中美政府系统比较[英文]
中国与美国的异同比较(全英文)
differences in eating patterns
Eat in the Americia, pay attention to the meal. Americian are used to divide and eat. In tIhneanwceiestnetrCnhbiannaq, duientn, earltthaobulegshwalesroesriot uanrodund, but each food is a sintgalbeledsis.hC.hTihneesme opsetotpylpeicwael rteyppearotficwuelasrtearbnout dining system is the bbuefifnegt.rTohuenddiannedr traokuensda. Pseetoopflecutotlaesrtyedfroemachthe prepared food, does ontohtenreaenddtaodfvixistehdeesaecaht,omthaeyrftroeeelaytw, tahlku.sThis dining style fully reflercetfsletchteinwgethsteervniretruse' roefsmpeucttufaolrreinsdpievcidtuaanldity and self, and emphascizoemsiitnyd. ividual independence and autonomy.
Eating culture
Eating culture
The methods and food used in cooking are different in China and America, and the way of eating is also different
中国与美国比较
生态破坏，土地退化，森林资源破坏。生物多样性受到严重威
胁。
3、信息文明的两重性
第一，进步性。 信息与知识取之不尽、用之不竭；信息与知识的生产极大地提高了 生产力；信息网络化使得人类的交往超越时空的限制，加速了经济 全球化的进程。
《大趋势》：“1956年在美国历史上第一次出现从事技术、管理和事务工作的白领工人数字
五、朋友-friend
美国人囗中的朋友定义比较广泛，而且 有区隔性；譬如说工作上的朋友、打球的朋 友、学校的朋友、喝酒的朋友等等。 另外 美国地域广大，人口流动性也高，而且朋友 之间绝少吐露私人的事情，所以友情是比较 "温水"性。中国人的友情通常是"牵一发而 动全身"，一言不合就尽量避免跟对方碰面， "起落"性比较大。中国人朋友之间借钱是相 当普遍的，而美国人朋友之间借钱是凤毛麟 角的。
中国与美国社会差异
Society Difference between Chinese and American
中国 比较的内容 官员负责的方向 一级一级地对上级负责
新闻传媒 企业经济 官员的产生 学校教育 党、政关系
美国 依法行政，对选民负责
只有政府办报纸、电视、广播 只有民间办报纸、电视、广播 经济实体主要由政府办，称为 经济实体由民间办为主，国有企 国有企业，价格由政府定 业少，价格由市场决定 协商选举或由上级指派， 由选举产生，上一级政府不干预 下级政府组成 著名的学校是公办的，如北大、 著名学校是民办的，如哈佛、耶 清华 鲁 政府向党委负责，党的书记是 党派的意志只能通过选举组建政 一把手，管理社会的一切行政 府来体现，政府长官是最高决策 事务 人，政府领导一切行政事务 政府主导市场 经济由市场主导 党和国家利益高于一切，尊崇 国民的利益高于一切，尊崇国民 国家整体，服从上级高于一切 个人，个人的自由高于一切 藏富于国家，强调“大河有水 藏富于民间，强调“小河有水大 小河满” 河满” 招商引资，发展经济 依法行政，关注民生 政府关注老人，关注过去 政府关注孩子，关注未来 制造和生产，利益占小头 设计和策划，利益占大头 听话的就是人才 有创造力就是人才 民众服务于政府和国家 政府和国家服务于民众
中美政府机构设置对比--有利有弊 各有千秋
中国政府机构设置中华人民共和国的国家机构包括：全国人民代表大会；中华人民共和国主席；中华人民共和国国务院；中华人民共和国中央军事委员会；地方各级人民代表大会和地方各级人民政府；民族自治地方的自治机关；人民法院和人民检察院。
1、中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会是最高国家权力机关。
它的常设机关是全国人民代表大会常务委员会。
全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会行使国家立法权。
全国人民代表大会由省、自治区、直辖市、特别行政区和军队选出的代表组成。
各少数民族都应当有适当名额的代表。
2、中华人民共和国主席中华人民共和国主席、副主席由全国人民代表大会选举。
有选举权和被选举权的年满四十五周岁的中华人民共和国公民可以被选为中华人民共和国主席、副主席。
中华人民共和国主席根据全国人民代表大会的决定和全国人民代表大会常务委员会的决定，公布法律，任免国务院总理、副总理、国务委员、各部部长、各委员会主任、审计长、秘书长，授予国家的勋章和荣誉称号，发布特赦令，宣布进入紧急状态，宣布战争状态，发布动员令。
3、中华人民共和国国务院即中央人民政府，是最高国家权力机关的执行机关，是最高国家行政机关，由总理、副总理、国务委员、各部部长、各委员会主任、人民银行行长、审计长、秘书长组成。
国务院实行总理负责制。
总理领导国务院的工作。
副总理、国务委员协助总理工作。
各部、各委员会实行部长、主任负责制。
国务院由总理、副总理若干人、国务委员若干人、各部部长、各委员会主任、审计长、秘书长等组成。
国务院实行总理负责制。
各部、各委员会实行部长、主任负责制。
国务院每届任期同全国人民代表大会每届任期相同。
总理、副总理、国务委员连续任职不得超过两届。
国务院由28个部，1个直属特色机构，18个直属机构，4个办事机构，14个直属事业单位，11部委管理的国家局。
4、最高人民法院是最高审判机关最高人民法院监督地方各级人民法院和专门人民法院的审判工作，上级人民法院监督下级人民法院的审判工作。
中英美政府机构对比
MI6=MilitaryIntelligence6
美国联邦调查局
Federal Bureau of Investigation
地方人民法院
Local People's Court
地方法院
Magistrates’ Court
地方法院
District Court
市人民政府
Municipal People’s Government
中华人民共和国中央军事委员会
The PRC CentralMilitaryCommission
国防与海外政策委员会Defense andOverseasPolicy Committee
众议院军事委员会
The House Armed Services Committee
国务院the State Council
农业、渔业和粮食部
Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery and Food
外交部
MinistryofForeign Affairs
外交和联邦事务部
Foreign and Commonwealth Office
外交部
State for Foreign Affairs
国家环境保护总State Environmental Protection Administration
China
UK
U.S
国家主席Chairman
首相Prime Minister
总统President
外交部长
Minister of Foreign Affairs
外交大臣
Secretary of Foreign Affairs外交大臣；外相
中美政治体制差异英文
Outlinecomparison on the following aspects:1.Parliament2.Political parties3.Judicial SystemTHE DIFFERENCE OF THE GOVERNMENT BETWEENCHINA AND THE USAThere are lots of English speaking countries in the world and there also many differences between China and them on many aspects. For example, comparing the government with the USA, I’d like to talk something about the differences through Parliament, Political parties, Judicial System and so on.PARLIAMENTAmerica's highest legislative body (legislative branch), imple ment the legislative provisions of the Federal Constitution, th e actual location of the Capitol in Washington, DC, by the Sen ate and the House of Representatives; the Chamber of Deputi es; the Lower House, number of members to 535. Senator is d irectly elected by the states, each state has 2. implement of th e principle of equal representation of the states. Existing Members 100. Elected senator must be at least 30 years old, full nine years as a U.S. citizen, was elected the state's residents w hen elected. Six-year term, reelection every two years 1/3, re-elected. Rep. (congressman) number assigned by the proporti on of the population states, elected by direct election, at least one in each state, the number is fixed at 435, must be at leas t 25 years of age, as a U.S. citizen full seven years, when elect ed to the state's elected residents. 2-year term, be re-elected. Members of both houses of long-term election is a common phenomenon. Members shall serve other government duties, Members of Parliament represent their constituency voters, b ut is representative of the country as a whole, the voters, to r egulate the behavior of the government and the people thro ugh legislation.National People's Congress exercises the following powers:(1) amend the Constitution;(2) to oversee the implementation of the Constitution;(3) the formulation and revision of criminal, civil, national insti tutions and other basic laws;(4) Elect the chairman of the People's Republic of China, and Vice Chairman;(5) According to nominate the Chairman of People's Republic of China, decided to Premier candidates; upon nomination by the Premier's decision, Ministers, Deputy Premier, State Coun cilor, commissions, the Auditor General, the Secretary-Genera l of the candidates;Chairman(6) to elect the Central Military Commission; upon nomination by the Chairman of the Central Military Commission, the choi ce of other members of the Central Military Commission;(7) to elect Supreme People's Court;(8) the election of the Supreme People's Procuratorate;(9) review and approve the national economic and social deve lopment plans and reports;(10) to examine and approve the budget and the report on the implementation of the country;(11) to alter or annul the Standing Committee of National Pe ople's Congress inappropriate decisions;(12) to approve provinces, autonomous regions and municipa lities to build;(13) to decide the establishment of the Special Administrative Region and its institutions;(14) to decide questions of war and peace;(15) other functions and powers shall be exercised by the sup reme organ of state power.POLITICAL PARTIESThe United States has multiple parties, but only republicans and Democrats play a significant role in the domestic politic and social life.<1> Republican PartyRepublican Party was founded in 1854. Republican Party held power for the first time when Abraham Lincoln became President in 1861. During the later 70 years (except 1916), Republican party had presided over the White House. Generally, in the presidential election, voters who vote for the party’s candidate were party members of Republican Party. Republicans generally conservative on social issues and was the classical liberalism on economic issues. They purse tough defense and foreign policy ，belong to interventionism route.<2> Democratic PartyDemocratic Party’s predecessor--Democratic republican was founded in 1792 by ThomasJefferson. In the party-building initial period, it mainlyrepresented the interests of southern slave owners, western agriculture entrepreneurs and north middle bourgeoisie. In the early 19th century, Democratic Republican split, one part who claimed to be the National Republican, later renamed the Whig party. The other part represented by Andrew Jackson was established as Democrats in 1828, and formally named for Democrats in 1840. Generally, in the presidential election, voters who vote for the party’s candidate were party members of Democratic Party. Democratic were liberal on social issues, progressive and liberal on economic issues.<3>Other partiesUnited States Green Party、Reform Party of the United States of America、Communist Party of United States of America. Americans generally tend to support one of the two parties, but some people would support independent candidate of small parties, including the liberal party, the greens, constitution, etc.On November 4, 2008, the democratic candidate Barack Obama was elected as the 44th President of the United States, took office on January 20th, 2009, became the firstAfrican-American President in American history.Modern China's political party is produced in the late 19th century. From 1920s to 1940s, the Chinese Kuomintang and the Communist Party formed the two major political parties. There is a long time struggle between the CPC and the KMT, but during the first Sino-Japanese War and the Revolutionary War, the two parties had twice cooperation against the common enemy. In 1949, the Communist Party led the people to overthrow the KMT's authoritarian rule and established the People's Republic of China. CPC and eight democratic parties established long-term cooperation with the Chinese system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the communist party. Eight democratic parties worked together and became the participating parties.JUDICIARYThe basic framework of the agency court divided into federal court and state district court, two completely independent systems. Federal court was consisted by the federal Supreme Court and federal court of appeals, the federal district court and the special court (i.e. the bankruptcy court, court of international trade and the compensation court, etc.).The Supreme Court was established by the constitution of theUnited States. The judges carry Unchangeable system, Professional system, High salary system, Retirement system. There is no unified administrative court in the United States. Besides the ordinary court, independent institutions also have the right to accept and ruling Administrative disputes. Standard mode of organization and management systems of the U.S. courts have diversity. Court has unified model is the objects of traditional court organization and management system, but there are also many problems. There are disputes about U.S. court organization and management unified model, then appeared a new ideal target modes: decentralization, consultation and emergency type.Under the PRC Constitution and the Law of Organization of the People's Courts, the judicial system is made up of the Supreme People's Court，the local people's courts，military courts and other special people's courts. The local people's courts are comprised of the basic people's courts, the intermediate people's courts and the higher people's courts. The basic people's courts are organized into civil，criminal，economic and administrative divisions. The intermediate people's courts are organized into divisions similar to those ofthe basic people's courts, and are further organized into other special divisions，such as the intellectual property division. The higher level people's courts supervise the basic and intermediate people's courts. The people's procuratorates also have the right to exercise legal supervision over the civil proceedings of people's courts of the same level and lower levels. The Supreme People's Court is the highest judicial body in the PRC. It supervises the administration of justice by all of the people's courts.Uh! Finally I finished this task. now, put all above away, I real words want to say is China is a forbidden country, and he fucked all so called LAW. Only power and money speaks. While USA is not that far beyond PRC. USA’s tomorrow is all depend on what those ten big consortium.But America people seems still have more freedom than Chinese people do, since The holocaust happened 25 years ago. And personally ,I’ve just finished my ten days home arrest by Chinese FBI. I can not see in such environment, how on erath can we help change our country, our life.Thank you for your teaching, and I’ll always remember the days we spend together in this small campus and the sentence“Are you hungry now?”Bye bye.。
中美政治比较中英中英文对照
中美政治比较中英中英文对照Document number【980KGB-6898YT-769T8CB-246UT-18GG08】中美政治制度差异研究The political system of China and the United States differences research中国和美国政治制度现状China and the status quo of the American political system（一）中国的政治制度(a) of China's political system我国的政治制度概括起来主要有人民代表大会制度、中国人民政治协商制度、民族区域自治制度等。
In summary of political system in China mainly include the people's congress system, the Chinese people's political consultative system, regional national autonomy system, etc.中国宪法规定:“中华人民共和国实行的是人民代表大会制度，中华人民共和国的一切权力属于人民；人民行使国家权力的机关是全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会。
”全国人民代表大会是中国的最高国家权力机关，统一行使国家最高权力，人民代表大会制度是中国的根本政治制度，是实现人民民主专政的政治形式，是中国的政体。
全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会都由民主选举产生，对人民负责，受人民监督。
我国的选举制度是人民代表大会制度的重要组成部分，目前我国的选举制度的原则和主要内容一方面在宪法中得到确定，另一方面，全国人大组织法、地方各级人大组织法和选举法等有关法律法规也根据宪法所确立的社会主义选举制度的基本原则，对我国选举的具体内容作了详细的规定，它们同宪法一同构成了我国社会主义选举制度的法律基础。
中国与美国的对比作文英语
中国与美国的对比作文英语China and the United States: A Comparative Analysis。
Introduction:China and the United States are two of the most influential countries in the world, both in terms of their economic and political power. While they share certain similarities, such as being global superpowers, they also have distinct differences in terms of culture, governance, and societal values. This essay aims to provide a comprehensive comparison between China and the United States, highlighting their similarities, differences, and the implications of these factors on their global standing.Economic Comparison:When it comes to the economy, both China and the United States have significant global influence, but they differin terms of their economic systems. China operates under asocialist market economy, which combines elements of a planned economy with free-market principles. On the other hand, the United States has a capitalist market economy, which is characterized by private ownership and free-market competition.In terms of GDP, the United States has traditionally held the top position, but China has been rapidly catching up. According to the World Bank, the United States had a GDP of $21.43 trillion in 2019, while China's GDP was $14.34 trillion. However, China has shown remarkable economic growth over the past few decades, with an average annual growth rate of around 9.5% since the late 1970s.Trade is another significant aspect of both economies. China has become the world's largest exporter, while the United States is the largest importer. This trade relationship has led to tensions between the two countries, with issues such as intellectual property rights and trade imbalances being major points of contention.Political Comparison:China and the United States have fundamentallydifferent political systems. China is governed by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), which operates under a one-party system. The United States, on the other hand, is a federal republic with a democratic system, characterized by a separation of powers between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.While China's political system provides stability and allows for long-term planning, it has been criticized for its lack of political freedoms and human rights abuses. The United States, on the other hand, prides itself on its democratic principles and individual freedoms, although it is not without its own political and social challenges.Cultural Comparison:Chinese and American cultures have deep-rooted differences that shape their societies. Chinese culture is deeply influenced by Confucianism, which emphasizes respect for authority, filial piety, and harmony. Family values andcollective identity play a significant role in Chinese society. In contrast, American culture is characterized by individualism, personal freedom, and a focus on individual achievement.Education is another area where the two countriesdiffer. While both China and the United States place great importance on education, the approaches and goals differ. China's education system emphasizes discipline, rote memorization, and high academic achievement. In contrast, the American education system focuses on critical thinking, creativity, and personal development.Global Influence:China and the United States are both global superpowers, but their influence is manifested in different ways. The United States has historically been seen as the world's leading superpower, with significant military capabilities, cultural influence, and economic dominance. However,China's rise as an economic powerhouse has allowed it to expand its influence globally, particularly throughinvestments in infrastructure projects in developing countries.Both countries also have contrasting approaches to international relations. The United States hastraditionally pursued a policy of global leadership, intervening in international conflicts and promoting democracy and human rights. China, on the other hand, has adopted a more cautious approach, focusing on economic development and non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries.Conclusion:In conclusion, China and the United States are two global superpowers with significant influence on the world stage. While they share similarities in terms of economic power and global influence, they have distinct differences in terms of their political systems, cultural values, and approaches to international relations. Understanding these differences is crucial for fostering better diplomaticrelations and addressing the challenges that arise from their contrasting positions in the world.。
英语论文 中美政体比较
The Most Suitable One Is the Best OneAbstract:Up to now, though the economic situation has improved, the U.S. is still under the shadow of financial crisis happened on September 15th, 2008. While, in China, the economic condition is also affected by the crisis, but it is little. What causes the different extent of interference between the two countries? The Wall Street in America being the economic center is a big factor, but we can’t ignore the most important factor behind it which is the political system.Crucial words:Political system, NPC, individualism, collectivism, separation of powers, dialecticallyMain text:In the U.S., its government has generally operated on laissez-faire and free-market principles of Scottish economist Adam Smith , whose 1776 book The Wealth of Nations shared the natural law philosophy in Tomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence. Agreeing with Smith that individual self-interest would promote the general welfare, its government has limited its intervention into business dealings, which, in turn, has given rise to entrepreneurship and an individual “pursuit of happiness”. Individualism is a strong belief of most Americans. A big factor forming the American philosophy of economy and politics, is the 200 years ofbasically stable government—the Civil War notwithstanding—and the creative tension between individual freedom and state responsibility. Influenced by the idea of individualism, as a result, the individual self worth is crucial to the philosophy of capitalism and to the workers who make the wealth. So, America takes the capitalist market economy system. Under such a kind of system, and the strong interventionist and regulationist role, which was played by the government form the Great Depression to the 1970’s—the Keynesian, has been criticized strongly. After that, the Neoliberalism thought is sought. Governmental trend has been towards deregulation. Because of this thought of economics and management, it caused a much less intervention into the economy, not enough promotion or protection from government, and excessive liberalism and individualism, the inevitable consequence comes out.Differently, our country China takes the socialist economic system. The most part of it is the public ownership. Not the limited interventionist in the U.S., Chinese government attaches importance to whole country’s interventionist and regulation, so our government takes measures which called Macro—control, which is a big invisible hand. Unlike the individualism and liberalism, Chinese values more about the collectivism and the sense of unity. Affected by this kind of thought, Chinese think the national and collective’s interest is much more important than personal interest. For the purpose of the whole nation’s interest, we Chinese are taught ready tosacrifice ourselves at any moment. However, it is not the same as American. They think more about themselves—more egoism. It is said that if the soldiers get through a war, the U.S. advocates when faced with danger, they should protect themselves rather than continuing fighting.The whole country’s individualism or collectivism can also be found in a very small phenomenon—the family value. In America, when children grow up, they move away from home and run their own independent life. What’s more, because of the high pension of general welfare, children grown-up don’t need to maintain their parents, so that they live away from them. Completely differently, Chinese law stipulates people have the maintenance obligations for their parents. As a result, most families in China live the children, parents, grandparents together. This contrary is a miniature of American and Chinese political system.The two completely different systems both have superiorities and inferiors. In China, the legislature, judiciary and executive are all made up of National People’s Congress (NPC). While the U.S. owns the independent parliament, independent court and independent president—called the separation of powers. Why does China persevere with the People’s Congress System instead of the separation of powers? I have to admit Chinese system is not as democratic as in the U.S., but being not democratic enough does not mean it is not a good system. Instead, the NPC is the most suitable system for present China. It is because that thegreatest feature of the large population base--1.3 billion people. If China should implement everyone’s democracy, the efficiency would step into an awfully low status, the funds would be spent too much, which would lead to the result that the interests of people can not be protected timely or effectively. So, if now China wants to adopt a new policy or elect a new leading member, under the NPC system, we will choose deputies from country sides, towns, counties, and cities who are elected by local common people, then the national, provincial deputies are elected indirectly by the low ranking deputies. These deputies are on behalf of the most common people’s fundamental interests considering the efficiency. Yet, just because of the number of deputies is small, it may lead to the co centralization of powers, and maybe some common people’s views will be ignored. In the contrast, the separation of powers in the U.S. realizes the decentralization of powers. So it can reduce the abuse of powers, to a certain extent, it is more democratic. However, that may lead to a big expense of efficiency sometimes at the price of ignoring or sacrificing common people’s interests. Take an easy example, supposing there is a big disaster happened, China would take quick actions as fast as possible, while the U.S.A would discuss with the consortium wasting much time, which may delay the best timing for rescuing. In the realization of common democracy, one of American dominance is the small number of population. Moreover, it is a nation of immigration, most American advocate freedomand individualism, so the democratic system is the inevitable consequence. In the opposite way, from the ancient age—for about 5,000 years of history, Chinese advocate more about the collectivism and the spirit of sacrificing himself all the time, so Chinese regard more seriously about the interests of the whole nation.In a word, by so many comparisons and contrasts, we can not judge arbitrarily which political system is wonderful or awful. Instead, we should treat and comment them dialectically. The system of government is the product of a whole country’s history, culture, values and morality, etc. So, let’s come to my conclusion: the most suitable political system is the best one for its nation.Reference:Contemporary American (second edition)—by Russell Duncan, Joseph Goddard.。
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U.S.
• Each level has a stable set of responsibilities: cities (public safety, public utilities, transportation, waste disposal, community development, culture and leisure);counties (public assistance, public protection, health and sanitation, transportation); state (health and human services, K-2 education funding, transportation, higher education, corrections, business regulations). Financial sources: cities (service charges, sales taxes, property taxes, state transfers, federal transfers); counties (state transfers, federal transfers, service charges, property taxes); state (personal income tax, sales and use tax, corporation tax, insurance tax). There are sometimes funded and unfunded mandates from higher to lower levels of government.
Байду номын сангаас
U.S.
• Local government officials are selected locally; the council-manager form: the council is democratically elected, and the chief administrative officer (e.g., city manager) is usually appointed based on professional qualifications; the position of mayor (its powers and responsibilities vary across different jurisdictions); many local government officials are paid higher than those in the state and national governments; horizontal more than vertical accountability; professional administrators advance their career by building a strong professional reputation, and many advance their career by taking jobs in progressively larger local jurisdictions.
China
• Higher-level governments have final authority to assign whatever responsibilities to lower-level governments; • incentives for each level to push responsibilities, but not necessarily financial resources, down to lower levels; • lower-level governments are more financially strapped (especially at the township and village level).
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China • Higher-level governments set hard performance targets on lower-level officials: e.g., GPD growth; limiting numbers of citizen petitions/demonstrations; environmental protection.
U.S. • Higher-level governments do not evaluate lower–level government officials, but they do have the power to investigate possible illegal activities, and sanction local governments for failure to uphold state and federal laws. • (Some low-income cities may be poorly managed.)
Comparing the Chinese and U.S. Systems of Local Government
Shui-Yan Tang Sol Price School of Public Policy University of Southern California
China
• A unified personnel administrative system: a key motivation for top local officials is to move up the levels of government; one can attain a higher administrative rank only by moving up to a higher level of government; vertical more than horizontal accountability; a similar system in traditional China; exception: Han Dynasty漢朝 was known in Chinese history as having a strong local government system; local officials were accorded high status (heads of prefectures have an equivalent rank as central ministers 郡太守与九卿都是二千石的官).