最新语言学试卷1-8汇总(考试)
语言学试题及答案英语
语言学试题及答案英语一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "phoneme" refers to:A. The smallest unit of sound in a languageB. The smallest unit of meaning in a languageC. The smallest unit of grammar in a languageD. The smallest unit of writing in a language答案：A2. Which of the following is a characteristic of the English language?A. It is a tonal languageB. It has a fixed word orderC. It has no grammatical genderD. It uses ideograms答案：B3. In linguistics, "morpheme" is defined as:A. A unit of soundB. A unit of meaningC. A unit of grammarD. A unit of writing答案：B4. The study of language change over time is known as:A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. SyntaxD. Historical Linguistics答案：D5. The branch of linguistics that deals with the meaning of words is called:A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. SyntaxD. Phonology答案：A二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）1. The study of the physical properties of speech sounds is known as ____________.答案：Phonetics2. The process of changing one language into another is known as ____________.答案：Translation3. The smallest unit of meaning in a language is called a____________.答案：Lexeme4. The study of how language is used in social contexts is known as ____________.答案：Sociolinguistics5. The study of language acquisition in children is known as ____________.答案：Child Language Acquisition三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. Explain the difference between a phoneme and an allophone. 答案：A phoneme is a linguistic unit that distinguishes meaning in a language, whereas an allophone is a variant of a phoneme that does not change the meaning of a word.2. What is the role of syntax in language?答案：Syntax is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a language, determining how words combine to form phrases, clauses, and complex sentences.3. Describe the function of morphology in language.答案：Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words and how they are formed by combining morphemes, which are the smallest meaningful units of language.4. How does sociolinguistics contribute to our understanding of language?答案：Sociolinguistics contributes to our understanding of language by examining how social factors such as class, gender, age, and ethnicity influence language variation and use in different social contexts.四、论述题（共20分）1. Discuss the importance of pragmatics in language communication.答案：Pragmatics is crucial in language communication as it deals with the study of how context influences the meaning of linguistic expressions. It helps us understand how speakersconvey intended meanings beyond the literal interpretation of words and sentences, taking into account factors such as tone, body language, and shared knowledge between speakers.2. Explain the significance of historical linguistics in understanding language evolution.答案：Historical linguistics is significant in understanding language evolution as it traces the development of languages over time, revealing how languages change, diverge, and sometimes converge. It provides insights into therelationships between languages, the migration of people, and the cultural history of language communities.。
英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)
有答案的第一部分选择题41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（2）五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences.(1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.(2)He saw young men and women present.(3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples.re-un-anti-super--wise-itis-ize-age英语语言学试题（3）Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.英语语言学试题（5）五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme?42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure.The girl ate the orange.43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLET below carefully and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident.King: Where is Polonius?Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see.If your messenger find him not there,seek him i’ the other place yourself.But indeed, if you find him not withinthis month, you shall nose him as yougo up the stairs into the lobby.Act IV, Scene iii英语语言学试题（6）41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating withexamples how they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.英语语言学试题（7）五、论述题（每小题10分，共20分）1. Comment on the following conversation in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle:A: Where’ve you been?B: Out.2. Analyse the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains:specialize , indisputable, individualistic, downfall, unexceptionableness, ungentlemanliness(每个语素0. 5分)英语语言学试题（8）语言学试题)41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Support your statement with examples.42.Describe the process of language perception, comprehension and production英语语言学试题（9）语言学试题及参考答案41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.语言学试题参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、C2、C3、D4、D5、D6、B7、B8、C9、A 10、D二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.22、FVoicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23、FThe meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".24、FApart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or aphrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.29、FThe true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determinesspeakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"30、T四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teachingtextbooks.34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→/fi:v/(Middle English)→/faiv/(Modern English)2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain orinsertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis,e.g.spinle--spindle.4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。
英语语言学试题(1)及答案
英语语言学试题（1）I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___.A、 prescriptiveB、 sociolinguisticC、 descriptiveD、psycholinguistic2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A、 mouthB、 lipsC、 tongueD、 vocal cords3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___.A、 bound morphemeB、 bound formC、 inflectional morphemeD、free morpheme4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A、 coordinatorB、 particleC、 prepositionD、 subordinator5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike."A、 is synonymous withB、 is inconsistent withC、 entailsD、presupposes6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.A、 semanticsB、 pragmaticsC、 sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization.A、 elaborationB、 simplificationC、 external borrowingD、internal borrowing8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A、 Lingua francaB、 CreoleC、 PidginD、 Standard language9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .A、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrusB、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A、 learningB、 competenceC、 performanceD、 acquisitionII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language.12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ .13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms.16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's), Black English can d___ the form of "be".19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c______period for first language acquisition.20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, I ______is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner. III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why youthink so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)( )21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.( )22、Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.( )23、The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.( )24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only. ( )25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.( )26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise.( )27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spoken today also includes languages that are not Indo-European.( )28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speech situations known as domains.( )29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.( )30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first language. IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)31、duality32、diachronic linguistics33、broad transcription34、morphological rules35、phrase structure rule36、relational opposites37、componential analysis38、context39、euphemism40、brain lateralizationV. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in English for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition of a second language.语言学试题(1)参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、C2、C3、D4、D5、D6、B7、B8、C9、A 10、D二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.22、FVoicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23、FThe meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".24、FApart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains. 29、FThe true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determines speakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"30、T四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks.34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of+HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→/fi:v/(Middle English)→ /faiv/(Modern English)2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis, e.g.spinle--spindle.4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an OldEnglish word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。
大学语言学试题
大学语言学试题一、简答题1.语言学的定义是什么？语言学是对语言现象进行系统研究的学科，包括语音学、语法学、语义学、语用学等各个方面的内容。
2.什么是语音学？语音学是研究语言音素及其组织规律的学科，它包括语音的产生、传播和接收三方面的内容。
3.什么是语法学？语法学是研究语言句法结构及其规律的学科，它研究句子的构成、成分的功能和句子之间的关系等内容。
4.什么是语义学？语义学是研究词义和句义及其组织规律的学科，它关注词的意义、句子的意义以及意义的表达方式等方面的内容。
5.什么是语用学？语用学是研究语言使用及其背后的意义的学科，它研究人们如何使用语言进行交际和表达意义，关注语境、语用原则等内容。
二、论述题1.语言学与语法学的区别和联系。
语言学是对语言现象进行全面研究的学科，涵盖了语音学、语法学、语义学和语用学等方面的内容。
而语法学是语言学的一个分支，主要研究语法现象及其规律。
语言学与语法学的联系在于语法学是语言学的重要组成部分，它提供了研究语言结构和规律的方法和理论基础。
同时，语法学的研究结果也为语言学的其他方面提供了重要的参考。
然而，语言学与语法学的区别在于语言学更加宏观和综合，它研究语言的各个方面，包括语音、词汇、句法、语义和语用等。
而语法学则是语言学中具体研究句法现象的一个分支，着重研究句子的构成、成分的功能和句子之间的关系。
2.语音学与音系学的关系。
语音学研究语音的产生、传播和接收，它是语言学的一个重要分支学科。
而音系学则是语音学中研究语言音素及其组织规律的一个分支领域。
语音学通过观察和记录语音现象，研究不同语音之间的差异和共性。
而音系学则在此基础上进一步研究语言中的音素及其分类、组织以及声音之间的相互关系。
简言之，语音学是对语音现象的整体研究，而音系学是语音学中对语音结构及其规律的具体研究。
三、分析题1.什么是语言的意义？语言的意义是指语言表达所传递的信息内容。
它涉及词汇意义、句子意义和话语意义等多个层次。
(完整版)语言学考试试题及其答案
一、填空１５%1、语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是根词。
2、语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字是最重要的辅助•••交际工具。
3、我国古代学者为读懂古书而建立的训诂学、文字学、音韵学组成了我国的语文学，通称为“小学”。
4、英语属于印欧语系的日耳曼语族的西部语支。
5、语音可以从生理角度分析它的产生方式，从物理•角度分析它的表现形式（传递过程），从社会功能角度分析它的功能作用。
6、是否能够独立（自由）运用，是区分词和语素的根本特点。
7、现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母，大多直接来源于拉丁字母。
8、具有不同功能的三种最基本的语法单位是语素、词、句子。
9、语言发展的主要特点是渐变性和不平衡性。
10、我国宪法（１９８２年）第１９条明确规定“国家推广全国通用的普通话”。
二、单项选择题（本大题共26小题，每题1分）1、下列关于“语言”和“言语”的表述中，不正确的一项是【】A.语言是社会的，言语是个人的B.语言是主要的，言语是从属的C.语言是抽象的，言语是具体的D.语言是书面的，言语是口头的答案：D2、下列关于一般语汇总体特点的表述中，正确的一项是【】A.构词能力强B.使用范围窄C.产生历史长D. 大多很稳定答案：B 解析：根据词在语汇系统中的重要程度，可以分为基本语汇和非基本语汇（一般语汇）两大类。
ACD三项都属于基本语汇的特点。
3、区分“单纯词”和“合成词”所依据的是【】A.词的音节数量B.词的语素数量C.词的音形关系D.词的地位用途4、语法规则的“系统性”是指【】A.对语言的结构和成分进行类的概括B.相同规则可在一个结构里重复使用C.语法规则之间可以相互推导和解释D.语法规则的发展变化过程十分缓慢答案：C 解析：ABD三项分别对应的是语法规则的“抽象性”、“递归性”、“稳定性”。
5、语音的四个物理要素中，区别不同的意义起着最为重要的作用的是【】A、音高B、音强C、音长D、音色6、元音和辅音本质区别是【】A、元音的发音可以延长，辅音不可以B、元音发音响亮，辅音不响亮C、元音发音时气流不受阻，辅音一定受阻D、发元音时，发音器官的各个部分均衡紧张；辅音则不然7、[ε]的发音特征是【】A、舌面前高不圆唇B、舌面后高不圆唇C、舌面前半高不圆唇D、舌面前半低不圆唇8、下列关于语义民族性的表述中，正确的一项是【】A.词义上的民族特点并不明显B.词的多义化不受民族特点的制约C.不同的民族语言在词的理性意义上并无差异D.不同的民族语言在词的非理性意义上会有所不同答案：D解析：不同民族对客观事物的认识不同，因而语义的民族特点也不同，词的多义化也会受制约，非理性意义也会有所不同，比如汉语中“狗”字常含贬义，像“走狗”；可在英语里，“dog”常含褒义，像“a lucky dog”（幸运儿）。
语言学考试题库及答案
语言学考试题库及答案一、选择题1. 语言学研究的核心对象是什么？A. 语言的起源B. 语言的结构C. 语言的演变D. 语言的使用答案：B2. 下列哪一项不是语言的组成部分？A. 语音B. 语法C. 语义D. 逻辑答案：D3. 索绪尔将语言符号分为哪两个部分？A. 符号和意义B. 能指和所指C. 语音和语义D. 形式和内容答案：B二、填空题1. 语言是______的，它由______和______构成。
答案：符号系统；形式；内容2. 语言的______功能是指人们通过语言进行交流的能力。
答案：交流3. 语言的______功能是指语言能够表达思想和情感的能力。
答案：表达三、简答题1. 简述语言和言语的区别。
答案：语言是指一种抽象的符号系统，它包括语音、语法、语义等规则和结构；言语则是指个人使用语言进行交流的具体行为。
2. 描述索绪尔的“能指”和“所指”概念。
答案：索绪尔认为语言符号由“能指”和“所指”两部分组成。
“能指”指的是语言符号的声音形式，而“所指”指的是符号所代表的概念或意义。
四、论述题1. 论述语言的任意性原则及其对语言学习和教学的影响。
答案：语言的任意性原则指的是语言符号的声音形式和它所代表的概念之间没有必然的联系。
这一原则对语言学习和教学有着深远的影响，因为它意味着学习者需要记忆每个符号的声音和意义之间的联系，而不能依赖于逻辑或直观的关联。
这对语言教学提出了挑战，要求教师设计有效的教学方法来帮助学生记忆和理解这些任意的联系。
2. 分析语言的交际功能及其在现代社会中的重要性。
答案：语言的交际功能是指语言作为交流工具，使人们能够传递信息、表达情感和进行社会互动。
在现代社会，随着全球化和信息技术的发展，语言的交际功能变得尤为重要。
有效的沟通能够促进国际合作、文化交流和商业交易，同时也有助于解决社会冲突和增进理解。
因此，掌握一门或多门语言对于个人和社会的发展至关重要。
语言学概论试题答案
语言学概论试题答案一、选择题1. 语言学是一门研究人类语言的学科，其研究对象是（B）。
A. 人类思维B. 人类语言C. 人类文化D. 人类行为2. 语音学是语言学的一个重要分支，它主要研究的是（C）。
A. 语法B. 词汇C. 声音系统D. 语义3. 语言学家关注的语言现象有哪些特征？（A）A. 具有普遍性、可刺激性、可被学得性、可被忘却性B. 具有多样性、诸变性、一致性、可被听说性C. 具有多样性、可被了解性、可被学得性、可被传承性D. 具有多样性、可刺激性、可被了解性、可被掌握性4. 语言是人类思维的外在表现，它的特点包括（B）。
A. 符号性、逻辑性、经验性、情感性B. 音素性、词汇性、语法性、交际性C. 语音性、声调性、音节性、语义性D. 文化性、习得性、传承性、社会性5. 语言学的研究方法主要包括哪些方面？（D）A. 观察法、统计法、实验法、调查法B. 比较法、分析法、综合法、实证法C. 形态法、句法法、语义法、语用法D. 理论法、实证法、历时法、内在法二、简答题1. 什么是语音学？简述语音学的基本研究对象。
语音学是语言学的一个分支学科，主要研究的是语言中声音的产生、传播和感知机制。
它研究的基本对象是语音。
语音是一种由声音信号组成的符号系统，通过声音的不同组合和规则，人们能够进行语言的交际和沟通。
2. 语言学的研究范围包括哪些方面？简要描述其中两个方面的内容。
语言学的研究范围涵盖了语音、词汇、语法、语义和语用等多个方面。
其中语音学主要研究语言中的声音系统，通过研究语音的音素、音位和音系等要素来揭示其规律和变化。
而语法学研究语言中的句子构成和组合规律，包括短语结构、词类、句法关系等内容。
三、论述题语言作为人类最为基本的交流工具和思维表达方式，对于人类社会和文化的发展起到了重要的作用。
语言学作为一门学科，对于深入研究和探索语言的本质和规律具有重要意义。
首先，语言学研究语言的普遍性和多样性。
语言在世界各地的人类社会中普遍存在，但不同语言之间又表现出多样性。
语言学试题及答案英文
语言学试题及答案英文1. 语言学是一门研究什么领域的学科？A. 人类语言B. 人类行为C. 人类文化D. 人类心理答案：A2. 请列举至少三种语言的类型。
答案：分析语言、综合语言、多词根语言。
3. 什么是音位学？A. 研究语言中意义的学科B. 研究语言中语法结构的学科C. 研究语言中声音系统的学科D. 研究语言中词汇的学科答案：C4. 下列哪项是语言学研究的主要分支？A. 社会语言学B. 物理化学C. 植物学D. 经济学答案：A5. 请解释“语言变异”的含义。
答案：语言变异指的是在不同地区、社会群体或个人之间，语言的发音、词汇、语法等方面存在的差异。
6. 什么是语用学？A. 研究语言如何被使用的学科B. 研究语言如何被创造的学科C. 研究语言如何被理解的学科D. 研究语言如何被翻译的学科答案：A7. 请列举两种语言的书写系统。
答案：表音文字（如英文）、表意文字（如汉字）。
8. 什么是语言的同化？A. 一种语言逐渐被另一种语言所替代B. 一种语言的词汇被另一种语言的词汇所替代C. 一种语言的语法结构被另一种语言的语法结构所替代D. 一种语言的发音系统被另一种语言的发音系统所替代答案：A9. 语言学中的“语料库”是什么？A. 语言学家收集的大量语言数据B. 语言学家进行实验的实验室C. 语言学家进行教学的教室D. 语言学家进行研究的图书馆答案：A10. 下列哪个术语与语言的演变无关？A. 语言演化B. 语言变迁C. 语言接触D. 语言创造答案：D。
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Translate the following terms from English into Chinese.把下列术语翻译成中文1.duality of structure _________结构的二元性_______________2.General Linguistics ________普通语言学________________3.voiceless consonant _________清辅音_______________plementary distribution ________互补分布________________5.free morpheme ________自由词素________________6.immediate constituent ________直接成份________________ponential Analysis ________成份分析________________8.American Structuralism ________美国结构主义________________9.zero morph _________零语子_______________10.structural ambiguity _________结构歧义_______________11.productivity _________多产性______________12.linguistic competence __________语言能力______________13.manner of articulation _________发音方法_______________14.intonation language _________语调语言_______________15.allophone __________音位变体______________16.inflectional morpheme _________曲折语素_______________17.phrase marker __________短语标记______________18.denotation __________指示______________19.Systemic-Functional Grammar __________系统功能语法______________20.bound morpheme __________粘着语素______________21.cultural transmission __________文化传播______________22.Descriptive Linguistics __________描写语言学______________23.derivational morpheme ___________派生词素_____________24.consonant ___________辅音_____________25.tone language ___________声调语言_____________26.empty morph ___________虚语子_____________27.syntax ___________语法_____________plementary antonym ___________互补反义词_____________29.mode of discourse ____________话语方式____________30.free variation _______自有变异_________________31.displacement __________取代______________32.paradigmatic relation __________集合体关系______________33.voiced consonant __________浊辅音______________34.minimal pair __________极小对______________35.phoneme __________音位______________36.lexical ambiguity __________词法的歧义性______________37.connotation __________内涵______________nguage acquisition device __________语言习得机制______________39.constituency __________选区______________40.alien __________相异______________41.design feature __________设计特点______________42.Theoretical Linguistics __________理论语言学______________43.diphthong __________双元音______________44.contrastive distribution __________对立分布______________45.translation-loan __________借译词______________46.ultimate constituent __________主要成分______________47.relational opposite __________关系对立词______________48.genre __________类型______________49.dependency __________从属______________50.denizen __________居民______________51.arbitrariness __________任意______________52.linguistic performance ___________语言行为_____________53.vowel ___________元音_____________54.free variation ___________自由变异_____________55.derivational morpheme _________派生词素_______________56.surface structure __________表层结构______________57.mode of discourse ___________话语方式_____________58.gradable antonym __________分级反义词______________59.Innateness Hypothesis __________天赋假说______________plementary antonym __________互补反义词______________61.interchangeability _______可交换性_________________62.syntagmatic relation ________结构关系________________63.pure vowel _________纯元音_______________64.intonation language _________语调语言_______________65.bound morpheme __________粘着语素______________66.linguistic competence __________语言能力______________67.deep structure __________深层结构______________68.semantic field __________语义场_____________69.context of situation ___________情境语境_____________70.manner of articulation ___________发音方法_____________71.discreteness ___________组件_____________72.Applied Linguistics _________应用语言学_______________73.immediate constituent __________直接成分______________74.place of articulation __________发音部位______________75.phoneme ___________音位；音素_____________76.zero morph _________零语子_______________77.structural ambiguity __________结构歧义______________78.hyponymy __________上下位关系______________79.tenor of discourse ___________语旨_____________ponential Analysis __________成分分析______________Answer the following questions.回答一下问题1.What are the differences between grammatical competence and pragmatic competence?2.What is the difference between free morphemes and bound morphemes? Illustrate it with examples.3.What are the three syntactic relations? Illustrate them with examples.4.What does it mean to say that language is arbitrary? Illustrate it with examples.5.What is the difference between tone languages and intonation languages? Illustrate it with examples.6.Explain the differences between inflectional affixes and derivational affixes in terms of both function and position.7.What does it mean to say that language is a system? Illustrate it with examples.8.What is the difference between an empty morph and a zero morph? Illustrate it with examples.9.What are the differences between surface structure and deep structure? Illustrate them with examples.10.What does it mean to say that language is symbolic? Illustrate it with examples.11.What is a morpheme? Illustrate the relationship between morphemes, morphs, and allomorphs with examples.12.What are the three general types of antonyms? And how do they differ from each other?13.What are the three sub-branches of phonetics? How do they differ from each other?14.What does Semantic Filed Theory mainly propose? Illustrate it with examples.15.What is the difference between segmental features and supra-segmental features? What are the supra-segmentalfeatures in English?16.What are the design features of languages?17.How does denotation differ from connotation? Illustrate their difference with examples.18.Why do we say “absolute synonyms are rare or even non-existent”? Illustrate it with examples.19.What does it mean to say that language is dual-structured?20.What does compounding mean? Illustrate with examples the differences between hyphenated compounds, solidcompounds and open compounds?21.What are the essential factors for determining sentence meaning? Illustrate them with examples.22.How does a diachronic description of a language differ from a synchronic description of a language? Illustrate theirdifference with examples.23.What are the three conditions for forming a minimal pair? Illustrate it with examples.24.What does clipping mean in morphology? Illustrate with examples the difference between back clipping, frontclipping, front and back clipping, and phrase clipping.Practical work.Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions：写对应于每一个下面语音描述的符号Example: a voiceless velar plosive [k]1) a voiced bilabial plosive __ [b] ____2) a voiceless labiodental fricative __ [f] ____3) a voiced bilabial nasal __ [ m ] ____4) a high front unrounded vowel __[ i ]___5) a voiced bilabial glide __[w]____6) a voiceless dental fricative __[θ]____7) a voiced labiodental nasal __[ŋ] ____8) a mid central unroudned vowel ___[ə:] ___9) a voiced velar plosive __ /g/ ____10) a voiceless alveolar fricative _[θ:]_____11) a voiced alveolar liquid __ ____12) a mid back rounded vowel __[ɔ:] ____13) a voiced dental fricative __[ ð ] ____14) a voiceless alveo-palatal affricative __ / ʃ /____15) a voiced post-alveolar liquid __ /ʒ/ ____16) a high back rounded vowel __ [u] ____17) a voiceless bilabial plosive ___[p]___18) a voiced alveolar fricative __[s]____19) a voiceless post-alveolar affricate __ [t̠ʃ] ____20) a low front unrounded vowel __[a]____21) a voiceless alveo-palatal fricative __t____22) a voiced post-alveolar affricate __[z]____23) a voiceless palatal plosive __[c]____24) a mid front unrounded vowel _[ε]___25) a voiceless alveolar plosive __ [t] ____26) a voiced alveolar nasal ______27) a voiced palatal glide ______28) a low central unrounded vowel __Λ____29) a voiced alveo-palatal fricative __x____30) a voiceless dental fricative __[θ]____31) a voiced alveo-palatal affricate ______32) a low back rounded vowel _[ɔ]_____Divide the following words into separate morphemes by placing a “+” between each morpheme and the next:Example: bookshelf = book + shelf1)manly = man+ly2)encourage = en+cour+age3)placement = place+ment4)agreement = agree+ment5)affixes =6)footprint = foot+print7)underestimation= under+estimation8)disapproval = dis+approval9)gentleman = gentle+man10)entertainment = enter+tain+ment11)entitle = en+title12)reread =re+read13)unfit = un+fit14)waterbed = water+bed15)disorderly = dis+order+ly16)unsuccessful = un+success+ful17)structural = structural18)sweeten = sweet+en19)marker = mark+er20)decided = decid+ed21)exciting = excit+ing22)greenhouse = green+house23)disgraceful = dis+grace+ful24)enlargement = en+large+ment25)informed =inform+ed26)amazing = amaz+ing27)advanced =advance+ed28)enrich =en+rich29)deafen =deaf+en30)undergo = un+dergo31)irregularly = ir+regular+ly32)decoded = decod+ed33)incorrect = in+correct34)undo = un+do35)weekly = week+ly36)functional =func+tion+al37)illiterate = ill+iterate38)sleepwalk = sleep+walk39)unmanly = un+man+ly40)befriended = be+friend+ed41)disobey = dis+oney42)rewrite = re+write43)yearly = year+ly44)troublesome = trouble+some45)talented = talent+ed46)lookout = look+out47)boyishness = boy+ish+ness48)disappearance = dis+appear+ance49)supervise = super+vise50)costly = cost+ly51)inspiring = inspire+ing52)prescription =pre+scrip+tion53)threaten = threat+en54)overlook = over+look55)undesirable = un+desir+able56)irreplaceable = ir+re+place+able57)eatable = eat+able58)amusement = amuse+ment59)monthly = month+ly60)generalize =generalize61)logical =logic+al62)grandfather = grand+father63)incorruptible = in+corrupt+ible64)reenactment =re+enact+mentMatch the names of linguistic figures in column A with the schools or theories or works of linguistics in column B:Column A Column B1)Saussure ( d ) a. Systemic-Functional Grammar2)Halliday ( a ) b. The London School3)Firth ( b ) c.Transformational-Generative Grammar4)Chomsky ( c ) d. The Founder of Structuralism系统功能语法（Systemic-functional Grammar）由英国语言学家韩礼德（Halliday）伦敦学派是以长期在伦敦大学的东方与非洲研究学院教授语音学与语言学并于1944 年成为英国第一任语言学教授弗斯(Firth)为首的语言学派换-生成语法（Transformational-generative grammar，简称TG）是美国语言学家乔姆斯基Column A Column B5)Chomsky ( c ) a. American Structuralism6)Bloomfield ( a ) b. Relational Grammar7)Lamb ( b ) c. Syntactic Structures8)Perlmutter and Postal ( d ) d. Stratificational GrammarColumn A Column B9)Chomsky ( b ) a. The Prague School10)Mathesius ( a ) b. Aspects of The Theory of Syntax11)Malinowski ( d ) c. Case Grammar12)Fillmore ( c ) d. Coral Gardens and Their MagicColumn A Column B13)Chomsky ( b ) a. American Structuralism14)Firth ( d ) b. The Minimalist ProgramColumn A Column B17)Chomsky ( c ) a. Montague Grammar18)Hjelmslev ( d ) b. Lexical-Functional Grammar19)Montague ( a ) c. The Innateness Hypothesis20)Brasnan & Kaplan ( b ) d. The Copenhagen SchoolColumn A Column B21)Chomsky ( b ) a. The Copenhagen School22)Jakobson ( d ) b. Language Acquisition Device23)Mathesius ( c ) c. Communicative Dynamism24)Hjelmslev ( a ) d. The Distinctive Feature TheoryColumn A Column B25)Chomsky ( d ) a. The Founder of the London School26)Halliday ( c ) b. The Founder of Structuralism27)Firth ( a ) c. Systemic-Functional Grammar28)Saussure ( b ) d. The Extended Standard TheoryColumn A Column B29)Chomsky ( b ) a. Coral Gardens and Their Magic30)Hjelmslev ( d ) b. The Classical Theory31)Jakobson ( c ) c. The Distinctive Feature Theory32)Malinowski ( a ) d. The Copenhagen SchoolDraw the deep structure phrase markers for the following two sentences:1)John is attending the class.2)Mary could have seen the film.3)Mary is chasing the dog.4)John could have read the book.5)Tom is eating an orange.6)Nancy could have done her homework.7)Johnson is reading a book.8)David could have finished his homework.9)David is singing a song.10)Tim could have told the truth.11)Tim is playing the piano.12)Johnson could have stolen the wallet.13)Nancy is playing the badminton.14)Mary could have seen the poster.15)George is doing his homework.David could have read the novel. 八年级英语试题(含听力材料和答案)（考试时间：120分钟，满分为150分）听力部分一、听句子，选出与其意思相符的图画。