四级写作补充讲义__石雷鹏 功能段落法 201305

7）强调句：1）强调谓语：I love you. -� I do love you. / I did love you. 2) 强调句式：It is +被强调成分+that/who+句子其他成分 8） （半）倒装： 1）表否定的副词、 短语或状语位于主语之前或句首，主句半倒装(一 般疑问句语序)；Eg. I will never agree. � Never will I agree. 2）Only +状语位于句首，主句半倒装 When my beloved is beside myself, I can feel the true happiness. � Only when my beloved is beside myself, can I feel the true happiness. 3) As/though 倒装形式 Although ZYK is a girl, she is called brother Zeng. � Girl as ZYK is, she is called brother Zeng. 4）平衡结构性倒装：如图表作文首句：Given is a chart which clearly illustrates the striking contrast/ relation between _____ and ______. 9）双重否定：用于强调: no ____ is / are more _____ than ________. The importance of _____ can not be too emphasized. 10）Ving/ Ved 状语：I climbed the stairs. I took a suitcase. � I climbed the stairs, taking a suitcase. � Climbing the stairs, I took a suitcase. 11）with 结构：with+n/pron+adj /ed /ving/ prep
2）名词从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句
3）定语从句：写作步骤：1）先写出正确简单句，确定被修饰成分（中心名词）
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四级功能段落讲义
石雷鹏
ຫໍສະໝຸດ Baidu
教师版
2） 在中心名词后加入定从， 关系词 who, whose, whom, where, which, when 4）含同位语句式： 1） 人—》 身份； Eg. I am convinced that …� As a college student, I am convinced that 2 ）物—》性质 : A strong will brings us power … � As a vital quality, a strong will brings us 5）it 句式：形式主语 1）it is +被动/形容词/名词+that 从句/to do … 形式宾语 2）sb find/ notice it difficult to do … 6）there be:
a．前面有逗号，与整个句子隔开：充当整个句子状语成分 b．前面无逗号，直接用在名词后：充当前面名词定语成分 12) 插入语：
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四级功能段落讲义
石雷鹏
教师版
三、六种功能段落（篇章层面为六种功能段落的排列组合）
四、篇章写作思路： 现象、危害、原因、建议、观点（利弊） 、意义段写作逻辑：
4.1 现象描述段：______（引出问题+具体描述+总结问题）=主题句+具体现象 1）引出问题： ☆ 首 句 1. On many campuses/ In contemporary society/Nowadays, it has become a (prevalent) trend/tendency for _______to ______. ☆ 首 句 2. Living in an era of knowledge/competition, ______have more access to ______. ☆首句 3. In recent years, (it can be noticed that) __________________________than (ever) before. (比较级引出问题) ☆ 首 句 4 ： In China, _________ has/ have gained great/wide popularity among _______. 或： In China, ______ has been enjoying growing popularity and it is of great importance. 首 句 5 ： The past years /decades have seen the huge/speedy advancement/ development of _____________. 2）具体描述： 二句 1： （事实描述） Meanwhile, an increasing number of individuals/people find it difficult/ hard/ troublesome to __________________. An increasing number of: find--> deem/ regard 负面：difficult�正面： 二句 2： （举例描述 1）A case in point is /A typical example is/This phenomenon can be best illustrated by the fact that . Turning/Taking a look around/at_______, we can notice/find a ☆ （举例描述 2） great many/plenty of/a good deal of examples like this: 两个例子. 二句 3：(举例描述 3)：Our daily life has been filled with a variety of examples, (but the following will suffice:) ______________. 二句 4： （调查法描述： ） (According to a recent survey,) a majority/72.34% of people/ students /individuals /citizens /residents admit/reckon /acknowledge that _______. 3）总结问题：承上+启下 三句 1： （承上） Thus/Therefore/Hence, （启下） how to _______________ effectively has become a matter of concern. ☆ 三句 2： （承上）As a result/ Consequently/ Accordingly ， （启下）_____ requires/ necessitates/ calls for close attention of the whole society. ☆ 三句 3: (承上) So, （启下 1）due attention should be paid to _____/ （或）we should keep a close eye on ____.
四级功能段落讲义
石雷鹏
教师版
第一章 审题注意三事项： 1. 体裁+话题 2. 内容要求：汉语提纲/英文提示 3. 字数：四级 140-160/六级 170-190
总论
写作时间安排： 1. 审题：识别功能段落 2. 以关键词形式打草稿 3. 段落写作：现象、原因、危害、建议、意义、观点 4. 检查修正 第二章 写作基础
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四级功能段落讲义
石雷鹏
教师版
4.2 分析危害段： （弊）=主题句+危害 1+危害 2+总结 主题句 1： If we keep turning a blind eye, this trend is bound to generate/ result in/lead to serious effects. ☆ 主 题句 2: Apparently enough, there are some negative impacts which we should not ignore/neglect. ☆ 主 题 句 3 ： Quite obviously, it is of great necessity to figure out the negative influences (behind it). 主 题 句 4 ： To tackle this problem, it is of great/vital significance to analyze the potential negative impacts of this matter. 具体危害写法 ☆危害 1 ： To begin with, _____ may damage/ hurt/ injure/ harm/ impair/ undermine the over-all development of ______, (because____________). ☆危害 2：Moreover, (强调句式) it is _____ that does not enable ______to build up / expand /enjoy__________. 危害 3 ： This trend is particularly worth concern for the background that ____ focus too much eyesight on ____, totally turning a blind eye to the significance of _____. ☆ 危 害 4 ： Besides, (it can be argued that) _____ means/equals a grave amount of time/energy/natural resources; (however, the result/ quality /reality of _____is not always as satisfactory as expected). ☆ 危害 5 ： As a matter of fact, ______in mounting/ large numbers have ignored the significance /necessity of _____ ☆万能危害总结 1 ： And if we let this situation continue as it is, we will not know where ____ will be in the forthcoming future. 危害总结 2：To conclude, it is undeniable that the bad impacts of _____ can never be turned a blind eye to. 4.3 分析原因段：=主题句+原因 1+原因 2+总结 ☆主题句 1 ： Generally speaking, several reasons can account for this phenomenon. (中性话题) 主题句 2： In general, there are several factors contributing to this phenomenon(, but the following may be the most critical).（中性话题） ☆主题句 3：It is evident that the causes of this phenomenon are diverse. 主题句 4：To solve/deal with this worrying/disturbing issue, it is of vital significance to explore / investigate the possible reasons. ☆原因 1 ： In the first place, ___________ is the root cause. A good case in point is that _____________________/(According to a survey), a majority of ______ admit that _____. (原因+例子/或调查法描述) In the second place, _____ constitutes another major cause. Specifically/To ☆原因 2： be specific, _______________________________. (原因+具体说明:即现象描述). ☆原因 3： （强调句式）Then, it is _____ that makes /attracts/ enables ____ to ___. ☆ 万 能原因 4 ： As a matter of fact, ______in mounting/ large numbers have (not) come to realize the significance /necessity of _____(for ____) ☆原因 5: Besides, social prejudice/ignorance plays a critical role in this issue/matter. ☆ 原 因 总 结 1 ： As a consequence, _______ pay relatively less(more) attention to _______. 原因总结 2：Consequently, ____ has (not) been emphasized.
一、 写作用词两方面： 1. 广度：using a rich variety of words � 方法：1). 同义反义词； 2). 同根词（词性转化） ； 3). 范畴词：上义词、 下义词、 相关词 （如： 题目 online shopping 的相关词可以是： Internet, shopping websites, customers, online stores, goods） 4). 代词替换：某群体 those with/ people who 如： 拥有博士学位的人群� those with doctoral degrees/ people who have doctoral degrees 2. 广度：弃用第一反映词。 二、 句子写作 2.1 造句原则：1) 切忌逐字翻译；2）汉语意思—》英文结构 2.2 造句基础：1）简单句：主谓、主谓宾、主系表、主谓双宾、主谓宾补 2）并列句：and/ or/ while/ but 3）复合句：名词从句、定语从句、状语从句 备注：三种基本句式变体为：陈述句、疑问句、感叹句、祈使句 等 2.3 如何写正确？三个事项： 1）词性；2）单复数；3）动词（时态、语态、语气） 4 写作翻译常用句式： 2. 2.4 For CET-4 1）被动