海淀区高三期末考试试卷(打印稿)
北京市海淀区2023-2024学年高三下学期期末练习(二模)数学试题(解析版)

海淀区2023—2024学年第二学期期末练习高三数学2024.05本试卷共6页,150分.考试时长120分钟.考生务必将答案答在答题卡上,在试卷上作答无效.考试结束后,将本试卷和答题卡一并交回.第一部分(选择题共40分)一、选择题共10小题,每小题4分,共40分.在每小题列出的四个选项中,选出符合题目要求的一项.1.已知集合{}1,0,1,2,{3}A B x a x =-=≤<∣.若A B ⊆,则a 的最大值为()A.2 B.0C.1- D.-2【答案】C 【解析】【分析】根据集合的包含关系可得1a ≤-求解.【详解】由于A B ⊆,所以1a ≤-,故a 的最大值为1-,故选:C2.在52()x x-的展开式中,x 的系数为()A.40B.10C.40-D.10-【答案】A 【解析】【分析】利用二项式定理的性质.【详解】设52(x x-的通项1k T +,则()5115C 2k k k k T x x --+=-,化简得()5215C 2k kk k T x -+=⋅-⋅,令2k =,则x 的系数为()225C 240-=,即A 正确.故选:A3.函数()3,0,1,03x x x f x x ⎧≤⎪=⎨⎛⎫>⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎩是()A.偶函数,且没有极值点B.偶函数,且有一个极值点C.奇函数,且没有极值点D.奇函数,且有一个极值点【答案】B 【解析】【分析】根据函数奇偶性定义计算以及极值点定义判断即可.【详解】当0x ≤时,0x ->,则1()(3()3xx f x f x --===,当0x >时,0x -<,则1()3()()3xx f x f x --===,所以函数()f x 是偶函数,由图可知函数()f x 有一个极大值点.故选:B.4.已知抛物线24x y =的焦点为F ,点A 在抛物线上,6AF =,则线段AF 的中点的纵坐标为()A.52B.72C.3D.4【答案】C 【解析】【分析】根据抛物线定义求得点A 的纵坐标,再求AF 中点纵坐标即可.【详解】抛物线24x y =的焦点()0,1F ,又16A AF y =+=,解得5A y =,故线段AF 的中点的纵坐标为1532+=.故选:C.5.在ABC 中,34,5,cos 4AB AC C ===,则BC 的长为()A.6或32B.6C.3+D.3【答案】A 【解析】【分析】根据余弦定理即可求解.【详解】由余弦定理可得222222543cos 2104AC CB ABCB C AC BCBC+-+-===⋅,故22151806CB BC BC -+=⇒=或32,故选:A6.设,R,0a b ab ∈≠,且a b >,则()A.b a a b< B.2b a a b+>C.()sin a b a b -<- D.32a b>【答案】C 【解析】【分析】举反例即可求解ABD,根据导数求证()sin ,0,x x x <∈+∞即可判断C.【详解】对于A ,取2,1a b ==-,则122b aa b=->=-,故A 错误,对于B ,1,1a b ==-,则2b aa b+=,故B 错误,对于C ,由于()sin 0,cos 10y x x x y x '=->-≤=,故sin y x x =-在()0,∞+单调递减,故sin 0x x -<,因此()sin ,0,x x x <∈+∞,由于a b >,所以0a b ->,故()sin a b a b -<-,C 正确,对于D,3,4a b =-=-,则11322716a b =<=,故D 错误,故选:C7.在ABC 中,π,2C CA CB ∠===,点P 满足()1CP CA CB λλ=+- ,且4CP AB ⋅= ,则λ=()A.14-B.14C.34-D.34【答案】B 【解析】【分析】用CB ,CA 表示AB ,根据0CA CB ⋅=,结合已知条件,以及数量积的运算律,求解即可.【详解】由题可知,0CA CB ⋅=,故CP AB ⋅()()()()2211881168CA CB CB CA CA CB λλλλλλλ⎡⎤=+-⋅-=-+-=-+-=-+⎣⎦,故1684λ-+=,解得14λ=.故选:B.8.设{}n a 是公比为()1q q ≠-的无穷等比数列,n S 为其前n 项和,10a >.则“0q >”是“n S 存在最小值”的()A.充分而不必要条件B.必要而不充分条件C.充分必要条件D.既不充分也不必要条件【答案】A 【解析】【分析】根据充分条件、必要条件的判定以及等比数列前n 项和公式判断即可【详解】若10a >且公比0q >,则110n n a a q -=>,所以n S 单调递增,n S 存在最小值1S ,故充分条件成立.若10a >且12q =-时,11112211013212n nn a S a ⎡⎤⎛⎫--⎢⎥ ⎪⎡⎤⎝⎭⎢⎥⎛⎫⎣⎦==-->⎢⎥ ⎪⎛⎫⎝⎭⎢⎥⎣⎦-- ⎪⎝⎭,当n 为奇数时,121132nn S a ⎡⎤⎛⎫=+⎢⎥ ⎪⎝⎭⎢⎥⎣⎦,n S 单调递减,故最大值为1n =时,11S a =,而123n S a <,当n 为偶数时,121132n n S a ⎡⎤⎛⎫=-⎢⎥ ⎪⎝⎭⎢⎥⎣⎦,n S 单调递增,故最小值为2n =,122aS =,所以n S 的最小值为112a ,即由10a >,n S 存在最小值得不到公比0q >,故必要性不成立.故10a >公比“0q >”是“n S 存在最小值”的充分不必要条件.故选:A9.设函数()f x 的定义域为D ,对于函数()f x 图象上一点()00,x y ,若集合()(){}0,k k x x y f x x D ≤∈-+∀∈R∣只有1个元素,则称函数()f x 具有性质0x P .下列函数中具有性质1P 的是()A.()1f x x =- B.()lg f x x=C.()3f x x = D.()πsin2f x x =-【答案】D 【解析】【分析】根据性质1P 的定义,结合各个函数的图象,数形结合,即可逐一判断各选择.【详解】根据题意,要满足性质1P ,则()f x 的图象不能在过点()()1,1f 的直线的上方,且这样的直线只有一条;对A :()1f x x =-的图象,以及过点()1,0的直线,如下所示:数形结合可知,过点()1,0的直线有无数条都满足题意,故A 错误;对B :()lg f x x =的图象,以及过点()1,0的直线,如下所示:数形结合可知,不存在过点()1,0的直线,使得()f x 的图象都在该直线的上方,故B 错误;对C :()3f x x =的图象,以及过点()1,1的直线,如下所示:数形结合可知,不存在过点()1,1的直线,使得()f x 的图象都在该直线的上方,故C 错误;对D :()πsin2f x x =-的图象,以及过点()1,1-的直线,如下所示:数形结合可知,存在唯一的一条过点()1,1-的直线1y =-,即0k =,满足题意,故D 正确.故选:D.10.设数列{}n a 的各项均为非零的整数,其前n 项和为n S .若()*,j i i j -∈N为正偶数,均有2ji aa ≥,且20S =,则10S 的最小值为()A.0B.22C.26D.31【答案】B 【解析】【分析】因为2120S a a =+=,不妨设120,0a a ><,由题意求出3579,,,a a a a 的最小值,46810,,,a a a a 的最小值,10122S a =,令11a =时,10S 有最小值.【详解】因为2120S a a =+=,所以12,a a 互为相反数,不妨设120,0a a ><,为了10S 取最小值,取奇数项为正值,取偶数项为负值,且各项尽可能小,.由题意知:3a 满足312a a ≥,取3a 的最小值12a ;5a 满足51531224a a a a a ≥⎧⎨≥≥⎩,因为1110,42a a a >>,故取5a 的最小值14a ;7a 满足717317531224248a a a a a a a a a≥⎧⎪≥≥⎨⎪≥≥≥⎩,取7a 的最小值18a ;同理,取9a 的最小值116a ;所以135791111112481631a a a a a a a a a a a ++++=++++=,4a 满足422a a ≥,取4a 的最小值22a ;6a 满足62642224a a a a a ≥⎧⎨≥≥⎩,因为20a <,所以2224a a >,取6a 的最小值12a ;8a 满足828418641224248a a a a a a a a a≥⎧⎪≥≥⎨⎪≥≥≥⎩,因为20a <,所以222482a a a >>,取8a 的最小值12a ;同理,取10a 的最小值12a ;所以24681022222222229a a a a a a a a a a a ++++=++++=,所以101211131931922S a a a a a =+=-=,因为数列{}n a 的各项均为非零的整数,所以当11a =时,10S 有最小值22.故选:B【点睛】关键点点睛:10S 有最小值的条件是确保各项最小,根据递推关系2j i a a ≥分析可得奇数项的最小值与偶数项的最小值,从而可得10S 的最小值.第二部分(非选择题共110分)二、填空题共5小题,每小题5分,共25分.11.若()2(i)2i R x x +=∈,则x =__________.【答案】1【解析】【分析】利用复数的四则运算,结合复数相等的性质得到关于x 的方程组,解之即可得解.【详解】因为2(i)2i x +=,所以222i i 2i x x ++=,即212i 2i x x -+=,所以21022x x ⎧-=⎨=⎩,解得1x =.故答案为:1.12.已知双曲线22:14x C y -=,则C 的离心率为__________;以C 的一个焦点为圆心,且与双曲线C 的渐近线相切的圆的方程为__________.(写出一个即可)【答案】①.②.22(1x y ++=或(22(1x y +=)【解析】【分析】根据离心率的定义求解离心率,再计算焦点到渐近线的距离,结合圆的标准方程求解即可.【详解】22:14x C y -==,又渐近线为12y x =,即20x y -=,故焦点)与()到20x y -=1=,则以C 的一个焦点为圆心,且与双曲线C 的渐近线相切的圆的方程为22(1xy ++=或22(1x y -+=,故答案为:2;22(1xy ++=或(22(1x y +=)13.已知函数()2cos sin f x x a x =+.(i )若0a =,则函数()f x 的最小正周期为__________.(ii )若函数()f x 在区间()0,π上的最小值为2-,则实数=a __________.【答案】①.π②.2-【解析】【分析】根据二倍角公式即可结合周期公式求解,利用二次函数的性质即可求解最值.【详解】当0a =时,()2cos 21cos 2x f x x +==,所以最小正周期为2ππ2T ==,()2222cos sin sin sin 1sin 124a a f x x a x x a x x ⎛⎫=+=-++=--++⎪⎝⎭,当()0,πx ∈时,(]sin 0,1x ∈,且二次函数开口向下,要使得()f x 在区间()0,π上的最小值为2-,则需要1022a a-≥-,且当sin 1x =时取最小值,故112a -++=-,解得2a =-,故答案为:π,2-14.二维码是一种利用黑、白方块记录数据符号信息的平面图形.某公司计划使用一款由()2*nn ∈N 个黑白方块构成的n n ⨯二维码门禁,现用一款破译器对其进行安全性测试,已知该破译器每秒能随机生成162个不重复的二维码,为确保一个n n ⨯二维码在1分钟内被破译的概率不高于1512,则n 的最小值为__________.【答案】7【解析】【分析】根据题意可得21615260122n⨯≤,即可由不等式求解.【详解】由题意可知n n ⨯的二维码共有22n 个,由21615260122n⨯≤可得2216153126022602n n -⨯⨯≤⇒≤,故2231637n n -≥⇒≥,由于*n ∈N ,所以7n ≥,故答案为:715.如图,在正方体1111ABCD A B C D -中,P 为棱AB 上的动点,DQ ⊥平面1,D PC Q 为垂足.给出下列四个结论:①1D Q CQ =;②线段DQ 的长随线段AP 的长增大而增大;③存在点P ,使得AQ BQ ⊥;④存在点P ,使得PQ //平面1D DA .其中所有正确结论的序号是__________.【答案】①②④【解析】【分析】根据给定条件,以点D 为原点,建立空间直角坐标系,求出平面1D PC 的法向量坐标,进而求出点Q 的坐标,再逐一计算判断各个命题即得答案.【详解】在正方体1111ABCD A B C D -中,令1AB =,以点D 为原点,建立如图所示的空间直角坐标系,设(01)AP t t =≤≤,则1(0,0,0),(0,1,0),(0,0,1),(1,,0)D C D P t ,1(0,1,1),(1,1,0)CD CP t =-=-,令平面1D PC 的法向量(,,)n x y z = ,则10(1)0n CD y z n CP x t y ⎧⋅=-+=⎪⎨⋅=+-=⎪⎩,取1y =,得(1,1,1)n t =- ,由DQ ⊥平面1D PC 于Q ,得((1),,)DQ n t λλλλ==-,即((1),,)Q t λλλ-,((1),1,)CQ t λλλ=-- ,显然2(1)10CQ n t λλλ⋅=-+-+=,解得21(1)2t λ=-+,于是222111(,,)(1)2(1)2(1)2t Q t t t --+-+-+,对于①,222222221||(1)(1)(1)(1)||D Q t t CQ λλλλλλ=-++--+-+,①正确;对于②,2221||(1)11(1)2(1)2DQ t t t =-++-+-+在[0,1]上单调递增,②正确;对于③,而(1,0,0),(1,1,0)A B ,((1)1,,),((1)1,1,)AQ t BQ t λλλλλλ=--=---,若2222[(1)1](1)(23)(32)10AQ BQ t t t t λλλλλλ⋅=--+-+=-+--+=,显然22(32)4(23)430t t t t ∆=---+=--<,即不存在[0,1]t ∈,使得0AQ BQ ⋅=,③错误;对于④,平面1D DA 的一个法向量(0,1,0)DC =,而((1)1,,)PQ t t λλλ=--- ,由0PQ DC t λ⋅=-=,得t λ=,即21(1)2t t =-+,整理得322310t t t -+-=,令32()231,[0,1]f t t t t t =-+-∈,显然函数()f t 在[0,1]上的图象连续不断,而(0)10,(1)10f f =-<=>,因此存在(0,1)t ∈,使得()0f t =,此时PQ ⊄平面1D DA ,因此存在点P ,使得//PQ 平面1D DA ,④正确.所以所有正确结论的序号是①②④.故答案为:①②④【点睛】思路点睛:涉及探求几何体中点的位置问题,可以建立空间直角坐标系,利用空间向量证明空间位置关系的方法解决.三、解答题共6小题,共85分.解答应写出文字说明,演算步骤或证明过程.16.已知函数2()2cos(0)2xf x x ωωω=+>,从条件①、条件②、条件③这三个条件中选择一个作为已知,使函数()f x 存在且唯一确定.(1)求ω的值;(2)若不等式()2f x <在区间()0,m 内有解,求m 的取值范围.条件①:(2π)3f =;条件②:()y f x =的图象可由2cos2y x =的图象平移得到;条件③:()f x 在区间ππ(,36-内无极值点,且ππ()2(263f f -=-+.注:如果选择的条件不符合要求,得0分;如果选择多个符合要求的条件分别解答,按第一个解答计分.【答案】(1)条件选择见解析,2ω=;(2)π(,)3+∞.【解析】【分析】(1)选条件①,由ππ1cos()332ω-=的解不唯一,此条件不符合题意;选条件②,由周期求出ω;选条件③,由给定等式确定最大最小值条件,求出周期范围,由给定区间内无极值点求出周期即可.(2)由(1)求出函数()f x 的解析式,再借助不等式有解列式求解即得.【小问1详解】依题意,π()cos 12cos()13f x x x x ωωω=++=-+,选条件①,由(2π)3f =,得ππ2cos()1233ω-+=,即ππ1cos()332ω-=,于是πππ2π,N 333k k ω-=+∈或πππ2π,N 333k k ω*-=-+∈,显然ω的值不唯一,因此函数()f x 不唯一,不符合题意.选条件②,()y f x =的图象可由2cos2y x =的图象平移得到,因此()y f x =的最小正周期为函数2cos2y x =的最小正周期π,而0ω>,则2ππω=,所以2ω=.选条件③,()f x 在区间ππ(,36-内无极值点,且ππ()2(263f f -=-+,则ππ(()463f f --=,即函数()f x 分别在ππ,63x x ==-时取得最大值、最小值,于是()f x 的最小正周期ππ2[(π63T ≤⨯--=,由()f x 在区间ππ(,36-内无极值点,得()f x 的最小正周期ππ2[()]π63T ≥⨯--=,因此πT =,而0ω>,所以2π2Tω==.【小问2详解】由(1)知π()2cos(213f x x =-+,由(0,)x m ∈,得πππ2(,2)333x m -∈--,由不等式()2f x <在区间(0,)m 内有解,即π1cos(2)32x -<在区间(0,)m 内有解,则有ππ233m ->,解得π3m >,所以m 的取值范围是π(,)3+∞.17.在三棱锥-P ABC 中,2,AB PB M ==为AP 的中点.(1)如图1,若N 为棱PC 上一点,且MN AP ⊥,求证:平面BMN ⊥平面PAC ;(2)如图2,若O 为CA 延长线上一点,且PO ⊥平面,2ABC AC ==,直线PB 与平面ABC 所成角为π6,求直线CM 与平面PBC 所成角的正弦值.【答案】(1)证明见解析(2)13【解析】【分析】(1)根据BM AP ⊥和,MN AP ⊥可证线面垂直,即可求证面面垂直,(2)根据线面角的几何法可得π6PBO ∠=,建立空间直角坐标系,利用法向量与方向向量的夹角即可求解.【小问1详解】连接,,BM MN BN.因为,AB PB M =为AP 的中点,所以BM AP ⊥.又,MN AP ⊥,,MN BM M MN BM ⋂=⊂平面BMN ,所以AP ⊥平面BMN .因为AP ⊂平面,PAC 所以平面BMN ⊥平面PAC .【小问2详解】因为PO ⊥平面,ABC OB ⊂平面,ABC OC ⊂平面ABC ,所以,,PO OB PO OC PBO ∠⊥⊥为直线PB 与平面ABC 所成的角.因为直线PB 与平面ABC 所成角为π6,所以π6PBO ∠=.因为2PB =,所以1,PO OB ==.2=,所以1OA =.又2AB =,故222AB OB OA =+.所以OB OA ⊥.如图建立空间直角坐标系O xyz -.则())0,1,0,A B,()()0,3,0,0,0,1C P ,110,,22M ⎛⎫⎪⎝⎭.所以()0,3,1PC =-,()BC = ,510,,22MC ⎛⎫=- ⎪⎝⎭.设平面PBC 的法向量为(),,n x y z =,则0,0,n PC n BC ⎧⋅=⎪⎨⋅=⎪⎩即30,330.y z x y -=⎧⎪⎨+=⎪⎩令1y =,则)3,1,3n = .设CM 与平面PBC 所成角为θ,则2sin cos ,132511344MC n MC n MC nθ⋅====⋅+⋅.所以直线CM 与平面PBC 所成角的正弦值为213.18.图象识别是人工智能领域的一个重要研究方向.某中学人.工智能兴趣小组研发了一套根据人脸照片识别性别的程序.在对该程序的一轮测试中,小组同学输入了200张不同的人脸照片作为测试样本,获得数据如下表(单位:张):识别结果真实性别男女无法识别男902010女106010假设用频率估计概率,且该程序对每张照片的识别都是独立的.(1)从这200张照片中随机抽取一张,已知这张照片的识别结果为女性,求识别正确的概率;(2)在新一轮测试中,小组同学对3张不同的男性人脸照片依次测试,每张照片至多测一次,当首次出现识别正确或3张照片全部测试完毕,则停止测试.设X 表示测试的次数,估计X 的分布列和数学期望EX ;(3)为处理无法识别的照片,该小组同学提出上述程序修改的三个方案:方案一:将无法识别的照片全部判定为女性;方案二:将无法识别的照片全部判定为男性;方案三:将无法识别的照片随机判定为男性或女性(即判定为男性的概率为50%,判定为女性的概率为50%).现从若干张不同的人脸照片(其中男性、女性照片的数量之比为1:1)中随机抽取一张,分别用方案一、方案二、方案三进行识别,其识别正确的概率估计值分别记为123,,p p p .试比较123,,p p p 的大小.(结论不要求证明)【答案】(1)34(2)分布列见解析;()2116E X =(3)231p p p >>【解析】【分析】(1)利用用频率估计概率计算即可(2)由题意知X 的所有可能取值为1,2,3,分别求出相应的概率,然后根据期望公式求出即可(3)分别求出方案一、方案二、方案三进行识别正确的概率,然后比较大小可得【小问1详解】根据题中数据,共有206080+=张照片被识别为女性,其中确为女性的照片有60张,所以该照片确为女性的概率为603804=.【小问2详解】设事件:A 输入男性照片且识别正确.根据题中数据,()P A 可估计为9031204=.由题意知X 的所有可能取值为1,2,3.()()()31331111,2,3444164416P X P X P X ====⨯===⨯=.所以X 的分布列为X123P34316116所以()331211234161616E X =⨯+⨯+⨯=.【小问3详解】231p p p >>.19.已知椭圆E 的焦点在x 轴上,中心在坐标原点.以E 的一个顶点和两个焦点为顶点的三角形是等边三角形,且其周长为(1)求栯圆E 的方程;(2)设过点()2,0M 的直线l (不与坐标轴垂直)与椭圆E 交于不同的两点,A C ,与直线16x =交于点P .点B 在y 轴上,D 为坐标平面内的一点,四边形ABCD 是菱形.求证:直线PD 过定点.【答案】(1)22186x y +=(2)证明见解析【解析】【分析】(1)根据焦点三角形的周长以及等边三角形的性质可得22a c +=且12c a =,即可求解,,a b c 得解,(2)联立直线与椭圆方程得韦达定理,进而根据中点坐标公式可得2286,3434t N t t ⎛⎫-⎪++⎝⎭,进而根据菱形的性质可得BD 的方程为22683434t y t x t t ⎛⎫+=-- ⎪++⎝⎭,即可求解220,34t B t ⎛⎫ ⎪+⎝⎭,221614,3434t D t t ⎛⎫- ⎪++⎝⎭.进而根据点斜式求解直线PD 方程,即可求解.【小问1详解】由题意可设椭圆E 的方程为22222221(0),x y a b c a b a b+=>>=-.因为以E 的一个顶点和两个焦点为顶点的三角形是等边三角形,且其周长为所以22a c +=且12c a =,所以a c ==.所以26b =.所以椭圆E 的方程为22186x y +=.【小问2详解】设直线l 的方程为()20x ty t =+≠,令16x =,得14y t =,即1416,P t ⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭.由223424,2x y x ty ⎧+=⎨=+⎩得()223412120t y ty ++-=.设()()1122,,,A x y C x y ,则1212221212,3434t y y y y t t +=-=-++.设AC 的中点为()33,N x y ,则12326234y y ty t +==-+.所以3328234x ty t =+=+.因为四边形ABCD 为菱形,所以N 为BD 的中点,AC BD ⊥.所以直线BD 的斜率为t -.所以直线BD 的方程为22683434t y t x t t ⎛⎫+=-- ⎪++⎝⎭.令0x =得222862343434t t t y t t t =-=+++.所以220,34t B t ⎛⎫ ⎪+⎝⎭.设点D 的坐标为()44,x y ,则4343222162142,2343434t t x x y y t t t ===-=-+++,即221614,3434t D t t ⎛⎫-⎪++⎝⎭.所以直线PD 的方程为()221414143416161634tt t y x t t ++-=--+,即()746y x t =-.所以直线PD 过定点()4,0.【点睛】方法点睛:圆锥曲线中定点问题的两种解法:(1)引进参数法:先引进动点的坐标或动线中系数为参数表示变化量,再研究变化的量与参数何时没有关系,找到定点.(2)特殊到一般法:先根据动点或动线的特殊情况探索出定点,再证明该定点与变量无关.20.已知函数()()ln 0)f x x a a =-+>.(1)若1a =,①求曲线()y f x =在点()()22f ,处的切线方程;②求证:函数()f x 恰有一个零点;(2)若()ln 2f x a a ≤+对(),3x a a ∈恒成立,求a 的取值范围.【答案】(1)①2y =;②证明见解析(2)[)1,+∞【解析】【分析】(1)①求导,即可求解斜率,进而可求直线方程,②根据函数的单调性,结合零点存在性定理即可,(2)求导后构造函数()()(),,3g x x a x a a =-∈,利用导数判断单调性,可得()f x 的最大值为()()()000ln 2f x x a x a =-+-,对a 分类讨论即可求解.【小问1详解】当1a =时,()()ln 1f x x =-+.①()11f x x =--'.所以()()22,20f f =='.所以曲线()y f x =在点()()22f ,处的切线方程为2y =.②由①知()()(]()1ln 11,3,1f x x x f x x =-=-'+∈,且()20f '=.当()1,2x ∈时,因为111x >>-()0f x ¢>;当()2,3x ∈时,因为111x <<-,所以()0f x '<.所以()f x 在区间()1,2上单调递增,在区间()2,3上单调递减.因为()()()322,3ln20,1e 330f f f -==>+=-+<-+<.所以函数()f x 恰有一个零点.【小问2详解】由()()ln f x x a =-+得()f x -='.设()()(),,3g x x a x a a =-∈,则()10g x '=-<.所以()g x 是(),3a a 上的减函数.因为()()0,320g a g a a =>=-<,所以存在唯一()()()000,3,0x a a g x x a ∈=-=.所以()f x '与()f x 的情况如下:x()0,a x 0x ()0,3x a ()f x '+-()f x极大所以()f x 在区间(),3a a 上的最大值是()()()()0000ln ln 2f x x a x a x a =-+=-+-.当1a ≥时,因为()20g a a =-≤,所以02x a ≤.所以()()()0ln 222ln 2f x a a a a a a ≤-+-=+.所以()()0ln 2f x f x a a ≤≤+,符合题意.当01a <<时,因为()20g a a =>,所以02x a >.所以()()()0ln 222ln 2f x a a a a a a >-+-=+,不合题意.综上所述,a 的取值范围是[)1,+∞.【点睛】方法点睛:对于利用导数研究函数的综合问题的求解策略:1、通常要构造新函数,利用导数研究函数的单调性,求出最值,从而求出参数的取值范围;2、利用可分离变量,构造新函数,直接把问题转化为函数的最值问题.3、根据恒成立或有解求解参数的取值时,一般涉及分离参数法,但压轴试题中很少碰到分离参数后构造的新函数能直接求出最值点的情况,进行求解,若参变分离不易求解问题,就要考虑利用分类讨论法和放缩法,注意恒成立与存在性问题的区别.21.设正整数2n ≥,*,i i a d ∈N ,(){}1,1,2,i i i A x x a k d k ==+-= ,这里1,2,,i n = .若*12n A A A ⋃⋃⋃=N ,且()1i j A A i j n ⋂=∅≤<≤,则称12,,,n A A A 具有性质P .(1)当3n =时,若123,,A A A 具有性质P ,且11a =,22a =,33a =,令123m d d d =,写出m 的所有可能值;(2)若12,,,n A A A 具有性质P :①求证:()1,2,,i i a d i n ≤= ;②求1nii ia d =∑的值.【答案】(1)27或32(2)①证明见解析②12n +【解析】【分析】(1)对题目中所给的12,,,n A A A ,我们先通过分析集合中的元素,证明()1,2,,i i a d i n ≤= ,111ni i d ==∑,以及112ni i i a n d =+=∑,然后通过分类讨论的方法得到小问1的结果;(2)直接使用(1)中的这些结论解决小问2即可.【小问1详解】对集合S ,记其元素个数为S .先证明2个引理.引理1:若12,,,n A A A 具有性质P ,则()1,2,,i i a d i n ≤= .引理1的证明:假设结论()1,2,,i i a d i n ≤= 不成立.不妨设11a d >,则正整数111a d A -∉,但*12n A A A ⋃⋃⋃=N ,故11a d -一定属于某个()2i A i n ≤≤,不妨设为2A .则由112a d A -∈知存在正整数k ,使得()11221a d a k d -=+-.这意味着对正整数1112c a d d d =-+,有()111212111c a d d d a d d A =-+=+-∈,()()11122212212211c a d d d a k d d d a k d d A =-+=+-+=++-∈,但12A A =∅ ,矛盾.所以假设不成立,从而一定有()1,2,,i i a d i n ≤= ,从而引理1获证.引理2:若12,,,n A A A 具有性质P ,则111ni i d ==∑,且112ni i ia n d =+=∑.证明:取集合{}121,2,...,...n T d d d =.注意到关于正整数k 的不等式()1201...i i n a k d d d d <+-≤等价于12...11i i n i i ia a d d dk d d d -<≤-+,而由引理1有i i a d ≤,即011iia d ≤-<.结合12...n i d d d d 是正整数,知对于正整数k ,12...11i i n i i i a a d d d k d d d -<≤-+当且仅当12...n i iT d d dk d d ≤=,这意味着数列()()11,2,...k i i x a k d k =+-=恰有iT d 项落入集合T ,即i iT T A d ⋂=.而12,,,n A A A 两两之间没有公共元素,且并集为全体正整数,故T 中的元素属于且仅属于某一个()1i A i n ≤≤,故12...n T A T A T A T ⋂+⋂++⋂=.所以1212......n nT T T T A T A T A T d d d +++=⋂+⋂++⋂=,从而12111...1nd d d +++=,这就证明了引理2的第一个结论;再考虑集合T 中全体元素的和.一方面,直接由{}121,2,...,...n T d d d =知T 中全体元素的和为()1212 (12)n n d d d d d d +,即()12T T +.另一方面,i T A ⋂的全部iT d 个元素可以排成一个首项为i a ,公差为i d 的等差数列.所以i T A ⋂的所有元素之和为11122i i i i i i i iTT TT T a a d T d d d d d ⎛⎫⎛⎫⋅+-=+- ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭.最后,再将这n 个集合()1,2,...,i T A i n ⋂=的全部元素之和相加,得到T 中全体元素的和为112ni i i i T Ta T d d =⎛⎫⎛⎫+- ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭∑.这就得到()11122ni i i i T T T Ta T d d =⎛⎫+⎛⎫=+- ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭∑,所以有()221111111222222nnn ni i i i i i i i i iiiT T T TTn TTn T a a a T TT d d d d d ====⎛⎫+⎛⎫=+-=+-=+- ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭∑∑∑∑.即1122ni i iT T na d =+-=+∑,从而112ni i i a n d =+=∑,这就证明了引理2的第二个结论.综上,引理2获证.回到原题.将123,,d d d 从小到大排列为123r r r ≤≤,则123123m d d d r r r ==,由引理2的第一个结论,有1231231111111r r r d d d ++=++=.若13r ≥,则1231111111111311r r r r r r r =++≤++=≤,所以每个不等号都取等,从而1233r r r ===,故12327m r r r ==;情况1:若11r =,则23111110r r r +=-=,矛盾;情况2:若12r =,则231111112r r r +=-=,所以232221111122r r r r r =+≤+=,得24r ≤.此时如果22r =,则3211102r r =-=,矛盾;如果24r =,则32111124r r =-=,从而34r =,故12332m r r r ==;如果23r =,由于12r =,设()()123123,,,,i i i r r r d d d =,{}{}123,,1,2,3i i i =,则12i d =,23i d =.故对于正整数对()()2121212112331212211i i i i i i i i k a a a a k a a a a ⎧=+--+--⎪⎨=+--+--⎪⎩,有2112231i i k k a a -=--,从而12121223i i i i a k a k A A +=+∈⋂,这与12i i A A ⋂=∅矛盾.综上,m 的取值只可能是27或32.当()()123,,3,3,3d d d =时,27m =;当()()123,,4,2,4d d d =时,32m =.所以123m d d d =的所有可能取值是27和32.【小问2详解】①由引理1的结论,即知()1,2,,i i a d i n ≤= ;②由引理2的第二个结论,即知112nii ia n d=+=∑.【点睛】关键点点睛:本题的关键点在于,我们通过两个方面计算了一个集合的各个元素之和,从而得到了一个等式,这种方法俗称“算二次”法或富比尼定理.。
北京市海淀区2023-2024学年高三上学期期末考试地理试卷 Word版含解析

海淀区2023-2024学年第一学期期末练习高三地理本试卷共8页,100分。
考试时长90分钟。
考生务必将答案答在答题纸上,在试卷上作答无效。
考试结束后,将本试卷和答题纸一并交回。
第一部分一、本部分共15题,每题3分,共45分。
在每题列出的四个选项中,选出最符合题目要求的一项。
下图为2022年我国省级行政中心(港澳台除外)常住人口数量变化统计图。
读图,完成下面小题。
1. 图中常住人口增量大的城市主要位于()A. 地势第一级阶梯B. 非季风区C. 南方地区D. 黄河流域2. 推测图中城市常住人口数量变化差异的主要影响因素是()A. 气候与交通B. 资源与文化C. 灾害与历史D. 经济与政策【答案】1. C 2. D【解析】【1题详解】读图可知,常住人口增量大的城市有长沙、杭州、合肥,均秦岭-淮河以南,巫山以东,从地理位置上来看均位于我国南方、第三级阶梯、季风区及长江流域,C正确,ABD错误。
故选C。
【2题详解】一个城市的常住人口由户籍人口和流动人口组成。
2021年国家放开了三孩政策,影响了户籍人口数量,城经济因素对人口迁移(流动人口)的影响最大,故图中城市常住人口数量变化差异的主要影响因素是经济和政策,D正确;随着生产力水平的提高,自然因素对人口的影响在减弱,社会经济因素的影响在增强,气候与交通、资源与文化、灾害与历史对人口数量的影响更小,ABC错误。
故选D。
【点睛】户籍人口数量较多,常住人口数量较少,说明该地经济发展水平较低,主要是因素经济因素导致的人口外迁,有大量人口外出务工。
下图示意南京市郊区某村城镇化进程中,村民近30年的身份变化。
读图,完成下面小题。
3. 该村城镇化的主要推动力是()A. 自然资源开发B. 对外开放扩大C. 农业结构调整D. 乡镇企业发展4. 图示过程中,该村()A. 人口老龄化持续加剧B. 人口合理容量提高C. 地域文化趋于单一D. 出现再城市化现象【答案】3. D 4. B【解析】【3题详解】据材料可知,农民进入本村企业,转变为产业工人,促进了城市化的发展,故该村城镇化的主要推动力是乡镇企业发展,D正确;材料信息没有显示自然资源开发、对外开放扩大、农业结构调整这些信息,ABC 错误。
北京市海淀区2023-2024学年高三上学期期末考试 数学含答案

海淀区2023—2024学年第一学期期末练习高三数学(答案在最后)2024.01本试卷共6页,150分.考试时长120分钟.考生务必将答案答在答题纸上,在试卷上作答无效.考试结束后,将本试卷和答题纸一并交回.第一部分(选择题共40分)一、选择题共10小题,每小题4分,共40分.在每小题列出的四个选项中,选出符合题目要求的一项.1.已知集合{}1,2,3,4,5,6U =,{}1,3,5A =,{}1,2,3B =,则()U A B = ð()A .{}2,4,5,6B .{}4,6C .{}2,4,6D .{}2,5,62.如图,在复平面内,复数1z ,2z 对应的点分别为1Z ,2Z ,则复数12z z ⋅的虚部为()A .i-B .1-C .3i -D .3-3.已知直线1:12yl x +=,直线2:220l x ay -+=,且12l l ∥,则a =()A .1B .1-C .4D .4-4.已知抛物线2:8C y x =的焦点为F ,点M 在C 上,4MF =,O 为坐标原点,则MO =()A .B .4C .5D .5.在正四棱锥P ABCD -中,2AB =,二面角P CD A --的大小为4π,则该四棱锥的体积为()A .4B .2C .43D .236.已知22:210C x x y ++-= ,直线()10mx n y +-=与C 交于A ,B 两点.若ABC △为直角三角形,则()A .0mn =B .0m n -=C .0m n +=D .2230m n -=7.若关于x 的方程log 0xa x a -=(0a >且1a ≠)有实数解,则a 的值可以为()A .10B .eC .2D .548.已知直线1l ,2l 的斜率分别为1k ,2k ,倾斜角分别为1α,2α,则“()12cos 0->αα”是“120k k >”的()A .充分而不必要条件B .必要而不充分条件C .充分必要条件D .既不充分也不必要条件9.已知{}n a 是公比为q (1q ≠)的等比数列,n S 为其前n 项和.若对任意的*N n ∈,11n a S q<-恒成立,则()A .{}n a 是递增数列B .{}n a 是递减数列C .{}n S 是递增数列D .{}n S 是递减数列10.蜜蜂被誉为“天才的建筑师”.蜂巢结构是一种在一定条件下建筑用材面积最小的结构.下图是一个蜂房的立体模型,底面ABCDEF 是正六边形,棱AG ,BH ,CI ,DJ ,EK ,FL 均垂直于底面ABCDEF ,上顶由三个全等的菱形PGHI ,PIJK ,PKLG 构成.设1BC =,GPI IPK ∠=∠KPG =∠=θ10928'≈︒,则上顶的面积为()(参考数据:1cos 3=-θ,tan2=θ)A .B .2C .2D .4第二部分(非选择题共110分)二、填空题共5小题,每小题5分,共25分.11.在51x ⎫-⎪⎭的展开式中,x 的系数为______.12.已知双曲线221x my -=0y -=,则该双曲线的离心率为______.13.已知点A ,B ,C 在正方形网格中的位置如图所示.若网格纸上小正方形的边长为1,则AB BC ⋅=______;点C 到直线AB 的距离为______.14.已知无穷等差数列{}n a 的各项均为正数,公差为d ,则能使得1n n a a +为某一个等差数列{}n b 的前n 项和(1n =,2,…)的一组1a ,d 的值为1a =______,d =______.15.已知函数()cos f x x a =+.给出下列四个结论:①任意a ∈R ,函数()f x 的最大值与最小值的差为2;②存在a ∈R ,使得对任意x ∈R ,()()π2f x f x a +-=;③当0a ≠时,对任意非零实数x ,ππ22f x f x ⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭⎝+⎭≠;④当0a =时,存在()0,πT ∈,0x ∈R ,使得对任意n ∈Z ,都有()()00f x f x nT =+.其中所有正确结论的序号是______.三、解答题共6小题,共85分.解答应写出文字说明,演算步骤或证明过程.16.(本小题13分)如图,在四棱柱1111ABCD A B C D -中,侧面11ABB A 是正方形,平面11ABB A ⊥平面ABCD ,AB CD ∥,12AD DC AB ==,M 为线段AB 的中点,1AD B M ⊥.(Ⅰ)求证:1C M ∥平面11ADD A ;(Ⅱ)求直线1AC 与平面11MB C 所成角的正弦值.17.(本小题14分)在ABC △中,2cos 2c A b a =-.(Ⅰ)求C ∠的大小;(Ⅱ)若c =ABC △存在,求AC 边上中线的长.条件①:ABC △的面积为条件②:1sin sin 2B A -=;条件③:2222b a -=.注:如果选择的条件不符合要求,得0分;如果选择多个符合要求的条件分别解答,按第一个解答计分.18.(本小题13分)甲、乙、丙三人进行投篮比赛,共比赛10场,规定每场比赛分数最高者获胜,三人得分(单位:分)情况统计如下:场次12345678910甲8101071288101013乙9138121411791210丙121191111998911(Ⅰ)从上述10场比赛中随机选择一场,求甲获胜的概率;(Ⅱ)在上述10场比赛中,从甲得分不低于10分的场次中随机选择两场,设X 表示乙得分大于丙得分的场数,求X 的分布列和数学期望()E X ;(Ⅲ)假设每场比赛获胜者唯一,且各场相互独立,用上述10场比赛中每人获胜的频率估计其获胜的概率.甲、乙、丙三人接下来又将进行6场投篮比赛,设1Y 为甲获胜的场数,2Y 为乙获胜的场数,3Y 为丙获胜的场数,写出方差()1D Y ,()2D Y ,()3D Y 的大小关系.19.(本小题15分)已知椭圆2222:1x y E a b+=(0a b >>)过点()3,0A ,焦距为(Ⅰ)求椭圆E 的方程,并求其短轴长;(Ⅱ)过点()1,0P 且不与x 轴重合的直线l 交椭圆E 于两点C ,D ,连接CO 并延长交椭圆E 于点M ,直线AM 与l 交于点N ,Q 为OD 的中点,其中O 为原点.设直线NQ 的斜率为k ,求k 的最大值.20.(本小题15分)已知函数()2sin f x ax x x b =-+.(Ⅰ)当1a =时,求证:①当0x >时,()f x b >;②函数()f x 有唯一极值点;(Ⅱ)若曲线1C 与曲线2C 在某公共点处的切线重合,则称该切线为1C 和2C 的“优切线”.若曲线()y f x =与曲线cos y x =-存在两条互相垂直的“优切线”,求a ,b 的值.21.(本小题15分)对于给定的奇数m (3m ≥),设A 是由m m ⨯个实数组成的m 行m 列的数表,且A 中所有数不全相同,A 中第i 行第j 列的数{}1,1ij a ∈-,记()r i 为A 的第i 行各数之和,()c j 为A 的第j 列各数之和,其中{},1,2,,i j m ∈⋅⋅⋅.记()()()()2212m r r m f r A -++⋅⋅⋅+=.设集合()()(){}{},00,,1,2,,ij ij H i j a r a c j i m i j =⋅<⋅<∈⋅⋅⋅或,记()H A 为集合H 所含元素的个数.(Ⅰ)对以下两个数表1A ,2A ,写出()1f A ,()1H A ,()2f A ,()2H A 的值;1A 2A (Ⅱ)若()1r ,()2r ,…,()r m 中恰有s 个正数,()1c ,()2c ,…,()c m 中恰有t 个正数.求证:()2H A mt ms ts ≥+-;(Ⅲ)当5m =时,求()()H A f A 的最小值.海淀区2023—2024学年第一学期期末练习高三数学参考答案一、选择题(共10小题,每小题4分,共40分)1.A 2.D 3.B 4.D 5.C 6.A7.D8.B9.B10.D二、填空题(共5小题,每小题5分,共25分)11.5-12.213.1-514.11(答案不唯一)15.②④三、解答题(共6小题,共85分)16.(共13分)解:(Ⅰ)连接1AD .在四棱柱1111ABCD A B C D -中,侧面11CDD C 为平行四边形,所以11C D CD ∥,11C D CD =.因为AB CD ∥,12CD AB =,M 为AB 中点,所以CD AM ∥,CD AM =.所以11C D AM ∥,11C D AM =.所以四边形11MAD C 为平行四边形.所以11MC AD ∥.因为1C M ⊄平面11ADD A ,所以1C M ∥平面11ADD A .(Ⅱ)在正方形11ABB A 中,1AA AB ⊥.因为平面11ABB A ⊥平面ABCD ,所以1AA ⊥平面ABCD .所以1AA AD ⊥.因为1AD B M ⊥,1B M ⊂平面11ABB A ,1B M 与1AA 相交,所以AD ⊥平面11ABB A .所以AD AB ⊥.如图建立空间直角坐标系A xyz -.不妨设1AD =,则()0,0,0A ,()11,2,1C ,()10,2,2B ,()0,0,1M .所以()11,2,1AC = ,()111,0,1C B =- ,()11,2,0MC =.设平面11MB C 的法向量为(),,n x y z = ,则1110,0,n C B n MC ⎧⋅=⎪⎨⋅=⎪⎩ 即0,20.x z x y -+=⎧⎨+=⎩令2x =,则1y =-,2z =.于是()2,1,2n =-.因为1116cos ,9AC n AC n AC n⋅==⋅,所以直线1AC 与平面11MB C 所成角的正弦值为69.17.(共14分)解:(Ⅰ)由正弦定理sin sin sin a b cA B C==及2cos 2c A b a =-,得2sin cos 2sin sin C A B A =-.①因为πA B C ++=,所以()sin sin sin cos cos sin B A C A C A C =+=+.②由①②得2sin sin sin 0A C A -=.因为()0,πA ∈,所以sin 0A ≠.所以1cos 2C =.因为()0,πC ∈,所以π3C =.(Ⅱ)选条件②:1sin sin 2B A -=.由(Ⅰ)知,π2ππ33B A A ∠=--∠=-∠.所以2πsin sin sin sin 3B A A A -=--⎛⎫⎪⎝⎭31cos sin sin 22A A A =+-31cos sin 22A A =-πsin 3A ⎛⎫=- ⎪⎝⎭.所以π1sin 32A ⎛⎫-=⎪⎝⎭.因为2π0,3A ⎛⎫∈ ⎪⎝⎭,所以πππ,333A ⎛⎫-∈- ⎪⎝⎭.所以ππ36A -=,即π6A =.所以ABC △是以AC 为斜边的直角三角形.因为c =2πsin sin 3AB AC C ===.所以AC 边上的中线的长为1.选条件③:2222b a -=.由余弦定理得223a b ab +-=.设AC 边上的中线长为d ,由余弦定理得2222cos 42b ab d a C =+-⋅2242b ab a =+-2222342b a b a +-=+-1=.所以AC 边上的中线的长为1.18.(共13分)解:(Ⅰ)根据三人投篮得分统计数据,在10场比赛中,甲共获胜3场,分别是第3场,第8场,第10场.设A 表示“从10场比赛中随机选择一场,甲获胜”,则()310P A =.(Ⅱ)根据三人投篮得分统计数据,在10场比赛中,甲得分不低于10分的场次有6场,分别是第2场,第3场,第5场,第8场,第9场,第10场,其中乙得分大于丙得分的场次有4场,分别是第2场、第5场、第8场、第9场.所以X 的所有可能取值为0,1,2.()202426C C 10C 15P X ===,()112426C C 81C 15P X ⋅===,()022426C C 22C 5P X ===.所以X 的分布列为X 012P11581525所以()1824012151553E X =⨯+⨯+⨯=.(Ⅲ)()()()213D Y DY D Y >>.19.(共15分)解:(Ⅰ)由题意知3a =,2c =.所以c =,2224b a c =-=.所以椭圆E 的方程为22194x y +=,其短轴长为4.(Ⅱ)设直线CD 的方程为1x my =+,()11,C x y ,()22,D x y ,则()11,M x y --.由221941x y x my ⎧+=⎪⎨⎪=+⎩,得()22498320m y my ++-=.所以122849m y y m -+=+.由()3,0A 得直线AM 的方程为()1133y y x x =-+.由()11331y y x x x my ⎧=-⎪+⎨⎪=+⎩,得11123y y x my -=+-.因为111x my =+,所以12y y =-,112122y my x m ⎛⎫⎭-=⎪⎝- =+.所以112,22my y N --⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭.因为Q 为OD 的中点,所以221x my =+,所以221,22my y Q +⎛⎫⎪⎝⎭.所以直线NQ 的斜率()212212221212884922128112912249m y y y y m m k my my m m y y m m -+++====+--+-+--+.当0m ≤时,0k ≤.当0m >时,因为912m m+≥=,当且仅当2m =时,等号成立.所以281299m k m =≤+.所以当2m =时,k取得最大值9.20.(共15分)解:(Ⅰ)①当1a =时,()()2sin sin f x x x x b x x x b =-+=-+.记()sin g x x x =-(0x ≥),则()1cos 0g x x '=-≥.所以()g x 在[)0,+∞上是增函数.所以当0x >时,()()00g x g >=.所以当0x >时,()()sin f x x x x b b =-+>.②由()2sin f x x x x b =-+得()2sin cos f x x x x x '=--,且()00f '=.当0x >时,()()1cos sin f x x x x x '=-+-.因为1cos 0x -≥,sin 0x x ->,所以()0f x '>.因为()()f x f x ''-=-对任意x ∈R 恒成立,所以当0x <时,()0f x '<.所以0是()f x 的唯一极值点.(Ⅱ)设曲线()y f x =与曲线cos y x =-的两条互相垂直的“优切线”的切点的横坐标分别为1x ,2x ,其斜率分别为1k ,2k ,则121k k =-.因为()cos sin x x '-=,所以1212sin sin 1x x k k ⋅==-.所以{}{}12sin ,sin 1,1x x =-.不妨设1sin 1x =,则1π2π2x k =+,k ∈Z .因为()1111112sin cos k f x ax x x x '==--,由“优切线”的定义可知111112sin cos sin ax x x x x --=.所以1124ππa x k ==+,k ∈Z .由“优切线”的定义可知2111111sin cos x x x b x x ⋅-+=-,所以0b =.当24ππa k =+,k ∈Z ,0b =时,取1π2π2x k =+,2π2π2x k =--,则()11cos 0f x x =-=,()22cos 0f x x =-=,()11sin 1f x x ='=,()22sin 1f x x ='=-,符合题意.所以24ππa k =+,k ∈Z ,0b =.21.(共15分)解:(Ⅰ)()110f A =,()112H A =;()212f A ,()215H A =.由定义可知:将数表A 中的每个数变为其相反数,或交换两行(列),()H A ,()f A 的值不变.因为m 为奇数,{}1,1ij a ∈-,所以()1r ,()2r ,…,()r m ,()1c ,()2c ,…,()c m 均不为0.(Ⅱ)当{}0,s m ∈或{}0,t m ∈时,不妨设0s =,即()0r i <,1,2,,i m =⋅⋅⋅.若0t =,结论显然成立;若0t ≠,不妨设()0c j >,1,2,,j t =⋅⋅⋅,则(),i j H ∈,1,2,,i m =⋅⋅⋅,1,2,,j t =⋅⋅⋅.所以()H A mt ≥,结论成立.当{}0,s m ∉且{}0,t m ∉时,不妨设()0r i >,1,2,,i s =⋅⋅⋅,()0c j >,1,2,,j t =⋅⋅⋅,则当1s i m +≤≤时,()0r i <;当1t j m +≤≤时,()0c j <.因为当1,2,,i s =⋅⋅⋅,1,2,,j t t m =++⋅⋅⋅时,()0r i >,()0c j <,所以()()()()()()20ij ij ij a r i a c j a r i c j ⋅=⋅⋅⋅<⋅.所以(),i j H ∈.同理可得:(),i j H ∈,1,2,,m i s s =++⋅⋅⋅,1,2,,j t =⋅⋅⋅.所以()()()2H A s m t m s t mt ms st ≥-+-=+-.(Ⅲ)当5m =时,()()H A f A 的最小值为89.对于如下的数表A ,()()89H A f A =.下面证明:()()89H A f A ≥.设()1r ,()2r ,…,()r m 中恰有s 个正数,()1c ,()2c ,…,()c m 中恰有t 个正数,{},0,1,2,3,4,5s t ∈.①若{}0,5s ∈或{}0,5t ∈,不妨设0s =,即()0r i <,1,2,,5i =⋅⋅⋅.所以当1ij a =时,(),i j H ∈.由A 中所有数不全相同,记数表A 中1的个数为a ,则1a ≥,且()()()()251252r r r f A +++⋅⋅⋅+=()252252a a a +--==,()H A a ≥.所以()()819H A f A ≥>.②由①设{}0,5s ∉且{}0,5t ∉.若{}2,3s ∈或{}2,3t ∈,不妨设2s =,则由(Ⅱ)中结论知:()51041011H A t t t ≥+-=+≥.因为()()()()251250122r r r f A -++⋅⋅⋅+<=≤,所以()()118129H A f A ≥>.③由①②设{}0,2,3,5s ∉且{}0,2,3,5t ∉.若{}{},1,4s t =,则由(Ⅱ)中结论知:()25817H A ≥-=.因为()012f A <≤,所以()()178129H A f A ≥>.若s t =,{}1,4s ∈,不妨设1s t ==,()10r >,()10c >,且()()1H A f A<,由(Ⅱ)中结论知:()8H A ≥.所以()()8f A H A >≥.若数表A 中存在ij a ({},2,3,4,5i j ∈)为1,将其替换为1-后得到数表A '.因为()()1H A H A '=-,()()1f A f A '≥-,所以()()()()()()11H A H A H A f A f A f A '-≤<'-.所以将数表A 中第i 行第j 列(,2,3,4,5i j =)为1的数替换为1-后()()H A f A 值变小.所以不妨设1ij a =-(,2,3,4,5i j =).因为()5528H A ≥+-=,()9f A ≤,。
2020届北京市海淀区高三上学期期末考试英语试题(word版)

2020 年北京市海淀区高三年级第一学期期末英语试卷第一部分:听力理解(共三节,30 分)第一节(共5 小题;每小题1.5 分,共7.5 分)听下面5 段对话,每段对话有一道小题,从每题所给的A、B、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项,听完每段对话后,你将有10 秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话你将听一遍。
第二部分:知识运用(共两节,45 分)第一节语法填空(共10 小题;每小题1.5 分,共15 分)A阅读下列短文,根据短文内容填空。
在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1 个适当的单词,在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
The first time I saw May, she ___1___ (sit) in my front yard, hugging my dog Harley. She had just moved into a small house down the road from us. From the second I talked to her, I knew May would be a cherished friend. Her smile and good cheer made me feel better when I was around her.It didn’t take long ___2___ May was beloved by everyone in our neighborhood. Children and adults visited her home often. When we visited her, she would kindly listen to all of our ___3___ (trouble) and then say something so wise that we would leave her home with our hearts ___4___ (sing).【答案】1. was sitting2. before3. troubles4. singingB阅读下列短文,根据短文内容填空。
北京海淀区2023-2024学年高三上学期期末生物试题含答案

海淀区2023—2024学年第一学期期末练习高三生物学(答案在最后)2024.01本试卷共10页,100分。
考试时长90分钟。
考生务必将答案答在答题纸上,在试卷上作答无效。
考试结束后,将本试卷和答题纸一并交回。
第一部分本部分共15题,每题2分,共30分。
在每题列出的四个选项中,选出最符合题目要求的一项。
1.在Mg2+存在的条件下,己糖激酶可催化ATP分子的磷酸基团转移到葡萄糖分子上,生成6-磷酸葡萄糖。
下列关于己糖激酶的叙述正确的是()A.基本单位是葡萄糖B.组成元素仅含C、H、O、PC.可提供化学反应所需的活化能D.催化活性受Mg2+影响【答案】D【解析】【分析】酶:(1)定义:酶是活细胞产生的具有催化作用的有机物。
(2)本质:大多数是蛋白质,少数是RNA。
(3)特性:高效性、专一性、作用条件较温和。
【详解】A、己糖激酶的化学本质是蛋白质,基本单位是氨基酸,A错误;B、己糖激酶的化学本质是蛋白质,组成元素主要有C、H、O、N,B错误;C、己糖激酶具有催化作用,其机理为能降低化学反应所需的活化能,C错误;D、在Mg2+存在的条件下,己糖激酶可催化ATP分子的磷酸基团转移到葡萄糖分子上,生成6-磷酸葡萄糖,故己糖激酶的催化活性受Mg2+影响,D正确。
故选D。
2.哺乳动物断奶后,乳腺中的某些死亡细胞会被周围的吞噬细胞消化清除,据此推测吞噬细胞中比较发达的细胞器是()A.中心体B.内质网C.核糖体D.溶酶体【答案】D【解析】【分析】溶酶体是由高尔基体断裂产生,单层膜包裹的小泡,溶酶体为细胞内由单层脂蛋白膜包绕的内含一系列酸性水解酶的小体。
是细胞内具有单层膜囊状结构的细胞器,溶酶体内含有许多种水解酶类,能够分解很多种物质,溶酶体被比喻为细胞内的“酶仓库”“消化系统”。
【详解】哺乳动物断奶后,乳腺中的某些死亡细胞会被周围的吞噬细胞消化清除,溶酶体内含有许多种水解酶类,能够分解很多种物质,溶酶体被比喻为细胞内的“酶仓库”“消化系统”,吞噬细胞中比较发达的细胞器是溶酶体,D符合题意。
北京市海淀区2022-2023学年高三上学期期末考试化学试卷(word版,含答案)

北京市海淀区2022-2023学年高三上学期期末考试化学试卷化 学可能用到的相对原子质量:H 1-C 12- N 14- O 16- Na 23- Si 28- Fe 56-第一部分本部分共14题,每题3分,共42分。
在每题列出的四个选项中,选出最符合题目要求的一项。
1.我国科学家利用高分辨原子力显微镜技术,首次拍摄到质子在水层中的原子级分辨图像,发现两种结构的水合质子,其中一种结构如图所示。
下列有关该水合质子的说法正确的是( )。
A .化学式为94H O +B .氢、氧原子都处于同一平面C .氢、氧原子间均以氢键结合D .图中所有H O H --键角都相同 2.下列说法不正确...的是( )。
A .3NF 的电子式::F ::F :N :F :B .基态2Cu +价层电子的轨道表示式:C .青铜器电化学腐蚀形成铜锈:铜作负极D .()3Fe OH 胶体和()3Fe OH 悬浊液的本质区别:分散质粒子直径不同3.槟榔中含有多种生物碱,如槟榔碱和槟榔次碱,其结构如下。
这些生物碱会对人体机能产生影响。
下列说法正确的是( )。
A .槟榔碱和槟榔次碱是同系物B .槟榔碱分子中N 原子的杂化方式是2sp C .槟榔次碱分子中最多有4个碳原子共平面 D .槟榔碱和槟榔次碱均能与强酸、强碱反应 4.下列原因分析能正确解释递变规律的是( )。
A .实验室制氯气时,用氢氧化钠溶液吸收多余的氯气:2Cl OHCl HClO --+===+B .铜和浓硝酸反应,产生红棕色气体:33Cu 8HNO +(浓)()32223Cu NO 2NO 4H O ===+↑+C .苯酚浊液中滴加碳酸钠溶液后变澄清:D .用热的NaOH 溶液去除油污(以硬脂酸甘油酯为例):1735221735173517352C H COOCH CH OH | |C H COOCH 3NaOH CHOH 3C H COONa | |C H COOCH+−−→+△2 CH OH6.用A N 代表阿伏加德罗常数的数值。
北京市海淀区2022-2023学年高三上学期期末考试生物试卷(word版,含答案)

北京市海淀区2022-2023学年高三上学期期末考试生物试卷生物2023.01本试卷共8页,100分。
考试时长90分钟。
考生务必将答案答在答题纸上,在试卷上作答无效。
考试结束后,将本试卷和答题纸一并交回。
第一部分本部分共15题,每题2分,共30分。
在每题列出的四个选项中,选出最符合题目要求的一项。
1.科研人员在多种细胞中发现了一种RNA上连接糖分子的“糖RNA”,而之前已知的糖修饰的生物分子是糖蛋白和糖脂。
糖RNA与糖蛋白两类分子的共性是A.都由C、H、O、N和S元素组成B.都在内质网和高尔基体合成C.都携带并传递细胞中的遗传信息D.都是以碳链为骨架的生物大分子2.由细胞分泌到胞外的囊泡可携带蛋白质、脂质、糖类和核酸等多种物质,在细胞间的信息交流中发挥关键作用。
下列相关叙述正确的是A.囊泡携带的物质都可以为细胞生命活动供能B.通过胞吐方式释放囊泡消耗代谢产生的能量C.脂溶性分子一般包裹在囊泡内运输到靶细胞D.囊泡与靶细胞的融合体现膜的选择透过性3.研究者发现一种细菌,细胞膜上有ATP合成酶及光驱动的H+泵。
利用该细菌进行实验,处理及结果如图所示。
对实验结果的分析,不正确...的是A.黑暗时细菌生命活动消耗胞内的ATPB.该细菌的线粒体内有氧呼吸合成ATPC.光照时该细菌能将胞内的H+运出细胞D.该细菌可利用胞外积累的H+合成ATP4.侏儒小鼠作父本,野生型小鼠作母本,F1都是侏儒小鼠;反交后F1都是野生型小鼠。
正交实验的F1雌雄个体间相互交配、反交实验的F1雌雄个体间相互交配,F2均出现1:1的性状分离比。
以下能够解释上述实验现象的是A.控制侏儒性状的基因位于X染色体上B.控制侏儒性状的基因在线粒体DNA上C.来源于母本的侏儒和野生型基因不表达D.含侏儒基因的精子不能完成受精作用5.某家系中有一种单基因遗传病,已知该遗传病的致病基因邻近的片段有一段特异性序列(分子标记1),正常基因该位置的特异性序列为分子标记2。
2023-2024学年北京市海淀区高三上学期期末考试英语试卷

2023-2024学年北京市海淀区高三上学期期末考试英语试卷Back in 2008, I was teaching Concepts of Fitness in a high school. At the end of one class, I chatted with David Gale, a senior high jumper, about how to improve his ________ and how motivation played an important role in one’s achievement. He, out of the blue, asked me what would happen if he broke the school record.Not ________ of his passion and determination, I paused for a moment, but then promised that I would paint his name on the wall of our classroom. He was very excited and suggested that I go purchase the paint.Nothing more was mentioned about the ________ until two weeks later, the young warrior ran into the classroom with a huge smile on his face. “I did it! I broke the record!” he shouted as I was still gathering information to ________ what I had promised him. I joined in with the high-fives and fist bumps ________ him.The next day, it was done! G-A-L-E. Huge blue letters with white edges, the school colors. I could see his excitement even surpassed the success itself. Actually, his coach said the wall was part of the ________ to break the record.What happened next was totally amazing. Many students, even from other classes, saw the name on the wall and ________ how they, too, could be considered for the wall. With the enormous________, I had to add more names to the wall, and more than 100 names appeared there in the following 10 years.Many folks admitted they would not have ________ what they did if the wall hadn’t been part of the reward. More importantly, all those who stepped far beyond their comfort zone helped set the________ higher.1.A.health B.performance C.talent D.knowledge2.A.proud B.afraid C.certain D.fond3.A.promise B.record C.suggestion D.news4.A.describe B.recall C.explain D.picture5.A.encouraging B.admiring C.congratulating D.greeting6.A.excitement B.confidence C.creativity D.motivation7.A.inquired B.expected C.insisted D.doubted8.A.effort B.experience C.stress D.response9.A.adjusted B.achieved C.examined D.displayed10.A.pace B.stage C.bar D.tone语法填空When Mark was driving to the martial arts gym where he trains and volunteers, he saw 11 looked like a police pursuit. Soon Mark realized the officer did not have control of the situation. Jumping out of his car, Mark identified himself and spelled out his intention 12 (make) it two-on-one in the officer’s favor. Then, with the officer 13 (struggle) to control the man’s upper body, Mark put his weight on the man’s legs. But the suspect managed to roll to his right, onto his s tomach. Mark immediately 14 (apply) a martial move to control his shoulder and upper body. A few seconds later, the suspect gave out. The officer secured a handcuff and the threat was over.语法填空Glass recycling has become such a big industry that the amount of glass 15 (recycle) is not meeting the demand for new glass to be produced. Some states in U. S. have attempted to resolve this situation in hopes of encouraging the 16 (produce) of glass over plastic by offering monetary incentives (奖励) for glass. For example, California has a special program 17 you can earn five cents for most glass bottles as well as plastic ones and aluminum cans less than 24 ounces. For items over 24 ounces, you can earn 10 cents each.语法填空In the States, tourism is clearly not an environmentally “clean” industry. People do not just show up, spend 18 (they) money and leave. Instead, they show up, and if they have more money than the locals do, they move in and tell a friend. So more people are attracted 19 this place and more homes are built for them. But these homes are often pricing out the locals. The hospitality industry does create jobs, but many of these jobs don’t pay a lot. The taxes that come from tourism 20 (use) to fix the problems that tourism causes in the first place.Dear Colleague,I am writing with information about BAC University Summer Term’s four exciting programs for high school students. These programs provide the opportunity to study at a world-renowned university, strengthen English-language skills and enjoy summer in Boston. Here is a brief overview of our programs:High School Honors is a six-week residential or online program in which students take BAC University undergraduate courses and earn up to 8 transferable college credits. Students must be entering Grades 10-12 in fall 2024.Academic Immersion (AIM) is a three-week non-credit residential program for students to focus intensively on a single academic topic. This summer we are offering three AIM tracks: Introduction to Experimental Psychology, Introduction to Medicine, and Creative Writing. All three tracks combine classroom work with hands-on experiential learning activities. Students must be entering Grade 11 or Grade 12 in fall 2024.Summer Challenge is a two-week residential or online program in which students take two non-credit seminars of their choice and experience college life. Students must be entering Grade 12 infall 2024.Summer Preview is a one-week non-credit residential program in which students explore one subject of interest while previewing the college experience. Students must be entering Grade 9 or Grade10in fall 2024.Our Summer Term’s programs provide students with rigorous and collaborative college life experiences that enable them to gain a strong sense of their personal and academic potential. Every year, our students form strong friendships as they undertake challenging coursework and participate in social events.I have enclosed a poster and a program brochure. I hope you will share this information with your students. Please feel free to contact us via email at **************** if you have any questions about our programs.Warmly,Amanda NelsonAssociate DirectorBAC University Summer Term 21. A Grade 11 student in fall 2024 who prefers online programs could choose ________.A.High School Honors B.AcademicImmersionC.SummerChallengeD.Summer Preview22. According to the passage, students can ________.A.get at least 8 transferable credits in High School HonorsB.gain both knowledge and practical experience in AIMC.earn credits from the courses in Summer ChallengeD.engage in in-depth research in Summer Preview23. What’s Amanda Nelson’s purpose in writing the letter?A.To evaluate a summer camp. B.To promote pre-college programs.C.To recommend university courses. D.To introduce college learning projects.In early 2018, I was training for the London Marathon—the first and only marathon I would ever run in my life. I had treated myself to an expensive fitness watch that tracked my time, pace and splits.At the end of my final training run—an exhausting 21 miles (34km) —I threw myself down on the floor the moment I got home, only to see my watch had failed me. Twenty-one miles briefly flashed on the screen before it went blank and disappeared for ever. I screamed in pain. That tragic image of me crying on my living room floor pretty much sums up my relationship with exercise tracking technology.It can be a total joy to watch your data change on running apps as you get stronger and faster. I once got a kick out of it, but at some point it became a stick I used to punish myself. I would watch my pace, compare it with other people’s or criticize myself for not doing it 30 seconds faster. I never really recognized exercise tracking as a problem. It seemed to me that tracking was the route to self-improvement, and the point was to improve, wasn’t it? The point was to be better.In the past year, the concept of “being better” has taken on a different meaning. My mental health dropped, and things that were once easy such as brushing my teeth became unimaginably difficult. Being better stopped meaning getting faster or stronger. It meant taking care of myself and feeling some joy in a day. Once I started getting better, I reflected on what in my life made me happy and what did not. So, I stopped tracking my runs and simply deleted years’ worth of data that was once very important to me and now meant nothing.What has become very clear to me since I quit tracking my runs is that I genuinely love doing them.I run around my local park with a silly little smile on my face. I love it so much. But I do not love running quickly. I do not like races. I do not want to be pushed to be faster. Things I notice about my runs now include: how my legs feel and how my mind feels afterwards-clear and focused. I notice dogs, the smell of the wild plants along the canal and the sunshine (OK, wind and rain) on my face.I am better. Or sometimes I am worse. But either way I’m slowly plodding along, and that’s good enough.24. The author cried after the final training run because she ________.A.had to stop working out B.became physically worn outC.lost the data on the watch D.felt a sharp pain in the legs25. The author used to view exercise tracking as ________.A.a fun hobby for enjoyment B.a strong need for recognitionC.a method of escaping punishment D.a way of being a better runner26. What does “being better” mean to the author now?A.Getting pleasure out of winning races. B.Being more focused on her life goal.C.Freeing herself from demanding tasks. D.Improving her overall well-being.27. What can we conclude from this passage?A.Adjustment brings happiness. B.Passion is the key to success.C.Sports contribute to happiness. D.Success equals self-improvement.As higher education leaders dive deeper into the conversation on Digital Transformation and Education 4.0, they are also learning how to incorporate the Digital Twins realm concept into their curricula, because Digital Twin technology can serve the university of the future.A Digital Twin is a virtual representation of a real object or system which is updated from real-time data and uses machine learning, simulation (模拟), and reasoning to help decision-making. In other words, a Digital Twin can create a highly complex virtual model which is the exact replica of a physical thing. Connected sensors on a smart campus can collect data in real time. This data is used to create a map onto the virtual model, thus creating a Digital Twin of a campus. When school administrators look at the Digital Twin, they can see crucial information about how the real campus is doing.The applications for Digital Twin technology do not stop there. Students and faculty can benefit from using the technology as well. For example, hybrid classrooms have become more and more common nowadays. Digital technologies have accelerated the transition into the university of the future. Digital Twin technology, one of the trending technologies related to Industry 4.0, helps faculty create simulation models based on course requirements.Digital Twin technology makes the ultimate immersive learning experience possible. By using a Digital Twin, students can learn highly engaging tasks which can be too dangerous, complex, or expensive for the classroom. Rather than hands-on laboratory dissection of a physical frog to learn animal science or having to wait for available human organs in the health science lah, medical students can use the virtual twin of an animal or human organs for their study.The complexity of chemistry or microbiology requires students to be totally engaged. By using Digital Twins in a Virtual Reality simulated learning experience, faculty can achieve a maximum level of engagement helping each student learn abstract concepts in their own unique way and much faster. By running simulations, students can better explore system behavior under different conditions, understand failure and develop an understanding of system sensibilities as well as how changes in the system parameters (参数) and external disruptions make an impact on the results. Some universities, such as Stanford and Copenhagen School of Marine Engineering, have incorporated Digital Twin technology into their teaching curricula, applying it to disciplines like architecture and engineering as they believe they are the reality of the industry. Overall, this enhances student motivation, accelerates understanding, and improves the overall learning experience. Moreover, the industry encourages universities to incorporate educational Digital Twins in automation to give students the initial understanding of tools and skills they will need in their future.28. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that Digital Twins ________.A.remain a concept B.are virtual copies of real objectsC.represent future education D.can operate campuses remotely29. Which of the following statements might the author agree with?A.Education 4.0 facilitates the development of Digital Twins.B.New technology poses potential threats to college teachers.C.Digital Twin technology in higher education is on the horizon.D.Virtual classrooms have grown in popularity under Industry 4.0.30. Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?A.B.C.D.The idea that we need to eat meat to get enough protein and iron, a false assumption of some Paleo diet (原始饮食) advocates, is a common misconception. It ignores the abundance of protein and iron in many plant-based foods such as nuts and seeds. Likewise, while we typically associate omega-3 fatty acids with fish, fish themselves incorporate these into their tissue by eating seaweed, which we can consume directly without the concerns of exposure to microplastics in fish flesh.Indeed, a whole-food, plant-based diet can provide all essential nutrients except for vitamin B12, made by bacteria in soil and ingested by animals, thereby incorporated into their tissue, milk, and eggs. While modern sanitation allows humans to consume clean produce unpolluted by dirt, we can easily and cheaply obtain oral B12 supplements.Evidently, significantly reducing our consumption of meat would carry vast benefits. Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death around the world. Eating highly processed foods and red meat has been repeatedly demonstrated to promote underlying mechanisms of cancer and cardiovascular disease, such as inflammation (炎症) and damage to the lining of blood vessels (血管).Mounting evidence points to the benefits of a whole-food, plant-based diet. Studies from 2017found that a vegetarian diet is associated with a 25 percent relative risk reduction for coronary heart disease and an 8 percent relative risk reduction for cancer, with a vegan diet related to a 15 percent relative risk reduction for cancer. The World Health Organization has classified processed meat as carcinogenic (致癌的), and (unprocessed) red meat as probably carcinogenic to humans.In addition to harming ourselves, eating meat harms others. Factory farming practices often entail unspeakable cruelty to animals, and working conditions for human laborers are often unsafe and inhumane as well. Overcrowding of livestock and workers promotes the spread of disease among both people and animals, putting us all at risk for future pandemics. The overuse of “routine” antibiotics (抗生素) to accelerate animal growth and precautiously treat the infections anticipated as a result of living in unclean and overcrowded conditions can promote antibiotic resistance.While large-scale, well-coordinated national and international action is undoubtedly needed to fight unscrupulous factory farming practices-and to ensure the availability of nutritious and healthy foodfor all citizens, those with greater influence, such as physicians, educators and policy makers, should consider the importance of acting as role models for healthy behaviors themselves as well as advocating for policies that ensure better nutritional access and education for others.All of these should not be excuses for individuals to resist implementing change in their own lives and communities. Societies change when enough individuals within them alter their behavior, and it is up to each of us to act as a change agent in whatever capacity we can. We would all be well served to pull this lever in our own lives as well.31. The author writes the first two paragraphs mainly to ________.A.show the concerns of Paleo diet advocatesB.compare the differences between two dietsC.highlight the importance of nutrition intakeD.point out a misunderstanding in nutrition source32. Which of the following logic chains is reasonable according to the passage?A.B.C.D.33. What does the underlined word “unscrupulous” in Paragraph 6 probably mean?A.Illegal. B.Unfair. C.Immoral. D.Unnecessary. 34. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?A.A Meatless Diet Is Better for You B.Food Problems Call for Joint EffortsC.Say No to Processed Meat Consumption D.Eatable Greens or Not? That Is aQuestionWe humans are comparison creatures. 35 This quality may have evolved as a means of helping us fit into the social hierarchy (等级) of the cultures we inhabited. Regardless of the reasons, social comparison plays a significant role in how we view and evaluate ourselves, and how we interact with our world.It used to be that our primary reference of comparison was our local communities, primarily neighbors and co-workers. Because we tend to gather around those similar to ourselves in terms of educational level, work income, and shared interests, the range of differences when we compared ourselves to others was fairly small. Unfortunately, with the emergence of the Internet, we can nowcompare ourselves to literally anyone in the world. 36 What had in previous generations been a small gap in our comparisons has now become so large and unattainable.37 When so many people that are easily discoverable on the Internet seem to be so successful. famous, influential and beautiful, given our preference to compare, it is difficult not to have it influence how we view ourselves. Sadly, these comparisons usually result in our feeling inadequate and “less than”.These harmful comparisons also damage our emotional lives. When we feel lacking, we experience a variety of unpleasant and unhealthy emotions. We feel jealousy and envy for what others have and what we lack. 38It’s one thing to realize that you compare yourself to others. It’s another thing to recognize that social comparison is often corrosive (逐步侵蚀的) to you in so many ways psychologically and emotionally. It’s an entirely other thing to stop yourself from comparing yourself to others. 39Egocentrism is the inability to accurately understand any perspective other th an one’s own. To those who are egocentric, there are two types of opinions: “mine and the wrong ones”.Egocentrism is very unpleasant. Suffering from it, people often find themselves in a situation of conflict or loneliness because they do not recognize the rights of others to their personal feelings, desires, and interests. They also fail to look at circumstances from the other person’s side.Humanity must overcome it to see a holistic (全面的) picture of the world and objectively assess situations. It is essential to be a fair-minded individual since egocentrism is a quality that is not easy to live with, making it hard for us to interact with people and move forward.Actually, overcoming this disturbing quality has always been my pursuit. The main goal in my life is based on the search for inner balance, harmony, positivity, and the right attitude to life cases. Thus, I will be able to improve my life and help other people in the practice of this aspect. Moreover, I often remind myself to accept differences and remember that a correct attitude to different personalities, their preferences, and interests leads to success in any tasks.The formation and development of a fair mind can be practiced almost everywhere. For example, in a grocery store, we need to put ourselves in the place of the seller’s and should not immediately take offense and argue when we are given an unripe banana or burnt bread. It is important to remember that a seller is not obliged to play along at all; this is the same person with his unique nature.Not everyone agrees with everyone else, but if you absolutely refuse to consider another person’s perspective, that’s when egocentrism becomes a serious concern. So why not try to correct this behavior and be more fair-minded?40. What is egocentrism?________________________________________________________________________________ ________41. Why does egocentrism often lead to conflicts?________________________________________________________________________________ ________42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. Egocentrism becomes a problem when someone doesn’t agree with others.________________________________________________________________________________ ________43. Please share one of your own experiences about your practicing being fair-minded. (In about 40 words)________________________________________________________________________________ _______44. 假设你是红星中学学生会主席李华。
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1 海淀区高三年级第一学期期末练习 生 物 2011.1 一、选择题(在四个备选项中,只有一个最符合题目要求。每小题1分,共30分) 1.下列关于生物体内化合物的叙述,正确的是 ( ) A.tRNA、抗体、酶、载体蛋白发挥作用后,都将失去生物活性 B.蚕丝的主要成分是纤维素,所织衣物适于用含蛋白酶的洗衣粉洗涤 C.抗体是由效应B细胞分泌的,只存在于血清当中 D.ATP脱去2个磷酸基团后是RNA的基本组成单位之一 2.下列各项,不属于细胞膜上蛋白质主要功能的是 ( )
A.生物催化剂 B.细胞标志物 C.提供能量 D.控制物质出入 3.下列有关于细胞结构和功能的叙述正确的是 ( )
A.线粒体内膜和叶绿体内膜上均可以形成ATP B.动物细胞的形状主要由细胞骨架决定 C.溶酶体能合成多种水解酶,降解被吞噬的物质 D.细胞液又称细胞溶胶,主要成分有水、无机盐、糖类、蛋白质等 4.欲测定某种酶的催化反应速率,人们设计了如下几种方案,其中最可行的是 ( ) A.其它条件最适,改变温度,观察反应生成物的量 B.其它条件最适,改变反应时间,观察反应生成物的量 C.其它条件最适,改变酶的浓度,观察反应生成物的量 D.其它条件最适,改变反应物浓度,观察反应生成物的量 5.图1示两类不同植物在一天中的气孔张开面积变化。下列据图进行的分析不合理的是 ( ) A.Ⅰ类植物主要在夜间进行CO2的固定 B.Ⅱ类植物所需的CO2主要在白天吸收 C.沙漠中植物的气孔变化比较符合曲线Ⅰ D.限制Ⅱ类植物光合作用强度的主要因素是水 6.在有丝分裂过程中,细胞中染色体数与DNA数不相等的时
期(不考虑细胞器中的DNA)有 ( ) A.前期和中期 B.中期和后期 C.后期和末期 D.末期和间期 7.三对等位基因位于两对同源染色体上的个体自交,后代的基因型最多能有 ( ) A.9种 B.16种 C.27种 D.64种 8.下列叙述中,不能说明“基因和染色体存在平行关系”的是 ( ) A.Aa杂合体发生染色体缺失后,可表现出a基因控制的性状 B.非等位基因控制的性状自由组合,非同源染色体能自由组合 C.基因发生突变,显微镜下观察不到染色体的变化 D.二倍体生物形成配子时基因和染色体数目均减半
图1 2
9.下列与生物体内核酸分子功能多样性无关的是 ( ) A.核苷酸的组成种类 B.核苷酸的连接方式 C.核苷酸的排列顺序 D.核苷酸数量的多少 10.下列关于遗传信息传递和表达的叙述,正确的是 ( ) ①在细菌中DNA的复制只发生在拟核 ②不同组织细胞中可能有相同的基因进行表达 ③不同核糖体中可能翻译出相同的多肽 ④识别并转运氨基酸的tRNA由3个核糖核苷酸组成 ⑤基因突变不一定导致所表达的蛋白质结构发生改变 A.①②③ B.②③⑤ C.③④⑤ D.②③④ 11.线粒体中的氧化还原反应由多种酶催化,关于这些酶的说法最合理的是 ( ) A.所有的酶都由细胞核DNA编码,在细胞质中合成,然后被转运进入线粒体 B.有些酶由线粒体DNA编码,mRNA进入细胞质进行翻译,合成后运回线粒体 C.有些酶是由线粒体DNA编码的,在线粒体中的核糖体合成 D.所有的酶都是由线粒体DNA编码的,在线粒体中的核糖体合成 12.依据基因重组的概念,下列生物技术或生理过程没有发生基因重组的是 ( )
13.下列关于育种的叙述中,不正确的是 ( ) A.迄今为止,杂交育种仍然是培育新品种的有效手段 B.诱变育种具有大幅度改变某些性状,快速、定向等优点 C.单倍体育种是作为其它育种方式的中间环节来发挥作用的 D.多倍体植物细胞通常比二倍体细胞大,有机物的含量高 14.假设某种动物的AA和Aa个体全部存活,aa个体在出生前会全部死亡。现有该动物的一个大群体,只有AA、Aa两种基因型,其比例为1:2。理论上该群体随机交配产生的第一代中AA和Aa的比例是 ( ) A.1:1 B.1:2 C.2:1 D.3:1 15.与现代生物进化理论不相符的表述是 ( )
A.基因突变、染色体变异和基因重组都是不定向的 B.种群间由于地理障碍不能发生基因交流的现象叫生殖隔离 C.新物种的形成意味着生物能够以新的方式适应环境 D.表现型与环境相适应的个体有更多的机会产生后代而改变种群的基因频率 16.以下有关植物激素调节的叙述中不正确的是 ( )
A.在植物组织培养中生长素和细胞分裂素的不同配比会影响组织分化 B.使同种植物的扦插枝条产生相同生根效果的2,4-D浓度可能不同 C.幼根、幼芽中含较多的赤霉素和细胞分裂素,不含乙烯和脱落酸 D.在调节种子萌发的过程中,脱落酸和赤霉素表现为拮抗作用 3
17.用一新鲜的神经――肌肉标本(实验期间用生理盐水浸润),设计了图2所示的实验,②点位于两电极之间的正中心,在①、②、③三点分别给予适宜的刺激,下列判断不正确的是 ( ) A.刺激①处,电流计发生两次方向相反的偏转 B.刺激②处,电流计不发生偏转 C.刺激③处,肌肉可以收缩 D.刺激③处,可证明兴奋在神经纤维上是双向传导 18.图3是细胞与内环境进行物质交换的示意图,①处的箭头表示血液流动的方向。下列说法正确的是 ( ) A.若②为肝脏细胞,则①处的氧气浓度高于④处 B.④是人体内新陈代谢的主要场所 C.毛细血管管壁细胞生活的具体环境是③④⑤ D.③④中的蛋白质可以通过毛细淋巴管壁相互交换 19.图4中的①②③表示人体细胞间信息传递的三种方式,下列描述不正确的是 ( ) A.方式①②的信息传递缓慢,方式③传递迅速 B.方式①②的信息传递都经过血液循环 C.体温调节可能涉及①②③三种传递方式 D.方式③的信息传递通过突触,不通过体液 20.下列关于免疫的叙述,正确的是 ( )
A.吞噬细胞吞噬外来的细菌必须有抗体参与 B.“先天性胸腺发育不全”的患者,细胞免疫有缺陷 C.B细胞和T细胞所含的基因不同,功能也不同 D.抗体的主要功能是将进入生物体的病菌吞噬掉 21.下列调查活动或实验中,计算所得数值与实际数值相比,可能偏小的是 ( )
A.标志重捕法调查灰喜鹊种群密度时标志物脱落 B.显微镜下计数酵母菌数量时只统计计数室方格内的菌体 C.样方法调查蒲公英种群密度时在分布较密的地区取样 D.调查某遗传病的发病率时以患者家系为调查对象 22.下列关于种群的特征的表述,正确的是 ( ) ①生殖前年龄组个体数大于生殖后年龄组个体数,种群数量一定增长 ②没有迁出和迁入时,出生率大于死亡率,种群数量一定增长 ③动物对捕捉器具有条件反射的种群不能用标志重捕法调查种群密度 ④年龄结构为增长型的种群其繁殖期个体数一定大于衰退型繁殖期个体数 ⑤种内斗争有可能导致种群均匀分布 ⑥种群特征是单独个体不具备的 A.①②④⑤ B.①③⑤⑥ C.②③⑤⑥ D.②④⑤⑥ 23.科研人员对某草原一种野生动物的种群进行研究,得出了与种群密度相关的出生率和死亡率的变化,如图5所示。有关叙述正确的是 ( )
图4 图2 图3 4 A.该生物的种群增长曲线呈“J”型 B.死亡率增加的原因是食物、空间和天敌等因素 C.要合理地利用该种动物资源,应将该种群的密度控制在D点时的水平 D.B点时,种群增长速率最大,种群达到最大环境容纳量 24.下列关于生态系统物质循环和能量流动的叙述中,正
确的是 ( ) A.使用粪便作肥料,其能量可以流向植物,实现了对能量的多级利用 B.物质是能量的载体,生态系统的能量是伴随物质而循环利用的 C.碳在生物群落与无机环境之间的循环主要是以CO2的形式进行的 D.食物链中初级消费者数量越多,次级消费者能够获得的能量就越少 25.长白山自然保护区生态系统能长时间保持相对稳定,该生态系统 ( ) ①处于大量物种更替的过渡阶段 ②生物的种类和数量相对稳定 ③物质和能量的输入和输出相对平衡 ④有比较复杂的食物链和食物网 ⑤能量的收支随气候周期性变化 ⑥有一定的自我调节能力 ⑦生产者数量大于消费者和分解者数量 A.①②③④⑥ B.②③④⑤⑥ C.②③④⑥⑦ D.①②③④⑤⑥⑦ 26.下面的简式表示植物组织培养的大致过程,据此判断不正确的是 ( )
A.若①是来自不同植物体细胞融合的杂种细胞,则④可能出现不同植物的遗传特性 B.若①是花粉,则④是单倍体植株,经染色体加倍后可得到稳定遗传的品种 C.若①是人参细胞,对②进行扩大培养可提高细胞产物人参皂甙的产量 D.若①是具有杂种优势的农作物细胞,则利用③进行繁育会发生性状分离 27.下列实例与所利用的技术或原理不相符合的是 ( )
A.转基因抗虫棉的培育需要利用植物组织培养技术 B.植物组织培养过程依据的原理是植物细胞具有全能性 C.原生质体融合和动物细胞融合都利用了细胞膜的选择透过性 D.植物愈伤组织的形成和杂交瘤细胞的培养都与细胞分裂有关 28.下列有关实验的叙述,正确的是 ( )
A.将解离、漂洗、染色的根尖置于载玻片上,盖上盖玻片即可在镜下观察 B.对酵母菌计数时,用吸管吸取培养液,滴在普通载玻片上在显微镜下准确计数 C.在叶绿体色素提取实验中,研磨绿叶时应加一些有机溶剂,如95%的乙醇等 D.检测试管中的梨汁是否有葡萄糖,可加入适量斐林试剂后,摇匀并观察颜色变化 29.以下关于实验材料选择原因的叙述,不正确的是 ( )
A.孟德尔选择豌豆做杂交实验是因为豌豆为闭花受粉的作物,易获得纯种 B.选择蛋清或豆浆做蛋白质鉴定是因其富含蛋白质而且不干扰显色反应 C.选择根尖分生区作为观察细胞有丝分裂的材料是因为该区细胞容易染色
图5