unit10(2)

• 4. 宾语从句中的连接词that，限 宾语从句中的连接词that that， 制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代 词常省略。例如： 词常省略。例如： • I think (that) you are wrong. • She is the woman (who/ whom /that) we are talking about.
• 3. 省略不定式符号to。不定式作动词make 省略不定式符号to 不定式作动词make to。 /let以及感官动词的宾语补足语时要省略to， 以及感官动词的宾语补足语时要省略to /let以及感官动词的宾语补足语时要省略to， 但变成被动语态时不能省略。例如： 但变成被动语态时不能省略。例如：
• The boss made the workers work day and night. • The workers were made to work day and night.
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在密切联系的语境中，为避免重复， 在密切联系的语境中，为避免重复，作宾 语或宾语补足语的不定式只保留to 例如： to。 语或宾语补足语的不定式只保留to。例如：
（三）分句式替代常用so, not 分句式替代常用so,
• • • • 1. He hopes he’ll win and I hope so too. he ll 2. —Will it rain today? Will —I believe not. (= I don t think so.) don’t I so用于替代宾语从句的分句 用于替代宾语从句的分句， so用于替代宾语从句的分句，表示说话者赞同前 述事实，表示看法、意见等的动词有think, 述事实，表示看法、意见等的动词有think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine, guess, say, fear等 hope fear等。 • Think so, believe so, expect so等变为否定形式有 so等变为否定形式有 两种途径： 用动词的否定形式； not代 两种途径：1）用动词的否定形式；2）用not代 so。 so等变为否定 替so。但be afraid so, fear so, hope so等变为否定 形式只用第2种方法。 形式只用第2种方法。
• 4. He is at least as tall as his brother, if not __________. • A. tall B. taller • C. so tall D. the taller • 5. __________ your letter, I would have written back two days ago. • A. If I received B. Should I receive • C. Had I received D. If I could have received
• （二）动词性替代常用do, do so/ 动词性替代常用 it /that等。例如： 等 例如： • 1.—I told him about it. • —I did, too. • 2. He had promised to pay, but failed to do so (it/ that).
• 2. 比较状语从句的省略。例如： 比较状语从句的省略。例如：
• I’m taller than he (is tall). m • The higher the temperature (is), the greater the pressure (is).
• 3. 某些虚拟语气的句子可以省略should。虚 某些虚拟语气的句子可以省略should should。 拟条件句有时可以省略if if， 拟条件句有时可以省略if，但从句要使用倒 装结构。例如： 装结构。例如： • I suggest that he (should) study more English before going abroad. • Were I you (= If I were you), I would go with her.
• 1. The Parkers bought a new house but __________ will need a lot of work before they can move in. • A. they B. it C. one D. which • 2. The boy wanted to ride his bike in the street, but his mother told him _________. • A. not to B. not to do • C. not do it D. don’t • 3. —I’ll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat? • —Not at all, _____________. • A. I’ve no time B. I’d rather not • C. I’d like it D. I’d be happy to
About Ellipsis and Substitution
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省略和替代这两种语言现象一般出 现在上下文相同的语境中， 现在上下文相同的语境中，它们的 共同目的都是让句子避免重复， 共同目的都是让句子避免重复，言 简意赅。 简意赅。
• 省略和替代都是在日常英语中常用 到的语法内容， 到的语法内容，与我们的生活关系 密切，所以非常的重要。 密切，所以非常的重要。
与so有关的两个句型： so有关的两个句型 有关的两个句型：
• 1. 表示说话者赞同前述事实：So + 主语 连系动词（助 表示说话者赞同前述事实： 主语+连系动词 连系动词（ 动词或情态动词）。例如： ）。例如 动词或情态动词）。例如： • —It was cold yesterday. • —So it was. • 2. 表示前述情况也适用于另一主语的句型：a）通用句型： 表示前述情况也适用于另一主语的句型： ）通用句型： So it is (was) with + 另一主语。b）只用于肯定情况的 另一主语。 ） 句型：So + 连系动词（助动词或情态动词）+另一主语； 句型： 连系动词（助动词或情态动词） 另一主语； 另一主语 否定情况则使用： +连系动词 连系动词（ 否定情况则使用：Neither (Nor) +连系动词（助动词或 情态动词） 另一主语 例如： 另一主语。 情态动词）+另一主语。例如： • He is a farmer. So it is with his brother. (= So is his brother.) • I enjoyed the book and so did my wife. (= So it was with my wife.) • She didn’t come. Neither / Nor did her sister. (= So it was with her sister.)
（二）并列句的省略
• 为使句子简洁，在无损句子完整的 为使句子简洁， 前提下常省略相同成分。例如： 前提下常省略相同成分。例如： • He often regards English as easy and (he often regards) French as difficult. • I could have stayed home, but I didn’t (stay home). didn t
（三）（简单句）习惯省略 ）（简单句） 简单句
• 1. 对话语境中前后省略。例如： 对话语境中前后省略。例如：
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• —How are you? —(I m) Fine. (I’m) How (I • 2. 介词in, from等在搭配中的省略。例如： 等在搭配中的省略。 介词in, from等在搭配中的省略 例如：
• When (the museum is ) completed, the museum will be open to the public next year. • He ll go to the seaside for his holiday if (it is ) He’ll possible.
二 Substitution
• 一）名词性替代常用one, it, that, those, 名词性替代常用one, same和人称代词或物主代词 例如： 和人称代词或物主代词。 the same和人称代词或物主代词。例如：
• 1. Mr Smith gave the textbooks to all the pupils except the ones who had already taken them. • 2. I hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have one. • 3. I hate it when people talk with their mouths full. • 4. The houses of the rich are larger than those of the poor. • 5. —Can I have a cup of black coffee with sugar? Can • —Give me the same, please. Give
• • • • He spends his evening (in) studying Chinese. They are busy (in) cleaning the room. We could stop them (from) moving the heavy box. 这类词常为waste/ 这类词常为waste/ succeed / difficulty/ trouble/ prevent等 keep/ prevent等。