毒的RNA位于中心管内，由2200~2600 NP 亚单位围绕。
人字形样结构有数千NP亚单位紧紧地与L和P蛋白的某些拷贝相联系⑵。
1.2 NP蛋白基因的全长主要有1747（56??1802）（一些报道为56??1792，那只有1737）与1753（56??1808）（一些报道为56??1798，那只有1743）个碱基对（bp）（习惯也称核苷酸nt）二类，这是因为NDV基因组全长主要有15186bp 与15192bp二类，他们的6bp差额是表现于NP之中的。
一般来说，属基因亚型Ⅵa、Ⅶ、或Ⅸ的NDV基因组多6bp，而没有此特征的则归于Ⅰ、或Ⅱ、或Ⅳ基因亚型，这增加的6bp相对地位于非编码区1647~1648bp之间⑴⑶。
NP核苷酸长度的差异主要是出现在非编码区的。
1.3 NP只有一个开放阅读框(ORF)，其蛋白质编码(CDS)自122bp~1591bp计489~490个氨基酸(aa)，国外学者一般推导为489aa，国内学者较多地推导为490aa ⑴⑶⑷⑸。
生化引论
Part I Foundations of Biochemistry
Some Important Chemical Concepts and Principles for Studying Biochemistry
生物化学是生物学和医学研究的必备基础
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Definition of Biochemistry
Biochemistry is the chemistry of life. The study of the molecular basis of life and the interact with each other or understanding life phenomena in chemical terms. The combination of biology and chemistry or the application of chemical principles to understand biology.
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Thalidomide：人类药物史 上的著名案例，其出名不 是因为药物疗效，而是毒 性-“海豹胎事件”
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沙利度胺 (Thalidomide)： 手性化合物
R-构型：抑制妊娠反应；S-构型有致畸性
沙利度胺的新认识： 在免疫、抗炎、抗血管生成的药理和一些疑难病症上 的研究和治疗应用中取得了令人欣喜的结果 手性药物：1990年销售额 180亿，2005年-1720亿美元 2006年全球畅销药物的前四名均为单旋体手性药物
参考课本：
1. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 2. Biochemistry: Fifth Edition
international edition (J. M. Berg, et al)
基于自组装的丝素蛋白材料应用研究进展
基于自组装的丝素蛋白材料应用研究进展王蜀;蒋瑜春;刘祖兰;陈丽嫚;杜亚男;张袁松【摘要】分子自组装是当今化学和材料科学发展的前沿，也是孕育先进材料的摇篮。
家蚕丝素蛋白分子是研究大分子自组装的良好材料，近年来研究者对丝素蛋白的自组装进行了诸多研究，从基础理论到应用实践都取得了一定的成效。
本文介绍了丝素蛋白材料分子自组装的应用发展现状与最新的研究进展，包括丝素蛋白的分子自组装方法和应用的研究。
丝素蛋白分子自组装应用的研究，不但可以拓展丝素蛋白的多元化应用，而且会促进新型材料的发展。
%Molecular self-assembly ,the cradle for advanced materials ,is now at the frontier posi-tion of chemistry and materials science .Silk fibroin is a good material for the research of macromolecular self-assembly .In recent years the self-assembly of silk fibroin is widely re-searched ,and some results have been achieved in the respects of basic theory and practical ap-plication .This article describes the current development of the application of the molecular self-assembly of silk fibroin materials and the latest progress in their researches ,including their self-assembly methods and applications .The application research of the self-assembly of silk fibroin molecules can not only expand their diversified applications ,but also promote the development of new materials .【期刊名称】《蚕学通讯》【年(卷),期】2013(000)002【总页数】7页(P15-21)【关键词】丝素蛋白;自组装;研究进展【作者】王蜀;蒋瑜春;刘祖兰;陈丽嫚;杜亚男;张袁松【作者单位】西南大学纺织服装学院,重庆,400715;西南大学纺织服装学院,重庆,400715;西南大学纺织服装学院,重庆,400715;西南大学纺织服装学院,重庆,400715;西南大学纺织服装学院,重庆,400715;西南大学纺织服装学院,重庆,400715【正文语种】中文自组装（self－assembly），是指基本结构单元（分子，纳米材料，微米或更大尺度的物质）自发形成有序结构的一种技术。
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library in the framework of the assembler. Purinepyrimidine arrays adsorbed on naturally occurring mineral surfaces might act as templates for the biomolecular assembly of amino acids.
Nanoarchitectonics is a new interdisciplinary field within the NanoSciences, which investigates the principles responsible for the formation of higher-ordered functional structures starting from their nanoscopic building blocks like atoms and molecules. Such a bottom up approach is new within the field of contemporary technology, which has used very successfully the top down strategy for the miniaturization of fabrication processes during the last hundred years. However, nature has always worked bottom up, where the principles of self-assembly lead to crystal growth in the inorganic world, and, via molecular self-assembly, to functional structures in biology. For instance, the three-dimensional architecture of a nanomachine called the ribosome comprises the natural molecular assembler, which organizes the transition from the DNA informational blueprint into polypeptides and other functional units. To understand and make technological use of the underlying mechanism of this process is one of the major goals of modern Proteomics, where the relation between the DNA base sequence and the respective protein must be mastered. One approach to this question is to simplify the process by transferring it into a two-dimensional scenario, thus reducing the complexity of the three-dimensional architecture to an in-plane problem. Such a reduced coordination space may also be adequate for a primordial soup scenario, where the spontaneous self-assembly of abiotically produced organic compounds may be facilitated. The formation of highly ordered monolayers of the purine and pyrimidine DNA bases through physisorption mediated molecular self-assembly at a solid-liquid mineral interface and the subsequent stereospecific adsorption of amino acids is an example for the spontaneous creation of nanoscale order. We have proposed a functional role of this process for the emergence of life that may also lead towards the construction of genetically based supramolecular architectures for modern technical applications [1-4].
1. Key Questions for the Emergence of Life
There are a number of key questions in the context with models for molecular self-assembly and the emergence of life, amongst them the following which have widely been discussed within the literature [5-14]: • Which key molecules are necessary for the first steps toward self-assembled molecular nanoscopic systems capable to reproduce and undergo some type of molecular evolution towards creation of higher-ordered structures? How are these elementary building blocks being synthesized in the absence of any biological machinery?
Molecular Self-Assembly and the Origin of Life
Wolfgang M. Heckl Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Institut für Kristallographie und Center for NanoScience (CeNS) Heckl@lrz.uni-muenchen.de www.nano.geo.uni-muenchen.de „All things began in order, so shall they end, and so shall they begin again; according to the ordainer of order and mystical mathematics of the city of heaven“ Sir Thomas Browne 1658 Keywords: Origin of Life, Molecular Self-Assembly, NanoScience, supramolecular architecture, two-dimensional, genetic code, template, DNA, protein, polypeptide, Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, STM, molecular simulation, mineral, SelfOrganisation, adsorption, crystal, structure determination, organic thin film, chiral symmetry break Abstract: The formation of highly ordered monolayers of the purine and pyrimidine DNA bases through physisorption mediated molecular self-assembly at the solid-liquid interface is an example for the spontaneous creation of order. We have proposed a functional role of this process for the the emergence of terrestrial life which may also lead towards the construction of genetically based supramolecular architectures for modern technical applications. We present the structure determination of DNA base molecules self-assembled on mineral template surfaces after thermal evaporation of their aqueous solutions (“sizzling” technique) as well as by Organic Molecular Beam Epitaxy under UHV-environment. We show how the two-dimensional molecular packing structure of these films can be determined by the combination of real space data from Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) and the reciprocal space data from Low Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED). Together with molecular force field calculations and the determination of the preparation parameters and thermodynamic variables, such as adsorption energy, clear models can be derived as a result. Primitive information coding two-dimensional systems may be used to construct peptide libraries, thus reducing the complexity of the ribosomal RNA-mediated process of polypeptide sythesis in nature. We present the concept for a peptide