Lesson19BilgeWaterTreatmentSystem
物理化学水处理英文讲义

Physical-chemical treatment ofwater and wastewaterTopic 1●Course descriptionPrinciples of treatment for removing contaminants from drinking water and municipal wastewater ;includes air stripping, coagulation and flocculation, sedimentation, air flotation, filtration, disinfection, oxidation, membrane processes, water softening, and carbon adsorption.●Water quality regulation●Water characteristicsMicrobiological contaminants:a)Coliform bacteriab)More resistant microbesc)Protozoad)VirusesSynthetic organic chemicals(SOCs):a)Disinfection by-products(DBPs): THMs, HAAsb)Industrial contaminants: VOCsc)Agricultural contaminantsInorganic chemicals(IOCs):a)Ground water contaminants: Heavy metal, radioactive wastesb)Plumbing systems: Pb, Cuc)Disinfectant residuals●Processes selectionConsiderations:1)Contaminants removal2)Utility capability3)Source water quality4)Costs5)Reliability6)Environmental capability7)Existing conditions8)Distribution system water quality9)Process flexibility●Fundamental principles1)Mass balance2)Reaction kinetics3)Reactor design4)Aquatic chemistry: Acid-base chemistry/Precipitation/Oxidation-reductionAim at:a)Facilitating separations (转移)b)Achieving destruction (转化)●Material Balance●Reactor Theorya)Mixed Batch Reactor(MBR) –混合式反应器b)Continuously (Completely) Stirred Tank Reactor(CSTR) –连续搅拌式反应器c)Plug Flow Reactor(PFR) –推流式反应器●MBRa)Well-mixedb)Uniform composition in all substances and conditionsc)Constant volumed)No flow in or out●CSTRa)Well-mixedb)Uniform composition in all substances and conditionsc)With same flow in or out●PFRa)Uniform longitudinal velocity profileb)Transverse well-mixingc)No longitudinal mixingd)With same flow in or out●Fundamental of reaction kineticsGlossaryUnit operations-单元操作(physical forces) ; Unit processes-单元过程(chemical reactions); Acidity-酸度; Alkalinity-碱度; Bases Coefficient- ; Equilibrium constant-平衡常数; ppm-百万分率; ppb-十亿分率;Physical-chemical treatment ofwater and wastewaterTopic 2 Basics of Water and Wastewater●WaterLake/ river/ reservoir/ groundwater●Wastewatera)Sanitary wastewater(生活废水)b)Non-sanitary wastewater(非生活废水)c)Storm sewage(暴雨污水)●Constituents in water and wastewatera)Physical characteristicsTurbidity(NTU)/ Color(CU)/ Taste(TTN)/ Odor(TON)/ Temperatureb)Chemical characteristicsOrganicBOD (Biological Oxygen Demand)/COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand)/TOC (Total Organic Carbon)/Surfactants: Detergents/VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds)/Fat/ Oils/ Waxes/ GreaseInorganicAnion: Choloride (Cl-)/ Fluoride(F-)/ Nitrate(NO3-)/ Sulfate(S2-)Cation: Sodium(Na)/ Iron(Fe)/ Manganese(Mn)/ Lead(Pb) /Copper(Cu)/ Zinc(Zn)OthersPhAcidity and alkalinityNitrogenPhosphorousPriority pollutants(优先控制污染物)Toxic metal and nonmetal ions●Constituer 构成TS (total solids)/TFS (total fixed solids)/ TVS (total volatile solids)/FSS (fixed suspended solids)----TSS(total suspended solids)----- VSS(volatile suspended solids) FDS (fixed dissolved solids)-------TDS(total dissolves solids)------VDS(volatile dissolves solids)●Other Important Terms1)BOD/COD/TOC/TN/TP/TSS2)Solubility Product(溶度积)3)Chemical Equilibrium(化学平衡)4)Henry’s Law Constant(亨利常数)5)DO●Indicator MicroorganismServing as a surrogate to indicate the water quality with respect to the fecal contamination or relative quantities of all forms of pathogens.a)Fecal Pollutant Originb)Indicator OrganismsEscherichia coli/ Fecal coliform/ Total coliformc)Numeration(计数方法):Membrane Filtration Technique●Measurement…●CalculationHardnessAlkalinityPhysical-chemical treatment ofwater and wastewaterTopic 3 Typical Processes for Water Treatment●Water EngineeringTasks:a)Removal of particlesb)Removal of pathogen to prevent waterborne diseasesc)Removal of chemical cotaminantsd)Control of taste and odorGoals:a)BOD51-5mg/Lb)TN <1mg N/Lc)TP <0.5mg P/L●Management of Water ResourcesSource selectionsMajor Sources: River/ Lake/ reservoir/ Groundwater/ Sea water●River WaterQuality:a)Fluctuates in time and location;b)Usually has a high turbidity, large number of bacteria, and a low hardness;c)May have overgrowth of algae generating unpleasant flavors (smells & tastes) andcolor.●EutrophicationEutrophication often occurs in closed water bodies such as shallow tidal rivers, lakes, reservoirs, sea bays because of limited dilution capacity resulting in nutrients accumulation in the mud.Cause:a)Death of fishes due to release of toxicants from a algae;b)Shortage of dissolved oxygen during night-time as algae consume a great deal ofoxygen by algal respiration;c)Unpleasant flavors such as bad taste and smell and high tubidity.Deal with: below 1mg N/L & 0.5mg P/L●Water Treatment & Supply Systems for River WaterMajor impurities:large & small sized debris, fine particles, ammonia, algae, dissolved organic matter…System:River →Pumping →Plain sedimentation →coagulation →Flocculation →Sedimentation →Filtration →Disinfection →Pumping →Storage →Neighborhood●Lake/ Reservoir Water TreatmentMajor impurities:SS & TDS lower than river waterQuality:Clear than river water because of the sedimentation effect.Quantity:It also varies in seasons.System:Lake →Pumping →Aeration/ Prechlorination/ Preoxidation →coagulation →Flocculation →Sedimentation →Filtration →Disinfection →Pumping →Storage →Neighborhood●Ground Water/ Well Water TreatmentMajor impurities:Heavy metal, chemical & biological pollutants.Hardness:Ca & MgSystem:Well →Aeration →Softening →Filtration →Disinfection →Add Fluoride →Storage →Neighborhood●Other Water Treatment Processesa)Softeningb)Ion Exchangec)Reverse Osmosis 反渗透d)Activated Carbon AdsorptionPhysical-chemical treatment ofwater and wastewaterTopic 4 Overview of Sewage Treatment●Terminology◆Composition-构成; Constituents-成分; Contaminants-污染物;Pollutants-污染物;Impurities-杂质; Nutrient-营养物;◆Point sources-点源; Non-point sources-非点源; Effluent-流出; Influent-流入;◆Reclamation-再生; Recycling-回收利用; Repurification-再净化;Reuse-重新使用◆Sludge-污泥; Solids-固体; Biosolid-生物固体;●Parameters of wastewaterBOD5/DO/COD/TDS/TP/TN/Fecal coliform●Effluent Standardsa)Established from a stand view of “best available technology”b)Consider environmental or purification capacity of a water receiving bodyc)Depend on usage of a receiving body and types of treatment methods●Treatment levela)Preliminaryb)Primaryc)Advanced primaryd)Secondarye)Secondary with nutrient removalf)Consider environmental or purification capacity of a water receiving bodyg)Advanced●Typical Sewage Treatment SystemRaw Waste →Bar Screen →Grit Chamber →Primary Sedimentation →Biological Treatment →Secondary Sedimentation →Advanced Treatment →Disinfection →Receiving Water Body●Types of sewage treatment processesa)Mechanical treatmentb)Biological treatmentc)Advanced treatment●Removal of constituentsa)Suspended solidsScreening/ Grit removal/ Sedimentation/ High-rate clarification/ Flotation/Chemical precipitation/ Depth filtration/ Surface filtrationb)Biodegradable organics (可生物降解的有机物)Aerobic suspended growth variations/ Aerobic attached growth variations/Anaerobic suspended growth variations/Anaerobic attached growth variations/Lagoon variations/ Physical-chemical systems/ Chemical oxidation/Advanced oxidation/ Membrane filtrationc)NutrientsNitrogen: Chemical oxidation/Suspended-growth nitrification(硝化) and denitrification(反硝化) /Fixed-film nitrification and denitrification variations/Air stripping/ Ion exchangePhosphorus: Chemical treatment/ Biological phosphorus removalNitrogen & phosphorus: Biological nutrient removal variationsd)PathogenChlorine compounds/ Chlorine dioxide/ Ozone/ Ultraviolet(UV) radiatione)Colloidal and dissolved solidsMembrane/ Chemical treatment/ Carbon adsorption/ Ion exchangef)Volatile organic compoundsAir stripping/ Carbon adsorption/ Advanced oxidation/g)OdorsChemical scrubbers/ Carbon adsorption/ Biofilters/ Compost filters●Primary Treatmenta)Preliminary treatment: Bar screen/ Grit chamber/ Comminuterb)Primary Sedimentation●Biological Treatment (secondary)a)Activated Sludgeb)Trickling Filterc)Rotating Biological Contactor●Disinfection●Oil and Grease Control●Advanced Treatmenta)Nitrogen removal: Ammonia stripping/ Nitrification/ Denitrificationb)Phosphorus removal: Chemical precipitation/ Biological Processesc)For water reused)Depend on usage: filtration/ GACWordsNitrosomonas - 亚硝化单胞菌; Nitrobacter –硝化菌; Denitrifer –脱氮菌Physical-chemical treatment of water and wastewaterTopic 5 Preliminary Unit Operations●Unit operations and processesUnit operationsa)Flow meters流量计b)Pumpingc)Screeningd)Mixinge)Flocculationf)Setting and flotationg)Filtrationh)Adsorptioni)Aeration and stripping j)Membrane Unit processesa)Softeningb)Neutralization中和c)Stabilizationd)Chemical precipitatione)Phosphorus removalf)Iron and manganese removalg)Coagulationh)Ion exchangei)Disinfectionj)Oxidation-reduction●Flow Metersa)Coriolis flowmetersb)Turbine flowmeters 涡轮流量计c)Differential pressure flowmeters 压差流量计d)Variable area flowmeters 转子流量计●WeirsWeir is an obstruction that is used to back up a flowing stream of liquid.●ScreeningA unit operation that separates materials into different sizes .Coarse screens(6-150mm)/ Micro screens(<0.5um)/ Fine screens(<6mm)a)Screenings retained on the coarse (>12mm)Debris, rocks, branches, pieces of lumbers, leaves, paper, plastics, rags, organics…b)Screenings retained on the fine(>6mm)Small rags, razor blades, grid, feces…●Coarse solids reductiona)Comminutor 磨碎机b)Macerator 碎渣机c)Grinder 研磨机●Flow equalizationA method used to overcome the operational problems caused by flowrate variations, toimprove the performance of the downstream processes, to reduce the size and cost of downstream treatment facilities.●Grit removalGrit chambers are designed to remove grit, consisting of sand, gravel, cinders, or other heavy solid materials that have subsiding velocities or specific gravities substantially greater than those of the organic putrescible solid in wastewater.Horizontal-flow grit chambers/ Aerated grit chambers/ Vortex-type grit chambers●PumpingA unit operation that is used to move fluid from one point to another.●Mixingwater and wastewaterTopic 6 Aeration ( Air Stripping )●MechanismExchange of gases from air phase to water phase (absorption) or from water phase to air phase (stripping) due to the displacement of the system from equilibrium partitioning.Unsaturation/absorption Saturation/equilibrium Supersaturation/desorption●Two-Film TheoryIt states that gas transfer is governed by the resistance of the gas and liquid films surrounding the interface.●Gas Transfer TheoryTherefore, the extent of displacement of the system from equilibrium provides the driving force that governs the gas (mass) transfer.●Major Types of Aeration MeansDiffused (or bubble) aerationSurface (mechanical) aerationGravity aerators: Cascade/ Inclined/ Tower/ Stack Tray/ Cascade Tower/ Spray Aeratorwater and wastewater Topic 7 Coagulation/ Flocculation●Colloidal StabilityRepulsion force: Electrostatic potentialAttraction force: Van der Waals force●Coagulation Theorya)Iron layer compressionb)Adsorption and charge neutralizationc)Sweep coagulation●Hydrolyzed Trivalent Alum Ions●Action of hydrolyzed metal ions1)Ionic layer compression2)Adsorption and charge neutralization3)Adsorption and interparticle bridging4)Enmeshment in sweep flocwater and wastewaterTopic 8 Settling (or Sedimentation, clarification)●BasicsPhysical removal of dense/heavy suspended solids from water by exposing the water to relatively quiescent conditions to allow settleable solids to be removed by the action of the force of gravity.settling tank (basin) / sedimentation tank (basin) / clarifier●Factors affecting particle settling——Particle density——Particle concentrationDilute suspension / Concentrated suspension——Surface flocculent natureDiscrete particles / Flocculating particles● 4 typesDiscrete Settling / Flocculating SettlingZone Settling / Compression Settling●Discrete SettlingType I settling is characterized by settling of individual particles without interaction with adjacent particles.The shape, size and density of the particles remain unchanged during settling.Examples of Type I Settlings : Settling of sand, grit etc.Application : Design of primary settling tank, grit chamber●Flocculating SettlingSettling flocculating particles in dilute suspension:——Dilute suspension --- no interference of the velocity field between particles. ——Flocculating particles --- aggregation of particles causing continually changing in size and shape of particles for settling.——The flocs will increase their size --- speed up settling●Variations of the types of sedimentation tank——Horizontal-flow settling tank——Upflow clarifier——High rate (inclined plate) settlers——Reactor (solid contact) clarifierPhysical-chemical treatment ofwater and wastewaterTopic 15 MembraneFeedwater (f)Q f=feedwater flowrate C f=feedwater concentration P f=feedwater pressurePermeate (f)Q P=permeate flowrateC P=permeateconcentrationP P=permeate pressureConcentrate (f)Q C=concentrate flowrateC C=concentrate concentration P C=concentrate pressure ClassificationMicrofiltration (MF)--------微滤Ultrafiltration (UF)----------超滤Nanofiltration (NF)----------纳滤Reverse osmosis (RO)----反渗透Dialysis--------------------------渗析Electrodialysis (ED)-------电渗析Membrane foulingHow to control:☐Pretreatment of the feed water——To reduce TSS and bacterial content☐Membrane backflushing——To eliminate the accumulated material☐Chemical cleaning of the membrane——To remove the constituents that can not be removed by backflushing。
提高节水意识英语

提高节水意识英语Water is the most precious resource on our planet, essential for sustaining life and supporting the thriving ecosystems that we depend on. However, the global water crisis is a pressing issue that affects communities around the world, with many regions facing water scarcity, pollution, and unsustainable water management practices. As the world's population continues to grow and the impacts of climate change become more severe, it is crucial that we take action to raise awareness of the importance of water conservation and implement strategies to use this vital resource more responsibly.One of the primary reasons why water conservation is so crucial is the simple fact that freshwater resources are finite. While the Earth's surface is covered in water, the vast majority of it is saltwater found in the oceans, which is not suitable for human consumption or agricultural use. Only a small fraction of the world's water supply is freshwater, and much of this is locked away in glaciers, ice caps, and deep underground aquifers. As demand for water continues to rise, driven by factors such as population growth, industrialization, andexpanding agricultural needs, the strain on these limited freshwater resources is becoming increasingly unsustainable.Moreover, the uneven distribution of water resources around the world exacerbates the challenges of water scarcity. Some regions, such as the Middle East and parts of Africa, are naturally arid and have limited access to reliable sources of freshwater. In contrast, other areas may experience seasonal fluctuations in water availability, with periods of abundance followed by prolonged droughts. This imbalance in water distribution can lead to conflicts over access to this essential resource, as communities and nations compete for dwindling supplies.In addition to the physical constraints on water availability, water quality is also a major concern. Pollution from industrial waste, agricultural runoff, and inadequate sanitation systems can contaminate water sources, rendering them unfit for human consumption or agricultural use. This problem is particularly acute in developing countries, where access to clean water and proper wastewater treatment infrastructure is often limited. The consequences of water pollution can be severe, leading to the spread of waterborne diseases, environmental degradation, and economic disruption.To address these pressing challenges, it is essential that we raiseawareness of the importance of water conservation and promote sustainable water management practices. This can be achieved through a multi-pronged approach that involves education, policy reforms, technological innovations, and individual behavioral changes.One key aspect of raising awareness is educating the public, especially young people, about the value of water and the need to use it responsibly. This can be done through school curricula, public awareness campaigns, and community-based initiatives that highlight the importance of water conservation and provide practical tips for reducing water usage in daily life. By fostering a deeper understanding of the water crisis and the individual's role in addressing it, we can empower people to make more conscious choices about their water consumption and become advocates for sustainable water management.In addition to public education, policy reforms and government-led initiatives can also play a crucial role in promoting water conservation. This may include the implementation of water-pricing schemes that incentivize efficient water use, the development of stricter regulations on water pollution and wastewater treatment, and the investment in infrastructure projects that improve water storage, distribution, and recycling. Governments can also provide financial incentives and support for the adoption of water-efficienttechnologies, such as low-flow plumbing fixtures, drought-resistant landscaping, and advanced irrigation systems.Furthermore, the private sector and technological innovations can contribute significantly to water conservation efforts. Businesses can adopt water-saving practices in their operations, invest in water-efficient technologies, and promote water conservation among their employees and customers. Researchers and engineers can develop innovative solutions, such as desalination plants, water-recycling systems, and advanced irrigation methods, that can help communities and industries use water more efficiently and sustainably.Ultimately, the success of water conservation efforts will depend on the collective action of individuals, communities, businesses, and governments. By raising awareness of the water crisis and empowering people to make meaningful changes in their water usage, we can work towards a more sustainable future where water is valued, protected, and used responsibly. Only through a concerted and multifaceted approach can we ensure that this precious resource is available for generations to come.。
Biological Treatment System中英对照

Biological Treatment SystemBiological processing is the most efficient way of removing organic matter from municipal waste waters. 生物处理法是去除城市废水中有机物的最有效途径。
These living systems rely on mixed microbial cultures to decompose, and to remove colloidal and dissolved organic substances from solutions.这些生物系统依赖混合微生物培养物质进行分解,并从溶液中去除胶体和溶解有机物质。
The treatment chamber holding the microorganisms provides a controlled environment; for example, activated s ludge is supplied with sufficient oxygen to maintain an aerobic condition. 接受微生物的处理室可提供一可控环境;例如,给活性污泥提供充足的氧气以维持好氧状态。
Waste water contains the biological food, growth nutrients, and inoculum of microorganisms. 废水包含生物食料,生长营养物质和微生物的培菌液。
Persons who are not familiar with waste-water operations often ask where the “special” biolog ical cultures are obtained.不熟悉废水处理的人经常问这些“专门的”生物培养物质来自何处? The answer is that the wide variety of bacteria and protozoa present in domestic wastes seed the treatment units. 其答案是,用生活污水中各种各样的细菌和原生动物向各处理单元接种。
Lesson_19__Bilge_Water_Treatment_System

动力工程系 Power Engineering Department This mixture is collected in the bilge water
This high temperature facilitates(使容易, 促进) primary gravity separation(初级重 力分离), preferably(更适宜,最好) of the two - or three-stage type, in the bilge water tank(舱底水柜).
在这里,油上升到顶部,颗粒沉淀到柜底。通常将柜中的舱 底水分为三个明显的分层:
Top layers.
上层
This contains most of the oil and organic solvents(有机溶剂) and constitutes(构 成) a small portion of the total tank volume. Skimming (撇去) this top layer for separate treatment is recommended.
因此,舱底水由水,清洁剂和其他化学品,机械杂质,燃 油,润滑油,液压油,淤泥, 油品添加剂 ,烟灰和污垢 等混合物组成。
(舱底水) holding tank tank(收集舱), which generally is maintained at an elevated temperature(高温). temperature
例如,在美国和波罗的海及北海,处理过的舱底水只有在 远离海岸12公里以上才允许排放。
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) (国际海事组织) resolution(决议) MEPC (Maritime Environment Protection Committee海洋 环境保护委员会)107(49) specifies how to type approve equipment used on board ships. IMO决议MEPC 107(49)明确了如何审核船用设备。 The resolution complies with(遵照,照做) the European Marine Equipment Directive(欧洲海运 设备指令), MED 96/98/EC (Table 19-1). 该决议遵照欧洲海运设备指令(MED 96/98/EC)。
大学专业英语(给水排水与环境工程)单词总结

part I Water resource and regislationunit 1 The Hydrologic Cycle 1、hydrology 水文学、水文地理学2、hydrologic=hydrological3、hydrologic cycle 水文循环4、freshwater 淡水的、河水的5、fresh water 淡水、湖水6、precipitate 沉降、下沉7、evaporate 使蒸发、消失8、dewpoint 结露点9、droplet 小滴10、Ideal Gas Law 理想气体定律11、orographic 山岳的、山形的12、terrane 岩层13、convective 传送的、对流的14、schematic 示意的15、diagram 图表、图解16、hydraulic 水力的、水力学的17、precipitation 降水、降雨量、沉淀18、transpiration 蒸发(物)、植物蒸腾作用19、depict 描述、描写20、diagrammatically 用图解法地21、physical works 实际构筑物22、meterologist 气象学者23、hydrologist 水文学者24、hail (下)冰雹25、sleet 冰雪、雨加雪26、snowpack 积雪场27、thaw 解冻28、discard 丢弃、放弃29、environmental 环境的、周围的30、marketable 时宜销售的31、isolated 隔离的、孤立的32、Madison avenue 纽约麦迪逊大街u nit 2 The World Fresh Water Resource 33、integral 整体的、构成整体所需要的34、ecological 生态学的35、harbor 隐匿、庇护36、aquatic 水的、水生的、水憩的37、ecosystem 生态系统38、species 物种、式样39、aqueduct 沟渠、导水管40、desalinate 去处盐分、海水淡化41、arid 干旱的、贫瘠的42、iceberg 冰山、冷冰冰的人43、reverse 相反、颠倒、相反的、颠倒的44、aquifer (土壤)含水层、蓄水层45、rudimentary 根本的、未发展的46、malaria 疟疾、瘴气47、typhoid 伤寒症、伤寒的48、cholera 霍乱49、wetland 湿地、沼泽地50、habitat (动植物)的生活环境。
Lesson 19 Fresh Water Generator

Lesson 19 Fresh Water Generator第19课造水机1. Fresh water is generated on ship by a fresh water generator,also known as evaporator. The process by which fresh water is generated is known as distillation process. Sea water is converted into fresh water by evaporating and condensing the sea water. Evaporation of the sea water is either done by boiling or by flash process. Fresh water generators can be shell-and-tube type or plate type.船上的淡水由造水机(也称蒸发器)生产。
淡水产生的过程也叫蒸馏过程。
通过蒸发和冷凝海水,海水转化为淡水。
海水的蒸发是通过沸腾或闪发过程完成。
造水机可以是壳管式或板式。
2. A fresh water generator consists of mainly two parts. A condenser and an evaporator. The boiling process is done either by a heating coil or by using the high temperature main engine jacket water. Generally water is boiled at 100℃, but in a fresh water generator it is done at around 60—70℃ or even lower for some modern types. For this purpose, eductors or air ejectors are used. Ejectors reduce the chamber’s pressure to such a point that water starts boiling at a lower temperature.造水机主要由冷凝器和蒸发器两部分组成。
Lesson-19-Fresh-Water-Generator

Lesson 19 Fresh Water Generator第19课造水机1. Fresh water is generated on ship by a fresh water generator,also known as evaporator. The process by which fresh water is generated is known as distillation process. Sea water is converted into fresh water by evaporating and condensing the sea water. Evaporation of the sea water is either done by boiling or by flash process. Fresh water generators can be shell-and-tube type or plate type.船上的淡水由造水机(也称蒸发器)生产。
淡水产生的过程也叫蒸馏过程。
通过蒸发和冷凝海水,海水转化为淡水。
海水的蒸发是通过沸腾或闪发过程完成。
造水机可以是壳管式或板式。
2. A fresh water generator consists of mainly two parts. A condenser and an evaporator. The boiling process is done either by a heating coil or by using the high temperature main engine jacket water. Generally water is boiled at 100℃, but in a fresh water generator it is done at around 60—70℃or even lower for some modern types. For this purpose, eductors or air ejectors are used. Ejectors reduce the chamber’s pressure to such a point that water starts boiling at a lower temperature.造水机主要由冷凝器和蒸发器两部分组成。
Water treatment system and method

专利名称:Water treatment system and method发明人:Frederick Wilkins,Evgeniya Freydina,AytacSezgi,Reshma Madhusudan,Anil D. Jha申请号:US10712163申请日:20031113公开号:US20050103644A1公开日:20050519专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图:摘要:A water treatment system provides treated or softened water to a point of use by removing a portion of any hardness-causing species contained in water from a point-of-entry coming from a water source, such as municipal water, well water, brackish waterand water containing foulants. The water treatment system typically treats the water containing at least some undesirable species before delivering the treated water to a point of use. The water treatment system has a controller for adjusting or regulating at least one operating parameter of the treatment system or a component of the water treatment system to optimize the operation and performance of the system or components of the system. A flow regulator regulates a waste stream flow to drain and can be operated to recirculate fluid through electrode or concentrating compartments of an electrochemical device and can opened and closed intermittently according to a predetermined schedule or based on an operating parameter of the water treatment system. The flow regulator can also be charged so that ionic species can be generated in the surrounding fluid, which, in turn, can lower the pH of the surrounding fluid.申请人:Frederick Wilkins,Evgeniya Freydina,Aytac Sezgi,Reshma Madhusudan,Anil D. Jha地址:Pepperell MA US,Acton MA US,Bedford NH US,Arlington Heights IL US,Lincoln MA US国籍:US,US,US,US,US更多信息请下载全文后查看。
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This high temperature facilitates(使容易, 促进) primary gravity separation(初级重 力分离), preferably(更适宜,最好) of the two - or three-stage type, in the bilge water tank(舱底水柜).
This is fed to the bilge water treatment system.
这部分被送到舱底水处理系统。
Bottom layer
底层
动力工程系
Power Engineering
This contains solids and heDavey psluadrgtem(e重n质t泥
舱底水处理作为环境应用,必须符合国际法 规的严格要求。
动力工程系
Power Engineering
Disposal of untreated bilgeDweatperainrttomoceeannts is strictly prohibited by international law and subject to(遭受) heavy fines(罚款), especially in sensitive waters(敏感水域).
第二类包括灰水,泄露以及油柜和机舱的事故溢油。
动力工程系
Power Engineering
Bilge water(舱底水) conDtainespaamritxmtureeonft
water and fluids from various sources on board that is treated for clean water discharge overboard
将未处理过的舱底水倾倒海洋中是国际法 规严厉禁止,将遭受重罚,尤其是在敏感 水域。
Current MARPOL legislation stipulates(规定) that separated bilge water containing 15 ppm or below oil in water can be disposed into international waters(国际海域).
舱底水还包括来自机舱,内部排水系统,污水柜和 其它各种来源的污水(图19-1)。
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The definition of bilge water is thus much wider in scope(范围) than merely the contents of a ship‘s bilge(船舶舱底), the enclosed area(封闭区域) between the frames(框架) where the sides of the vessel curve in to form the bottom.
因此,机舱污水的定义在范围上不仅包括船 舶舱底—使船舶外侧弯曲形成底部的框架间 的封闭区域。
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In simple terms(简单来说), bilge water contains two types of substreams(子流): (1) flows that are reasonably continuous and predictable(可预言的), and (2) flows that are intermittent(间歇 的, 断断续续的) in nature(实际上, 本质 上) and difficult to foresee(预见, 预知).
一些国家,地区和地方当局,尤其是管理敏感水域的地区, 有更为严格的法规。
In the United States and in the Baltic(波 罗的海) and North Seas, for instance, disposal of separated bilge water is only permitted at least 12 nautical miles(海里) from shore(远离海岸).
在这里,油上升到顶部,颗粒沉淀到柜底。通常将柜中的舱 底水分为三个明显的分层:
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This contains most of the oil and organic solvents(有机溶剂) and constitutes(构 成) a small portion of the total tank volume.
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The wells(水井) receive water and mechanical fluids from operational sources(工作场所), such as technical rooms(工艺车间), propulsion systems and different machinery.
目前MARPOL公约规定含油量15ppm以下 的舱底水才可以排入国际海域(公海)。
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Some national, regional and local authorities(地方当局), especially those governing sensitive waters, have more stringent regulations.
IMO决议MEPC 107(49)明确了如何审核船用设备。
The resolution complies with(遵照,照做) the
European Marine Equipment Directive(欧洲海运 设备指令), MED 96/98/EC (Table 19-1).
舱底水是来自船上各种场所的污水和流体的混合物,对其 经处理后排到舷外。
Bilge water is thus composed of a mixture of water, detergents (清洁剂) and other chemicals, fuel oil (燃油), lubricating oil (滑 油), hydraulic oil (液压油), cat fines (淤 泥), oil additives (油品添加剂), soot (烟灰) and dirt(污垢).
在舱底水柜中,高温更有助于两级或三级型的初步重力分 离。
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Here, oil rises to the top and particles(颗粒) settle(沉淀) on the tank bottom, generally dividing bilge water into three distinct layers (分层) in the tank:
例如,在美国和波罗的海及北海,处理过的舱底水只有在 远离海岸12公里以上才允许排放。
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The International Maritime Organization (IMO) (国际海事组织) resolution(决议) MEPC (Maritime Environment Protection Committee海洋 环境保护委员会)107(49) specifies how to type approve equipment used on board ships.
因此,舱底水由水,清洁剂和其他化学品,机械杂质,燃 油,润滑油,液压油,淤泥, 油品添加剂 ,烟灰和污垢
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This mixture is collectedDien pthaerbtimlgeewnatter
(舱底水) holding tank(收集舱), which generally is maintained at an elevated temperature(高温).
这一层包括大多数油和有机溶剂,仅占柜总容量的一小部 分。
Skimming (撇去) this top layer for separate treatment is recommended.
作为分离处理,建议将顶层撇去。
Middle, or main, layer
中间层或主层
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简单来说,舱底水包含两类子流:(1)连 续或可预期的液流;(2)间断或难以预期 的液流。
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The first category(第一类) includes water from the separator sludge tank (分离器污水柜) and
渣), which should also be removed for separate treatment.
这部分包括固体物质和重质泥渣,作为分离 处理将被清除。
Bilge water legislation
舱底水相关的法律
Bilge water(舱底水) treatment is an environmental application that must meet stringent requirements of international legislation (国际法规).
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