大学一年级下学期会计学原理-会计学原理名词解释

名词解释1.Accounting: An information and measurement system that identifies, records, and municatesrelevant, reliable, and parable information about an organization’s business activities.(P2)2.Double-entry bookkeeping: each transaction affect, and are recorded in, at least two accounts. It alsomeans the total amount debited must equal the total amount credited for each transaction.(P32) 3.Business entity assumption: a business is accounted for separately from other business entities,including its owner.(P7)4.Going-concern assumption: accounting information reflects a presumption that the business willcontinue operating instead of being closed or sold.(P7)5.Moary unit assumption: we can express transactions and events in moary, or money, units.(P7)6.Time period assumption: the life of pany can be divided into time periods, such as month and years,and that useful reports can be prepared for those periods.(P7)7.Revenue recognition principle: provides guidance on when a pany must recognize revenue.(1.Revenue is recognized when earned. 2. Proceeds from selling products and services need not be incash. 3. revenue is measured by the cash received plus the cash value of any other items received.) (P7)8.Matching principle: a pany must record its expenses incurred to generate the revenue reported. (P7)9.Full-disclosure principle: a pany to report the details behind financial statements that would impactusers’ decisions.(P7)10.Consistency concept: a pany use the same accounting methods period after period so that financialstatements are parable across periods-----the only exception is when a change from one method to another will improver its financial statements.(P152)11.Conservatism constraint: the use of the less optimistic amoun t when more than one estimate of theamount to be received or paid exists and these estimates are about equally likely.(P153)12.Materiality constraint: an amount can be ignored if its effect on the financial statements isunimportant to users’ business decisions.(P232)13.Asset: resources owned or controlled by a pany and that have expected future benefits.(P29)14.Current Asset: cash and other resources that are expected to be sold, collected or used within oneyear or the pany’s operating cycle, whichever is longer(P97)15.Liability: a probable future payment of assets or services that a pany is presently obligated to makeas a result of past transactions or events. (P281)16.Current liability: also called short-term liabilities, are obligations due within one year or the pany’scycle, whichever is longer.(P282)17.Long-term liability: a pany’s obligations not expected to be paid within the longer of one year or thepany’s operating cycle.(P282)18.Equity: the owner’s claim on a pany’s assets. (P31)19.Retained Earning: the cumulative ine (and loss) not distributed as dividends to itsstockholders.(P348)20.Gross Profit: also called gross margin, which equals sales less cost of goods sold.(P113)sales = Sales – Sales discounts – Sales returned and allowances简答1.Steps involved in Accounting cycle (P95)Step 1 analyze transactionsStep 2 JournalizeStep 3 postStep 4 prepare unadjusted trial balanceStep 5 adjustStep 6 prepare adjusted trial balanceStep 7 prepare statementsStep 8 closeStep 9 prepare post-closing trail balance(step 10 reverse)2.Introduce basic financial statement(P14)1.ine statement——describes a pany’s revenues and expenses along with the resulting ine or lossover a period of time due to earning activities.2.statement of owner’s equity——explains changes in equity from ine ( or loss) and from anyowner investments and withdrawals over a period of time.3.balance sheet——describes a pany’s financial position (types and amounts of assets, liabilitiesand equity) at a point of time.3.Accrual basis VS cash basis (P60)Accrual basis accounting uses the adjusting process to recognize revenues when earned and expenses when incurred ( matched with revenues) .Matching principleCash basis accounting recognizes revenues when cash is received and records expenses when cash is paid.4.Principles of internal control (P202)1.Establish responsibilities2.maintain adequate records3.separate recordkeeping from custody of assets4.divide responsibility for related transactions5.perform regular and independent reviews5.Principles of cash control (P205)1.handling cash is separate from recordkeeping of cash2.cash receipts are promptly deposited in a bank3.cash disbursements are made by check..6.Capital expenditures VS revenue expenditures (P252)Capital expenditures are additional costs of plant assets that provide benefits extending beyond the current period. They are debited to asset accounts and reported on the balance sheet. Capital expenditures increase or improve the type or amount of service an asset provides.Revenue expenditures are additional costs of plant assets that do not materially increase the asset’s life or productive capabilities. They are recorded as expenses and deducted from revenues in the current period’s ine statement.7.advantages and disadvantages of corporation (P345)Advantages: 1.separate legal entity2. limited liability of stockholders3. transferable ownership rights4. continuous life5. lack of mutual agency for stockholders6. ease of capital accumulationDisadvantages: 1. government regulation2.corporate taxation------------------------- 赠予------------------------【幸遇•书屋】你来，或者不来我都在这里，等你、盼你等你婉转而至盼你邂逅而遇你想，或者不想我都在这里，忆你、惜你忆你来时莞尔惜你别时依依你忘，或者不忘我都在这里，念你、羡你念你袅娜身姿羡你悠然书气人生若只如初见任你方便时来随你心性而去却为何，有人为一眼而愁肠百转为一见而不远千里晨起凭栏眺但见云卷云舒风月乍起春寒已淡忘如今秋凉甚好几度眼迷离感谢喧嚣把你高高卷起砸向这一处静逸惊翻了我的万卷和其中的一字一句幸遇只因这一次被你拥抱过，览了被你默诵过，懂了被你翻开又合起被你动了奶酪和心思不舍你的过往和过往的你记挂你的现今和现今的你遐想你的将来和将来的你难了难了相思可以这一世。