2007年研究生入学考试试卷及答案A

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2007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学三试题答案

2007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学三试题答案

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学三试题答案答案速查: 一、选择题二、填空题三、解答题(17)曲线()y y x =在点(1,1)附近是凸的. (18)11)3+ (19)略(20)11011(1)()()(1),(1,3)532n nn n n f x x x ∞++=-=-+-∈-∑(21)1a =,此时所有公共解为[1,0,1]Tx k =-,其中k 为任意常数;2a =,此时唯一公共解为[0,1,1]Tx =-(22)(Ⅰ)B 的特征值为-2,1,1;B 的属于特征值-2的全部特征向量为11k α(1k 为非零的任意常数),B 的属于特征值1的全部特征向量为2233k k αα+(23,k k 为不全为零的任意常数)(Ⅱ)011101110B -⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭(23)(Ⅰ){}7224P X Y >=;(Ⅱ)2(2),01,()(2),12,0,Z z z z f z z z -<<⎧⎪=-≤<⎨⎪⎩其他(24)(Ⅰ)1ˆ=22X θ-;(Ⅱ)24()X 不是2θ的无偏估计量 一、选择题(本题共10分小题,每小题4分,满分40分,在每小题给的四个选项中,只有一项符合题目要求,把所选项前的字母填在后边的括号内) (1)【答案】(B ) 【解析】利用当0x →时的等价无穷小关系ln(1)x x +:,即知当0x +→时ln(1:故选B..(2)【答案】 (D)【解析】方法1:论证法,由0()limx f x x→存在及()f x 在0x =处连续,所以00()(0)lim ()lim()0,x x f x f f x x x→→===(A )正确;由于00()(0)()lim lim0x x f x f f x x x→→-=-存在,所以'(0)f 存在.(C )也正确; 由()f x 在0x =处连续,所以()f x -在0x =处连续,从而()()f x f x +-在0x =处连续,将它看成(A )中的()f x ,从而推知(0)(0)0,f f +-=即有2(0)0,(0)0f f ==.所以(B )正确,此题选择(D ).方法2:举例法,举例说明(D )不正确.例如取()f x x =,有00()()lim lim 00x x x x f x f x x x→→----==- 而'(0)f 并不存在. (D )不正确,选(D ). (3)【答案】(C )【解析】由题给条件知,()f x 为x 的奇函数,故()F x 为x 的偶函数,所以(3)(3).F F -=而323223(3)()()(),288(2)(),2F f t dt f t dt f t dt F f t dt ππππ==+=-===⎰⎰⎰⎰所以(3)F - 3(2)4F =,选择C (4)【答案】(B )【解析】画出该二次积分所对应的积分区域D ,交换为先x 后y11sin 0sin 2(,)(,)xarc ydx f x y dy dy f x y dx ππππ-=⎰⎰⎰⎰, 所以选择(B).(5)【答案】(D ) 【解析】'()22.()16021602Q P PP P Q P P P-===--需求弹性 由题知,它等于1,解之,40.P =所以选(D)(6)【答案】(D ) 【解析】001lim lim ln(1),x x x y e x →→⎛⎫=++=∞⎪⎝⎭所以0x =是一条垂直渐近线;1lim lim ln(1)0,x x x y e x →-∞→-∞⎛⎫=++= ⎪⎝⎭所以0y =是沿x →-∞方向的一条水平渐近线; 又 21ln(1)ln(1)1lim lim lim lim 1,xx x x x x x x e y e e e x x x x x →+∞→+∞→+∞→+∞⎛⎫+++=+== ⎪⎝⎭洛 ()()1lim lim ln(1)lim ln(1)x x x x x y x e x e x x →+∞→+∞→+∞⎛⎫-=++-=+- ⎪⎝⎭ 1lim ln()lim ln(1)0,xx x x x e e e-→+∞→+∞+=+== 所以y x =也是一条渐近线,所以共有3条,选择(D ) (7)【答案】(A)【解析】根据线性相关的定义,若存在不全为零的数123,,k k k ,使得1122330k k k ααα++=成立.则称123,,ααα线性相关.因1223310αααααα-+-+-=, 故122331αααααα---,,线性相关,所以选择(A ). (8)【答案】(B )【解析】2111111111211210311211203E A λλλλλλλλλλ--=-=-=----()230λλ=-=因为A 的特征值是3,3,0,B 的特征值1,1,0,因为特征值不等,故不相似. A 与B 有相同的正惯性指数2,秩都等于2,所以A 与B 合同,应选(B ).(9)【答案】(C)【解析】根据独立重复的贝努利试验,前3次试验中有1次成功2次失败.其概率必为123(1).C p p -再加上第4次是成功的,其概率为p .根据独立性,第4次射击为第二次命中目标的概率为12223(1)3(1).C p p p p p -=-g 所以应选(C ).(10)【答案】(A)【解析】由于二维正态的(,)X Y 中X 与Y 不相关,故X 与Y 独立,且(,)()()X Y f x y f x f y =.根据条件概率密度的定义,当在Y y =条件下,如果()0,Y f y ≠则(,)()()X Y Y f x y f x y f y =()()()()X Y X Y f x f y f x f y ==.现()Y f y 显然不为0,因此()().X X Y f x y f x = 应选(A).二、填空题:11-16小题,每小题4分,共24分,请将答案写在答题纸指定位置上 (11)【答案】 0【解析】方法1:由洛必达法则,()32223213262lim lim lim 22ln 232ln 26x x xx x x x x x x x x x x→+∞→+∞→+∞++++==+++ ()36lim0,2ln 26xx →+∞==+而(sin cos )x x +是有界变量,所以3231lim (sin cos )0.2x x x x x x x →∞+++=+ 方法2:32133311lim(sin cos )lim (sin cos )221x x x x x x x x x x x x x x ---→+∞→+∞+++++=+++ 而 233222ln 22(ln 2)lim 2lim lim lim 36x x x xx x x x x x x x-→+∞→+∞→+∞→+∞===32(ln 2)lim 6x x →+∞==+∞, 所以 3231lim(sin cos )0.2x x x x x x x →∞+++=+(12)【答案】1(1)2!3n n n n +-【解析】()()()1232123,'(1)223,''(1)(2)223,,23y x y x y x x ---==+=-+=--++L由数学归纳法知()1()(1)2!23,n n nnyn x --=-+()1(1)2!(0)3n n n n n y +-= (13)【答案】''122()y x f f x y-+【解析】12122211'';'',z y z x f f f f x x y y x y ⎛⎫∂∂⎛⎫=⋅-+⋅=⋅+⋅- ⎪ ⎪∂∂⎝⎭⎝⎭''122()z z y xxy f f x y x y∂∂-=-+∂∂ (14)【解析】典型类型按标准解法.命,y ux =有,dy duu x dx dx=+原方程化为 31,2du u x u u dx +=- 即 32,du dx u x =-积分,得 21ln x C u=+化为y ,得 22ln x y x C=+解出y =再以(1,1)代入,1,C =所以得特解y =.(15)【答案】 1 【解析】2010001000010*********001000100010000000000000000A ⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫⎪⎪ ⎪⎪⎪ ⎪== ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭32001001000001000100100000000000010000000000000000A A A ⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪=⋅==⎪⎪ ⎪⎪⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭显然()31.r A=(16) 【答案】34【解析】所有可能随机在区间(0,1)中随机取的两个数,X Y ,12X Y -<。

2007年研究生入学考试试题(A)

2007年研究生入学考试试题(A)

2007年研究生入学考试试题(A)2007年研究生入学考试试题(A)考试科目:计算机软件技术基础报考学科、专业:计算机应用技术请注意:全部答案必须写在答题纸上,否则不给分。

一、名词解释(第1~4题,每题3分,第5、6题要求先写出英文全称,再用中文简要解释其含义,每题4分,共20分)1、数据类型2、线程3、原语4、虚拟设备5、WPL6、DMA二、填空题(每题2分,共20分)1、假设B =(K,R)是一个逻辑结构,r是一个K到K的1 :1关系,r∈R,若k,k’∈K,且< k,k’>∈r,则称k’是k的①,k是k’的②。

2、设循环队列中数组的下标范围是0~n-1,其头尾指针分别为f 和r,则该循环队列中数据元素的个数为。

3、设有一个三对角矩阵An*n,将其三条对角线上的元素逐行地存储到向量B[0..3n-3]中,则元素A[5,6]的存储单元下标为。

(假设下标都从0开始)4、可采用折半查找法进行查找的数据表一般应满足的条件为①和②。

5、操作系统具备处理并发任务的能力,其最重要的硬件支持是。

6、每个信箱可以由①和②两部分组成。

7、死锁产生的根本原因是①和②。

8、文件包括①和②两种,前者是指文件内的信息不再划分独立的单位,整个文件是由一串信息组成,后者是指文件内的信息按逻辑上独立的含义划分信息单位。

9、通道在执行通道程序的过程中,需要访问内存中的两个固定单元,①和②。

10、UNIX操作系统的第一个版本Versional是①公司下属的Bell 实验室的两个程序员KenThompson和Dennis Ritchie于②年在PDP11机器上开发实现的。

三、简答题(每题5分,共30分)1、设多项式P(x)=5x6+3x4-4x3+x-12,请用两种不同的线性存储结构表示该多项式,画出它们的存储映像图。

2、设一棵二叉树的前序遍历序列为B A L F E C D H G,后序遍历序列为L F A D H C G E B,请画出该二叉树,并分别给出该二叉树的中序遍历序列和按层次遍历序列。

2007年全国硕士研究生入学考试数学一真题及答案详解

2007年全国硕士研究生入学考试数学一真题及答案详解

Y 的概率密度,则在 Y = y 的条件下, X 的条件概率密度 f X Y (x y) 为( A )。
(A) f X (x)
(B) fY ( y)
(C) f X (x) fY ( y)
(D) f X (x) fY (y)
【解析与点评】由于 ( X ,Y ) 服从二维正态分布,且 X 与 Y 不相关,所以 X 与 Y 相互独立,
(13)二阶常系数非齐次线性微分方程 y′′ − 4 y′ + 3y = 2e2x 的通解为 y = __________。
【 解 】 齐 次 解 为 y = C1e x + C2e3x , 设 特 解 为 y = Ae2x , 由 待 定 系 数 法 得 到
4 Ae2x − 8Ae2x + 3Ae2x = 2e2x , A − 2 , 答案: y = C1e x + C2e3x − 2e2x 。
(A)若 lim f (x) = 0 ,则 f (0) = 0 x→0 x
(B)若 lim f ( x) + f (− x) = 0 ,则 f (0) = 0
x→0
x
(C)若 lim f (x) 存在,则 f ′(0) 存在 x→0 x
(D)若 lim f (x) − f (−x) 存在,则 f ′(0) 存在
(D)若 u1 < u2 ,则 {un }必发散
【解】答案 D。画出草图,结论显见。下面证明 D:
u1 < u2 ,则 u2 − u1 > c > 0 ,其中 c 是某个确定的正数,于是存在 ξ1 ∈ (1,2) 使得
u2 − u1 2 −1
=
f (2) − f (1) = 2 −1
f ′(ξ1 ) > c > 0 ,

2007年考研数学试题详解及评分参考

2007年考研数学试题详解及评分参考

f (x, y)dy =
G
G dy = y2 - y1 < 0 ,是正确选项;
ò ò 对选项(C),有 f (x, y)ds = ds = l > 0 ,(其中 l 为的弧长),应排除;
G
G
ò ò 对选项(D),有
G
f
¢
x
(
x,
y)dx
+
f
¢
y
(
x,
y)dy
=
0dx + 0dy = 0 ,应排除.
G
郝海龙:考研数学复习大全·配套光盘·2007 年数学试题详解及评分参考
2007 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试
数学试题详解及评分参考
数 学(一)
一、选择题 ( 1 ~ 10 小题,每小题 4 分,共 40 分。)
(1) 当 x ® 0+ 时,与 (A) 1- e x
【答】 应选 (B) .
x 等价的无穷小量是
1- x
1- x 1- x
x+x:
x ,1- cos
x
:
1 2
(
x )2
=
1 2
x
.
故选 (B) .
(2)
曲线 y
=
1 x
+ ln(1+ ex ) 渐近线的条数为
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) 3
【答】 应选 (D) .
【解】
因 lim y x®+¥
=
lim [1 x x®+¥
+ ln(1+ ex )] = +¥ , lim x®-¥
y
=
lim [1 x x®-¥

2007全国硕士研究生入学考试数学真题详解——线性代数部分

2007全国硕士研究生入学考试数学真题详解——线性代数部分

2007-2010年全国硕士研究生入学考试数学真题详解——线性代数部分一、2007年:1、(2007年数学一、二、三、四) 设向量组321,,ααα线性无关,则下列向量组线性相关的是(A) 133221,,αααααα---. (B) 133221,,αααααα+++.(C) 1332212,2,2αααααα---. (D) 1332212,2,2αααααα+++. [ ] 【答案】A【详解】用定义进行判定:令0)()()(133322211=-+-+-ααααααx x x ,得 0)()()(332221131=+-++-+-αααx x x x x x .因321,,ααα线性无关,所以 1312230,0,0.x x x x x x -=⎧⎪-+=⎨⎪-+=⎩ 又 011011101=---, 故上述齐次线性方程组有非零解, 即133221,,αααααα---线性相关. 类似可得(B), (C), (D)中的向量组都是线性无关的.2、(2007年数学一、二、三、四) 设矩阵⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛------=211121112A , ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=000010001B , 则A 与B(A) 合同, 且相似. (B) 合同, 但不相似 .(C) 不合同, 但相似. (D) 既不合同, 又不相似. [ ] 【答案】B【详解】 由0||=-A E λ 得A 的特征值为0, 3, 3, 而B 的特征值为0, 1, 1,从而A 与B 不相似.又r (A )=r (B )=2, 且A 、B 有相同的正惯性指数, 因此A 与B 合同. 故选(B) .3、(2007年数学一、二、三、四) 设矩阵⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=0000100001000010A , 则3A 的秩为 . 【答案】1【详解】 依矩阵乘法直接计算得 ⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=00000000000010003A , 故r (3A )=1.4、(2007年数学一、二、三、四)设线性方程组⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=++=++=++04,02,03221321321xa x x ax x x x x x ①与方程12321-=++a x x x ②有公共解,求a 的值及所有公共解.【分析】 两个方程有公共解就是①与②联立起来的非齐次线性方程组有解. 【详解】 将①与②联立得非齐次线性方程组:⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧-=++=++=++=++.12,04,02,03213221321321a x x x x a x x ax x x x x x ③ 若此非齐次线性方程组有解, 则①与②有公共解, 且③的解即为所求全部公共解. 对③的增广矩阵A 作初等行变换得:→⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=112104102101112a a a A ⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-----11000)1)(2(0001100111a a a a a .于是1° 当a =1时,有)()(A r A r ==2<3,方程组③有解, 即①与②有公共解, 其全部公共解即为③的通解,此时⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛→0000000000100101A , 此时方程组③为齐次线性方程组,其基础解系为: ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-101,所以①与②的全部公共解为⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-101k ,k 为任意常数.2° 当a =2时,有)()(A r A r ==3,方程组③有唯一解, 此时⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-→0000110010100001A ,故方程组③的解为:011⎛⎫ ⎪⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭, 即①与②有唯一公共解: 为123011x x x x ⎛⎫⎛⎫⎪ ⎪== ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭⎝⎭.5、(2007年数学一、二、三、四)设3阶对称矩阵A的特征值,2,2,1321-===λλλ T)1,1,1(1-=α是A的属于1λ的一个特征向量,记E A A B +-=354其中E 为3阶单位矩阵.(I) 验证1α是矩阵B的特征向量,并求B 的全部特征值与特征向量.(II) 求矩阵B.【分析】 根据特征值的性质可立即得B 的特征值, 然后由B 也是对称矩阵可求出其另外两个线性无关的特征向量.【详解】 (I) 由11αα=A 得 1112ααα==A A , 进一步 113αα=A , 115αα=A , 故 1351)4(ααE A A B +-=113154ααα+-=A A1114ααα+-=12α-=,从而1α是矩阵B的属于特征值−2的特征向量.因E A A B +-=354, 及A的3个特征值,2,2,1321-===λλλ 得 B 的3个特征值为1,1,2321==-=μμμ.设32,αα为B 的属于132==μμ的两个线性无关的特征向量, 又A为对称矩阵,得B 也是对称矩阵, 因此1α与32,αα正交, 即0,03121==ααααT T 所以32,αα可取为下列齐次线性方程组两个线性无关的解:0)1,1,1(321=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-x x x ,其基础解系为: ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛011,⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-101 , 故可取2α=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛011, 3α=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-101.即B 的全部特征值的特征向量为: ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-1111k , ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-+⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛10101132k k , 其中01≠k ,是不为零的任意常数, 32,k k 是不同时为零的任意常数.(II) 令),,(321ααα=P =⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--101011111, 则 ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=-1121BP P ,得 1112-⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=P P B =⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--101011111⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-112⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--21112111131=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---102012112⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--21112111131⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=011101110.二、2008年:1、(2008年数学一、二、三、四)设A 为n 阶非零矩阵,E 为n 阶单位矩阵.若30A =,则[ ]则下列结论正确的是:(A) E A -不可逆,则E A +不可逆. (B) E A -不可逆,则E A +可逆.(C) E A -可逆,则E A +可逆. (D) E A -可逆,则E A +不可逆. 【答案】应选(C).【详解】23()()E A E A A E A E -++=-=,23()()E A E A A E A E +-+=+=. 故E A -,E A +均可逆.故应选(C).2、(2008年数学一)设A 为3阶实对称矩阵,如果二次曲面方程()1x x yz A y z ⎛⎫⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭在正交变换下的标准方程的图形如图,则A 的正特征值个数为[ ](A) 0. (B) 1. (C) 2. (D) 3. 【答案】 应选(B).【详解】此二次曲面为旋转双叶双曲面,此曲面的标准方程为222221x y z a c +-=.故A 的正特征值个数为1.故应选(B).3、(2008年数学二、三、四)设1221A ⎛⎫=⎪⎝⎭,则在实数域上,与A 合同矩阵为[ ] (A) 2112-⎛⎫⎪-⎝⎭ . (B)2112-⎛⎫ ⎪-⎝⎭. (C) 2112⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭. (D) 1221-⎛⎫ ⎪-⎝⎭. 【答案】 应选(D). 【详解】2212(1)423(1)(3)021E A λλλλλλλλ---==--=--=+-=--则121,3λλ=-=,记1221D -⎛⎫=⎪-⎝⎭,则2212(1)423(1)(3)021E D λλλλλλλλ--==--=--=+-=-则121,3λλ=-=,正负惯性指数相同.故选D.4、(2008年数学一) 设A 为2阶矩阵,12,αα为线性无关的2维列向量,10A α=,2122A ααα=+.则A 的非零特征值为___________.【答案】应填1.【详解】根据题设条件,得1212121202(,)(,)(0,2)(,)01A A A αααααααα⎛⎫==+= ⎪⎝⎭.记12(,)P αα=,因12,αα线性无关,故12(,)P αα=是可逆矩阵.因此0201AP P ⎛⎫= ⎪⎝⎭,从而10201P AP -⎛⎫= ⎪⎝⎭.记0201B ⎛⎫= ⎪⎝⎭,则A 与B 相似,从而有相同的特征值. 因为2||(1)01E B λλλλλ--==--,0λ=,1λ=.故A 的非零特征值为1.5、(2008年数学二)设3阶矩阵A 的特征值为2,3,λ.若行列式|2|48A =-,则λ=___________. 【答案】应填1-.【详解】由482-=A ,依据方阵行列式的性质,则有48223-==A A ,即6-=A .又A 等于其特征值的乘积,即632321-=⨯⨯=⨯⨯=λλλλA ,得1-=λ. 6、(2008年数学三)设3阶方阵A 的特征值为1,2,2,E 为单位矩阵,则=--E A 14 .【答案】应填3.【详解】由方阵特征值的性质,E AA f -=-14)(,则14)(1-=-λλf ,故方阵EA --14的特征值分别为1,1,3,又由方阵行列式等于其特征值的乘积,则有341=--E A .7、(2008年数学四)设3阶方阵A 的特征值互不相同,若行列式0=A ,则A 的秩为 . 【答案】应填2.【详解】由题可知,方阵A 的特征值含有0,而其余两个非零,故A 的秩为2.8、(2008年数学一)设,αβ为3维列向量,矩阵TTA ααββ=+,其中,TTαβ分别是,αβ得转置.证明: (I ) 秩()2r A ≤;(II )若,αβ线性相关,则秩()2r A <.【详解】(I )【证法1】()()()()()()2TTTTr A r r r r r ααββααββαβ=+≤+≤+≤. 【证法2】因为TTA ααββ=+,A 为33⨯矩阵,所以()3r A ≤. 因为,αβ为3维列向量,所以存在向量0ξ≠,使得0,0T T αξβξ==于是 0T T A ξααξββξ=+= 所以0Ax =有非零解,从而()2r A ≤.【证法3】因为TTA ααββ=+,所以A 为33⨯矩阵.又因为()00T TTT A αααββαββ⎛⎫⎪=+= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭, 所以|||0|00TT a A αββ==故 ()2r A ≤.(II )【证法】由,αβ线性相关,不妨设k αβ=.于是()2()()(1)()12TT T r A r r k rααβββββ=+=+≤≤<. 9、(2008年数学一、二、三、四) 设n 元线性方程组Ax b =,其中2222212121212a a a a a A a a a a ⎛⎫ ⎪⎪⎪=⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭,12n x x x x ⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭,b 100⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭.(I )证明行列式||(1)n A n a =+;(II )当a 为何值时,该方程组有惟一解,并求1x . (III )当a 为何值时,该方程组有无穷多解,并求其通解.【详解】(I )【证法1】数学归纳法.记2222212121||212n na a a a aD A a a a a ==以下用数学归纳法证明(1)nn D n a =+.当1n =时,12D a =,结论成立. 当2n =时,2222132a D a a a==,结论成立. 假设结论对小于n 的情况成立.将n D 按第一行展开得n n n a a a aD aD a a a a 2212211021212212--=-2122n n aD a D --=-1222(1)n n ana a n a --=-- (1)n n a =+故 (1)nA n a =+.【注】本题(1)也可用递推法.由2122n n n D aD a D --==-得,2211221()()n n n n n n n D aD a D aD a D a D a ------=-==-=.于是(1)n n D n a =+(I )【证法2】消元法.记2222212121||212na a a a aA a a a a =22122213121212212na a a ar ar a a a a -322222130124123321212naa a r ar a aa a a a -=n n na a a n r ar nn a n n a n 121301240113111----+(1)n n a =+.(II )【详解】当0a ≠时,方程组系数行列式0n D ≠,故方程组有惟一解.由克莱姆法则,将n D 得第一列换成b ,得行列式为22211222211121021212121212122n n nn a aa a a aa aD na a a a a a a a a ---===所以,11(1)n n D ax D n a-==+. (III )【详解】 当0a =时,方程组为12101101001000n n x x x x -⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪=⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭ 此时方程组系数矩阵得秩和增广矩阵得秩均为1n -,所以方程组有无穷多组解,其通解为()()010100TTx k =+,其中k 为任意常数.10、(2008年数学二、三、四)设A 为3阶矩阵,12,αα为A 的分别属于特征值1,1-的特征向量,向量3α满足321A ααα=+,(I)证明123,,ααα线性无关; (II)令123(,,)P ααα=,求1P AP -.【详解】(I)【证明】设有一组数123,,k k k ,使得 122330k k k ααα++=. 用A 左乘上式,得112233()()()0k A k A k A ααα++=. 因为 11A αα=-, 22A αα=,321A ααα=+, 所以 1123233()0k k k k ααα-+++=, 即113220k k αα-=.由于12,αα是属于不同特征值得特征向量,所以线性无关,因此130k k ==,从而有20k =.故 123,,ααα线性无关.(II )由题意,100011001AP P -⎛⎫⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭.而由(I )知,123,,ααα线性无关,从而123(,,)P ααα=可逆.故1100011001P AP --⎛⎫⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭.三、2009年:1、(2009年数学一)设123,,ααα是3维向量空间3R 的一组基,则由基12311,,23ααα到基 122331,,αααααα+++的过渡矩阵为()A 101220033⎛⎫⎪⎪ ⎪⎝⎭. ()B 120023103⎛⎫⎪⎪ ⎪⎝⎭.()C 111246111246111246⎛⎫- ⎪ ⎪ ⎪- ⎪ ⎪ ⎪- ⎪⎝⎭.()D 111222111444111666⎛⎫-⎪ ⎪ ⎪- ⎪ ⎪ ⎪- ⎪⎝⎭. 【答案】A【解析】因为()()1212,,,,,,n n A ηηηααα=,则A 称为基12,,,n ααα到12,,,nηηη的过渡矩阵。

2007年考研试题及答案A

2007年考研试题及答案A

一、填空题(30分):1. (6分)由晶闸管构成的三相半波可控整流电路,当输入交流电压为t u ωsin 3112=,纯阻性负载且其值为10R =Ω,当控制角45α=时,输出平均电压为 ,输出的功率因数是 。

2.(6分)由晶闸管构成的单相桥式全控整流电路,当输入交流电压为t u ωsin 1412=,负载为反电动势且直流侧串联平波电抗器,已知60V, L=2E R =∞=Ω,,当控制角30α=时,输出平均电压为 ,输出平均电流为 。

3.(3分)缓冲电路( Snubber Circuit ) 的作用是 。

4.(3分)在交流供电系统中,当基波电流为140A I =,各次谐波电流分别为35792A, 1A, 0.5A, 0.2A I I I I ====, 则电流谐波总畸变THD 为 。

5.(3分)在逆变电路中,对于同一桥臂的开关管要采取“先断后通”的方法,也就是死区时间的设定,其目的是 。

6.(6分)单相桥式电压型逆变电路,180导通角,d 560V U =,则输出电压的基波有效值是 ,当只考虑10次以内的谐波电压时,输出电压的有效值是 。

7.(3分)在SPWM (Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation )控制的三相逆变电路中,设定的开关管的开关频率是20KHz ,逆变电路输出交流电压的频率为400Hz ,那么SPWM 控制电路中载波频率和调制波频率应分别设置为 和 。

二、简答题(60分):1. (7分)IGBT 在过流及短路过程中,系统如何检测并实施保护的?2. (7分)为什么晶闸管的触发信号通常不使用直流信号? 3. (7分)试说明有关晶闸管和电力晶体管的关断过程?4. (7分)请叙述电力二极管的反向恢复过程,在高频开关电路中,应选择什么型号的二极管?5. (8分)利用晶闸管SCR 构成的简易照明延时开关电路如图1所示,HL 是灯泡,SB 是开关,试分析此电路的工作原理。

2007年考研英语试题及答案

2007年考研英语试题及答案

2007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in2006’s World Cup tournament,you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk:elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months.If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks,you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.What might account for this strange phenomenon?Here are a few guesses:a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills;b)winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity,which increases soccer stamina;c)soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime,at the annual peak of soccer mania;d)none of the above.Anders Ericsson,a58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in“none of the above.”Ericsson grew up in Sweden,and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology.His first experiment,nearly30 years ago,involved memory:training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers.“With the first subject,after about20hours of training,his digit span had risen from7to20,”Ericsson recalls.“He kept improving,and after about200hours of training he had risen to over80numbers.”This success,coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined,led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.In other words,whatever inborn differencestwo people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize,those differences are swamped by how well each person“encodes”the information.And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully,Ericsson determined,was a process known as deliberate practice.Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather,it involves setting specific goals,obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits,including soccer.They gather all the data they can,not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers.Their work makes a rather startling assertion:the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated.Or,put another way, expert performers–whether in memory or surgery,ballet or computer programming–are nearly always made,not born.21.The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to[A]stress the importance of professional training.[B]spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.[C]introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.[D]explain why some soccer teams play better than others.22.The word“mania”(Line4,Paragraph2)most probably means[A]fun.[B]craze.[C]hysteria.[D]excitement.23.According to Ericsson,good memory[A]depends on meaningful processing of information.[B]results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.[C]is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.[D]requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.24.Ericsson and his colleagues believe that[A]talent is a dominating factor for professional success.[B]biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.[C]the role of talent tends to be overlooked.[D]high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.25.Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries toconvey?[A]“Faith will move mountains.”[B]“One reaps what one sows.”[C]“Practice makes perfect.”[D]“Like father,like son.”Text2For the past several years,the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called“Ask Marilyn.”People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant,who at age10had tested at a mental level of someone about23years old;that gave her an IQ of228–the highest score ever recorded.IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies,to envision paper after it has been folded and cut,and to deduce numerical sequences,among other similar tasks.So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe(whose IQ is100)as,What’s the difference between love and fondness?Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.Clearly,intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test.Just what does itmean to be smart?How much of intelligence can be specified,and how much can we learn about it from neurology,genetics,computer science and other fields?The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score,even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be.The test comes primarily in two forms:the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version).Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists,although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web.Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possible,because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers,rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by100.Other standardized tests,such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT)and the Graduate Record Exam(GRE),capture the main aspects of IQ tests.Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life,argues Robert J.Sternberg.In his article“How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”,Sternberg notes that traditional test best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success.Moreover,IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change.Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions,but under high-stress conditions,IQ was negatively correlated with leadership–that is,it predicted the opposite.Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters,whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.26.Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?[A]Answering philosophical questions.[B]Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.[C]Telling the differences between certain concepts.[D]Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.27.What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph3?[A]People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.[B]More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.[C]The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.[D]Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.28.People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant’sbecause[A]the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.[B]creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.[C]vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.[D]the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.29.We can conclude from the last paragraph that[A]test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.[B]IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.[C]testing involves a lot of guesswork.[D]traditional test are out of date.30.What is the author’s attitude towards IQ tests?[A]Supportive.[B]Skeptical.[C]Impartial.[D]Biased.Text3During the past generation,the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure had beentransformed by economic risk and new realities.Now a pink slip,a bad diagnosis,or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.In just one generation,millions of mothers have gone to work,transforming basic family economics.Scholars,policymakers,and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes,but few have looked at the side effect:family risk has risen as well.Today’s families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status.As a result,they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback–a back-up earner(usually Mom)who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick.This“added-worker effect”could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times.But today,a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.During the same period,families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income.Steelworkers,airline employees,and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates,stock market fluctuation,and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year,President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model,with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns.For younger families,the picture is not any better.Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen–and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers,with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families’future healthcare.Even demographics are working against the middle class family,as the odds of having a weak elderly parent–and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance–have jumped eightfold in just one generation.From the middle-class family perspective,much of this,understandably,looksfar less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility,and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.The financial fallout has begun,and the political fallout may not be far behind.31.Today’s double-income families are at greater financial risk in that[A]the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.[B]their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.[C]they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.[D]they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.32.As a result of President Bush’s reform,retired people may have[A]a higher sense of security.[B]less secured payments.[C]less chance to invest.[D]a guaranteed future.33.According to the author,health-savings plans will[A]help reduce the cost of healthcare.[B]popularize among the middle class.[C]compensate for the reduced pensions.[D]increase the families’investment risk.34.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.[B]the middle class may face greater political challenges.[C]financial problems may bring about political problems.[D]financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.35.Which of the following is the best title for this text?[A]The Middle Class on the Alert[B]The Middle Class on the Cliff[C]The Middle Class in Conflict[D]The Middle Class in RuinsText4It never rains but it pours.Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles,and improved their feeble corporation governance,a new problem threatens to earn them–especially in America–the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite:data insecurity.Left,until now,to odd,low-level IT staff to put right,and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking,telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss’s agenda in businesses of every variety.Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year–from organizations as diverse as Time Warner,the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California,Berkeley–have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset,”says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University’s business school.“The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value,which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders.”Indeed,just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles(GAAP),perhaps it is time for GASP,Generally Accepted Security Practices,suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School.“Setting the proper investment level for security,redundancy,and recovery is a management issue,not a technical one,”he says.The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss.Surely it shouldbe obvious to the dimmest executive that trust,that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore–and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.The current state of affairs may have been encouraged–though not justified–by the lack of legal penalty(in America,but not Europe)for data leakage.Until California recently passed a law,American firms did not have to tell anyone,even the victim,when data went astray.That may change fast:lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington,D.C.Meanwhile,the theft of information about some40million credit-card accounts in America,disclosed on June 17th,overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission(FTC)that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.36.The statement“It never rains but it pours”is used to introduce[A]the fierce business competition.[B]the feeble boss-board relations.[C]the threat from news reports.[D]the severity of data leakage.37.According to Paragraph2,some organizations check their systems to find out[A]whether there is any weak point.[B]what sort of data has been stolen.[C]who is responsible for the leakage.[D]how the potential spies can be located.38.In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that[A]shareholders’interests should be properly attended to.[B]information protection should be given due attention.[C]businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.[D]the market value of customer data should be emphasized.39.According to Paragraph4,what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to[A]see the link between trust and data protection.[B]perceive the sensitivity of personal data.[C]realize the high cost of data restoration.[D]appreciate the economic value of trust.40.It can be inferred from Paragraph5that[A]data leakage is more severe in Europe.[B]FTC’s decision is essential to data security.[C]California takes the lead in security legislation.[D]legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.。

2007年考研英语真题答案及解析

2007年考研英语真题答案及解析

二、试题具体解析
1.[A] natives 本地人
[B] inhabitants 居民 [C] peoples 民族
[D] individuals 个人
【答案】 B
【考点】 词汇辨析
【难度系数】 0.422
【解析】 空的前句指出西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地成为了独立的国家。空所在的语境为:大约 200 万这些国家的 看到未
【答案】 C
【考点】 词义辨析
【难度系数】 0.205
【解析】12 题已经分析了这个句子表示的两种不同的观点,前面是把天主教作为国教,后面则应该表示内容与此相
对立。而天主教一旦作为国教,那么自然要结束其他教派的传播,而对立观点则是应该结束对其他教派的排斥,故
答案为 C。
15.[A] support 支持
【答案】 D
【考点】 词义辨析
【难度系数】 0.292
【解析】 空所在的句意:平等主义的情绪经常会被一些担忧所冲淡,这种担忧就是大部分人对自治和民主 。四个选
项代入句中,只有 D 能使语义通顺,故答案为 D。
三、全文翻译
到 1830 年,西班牙和葡萄牙的前殖民地已经成为独立国家。这些国家的大约两千万居民满怀希望地展望着未来。
10.[A] with 和……在一起
[B] about 关于 [C] among 在……之中 [D] by 被
【答案】 C
【考点】 词义搭配
【难度系数】 0.375
【解析】空前内容表示分歧,既然是分歧自然是存在领导人之间,故本题选 C。
11.[A] allowed 允许
[B] preached 宣讲
[B] succession 接替,继任 [C] right 权利 [D] return 偿还,归还
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(
(
))
V (Yb − Ya ) = 0.018(kmol /(m 2 ⋅ s )) Xb − Xa
H OG =
V = 0.95m K Y aΩ
∆Yb = Yb − mX b = 0.00263, ∆Ya = Ya − mX a = 0.00263, ∆Ym = 0.00263
N OG = Yb − Ya = 19, h = H OG ⋅ N OG = 18.05m ∆Ym
2. 简述双膜模型的基本假设? 答: (1)在相界面的两侧存在一层稳定的层流膜层,溶质以分子扩散方式通过此两膜层; (2)相界面上气液两相呈平衡; (3)传质阻力集中在层流膜层内,两相主体中无传质阻力。 3. 简述板式塔和填料塔的优缺点? 答:同填料塔相比,板式塔当塔径较大时造价较低,易于取热和侧线抽出等;当塔径较小 时,填料塔造价较低,分离效率高,压降较小,适用于小流量、腐蚀性、易发泡的物系。
2.47 x1 , 1 + (2.47 − 1)x1 0.935 = 2.47 x1 1 + (2.47 − 1)x1
= 0.853 = 0.6 × 0.853 + 0.374 = 0.886
由精馏段操作线方程计算 y 2 : y 2 再由相平衡方程计算 x2: y 2 解得: x 2
=
2.47 x2 , 1 + (2.47 − 1)x2
=
4 = 0.625m 3 / h 3 + 2 .4 + 1
3.(20 分)有一套管换热器,用热水加热空气,内管为 φ34×2mm 的钢管,空气走管内, 其流量为 m1, 20℃被加热到 50℃; 由 热水走环隙, 其流量为 m2, 温度由 100℃冷却到 70℃, 逆流操作,假设流体在管内和环隙中的流动均为湍流流动,试问:(1)下列方程中的三个 温度是否相等?各为多少? Q=m1cp1△t1= m2cp2△t2=KA△tm (2)如改为并流操作,欲达到同样的出口温度,其平均温度差为多少?,管长需要作 怎样的变化? (3)当空气流量增加一倍时,要达到同样的空气出口温度,提出以下两种方案:①管 长加长一倍;②管子直径减小一倍。你认为哪种方案可行?哪种方案较好? (4)试通过计算结果定性分析说明何种方案更合理? 解:(1)根据题给数据,三个温差如下:
V 0.8 α i ∝ 1.8 ,∴ K ′ = 2 2.6 K = 6.06 K di
而传热面积:
A′ = πd ′l =
1 A πdl = 2 2
Q ′ K ′A′∆t m = = 3.03 Q KA∆t m
即传热速率提高了 203%,能完成任务,但由于阻力增加,能耗也随之增加。 4.(25 分)用板式精馏塔分离苯-甲苯二元混合物,进料流量为 15000 kg/h,其中苯的含 量为 40.0 %(质量百分数,下同)。要求塔顶馏出液中苯的回收率达到 97.1 %,塔釜液体 中苯的含量不超过 2.0 %。进料为饱和液体,塔顶采用全凝器,饱和液体回流。操作条件下 的相对挥发度可取为 2.47,苯的相对分子质量为 78,甲苯的相对分子质量为 92。 (1)试求塔顶馏出液和塔底釜液的摩尔流量及摩尔组成各为多少? (2)试计算最小回流比? (3)如回流比为最小回流比的 1.2 倍,试求精馏段操作线方程,并指出斜率和截距各 为多少? (4)如果塔内各层塔板认为是理论板,计算由塔顶数起第二块塔板流下的液体组成为 多少?
PB = PA − (∑ h f AB + z B )ρ = 1.5 × 10 4 − (9 + 7) × 1100 = −2600kgf/m2 = −25497Pa(表)
2.(15 分)拟用一板框压滤机在恒压下过滤某一悬浮液,要求经过 3 个小时能获得 4m3 滤液,若已知过滤常数 K=1.48×10-3m2/h,滤布阻力可以忽略不计,试求:(1)若滤框尺 寸为 1000mm×1000mm×30mm,则需要滤框几块?(2)过滤终了用水进行横穿洗涤,洗涤 水粘度与滤液相同,洗涤压力与过滤压力相同,若洗涤水量为 0.4 m3,试求洗涤时间。 (3) 若辅助时间为 1 小时,试求该压滤机的生产能力。
y n+1 =
x R xn + D R +1 R +1 1 .5 0.935 = xn + 1 .5 + 1 1.5 + 1 = 1.6 xn + 0.374
精馏段操作线方程的斜率为:0.6,截距为:0.374。 (4)塔顶采用全凝器时: y1 由相平衡方程计算 x1: y1 = 解得: x1
= x D = 0.935
平均值。 (2)如果由逆流改为并流操作, ∆t m =
L并 L逆
=
A并 A逆
=
∆t m逆 ∆t m并
=
50 = 1.15 ,即管子长度应增加 15%。 43.2
(3)设管壁热阻及污垢热阻均不计,因为 α 1 ≈ 1000W /( m 2 K ), α 2 ≈ 30 ~ 50W /( m 2 K ), 所以, K ≈ α 2 (空气侧) ①管长增加一倍, α i ∝ Re i
F = D +W FxF = DxD + WxW DxD = 0.971 FxF
总7页 代入数据:
第 5页
174.75 = D + W 174.75 × 0.44 = Dx D + 0.0235W Dx D = 0.971 174.75 × 0.44
解得: W = 94.89kmo / h,
D = 79.86kmol / h,
(2)采用部分循环时,吸收剂的组成为:
' Xa =
LR X b = 0.0025 L + LR
∆Yb' = Yb − mX b = 0.00263, ∆Ya ' = Ya − mX a ' = 0.000255, ∆Ym ' = 0.001
N 'OG =
Yb − Ya = 49.97, h' = H 'OG ⋅N 'OG = 47.47m ∆Y ' m
三、计算题(100 分) 计算题(
1.(20 分)如图一冷冻盐水的循环系统。盐水的循环量为 45m3/h,流体流经管路的压头损 失,自 A 至 B 的一段为 9m,自 B 至 A 的一段为 12m。盐水的密度为 1100kg/m3,求: (1) 泵的功率为若干 kw?设其效率为 0.65。(2)若 A 处的压力表读数为 1.5 kgf/m2,则 B 处的 压力表读数应为多少 Pa(表压)?
0.886 =
2.47 x1 1 + (2.47 − 1)x1
= 0.759
总7页
第6页
5.(20 分)拟在填料吸收塔中用纯水吸收空气-氨混合气体中的氨,混合气体中的氨浓度 为 yb=0.05(摩尔分数,下同)。要求氨的吸收率不低于 95%,塔底得到的氨水的浓度不低于 0.05。已知在操作条件下的气液相平衡关系为 Ye=0.95X(Y、X 为摩尔比浓度),试计算: (1)如用纯水吸收采用逆流操作,混合气体的摩尔流率为 0.02 kmol/(m ·s),总体积 传质系数 KYa=0.02 kmol/(m ·s),所需要的塔高为多少 m? (2)如果采用部分吸收液再循环吸收的流程操作(如附图所示),新鲜吸收剂(纯水) 与循环吸收液的摩尔流量之比 L/LR =20,气体的流速不变,总体积传质系数 KYa 也近似为常 数,所需要的塔高为多少 m? (3)示意画出两种操作情况时的操作线图。 (4)试通过计算结果定性分析说明何种方案更合理? 解:(1)将摩尔组成换算为摩尔比组成:
0.8
∝ u i0.8 ,∴ K ′ = 2 0.8 K
总7页 由
第 4页
l ′ m′ / m Q ′ m′(t 2 − t1 ) K ′πdl ′∆t m = 2 0.2 = 1.15 = = ,得 = Q m(t 2 − t1) Kπdl∆t m l K′/ K
即管长只需增加 15%便可完成任务,这一方案是较为可行的。 ②管径减小一倍,由
x D = 0.935
(2)由相平衡关系及进料组成(xF=0.44)计算进料的气相组成:
yq =
2.47 × 0.44 = 0.66 1 + (2.47 − 1)0.44
xD − yq yq − xF = 0.935 − 0.66 = 1.25 0.66 − 0.44
最小回流比为: Rmin =
(3)适宜回流比为: R=1.2Rmin=1.2×1.25=1.5 精馏段操作线方程:
总7页 4.萃取剂量一定,采用单级萃取和三级错流萃取结果有何不同,为什么?
第 2页
答:萃取剂一定,采用三级错流萃取时的萃取效果要比单级萃取的效果好。因为三级错流 萃取要经过三次相平衡,而单级萃取只经历一次相平衡,三级错流萃取的平均传质推动力 比单级萃取的推动力大。 5.造成离心泵汽蚀的原因有哪些?应采取何种解决方法? 答:(1)离心泵的安装高度过高,应降低泵的安装高度; (2)被输送液体的温度太高,可考虑降低液体温度或降低泵的安装高度; (3)被输送液体上方的压力太低,可加大液体上方压力或降低泵的安装高度; (4)被输送液体的饱和蒸汽压太大,上述解决方案均可。
∆t1 = 50 − 20 = 30 ℃,此温差为冷流体(空气)的进、出口温差;
∆t 2 = 100 − 70 = 30 ℃,此温差为热流体(水)的进、出口温差;
∆t m = 1 1 (∆t 入 + ∆t出) (50 + 50) 50 ℃,此温差为换热器两端传热温差的对数或算术 = = 2 2
(100 − 20) − (70 − 50) = 43.2 ℃ 100 − 20 ln 70 − 50
解:(1)将质量分率换算为摩尔分率:
40 / 78 2 / 78 = 0.44, xw = = 0.0235 40 / 78 + 60 / 92 2 / 78 + 98 / 92 15000 × 0.4 15000 × 0.6 F= + = 174.75( kmo / h) 78 92 xF =
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