2007年研究生入学考试试题(A卷)
研究生入学考试-西安交通大学硕士材料科学基础真题2007年
西安交通大学硕士材料科学基础真题2007年西安交通大学试卷二十五2007年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：材料科学基础适用专业：材料科学与工程一、根据图25-1所示回答下列问题。
1．如图25-1a所示边长为a的立方晶胞中，ABCD晶面及AC晶向是晶体的一个滑移系。
(1) 写出ABCD晶面及AC晶向的密勒指数。
(2) 该晶体为何种立方结构?(3) 写出ABCD晶面的面问距。
(4) 当分别在晶体的、、[123]方向拉伸时，其中哪一个方向的拉应力能使ABCD晶面及AC晶向组成的滑移系首先开动?(5) 当ABCD晶面及AC晶向组成的滑移系首先开动后，下一个开动的滑移系是什么?(6) 当ABCD晶面及AC晶向组成的滑移系首先开动后，若晶体发生交滑移，写出可能的交滑移系。
2．写出图25-1b所示六方晶胞中MNPQM晶面、QM晶向、MN晶向、NP晶向的密勒-布拉菲指数。
二、立方形晶体中的位错环ABCDA如图25-2所示。
AB段和CD段平行于Z 轴，AD段和BC段平行于X轴，位错环的柏氏矢量b平行于Y轴，AD=d。
刃位错的应力场σe 和螺位错的应力场σs公式如下：1．指出各段位错线是什么性质的位错(如为螺位错，指出其是左旋或右旋；如为刃位错，指出其半原子面)。
2．AB段对CD段单位长度的作用力是多大，在什么方向?3．在外应力τ作用下，单位长度各段位错所受的力各是多大，在什么方xy向?三、回答下列问题。
1．写出平衡态T12钢在室温时的相组成物，并计算各相组成物的质量百分数。
2．写出平衡态T12钢在室温时的组织组成物，并计算各组织组成物的质量百分数。
3．假设将T12钢工件在780℃进行长时间加热时发生严重脱碳，工件表面碳质量分数w=0。
试画出780℃时工件表面至心部的碳质量分数分布曲线示意C图，并在图中标出不同区间的组成相。
4．图25-3所示为四种不同碳含量的碳钢的室温平衡组织，试估计它们各自的碳质量百分数w。
最小割集计算
最小割集计算：T=A1+A2+A3=B1B2+X6X7+X8X9=（X1+X2+X3）（X4+X5）+X6X7+X8X9= X1X4+X1X5+X2X4+X2X5+X3X4+X3X5+X6X7+X8X9则最小割集有8个，即K1=｛X1，X4｝；K2=｛X1，X5｝；K3=｛X2，X4｝；K4=｛X2，X5｝；K5=｛X3，X4｝；K6=｛X3，X5｝；K7=｛X6，X7｝；K8=｛X8，X9｝。
最小径集计算：T′=A1′·A2′·A3′=（B1′+B2′）（X6′+X7′）（X8′+X9′）=（X1′X2′X3′+X4′X5′）（X6′+X7′）（X8′+X9′）=（X1′X2′X3′X6′+X1′X2′X3′X7′+X4′X5′X6′+X4′X5′X7′）（X8′+X9′）= X1′X2′X3′X6′X8′+ X1′X2′X3′X6′X9′+ X1′X2′X3′X7′X8′+ X1′X2′X3′X7′X9′+ X4′X5′X6′X8′+ X4′X5′X6′X9′+ X4′X5′X7′X8′+ X4′X5′X7′X9′则故障树的最小径集为8个，即P1=｛X1，X2，X3，X6，X8｝；P2=｛X1，X2，X3，X6，X9｝；P3=｛X1，X2，X3，X7，X8｝；P4=｛X1，X2，X3，X7，X9｝；P5=｛X4，X5，X6，X8｝；P6=｛X4，X5，X6，X9｝；P7=｛X4，X5，X7，X8｝；P8=｛X4，X5，X7，X9｝；起重钢丝绳断裂事故发生概率计算：根据最小割集计算顶上事件的概率即g=1－（1－qk1）（1－qk2）（1－qk3）（1－qk4）（1－qk5）（1－qk6）（1－qk7）（1－qk8）=1－（1－q1q4）（1－q1q5）（1－q2q4）（1－q2q5）（1－q3q4）（1－q3q5）（1－q6q7）（1－q8q9）由于q1=q2=q3=q4=q5=q6=q7=q8=q9=0.1则g=1－（1－0.1×0.1）（1－0.1×0.1）（1－0.1×0.1）（1－0.1×0.1）（1－0.1×0.1）（1－0.1×0.1）（1－0.1×0.1）（1－0.1×0.1）=1－（1－0.1×0.1）8=1－0.998=0.07726山东科技大学2005年招收硕士学位研究生入学考试安全系统工程试卷（共2页）一、问答题（共25分）1、说明事故法则的概念，它对安全工作的启示是什么？分析其在安全工作中的应用。
昆明理工大学水力学(821)2007--2020年考研初试真题
昆明理工大学2020年硕士研究生招生入学考试试题(A卷) 考试科目代码：821 考试科目名称：水力学考生答题须知1．所有题目（包括填空、选择、图表等类型题目）答题答案必须做在考点发给的答题纸上，做在本试题册上无效。
请考生务必在答题纸上写清题号。
2．评卷时不评阅本试题册，答题如有做在本试题册上而影响成绩的，后果由考生自己负责。
3．答题时一律使用蓝、黑色墨水笔或圆珠笔作答（画图可用铅笔），用其它笔答题不给分。
4．答题时不准使用涂改液等具有明显标记的涂改用品。
昆明理工大学2020年硕士研究生招生入学考试试题22．区别薄壁堰、实用堰和宽顶堰，只取决于堰壁厚度δ。
23．压力体一定由实际水体所构成。
24．水流总是从压强大的地方向压强小的方向流动。
25．牛顿内摩擦定律只适用于管道中的层流。
26．有压长管道是认为水头全部消耗在沿程水头损失上。
27．串联长管道各管段的水头损失可能相等，也可能不相等。
28．运动水流的测压管水头线可以沿程上升，也可以沿程下降。
29．当下游水位高于薄壁堰顶时，一定是淹没出流。
30．液体的粘性是引起液流水头损失的根源。
二、单项选择题（每题1分，30小题，共计30分）1．虹吸管顶部的真空值p k应（）A．p k＜0 B．p k＝10m水柱压C．p k＜10m水柱压D．p k＞10m水柱压2．在湍流的粘性底层中，起主导作用的力是（）A．附加切应力B．粘滞切应力C．重力D．惯性力3．雷诺数是表征（）A．惯性力与粘滞力之比B．惯性力与重力之比C．水压力与粘滞力之比D．粘滞力与重力之比4．图示容器内水位保持不变时，水流沿渐缩管流动，断面平均流速沿程（）A．不变B．增大C．减小D．不一定5．在流体力学中，单位质量力是指作用在单位（）液体上的质量力。
A．面积B．体积C．质量D．重量6．为减轻管道中的水击压强，不能采取的措施是（）A．选用直径较大的管道B．选用管壁较薄的管道C．减小管道长度D．减少阀门的启闭时间昆明理工大学2020年硕士研究生招生入学考试试题7．压强不变时，同一种液体的粘滞系数值随温度的升高而（）A．增大B．不变C．减小D．不一定8．宽b=5m的矩形明渠中，通过流量为Q，当水深从h1=1m渐变到h2=2m时，其雷诺数之比R e1/R e2为（）A．9/7 B．7/9 C．1/2 D．2/19．湍流粘性底层厚度δ随雷诺数R e的减小而（）A．减小B．不变C．增大D．不一定10．两种矩形断面渠道，其过水面积A，糙率n，底坡i均相等，但是底宽b及水深h不同，渠道一b1×h1 = 4m×1m，渠道二b2×h2 = 2m×2m，比较渠道中通过的流量相对大小为（）A．Q1 > Q2B．Q1 = Q2C．Q1 < Q2D．无法确定11．管道发生水击现象时，其水流类型为（）A．有压、恒定均匀流B．无压恒定非均匀流C．有压、恒定非均匀流D．有压非恒定流12．已知液体流动的沿程水头损失系数与边壁相对粗糙度和雷诺数都有关，即可以判断该液体流动属于（）A．层流区B．湍流光滑区C．湍流过渡粗糙区D．湍流粗糙区13．在明渠中不可以发生的流动是（）A．恒定均匀流B．恒定非均匀流C．非恒定均匀流D．非恒定非均匀流14．底宽b=1.5m的矩形明渠，通过的流量Q =1.5m3/s，已知渠中某处水深h = 0.4m，则该处水流的流态为（）A．缓流B．急流C．临界流D．层流15．矩形断面明渠水力最佳断面的宽深比β等于（）A．1 B．2 C．3 D．416．图示容器中有两种液体，则A、B 两测压管中的液面必为( )A．B管高于A管B．A管高于B管C．AB两管同高D．无法确定昆明理工大学2020年硕士研究生招生入学考试试题17．若明渠中发生b2型水面曲线，则水流属于（）A．急流B．缓流C．均匀流D．层流18．严格地说，理想液体应该是（）。
昆明理工大学_806矿物加工工程学2007--2017年_考研专业课真题
昆明理工大学2007年硕士研究生招生入学考试试题(A卷)考试科目代码：840考试科目名称：矿物加工工程学（综合）试题适用招生专业：矿物加工工程考生答题须知1．所有题目（包括填空、选择、图表等类型题目）答题答案必须做在考点发给的答题纸上，做在本试题册上无效。
请考生务必在答题纸上写清题号。
2．评卷时不评阅本试题册，答题如有做在本试题册上而影响成绩的，后果由考生自己负责。
3．答题时一律使用蓝、黑色墨水笔或圆珠笔作答（画图可用铅笔），用其它笔答题不给分。
4．答题时不准使用涂改液等具有明显标记的涂改用品。
昆明理工大学2007年硕士研究生招生入学考试试题昆明理工大学2008年硕士研究生招生入学考试试题(A卷)考试科目代码：806 考试科目名称：矿物加工工程学（综合）试题适用招生专业：矿物加工工程考生答题须知5．所有题目（包括填空、选择、图表等类型题目）答题答案必须做在考点发给的答题纸上，做在本试题册上无效。
请考生务必在答题纸上写清题号。
6．评卷时不评阅本试题册，答题如有做在本试题册上而影响成绩的，后果由考生自己负责。
7．答题时一律使用蓝、黑色墨水笔或圆珠笔作答（画图可用铅笔），用其它笔答题不给分。
8．答题时不准使用涂改液等具有明显标记的涂改用品。
昆明理工大学2009年硕士研究生招生入学考试试题(A卷)考试科目代码：806考试科目名称：矿物加工工程学（综合）试题适用招生专业：矿物加工工程考生答题须知1．所有题目（包括填空、选择、图表等类型题目）答题答案必须做在考点发给的答题纸上，做在本试题册上无效。
请考生务必在答题纸上写清题号。
2．评卷时不评阅本试题册，答题如有做在本试题册上而影响成绩的，后果由考生自己负责。
3．答题时一律使用蓝、黑色墨水笔或圆珠笔作答（画图可用铅笔），用其它笔答题不给分。
4．答题时不准使用涂改液等具有明显标记的涂改用品。
昆明理工大学2010年硕士研究生招生入学考试试题(A卷)考试科目代码：805 考试科目名称：矿物加工工程学（综合）试题适用招生专业：081902矿物加工工程、430119矿业工程考生答题须知9．所有题目（包括填空、选择、图表等类型题目）答题答案必须做在考点发给的答题纸上，做在本试题册上无效。
2007年考研数学试题详解及评分参考
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郝海龙：考研数学复习大全·配套光盘·2007 年数学试题详解及评分参考
2007 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试
数学试题详解及评分参考
数 学（一）
一、选择题 （ 1 ～ 10 小题，每小题 4 分，共 40 分。）
(1) 当 x ® 0+ 时，与 (A) 1- e x
【答】 应选 (B) .
x 等价的无穷小量是
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2007年考研英语真题(含答案解析)
2007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million 1 of these nations looked 2 to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence 3 the ideals of representative government, careers 4 to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the 5 to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. 6 there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a 7 set of laws.On the issue of 8 of religion and the position of the church, 9, there was less agreement 10 the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one 11 by the Spanish crown. 12 most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism13 the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the14 of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying15 for the conservative forces.The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aidfrom Haiti and had 16 in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s 17 colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much 18 because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies 19. Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was 20 self-rule and democracy.1. [A] natives[B] inhabitants[C] peoples[D] individuals2. [A] confusedly[B] cheerfully[C] worriedly[D] hopefully3. [A] shared[B] forgot[C] attained[D] rejected4. [A] related[B] close[C] open[D] devoted5. [A] access[B] succession[C] right[D] return6. [A] Presumably[B] Incidentally[C] Obviously[D] Generally7. [A] unique[B] common[C] particular[D] typical8. [A] freedom[B] origin[C] impact[D] reform9. [A] therefore[B] however[C] indeed[D] moreover10. [A] with[B] about[C] among[D] by11. [A] allowed[B] preached[C] granted[D] funded12. [A] Since[B] If[C] Unless[D] While13. [A] as[B] for[C] under[D] against14. [A] spread[B] interference[C] exclusion[D] influence15. [A] support[B] cry[C] plea[D] wish16. [A] urged[B] intended[C] expected[D] promised17. [A] controlling[B] former[C] remaining[D] original18. [A] slower[B] faster[C] easier[D] tougher19. [A] created[B] produced[C] contributed[D] preferred20. [A] puzzled by[B] hostile to[C] pessimistic about[D] unprepared forSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills;b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above.Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls. “He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers –whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming – are nearly always made, not born.21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to[A] stress the importance of professional training.[B] spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.[C] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others.22. The word “mania” (Line 4, Paragraph 2) most probably means[A] fun.[B] craze.[C] hysteria.[D] excitement.23. According to Ericsson, good memory[A] depends on meaningful processing of information.[B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.[C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.[D] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that[A] talent is a dominating factor for professional success.[B] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.[C] the role of talent tends to be overlooked.[D] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.25. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the texttries to convey?[A] “Faith will move mountains.”[B] “One reaps what one sows.”[C] “Practice makes perfect.”[D] “Like father, like son.”Text 2For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.” People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228 – the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as,What’s the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms: the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version). Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg. In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”, Sternberg notes that traditional test best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership – that is, it predicted the opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.26. Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?[A] Answering philosophical questions.[B] Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.[C] Telling the differences between certain concepts.[D] Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.27. What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?[A] People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.[B] More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.[C] The test contents and formats for adults and children may bedifferent.[D] Scientists have defined the important elements of humanintelligence.28. People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant’s because[A] the scores are obtained through different computationalprocedures.[B] creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.[C] vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.[D] the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.29. We can conclude from the last paragraph that[A] test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.[B] IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.[C] testing involves a lot of guesswork.[D] traditional test are out of date.30. What is the author’s attitude towards IQ tests?[A] Supportive.[B] Skeptical.[C] Impartial.[D] Biased.Text 3During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure had been transformed by economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Today’s families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback – a back-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fellsick. This “added-worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen – and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families’future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent –and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance – have jumped eightfold in just one generation.From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.31. Today’s double-income families are at greater financial risk in that[A] the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.[B] their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.[C] they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.[D] they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.32. As a result of President Bush’s reform, retired people may have[A] a higher sense of security.[B] less secured payments.[C] less chance to invest.[D] a guaranteed future.33. According to the author, health-savings plans will[A] help reduce the cost of healthcare.[B] popularize among the middle class.[C] compensate for the reduced pensions.[D] increase the families’ investment risk.34. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.[B] the middle class may face greater political challenges.[C] financial problems may bring about political problems.[D] financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.35. Which of the following is the best title for this text?[A] The Middle Class on the Alert[B] The Middle Class on the Cliff[C] The Middle Class in Conflict[D] The Middle Class in RuinsText 4It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them – especially in America – the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss’s agenda in businesses of every variety.Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year –from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley – have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset,” says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University’s business school. “The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders.” Indeed, just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices, suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School.“Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, and recovery is a management issue, not a technical one,” he says.The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss. Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore – and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.The current state of affairs may have been encouraged – though not justified – by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage. Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray. That may change fast: lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington, D.C. Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.36. The statement “It never rains but it pours” is used to introduce[A] the fierce business competition.[B] the feeble boss-board relations.[C] the threat from news reports.[D] the severity of data leakage.37. According to Paragraph 2, some organizations check their systems tofind out[A] whether there is any weak point.[B] what sort of data has been stolen.[C] who is responsible for the leakage.[D] how the potential spies can be located.38. In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the pointthat[A] shareholders’ interests should be properly attended to.[B] information protection should be given due attention.[C] businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.[D] the market value of customer data should be emphasized.39. According to Paragraph 4, what puzzles the author is that some bossesfail to[A] see the link between trust and data protection.[B] perceive the sensitivity of personal data.[C] realize the high cost of data restoration.[D] appreciate the economic value of trust.40. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that[A] data leakage is more severe in Europe.[B] FTC’s decision is essential to data security.[C] California takes the lead in security legislation.[D] legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A—G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)A. Set a Good Example for Your KidsB. Build Your Kids’ Work SkillsC. Place Time Limits on Leisure ActivitiesD. Talk about the Future on a Regular BasisE. Help Kids Develop Coping StrategiesF. Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They AreG. Build Your Kids’ Sense of ResponsibilityHow Can a Parent Help?Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids. Even if a job’s starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult’s need for rapid content, the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult is ready for the move. Here are a few measures, drawn from my book Ready or Not, Here Life Comes, that parents can take to prevent what I call “work-life unreadiness.”41You can start this process when they are 11 or 12. Periodically reviewtheir emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings, like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating. Also, identify the kinds of interests they keep coming back to, as these offer clues to the careers that will fit them best.42Kids need a range of authentic role models – as opposed to members of their clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes. Have regular dinner-table discussions about people the family knows and how they got where they are. Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future. When asked what they want to do, they should be discouraged from saying “I have no idea.” They can change their minds 200 times, but having only a foggy view of the future is of little good.43Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn; parents should be responsible for teaching them how to work. Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met. Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job. Kids need plenty of practice delaying gratification and deploying effective organizational skills, such as managing time and setting priorities.44Playing video games encourages immediate content. And hours of watching TV shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way. At the same time, listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors. All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs.45They should know how to deal with setbacks, stresses and feelings of inadequacy. They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts, ways to brainstorm and think critically. Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations.What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood? Parents still have a major role to play, but now it is more delicate. They have to be carefulnot to come across as disappointed in their child. They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult (as naive or ill conceived as it may seem) while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future. Most of all, these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. (46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. (47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.(48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. (49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. (50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Write a letter to you university library, making suggestions for improving its service.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) support your view with an example/examples.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2007年考研英语真题答案Section I: Use of English (10 points)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)Part B (10 points)Part C (10 points)46. 长久以来，法律知识在这类学校里一起被视为律师们专有的，而不是一个受教育者的知识素养的必要组成部分。
化工原理 中国石油大学(华东)2007~2008研究生入学考试化工原理试题A卷
③将过滤和洗涤的操作表压力降到1kgf/cm2，其它条件不变，最大生产能力为原来生产能力的倍数；（4分）
④今采用一台直径2.5m、长2.5m的转筒真空过滤机处理此悬浮液，转筒的浸没角为120°，操作真空度为80kPa。达到与②中板框式压滤机相同的生产能力时该转筒真空过滤机的转速（转/分）。（4分）
5、沸腾传热可分为三个区域，分别是_______、_________、_________。应维持在_____________区内操作。
6、灰体的辐射能力_______同温度下黑体的辐射能力。灰体的吸收率_____灰体的黑度。
7、在连续精馏塔中，其它条件均不变时，仅加大回流，可以使塔顶产品 _____，若此时加热蒸汽量V不变，产品量D将______。若在改变R的同时，保持塔顶采出量不变，必需增加蒸汽用量，那么冷却水用量将________。
3、画出单级萃取操作相图。
4、板式塔塔板上造成液面落差的原因有哪些？如何防止？
四、计算题（共100分）
1、(20分)如图所示，用效率为65%的离心泵将水由敞口水池输送至敞口高位槽E和F，调节阀门V2（E、F内液面高度保持不变），使R1降为零时，C点压力表读数为0.05MPa。
现重新调节阀门V2，使离心泵入口真空表B的读数为12kPa，与孔板流量计相连接的U形管压差计读数R2=400mmHg，求此时泵的轴功率。
②判断该换热器是否可用；（6分）
③若使用上述换热器，实际操作过程中苯的出口温度；（3分）
④操作过程中可以采取哪些措施使苯的出口温度达到原工艺要求。就其中一种措施加以计算说明。（4分）
昆明理工大学807安全系统工程2007--2020年考研真题
个等级。
A4 B5 C6 D7 20、英国帝国化学工业公司（ICI）于1974年开发的系统安全分析方法的缩写是 。
A ETA B FMEA 二、问答题（共40分）
C PHA
D HAZOP
说明：第1、2、3、5、6小题各6分，第4小题10分，共40分。
1、安全检查表是安全日常管理、安全分析和安全评价等工作的有效工具。请问安全检
。
A 径集 B 割集 C 最小割集 D 最小径集
5、在事故树分析中，某些基本事件都不发生，则导致顶事件不发生，这些基本事件的
集合，称为事故树的
。
A 径集 B 割集 C 最小割集 D 最小径集
6、在应用道化学公司（DOW）的火灾爆炸指数法进行安全评价时，
பைடு நூலகம்
系数是计算火灾爆炸指数及其他危险分析的基本数值。
，失败概率为0.3；若采用“外厂协作”形式（包括先评审），则支付研制费用为４万元，成
功概率为0.99，失败概率为0.01。
⑴根据决策问题绘制决策树；
第 3 页 共 10 页
⑵计算各概率点的收益期望值； ⑶确定最优方案。 2、某事故树图的结构函数式T=x1＋x2（x3＋x4），各基本事件发生概率q1=0.01，q2= 0.02，q3=0.03，q4=0.04。 ⑴画出其事故树图（5分）； ⑵求该事故树顶上事件发生概率（10分）； ⑶计算基本事件的概率重要度（5分）； ⑷计算基本事件的临界重要度（5分）。
13（※）、树形图属于图论的范畴，它是图的一种。按照图的分类，树形图属于下面所列
种类中的
。
A 连通图 B 有自环的图 C 无圈的图 D 复杂的图
14（※）、下列符号中，可以表示事故树基本事件的符号有
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三、论述题（90分）
1、论述曾侯乙编钟的出土对中国古代音乐史的意义，以及曾侯乙编钟的音乐特点。
2、简要论述唐、宋两代音乐主流变化的原因，并详论宋代市民音乐的发展及其意义。
第1页，共1页
2007年研究生入学考试试题（A卷）
考试科目：中国音乐史报考学科、专写在答题纸上，否则不给分。
一、名词解释（30分）
贾湖骨笛
十二律、六律六吕
清商乐
《白石道人歌曲》
南戏
二、问答题（30分）
1、什么是“八音”？请每类举出两种乐器。
2、什么是“大曲”和“法曲”?它们各自有什么特点?