国际经济学习题答案(国际金融)共18页word资料

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国际经济学习题(国际金融)

国际经济学习题(国际金融)

国际经济学习题国际金融部分1.“对于一个国家来说,拥有经常项目盈余总比拥有经常项目赤字要好。

”你是否同意这种说法?请解释。

2.下述哪种交易会导致美国国际收支表中经常项目的盈余?a.波音公司用以物易物的方式,以价值1亿美元的飞机换取了墨西哥在墨西哥海岸的价值1亿美元的旅馆服务。

b.美国从沙特阿拉伯借到1亿美元的长期贷款,并用这一贷款在当年购买对方价值1亿美元的石油。

c.美国向土耳其出售了价值1亿美元的喷气式飞机,得到1亿美元的银行存款。

d.美国政府以纽约银行存款的形式给希腊政府1亿美元的赠与,以便对由土耳其战斗机攻击造成的人员伤害予以补偿。

e.德国中央银行用银行存款德国马克从纽约银行购买了1亿美元的银行存款。

3.你得到如下有关某国某年国际交易的信息:a.计算该国商品贸易、商品和服务,以及经常项目三个项目的余额。

b.官方储备资产(净值)的变动值为多少?该国持有的官方储备资产净值是增加了,还是减少了?4.在某年12月31日,某国对外国人拥有的国际资产和负债存量如下:●该国居民持有由外国政府发行的300亿美元的债券。

●该国中央银行持有作为官方储备资产的200亿美元的黄金和150亿美元的外汇资产。

●外国公司已投资于该国的生产设施,其投资现值为400亿美元。

●外国居民持有由该国公司发行的250亿美元的债务。

a.该国的国际投资头寸是多少?该国为对外债权国还是债务国?b.如果该国在下一年中拥有经常项目盈余,这对该国的国际投资头寸会有何种影响?5.哪些类型的交易或活动可以导致即期外汇市场中对外汇的需求?6.哪些类型的交易或活动可以导致即期外汇市场中对外汇的供给?7.一家美国公司购买了一家日本公司的产品,因而必须向其支付100万日元。

美国公司以美元支票账户开始进行这一支付。

请解释这笔支付将如何进行,包括对即期外汇市场和两国银行的使用。

8.一家英国银行在与其客户的交易中得到一大笔美元,如果这家银行不愿继续持有这些美元,它将如何利用银行间外汇交易市场。

国际经济学习题答案(国际金融)共18页word资料

国际经济学习题答案(国际金融)共18页word资料

国际经济学习题答案(国际金融)共18页word资料国际经济学习题答案国际金融部分1.不同意,至少从一般意义上来讲是如此。

经常项目盈余的含义之一是,国家的商品与服务出口大于进口。

人们可能会认为这是不好的——国家正在为出口而生产商品和提供服务,与此同时,国家却没有得到使其能够进行更多消费和国内投资的进口商品和服务。

从这一角度讲,拥有经常项目赤字却会是一件好事情——更多的进口可以使国家的国内消费和投资量超过其当前生产量。

经常项目盈余的另一个含义是,国家在进行外国金融投资——它正在建立对外国人的债权,这会增加国家的财富。

这听起来很好,但正如前面所指出的,它是以放弃当前国内消费为代价的。

经常项目赤字意味着国家对外国人债权的减少或对外国人债务的增加。

这听起来很不好,但它意味着更高水平的当前国内支出这一福利。

不同的国家在不同的时期,对这些代价和收益会有不同的重视程度。

因此,我们不能简单地认为经常项目盈余是否优于经常项目赤字。

2.交易c会导致经常项目的盈余,因为这是商品出口,该出口得到的支(交易a不会使经常项目账户发生变动,付体现于资本账户的某个项目。

因为它既是出口又是进口。

交易b导致经常项目的赤字,因为它属于进口。

交易d也会导致经常项目的赤字,因为它属于单方转移形式的流出。

交易e不对经常项目账户中的任何项目发生影响。

)3. a.商品贸易余额:330-198=132(美元)商品和服务余额:330-198+196-204=124(美元)经常项目余额:330-198+196-204+3-8=119(美元)官方结算余额:330-198+196-204+3-8+102-202+4=23(美元)b.官方储备资产变化(净值)=-官方结算余额=-23(美元)。

该国在增加其官方储备资产的净持有量。

4. a.国际投资头寸(10亿):30+20+15—40—25=0(美元)。

该国既不是国际债权国,也不是国际债务国。

它持有的国外资产等于它对外国人的负债。

国际经济学课后答案(word版)

国际经济学课后答案(word版)

第三章复习题(1),本国共有1200单位的劳动,能生产两种产品:苹果和香蕉。

苹果的单位产品劳动投入是3,香蕉的单位劳动产品投入时2。

a.画出本国的生产可能性边界。

b.用香蕉衡量的苹果的机会成本是多少?c.贸易前,苹果对香蕉的相对价格是多少?为什么?答:a.本国的生产可能性边界曲线是一条直线,在400(1200/3)处与苹果轴相截,在600(1200/2)处与香蕉轴相截,如图2-7所示。

b.用香蕉衡量苹果的机会成本是3/2。

生产1单位苹果需要3单位的劳动,生产1单位香蕉需要2单位的劳动。

如果放弃1单位苹果的生产,这将释放出3单位的劳动。

这2单位的劳动可以被用来生产3/2单位的香蕉。

c.劳动的流动性可以使得各个部门的工资趋同,竞争可以使得商图2-7 本国生产可能性曲品的价格等于它们的生产成本。

这样,相对价格等于相对成本,而相对成本等于工资乘以苹果的单位劳动产品投入。

因为各个部门工资相等,所以价格比率等于单位产品劳动投入的比率,即生产苹果所需的3单位劳动与生产香蕉所需的2单位劳动比率。

(2)假设本国的情况和习题1相同。

外国拥有800单位的劳动,外国苹果的单位劳动投入是5,香蕉的单位产品劳动投入是1。

a.画出外国的生产可能性边界。

b.画出世界相对供给曲线。

答:a.外国的生产可能性边界曲线是一条直线,在160(800/5)处与苹果轴相截,在800(800/1)处与香蕉轴相截。

如图2-8所示。

b.世界相对供给曲线可以由苹果和香蕉的相对价格和相对供给量绘出。

如图2-9。

从图2-9可以看出,苹果对香蕉的最低相对价格是3/2,在这个价格上,苹果的世界相对供给曲线是水平的。

在3/2的相对价格上,本国对苹果的最大供给量是400,外国对香蕉的供给量是800,这时,相对供给量为1/2。

只要相对价格保持在3/2和5之间,相对供给量就不变。

如果相对价格成为5,两个国家都会生产苹果,香蕉的产量为零。

这时,相对供给曲线是水平的。

国际金融考试题及答案

国际金融考试题及答案

国际金融考试题及答案国际金融考试题及答案一、选择题1、下列哪个国家或地区的货币不属于美元体系?() A. 加拿大 B. 欧盟 C. 日本 D. 墨西哥答案:B. 欧盟2、下列哪个国家或地区的货币不属于欧元体系?() A. 法国 B. 德国 C. 意大利 D. 西班牙答案:A. 法国3、下列哪个国际金融中心属于亚洲?() A. 纽约 B. 伦敦 C. 东京 D. 巴黎答案:C. 东京二、简答题4、请简述国际收支与国际贸易的关系。

答案:国际收支是指一个国家或地区在一定时期内(通常为一年)与其他国家或地区的经济交往所导致的货币收支状况。

国际收支平衡是国际经济交往的重要目标,而国际贸易是影响国际收支平衡的主要因素之一。

当一个国家的进口总额大于出口总额时,就会出现国际收支逆差,导致该国货币贬值,通货膨胀压力增加,经济发展受阻。

相反,当一个国家的出口总额大于进口总额时,就会出现国际收支顺差,导致该国货币升值,通货膨胀压力减小,经济发展加速。

因此,国际贸易对于国际收支有着直接的影响,而国际收支的平衡与否又直接关系到国家的经济发展和金融稳定。

5、请简述外汇市场的主要功能。

答案:外汇市场的主要功能包括以下几个方面:(1)实现货币买卖:外汇市场为不同国家的货币提供了交换场所,使得人们可以方便地进行货币买卖。

(2)提供汇率参考:外汇市场的交易价格为人们提供了汇率参考,即不同国家货币之间的交换比例。

(3)促进国际结算:外汇市场为国际结算提供了便利,使得国际贸易可以顺利进行。

(4)调节国际收支:外汇市场在国家层面上调节了国际收支,使得国家的货币供应量与需求量达到平衡。

(5)维持国际信誉:外汇市场使得各国中央银行能够通过干预外汇市场来维持本国货币的国际信誉。

6、请简述固定汇率制和浮动汇率制的优缺点。

答案:固定汇率制的优点包括:(1)稳定市场信心;(2)为投资者提供稳定的预期;(3)降低汇率波动带来的风险。

固定汇率制的缺点包括:(1)可能引发通货膨胀;(2)在国际贸易中容易遭受汇率损失;(3)难以适应国际经济变化。

克鲁格曼《国际经济学》(国际金融)习题答案要点

克鲁格曼《国际经济学》(国际金融)习题答案要点

克鲁格曼《国际经济学》(国际金融)习题答案要点赤字。

因此,1982-1985年美国资本流入超过了其经常项目的赤字。

第13章 汇率与外汇市场:资产方法 1、汇率为每欧元1.5美元时,一条德国香肠bratwurst 等于三条hot dog 。

其他不变时,当美元升值至1.25$per Euro, 一条德国香肠bratwurst 等价于2.5个hot dog 。

相对于初始阶段,hot dog 变得更贵。

2、63、25%;20%;2%。

4、分别为:15%、10%、-8%。

5、(1)由于利率相等,根据利率平价条件,美元对英镑的预期贬值率为零,即当前汇率与预期汇率相等。

(2)1.579$per pound6、如果美元利率不久将会下调,市场会形成美元贬值的预期,即e E 值变大,从而使欧元存款的美元预期收益率增加,图13-1中的曲线I 移到I ',导致美元对欧元贬值,汇率从0E 升高到1E 。

131-图 7、(1)如图13-2,当欧元利率从0i 提高到1i 时,汇率从0E 调整到1E ,欧元相对于美元升值。

I 'IE 1E $/euroE图13-2(2)如图13-3,当欧元对美元预期升值时,美元存款的欧元预期收益率提高,美元存款的欧元收益曲线从I '上升到I ,欧元对美元的汇率从E '提高到E ,欧元对美元贬值。

133-图8、(a)如果美联储降低利率,在预期不变的情况下,根据利率平价条件,美元将贬值。

如图13-4,利率从i 下降到i ' ,美元对外国货币的汇价从E 提高到E ',美元贬值。

如果软着陆,并且美联储没有降低利率,则美元不会贬值。

即使美联储稍微降低利率,假如从i 降低到*i (如图13-5),这比人们开始相信会发生的还要小。

同时,由于软着陆所产生的乐观因素,使美元预期升值,即e E 值变小,使国外资产的美元预期收益率降低(曲线I 向下移动到I '),曲线移动反映了对美国软着陆引起的乐观预期,同时由乐观因素引起的预期表明:在没有预期变化的情况下,由利I 'E E 'euro/$E IiE 1E euro/$E rate of return(in euro)0i 1i率i 下降到*i 引起美元贬值程度(从E 贬值到*E )将大于存在预期变化引起的美元贬值程度(从E 到E '')。

(完整word版)国际经济学测试题答案

(完整word版)国际经济学测试题答案

国际经济学测试题1答案一、单项选择(1’×10=10’)1.D2.C3.B4.A5.C6.C7.B8.D9.D 10.A二、多项选择(将答案填在下面的表格内,1’×10=10’)1. ABCD2. ABCDE3.ABD4.ABCDE5.ABDE6.ABD7.BCE8.ABE9.ABCD 10.ABD三、判断分析(分析不正确本题不得分。

2’×10=20’)1. 正确2. 错误。

跟大国比较接近。

3. 错误。

小国可以完全分工。

4. 正确5. 错误。

前者增加,后者下降。

6. 错误。

介于零关税和禁止性关税之间7. 错误。

国际生产折中理论8. 正确9. 错误。

动态效应更大更重要10. 正确四、名词解释(3’×4=12’)1.特定要素:只能被用来生产某些特定产品、不能在部门间自由流动的生产要素。

2.最优货币区:是指成员国相互之间的货币实行自由兑换,汇率保持长期固定不变,而对非成员国货币的汇率则实行联合浮动,通过商品和服务贸易以及要素的流动使多国经济紧密地联系在一起的地区。

3.出口替代战略:出口替代发展战略也是实现出口替代工业化的过程。

它是指一国将经济发展重点放在出口工业上,通过扩大出口本国工业制成品和半制成品来代替传统的初级产品出口,以增加外汇收入,带动工业体系的建立和推动整个国民经济的持续发展。

4.需求管理政策: 需求管理政策是通过改变国内总需求来校正国际收支失衡,它是以吸收理论为基础提出的,所以又称支出变化政策,主要政策工具包括财政政策和货币政策。

五、比较分析题(要求借助图形,每题9’,共18’)1. 比较小国利用关税和利用进口替代补贴进行贸易保护的不同效果。

征收关税之后,该国的总福利水平下降了:消费者剩余损失了(a+b+c+d),其中a被生产者所得,c为政府财政收入所得,但尚有b和d的损失,国内没有任何人能得到相应的补偿。

这是由于关税使本国的生产资源从效率较高的部门转移到了效率较低的部门,即一国的生产资源向没有比较优势的进口竞争部门集中,因此造成了国民福利净损失。

international(国际经济学)课后习题及答案

international(国际经济学)课后习题及答案

international(国际经济学)课后习题及答案----------------------- Page 1-----------------------Review Questions and Condensed Answers forInternational Trade TheoriesChapter 1 World Trade and the National EconomyReview Questions::::1( What features distinguish international from domestic transactions?2( What can you say about the growth of world trade in both nominal and real terms? Was itfaster than the growth of output?3( Evaluate the statement,” the United States is a closed economy, hence foreign trade is ofno consequence to it.”4( Distinguish between export industries, import-competing industries and nontraded goods.Give examples of each.5( Using the figure in table 1-3, what can you say about the trade structure of the USA andJapan.Condensed Answers to Review Questions::::1. The text discusses ways that international transactions differfrom domestic ones.i. International trade requires that transactions be conductedbetween twocurrencies mediated by an exchange rate. Domestic transactions are conductedin a single currency.ii. Commercial policies that operate to restrict international transactions cannot, ingeneral, be imposed on domestic trade. Such policies include tariffs, quotas,voluntary export restraints, export subsidies, and exchange controls.iii. Countries pursue different domestic macroeconomic policieswhich result indivergent rates of economic growth, inflation, and unemployment.iv. More statistical data exist on the nature, volume, and value of internationaltransactions than exist in domestic trade.v. Factors of production are more mobile domestically than internationally.vi. Countries exhibit different demand patterns, sales techniques,and marketingrequirements. Many of these are due to culture and custom. Someresult fromdifferences in government regulations. Included here are health, safety,environmental, and technical rules.2. The real volume of world exports grew at an annual rate of more than 6 percent between1950 and 2000. Global output grew at an annual rate of 4 percent. Export growth inexcess of output growth reflects the increased openness to trade of many countries.3. The United States is a relatively closed economy since the share of trade in GDP issmaller than that of most other industrial nations. In 2000, U.S. exports of goods andservices were 11 percent of GDP. The U.S. economy is less dependent on the foreignsector than other major economies, but to say that foreign trade is of no consequence is anexaggeration. The U.S. economy has become increasingly open and, therefore, moreimpacted by trade developments over time. This trend is likely to continue. Curtailingimports would, for example, have a big effect on consumers' ability to buy some goods----------------------- Page 2-----------------------(e.g. tropical products) and would raise the prices of others. The absence of certain keycommodities and material inputs would greatly disrupt areas of U.S. industry.4. a. Export industries send a substantial share of their output abroad. Ratios ofexports to GDP are much higher than the average ratio for all industries. Netexporting industries are those for which exports exceed imports. U.S. netexporting industries include farm products, chemicals, certain types of machinery,and aerospace products.b. Import-competing industries are domestic industries that sharethe domesticmarket with a substantial import presence. These activities haveratios ofimports to GDP that are much higher than the average ratio for all industries.U.S. import-competing industries include fuels, automobiles,clothing, footwear,and iron and steel.c. Nontraded goods are those which, because of their nature and characteristics, arenot easily exported or imported. Examples are hair-dressing, movie theaters,meals, construction activity, and health-care.5. Table 1.3 contains figures on the trade structure of the U.S. and Japan. The U.S. is a netexporter of food, certain ores, chemicals, and other machinery and transport equipment,and is a net importer of raw materials, mining products, fuels, nonferrous metals, iron andsteel, semimanufactures, office and telecommunications equipment, automotive products,textiles and clothing, and other consumer goods. Japan is a net exporter of iron and steel,chemicals, semimanufactures, office and telecommunications equipment, automotiveproducts, other machinery and transport equipment, and other consumer goods. Importsexceed exports in food, raw materials, and textiles and clothing.----------------------- Page 3-----------------------Chapter 2 Why Nations TradeReview Questions::::1( a. In what sense are the cost data of footnote 4 related to the figures of scheme 1?b. Based on the figures of footnote 4, determine the:Direction of trade once it develops.Limits to mutually beneficial trade.Limits to a sustainable exchange trade.2. Evaluate the following statements:a. In international trade, domestic cost ratios determine the limits of mutually beneficial trade,whereas demand considerations show where, within these limits, the actual exchange ratio will lie.b. Comparative advantage is a theoretical concept. It cannot be used to explain any real-worldphenomena.c. The opening up of trade raises the price of export goods; hence trade is inflationary.d. The concept of absolute advantage offers explainations for East Germany’s high unemploymentrates in the 1990s.3. a. Use the theory of comparative advantage to explain why it pays for:The USA to export grains and import oil.Russia to export oil and import grains.b. Why does the popular press believe that grain exports are inflnationary? What is wrongwith this porposition?Condensed Answers to Review Questions:1. a. Scheme 1 is based on labor productivity comparisons, while Footnote 4presentsper unit cost data. Production cost ratios are inversely related to productivitymeasures.b. i. Textiles will be exported from the U.K. and wheat from the U.S.ii. The U.S. will trade only if one yard of textiles costs less than3 bushels ofwheat. The U.K. will trade only if 1 yard of textiles can be exchangedfor more than 2 bushels of wheat.iii. The value of the ? must be between $1 and $1.502. a. Consider Figure 2.2. The domestic cost ratios define limits of mutually beneficialtrade. Within the region of mutually beneficial trade the actual exchange rate willbe determined by the relative intensity of each country's demand for the othercountry's product. A full analysis requires an understanding of reciprocal demandcurves, but the following general principle might help heuristically. If the Britishare more eager to buy U.S. wheat than the Americans are eager for British textiles,the exchange ratio falls close to the U.K. domestic cost ratio and the U.S. can beviewed as capturing a greater share of the gains from trade.b. Since the real world does not conform to the convenienttwo-country, two-goodassumptions, the simple theoretical model is not immediately applicable.However, we can generalize the model to many goods and many nations. Thefundamental truth remains. Countries export those goods in which their relativeproduction costs are lower and import those goods for which the relative costs arehigher.----------------------- Page 4-----------------------c. While trade tends to raise the prices of exportables in the domestic economy, theeffect of trade is to lower the average price level of all goods. Trade givesconsumers an opportunity to consume at lower world prices. Many goods will becheaper when purchased from foreign supply sources. Trade also conveysprocompetitive effects, stimulates the adoption of new technologies, and allowsfirms to achieve efficient scale production levels. Thus, trade is anti-inflationary.d. The reunification of the Germany economy in 1990 was undertaken on the basisthat a unit of the deutschmark, the West German currency, should be equal in valueto a unit of the ostmark, the East German currency. At this exchange rate, goodsproduced in East Germany were almost universally more expensive to producethan their counterparts in the West. Labor productivity in East Germanmanufacturing was found to be about 35% of the West German level. Underthese conditions the East German manufacturing sector collapsed. Investors werereluctant to purchase East German factories and large scale closures and dismissalsresulted.3. a. The U.S. enjoys a comparative advantage in grains. It also produces oil, but will gain byspecializing in grain production and using proceeds of exported agriculturalproducts to purchase oil from nations that produce oil relatively more efficiently.Russia is relatively more efficient in the production of oil and will gain bypurchasing grain from the U.S. in exchange for oil.b. The popular press asserts that by exporting grain from the U.S. (say to the former U R)we are lowering the domestic supply of grain and raising the domestic U.S. price of grain. Sincegrain is an important ingredient in many food products, grain exports are believed to increase theprice of those products. However, the price of grain is determined in world markets. U.S.exports alone cannot permanently raise the domestic U.S. price. If the domestic U.S. grainpricerose above the world price, the U.S. would be a net importer of grains and the domestic price wouldfall.----------------------- Page 5-----------------------Chapter 3 The Commodity Composition of TradeReview Questions::::1( Does the factor proportions theory provide a good explanation of intraindustry trade? Ifnot, can you outline an alternative explaination for the growing phenomenon?2( Explain the dynamic nature of comparative advantage using Japan’s experience as anexample.3( Once the United States acquires a comparative advantage in jet aircraft production it canbe sure of a dominant position in the global market forever. Do you agree with thisstatement? Explain.Condensed Answers to Review Questions1. The factor proportions theory is better suited to explain interindustry trade, or the exchangebetween countries of totally different commodities, than intraindustry trade, which is thetwo-way trade of similar commodities. The growth of intraindustry trade is greatest inimperfectly competitive industries characterized by economies of scale. Here, scaleeconomies force firms in each industry to specialize in a narrow range of products withineach industry to achieve efficient scale operations. Intraindustry specialization combinedwith diverse consumer tastes gives rise to two-way trade within the same industryclassification.2. Japan's comparative advantage in the immediate post-war period was in labor intensivegoods. The high level of saving and investment transformed Japan into a relatively capitalabundant country. Its advantage in the labor-intensive industries was lost as wages rose.Moreover, Japan increased its technological capability through high spending on R&D.Now Japan's advantage lies in the production of high-tech, capital intensive goods similar tothe U.S. This in large part explains the increasing trade friction between the twocountries.3. Once the U.S. acquires a comparative advantage in jet aircraft, it is likely to enjoy a dominantposition in the global marketplace for years, but not forever. Jet aircraft production is characterizedby huge economies of scale due largely to research and development costs. High capitalrequirements and scale economies pose large entry barriers. It is extremely difficult for a countryto enter into aircraft production once the U.S. has the lead. The new firm would initially have asmall market share and would be unable to compete on a cost basis. The new market entrant wouldrequire considerable government support and encouragement. This was the case with the EuropeanAirbus.----------------------- Page 6-----------------------Chapter 4 Protection of Domestic Industries: The TariffReview Questions::::1( A tariff on textiles is equivalent to a tax on consumers and a subsidy to the textileproducers and workers.2( Explain the concept of effective rate of protection.a. What does the effective rate on final goods depend upon and how?b. In what way does the effective rate analysis help to illuminate these policy issues:Deepening of production in LDCsEscalation of tariff rates by degree of processing in industrial countries3. A tariff lowers the real income of the country, while at the same time it distributes income fromconsumers to the governments and to the import-competing industry.Condensed Answers to Review Questions:1. The effect of a tariff is comparable to the combined effects of a tax on consumers and a subsidy toproducers. Using Figure 4.3, one can show a tariff results in a transfer of resources from theconsumers (who lose P P fd ) to the producers (who gain P P ec). With a non-prohibitive tariff, the2 3 2 3government will also gain revenue efmn. Whether the two schemes are equivalent depends on theexact nature of the tax and subsidy scheme.2. a. The effective rate of protection measures the percentage increase in domesticvalue added per unit of output made possible by tariffs on the output and onmaterial inputs. Determinants of the effective rate include thetariff on the finalproduct, tariffs on the imported material inputs, and the free trade value added perunit of output which is influenced by intermediate input coefficients. Effectiverates are positively related to the tariff on the final product and negatively related toboth tariffs on imported inputs and the free trade value added. A derivation ofthe formula appears in footnote 10, and footnote 12 interprets that formula.b. "Deepening" of production in LDCs involves import substitution industrializationpolicy. A final assembly plant is given a protective tariff and imported inputs areaccorded duty free treatment. As a second stage, the LDC begins to deepenproduction by manufacturing inputs and according them protection. By imposingtariffs on imported inputs, the LDC is reducing effective protection for the finalgood.Because of relatively high rates of protection on finished goods and low protectionon unfinished goods and raw materials, effective tariff rates in developed countriesmay be as much as double their nominal counterparts. Developing countriesmaintain that such tariff structures fatally harm their efforts to increase exports offinished manufactures.3. Again using Figure4.3, the loss in real income is shown by triangles cen and mfd.Redistribution has been given in 8a.----------------------- Page 7-----------------------Chapter 5 Nontariff Barriers (NTBs) to TradeReview Question::::Suppose the USA steel industry is seeking protection from foreign imports. Compare andcontrast the following measures of restricting steel industries: a tariff, a quota, and voluntaryexport restraints.Condensed Answers to Review Question:There are a variety of ways in which a tariff may be considered to be less harmful than an equivalentquota:i. The revenue effect. Tariffs provide revenue. Quotas do not automatically providerevenue. Under a quota, revenue accrues to holders of import licenses.Depending on the quota scheme, licenses may be held by domestic importers, foreign exporters, foreign governments, or domestic officialswho may use them to encourage bribery. Only through auctioning or selling licenses can the government capture quota rents.ii. Performance under demand and supply changes. Any amount of imports can enterunder a tariff, but with a quota import volumes are fixed. When demandgrows, or there is a shortfall in supply, the quota does not permit a quantityadjustment. The domestic price can depart significantly from the worldprice. Under a tariff, the domestic price cannot rise above the worldprice by more than the tariff rate. Thus, a tariff is less harmful than aquota.iii. Impact on Exporters. When a tariff is levied on an imported good it is usually rebatedwhen the good is exported. The same is not true for a quota. Quotas maytherefore be more harmful to export performance.iv. Curbing monopoly power. Quotas curtail monopoly power less than an equivalent tariff.v. Terms of Trade Effects. Quotas provide no incentive for exporting nations to absorb partof the price increase; tariffs do if the exporting nation wishes to retainmarket share.vi. Quality Upgrading. Quotas give an incentive for the exporting country to engage in qualityupgrading. Ad valorem tariffs do not provide an incentive for this behavior but specific duties do.VERs share all of the undesirable effects of quotas. When the exporter does the restricting, there isno opportunity to sell import licenses. Quota rents accrue toforeign exporters orgovernments under a VER. Therefore, VERs are more costly to society than anequivalent quota with licenses sold or a tariff. Quantitative restrictions like VERsare discriminatory. VERs are also hard to monitor. Since shipments from thirdparty countries are unrestricted, transshipment throughnonrestricted countries is amajor problem. One advantage of VERs is they do not invite retaliation sincethey are profitable to foreign exporters and governments.Tariffs, quotas and VERs may be equivalent in terms of effects on the domestic price and thevolumeof imports. This may be shown using diagram 5-1. However, there are important differencesdiscussed in 1a. above.----------------------- Page 8-----------------------Chapter 6 International and Regional Trade Organizations Among Developed CountriesReview Questions::::1. Explain the following terms:Trade creation of a customs union.Trade diversion of a customs union.2.What are the conflicts between the WTO and the environmental movement?Condensed Answers to Review Questions:1. Trade creation refers to the replacement of high cost production in each member by importsfrom another member. This effect is favorable to world welfare. Tradediversion is the diversion of trade from a nonmember to a higher cost member.This is unfavorable because it reduces worldwide resource allocative efficiency(See Figure 4-8).The basic approach to calculating welfare effects associated with customs union formation is toconstruct hypothetical estimates of what member country trade patterns wouldhave been in the absence of integration, comparing these with actual trade flows,and attributing any difference to integration. Effects ofintegration can be isolatedby using trade flow data pertaining to nonmember "normalizer" countries over thesame period to suggest what trade patterns would have been expected for memberswithout integration. Assume, in the absence of integration, both total (internalplus external) and external member imports would have grown at the same rates asthe corresponding imports in the normalizer. The normalizer's external importsrefer to its imports from third countries (i.e. intra-trade is excluded). Thenormalizer's internal imports are imports of normalizer countries from each other(e.g. intra-trade). The preintegration member country total import level ismultiplied by the corresponding normalizer import growth rate to yield an estimateof hypothetical total imports without integration. When compared with actualtotal imports, an estimate of trade creation is obtained. Trade diversion isestimated by multiplying the member country preintegration external import levelby the normalizer's rate of change of external imports to yield hypothetical membercountry external imports. The excess of hypothetical over actual external importsconstitutes trade diversion. The European Union (EU) is a customs unioncomprised of 15 West European countries.2. WTO rules often conflict with both international environmental agreements and nationalenvironmental laws. For example, a 1991 GATT panel upheld a Mexican challenge to aU.S. law banning importation of tuna caught indolphin-killing purse-seine nets.GATT/WTO provisions are concerned with products and not production methods.----------------------- Page 9-----------------------Chapter 7 International Mobility of Productive FactorsReview Question::::What is the meaning of DFI? List some of the factors that induce companies to invest abroad.Condensed Answers to Review Question:Direct Foreign Investment refers to international capital movement that gives a company controlover a foreign subsidiary. It may be the purchase of an existing company, a substantial part of itsshares, or the establishment of a new enterprise. It should be contrasted with portfolio investmentthat gives, by and large, no control over foreign assets.The motives are diverse and any particular investment may involve one or more of the followingi. investment in extractive industries to secure raw material supplies;ii. investment in manufacturing industry to take advantage of cheaper foreign labor;iii. to locate production close to foreign markets and avoid transportation costs;iv. to take advantage of incentives offered by host countries;v. to circumvent tariff barriers;vi. changes in the exchange values of currencies; andvii. marketing considerations.。

国际经济学习题及答案

国际经济学习题及答案

第一章导论1.国际经济学是怎样产生并发展成为一门独立学科的?答案提示:(1)国际经济学产生的客观基础及其最初表现形式:客观基础为跨越国界的经济活动;最初表现形式是国际贸易活动;(2)国际经济学产生的学科前提是国际贸易学和国际金融学;(3)国际经济学的发展:20世纪60年代后成为一门独立的学科,并不断发展。

2.国际经济学的研究对象和研究方法是什么?答案提示:(1)国际经济学的研究对象:跨越国界的经济活动及其运动规律(2)国际经济学的研究方法:与经济学的一般研究方法比较,基本相同,即:宏观与微观相结合、静态与动态相结合、定性与定量分析相结合、局部均衡与一般均衡相结合、理论与政策相结合国际经济学的具体分析框架为2×2×2模型(两个国家、两种产品、两种生产要素),通过不断放松假设,使理论逼近现实。

第二章古典国际贸易理论一、单项选择题1.重商主义贸易理论认为贸易是()。

A.正和博弈B.零和博弈C.国际分工D.财富2.贸易福利的国际间的相互比较是指()。

A.比较优势B.比较利益C.比较成本D.国际分工3.国际间商品生产成本比率的相互比较是()。

A.比较优势B.比较利益C.比较成本D.国际分工4.亚当·斯密认为贸易的基础是()。

A.比较优势B.劳动生产率C.国际分工D.绝对优势5.大卫·李嘉图认为贸易的基础是()A.比较优势B.劳动生产率C.国际分工D.绝对优势二、多项选择题1.古典国际贸易理论讨论的主要问题包括()A.绝对优势B.比较优势C.规模经济D.消费者偏好E.比较利益2、大卫·李嘉图的理论的假设前提有()。

A.生产要素只在一国内部自由流动B.生产要素在一国国内及国际间均自由流动C.政府对贸易进行干预D.贸易国的生产成本不变E.商品的价值由劳动量决定三、判断题1.重商主义贸易理论认为国际贸易利益是通过损害他国利益实现的。

2.贸易差额论代表着晚期重商主义理论的核心思想。

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国际经济学习题答案国际金融部分1.不同意,至少从一般意义上来讲是如此。

经常项目盈余的含义之一是,国家的商品与服务出口大于进口。

人们可能会认为这是不好的——国家正在为出口而生产商品和提供服务,与此同时,国家却没有得到使其能够进行更多消费和国内投资的进口商品和服务。

从这一角度讲,拥有经常项目赤字却会是一件好事情——更多的进口可以使国家的国内消费和投资量超过其当前生产量。

经常项目盈余的另一个含义是,国家在进行外国金融投资——它正在建立对外国人的债权,这会增加国家的财富。

这听起来很好,但正如前面所指出的,它是以放弃当前国内消费为代价的。

经常项目赤字意味着国家对外国人债权的减少或对外国人债务的增加。

这听起来很不好,但它意味着更高水平的当前国内支出这一福利。

不同的国家在不同的时期,对这些代价和收益会有不同的重视程度。

因此,我们不能简单地认为经常项目盈余是否优于经常项目赤字。

2.交易c会导致经常项目的盈余,因为这是商品出口,该出口得到的支(交易a不会使经常项目账户发生变动,付体现于资本账户的某个项目。

因为它既是出口又是进口。

交易b导致经常项目的赤字,因为它属于进口。

交易d也会导致经常项目的赤字,因为它属于单方转移形式的流出。

交易e不对经常项目账户中的任何项目发生影响。

)3. a.商品贸易余额:330-198=132(美元)商品和服务余额:330-198+196-204=124(美元)经常项目余额:330-198+196-204+3-8=119(美元)官方结算余额:330-198+196-204+3-8+102-202+4=23(美元)b.官方储备资产变化(净值)=-官方结算余额=-23(美元)。

该国在增加其官方储备资产的净持有量。

4. a.国际投资头寸(10亿):30+20+15—40—25=0(美元)。

该国既不是国际债权国,也不是国际债务国。

它持有的国外资产等于它对外国人的负债。

b.经常项目盈余增加了国家对外国人的净债权。

为此,国家的国际投资头寸将成为一个正值。

外国净资产的增加使外国净资产存量成为正值。

5.商品和服务的进口会导致外汇市场中对外汇的需求。

本国购买者往往愿意用本国货币支付,而外国销售者则意愿收到本国货币。

在对这些进口品进行支付的过程中,本国货币被兑换为外国货币,进而产生了对外汇的需求。

国际性资本外流也会导致外汇市场中对外汇的需求。

在对外国金融资产的投资中,本国投资者往往首先要将手中的本国货币换成外汇,之后,再购买外国资产,这种交易会导致对外汇的需求。

外国人出售其原来得到的本国资产,以及外国人向本国借债,也构成资本外流,进而导致对外国货币的需求。

6.商品和服务出口导致外汇市场中的外汇供给。

在进出口交易中,出口国的销售者往往愿意得到本币,而进口国的购买者则愿意以其本国货币进行支付。

外国人在对这些出口品进行支付的过程中,要将外汇换成出口国本币,进而导致了外汇的供给。

国际资本流入导致了外汇市场中的外汇供给。

外国投资者开始对本国金融资产进行投资时,手中持有的往往是外汇,他们必须首先将这些外汇换成本币,才能购买受资国的国内资产。

货币的交换导致了外汇的供给。

本国居民原先获取的外国金融资产的销售,以及本国居民向外国人的借款是另外两种可以导致外汇供给的资本流人。

7.美国公司从其银行得到用美元购买日元的即期汇率报价。

如果该汇率可以接受,公司便会通知其银行用其美元支票存款账户的美元以即期汇率购买100万日元,它还通知银行将日元送至日本公司的银行账户。

为履行这一指令,美国银行指示其在日本的代理银行从其在该代理银行的账户中取出100万日元,并将其转入日本公司的银行账户。

(美国银行若在日本有分支银行,它也可用其分支行的日元进行支付。

)8.英国银行可以利用银行间交易市场而找到另一家愿意卖出英镑而买入美元的公司。

英国公司可直接同其他银行商谈交易价格,也可通过外汇经纪人而找到合适的交易对象,商定合适的交易条件。

这家英国银行应能够快速而低成本地向另一家银行出售其美元。

9.交易员可以通过直接与其他银行的交易员联系,或通过外汇经纪人提供的服务而寻找到用美元购买欧元的最佳即期汇率,之后,以该汇率买入欧元的现货。

在大约一个小时之后(或者,一般至少在当日收市之前),交易员将再次进入银行同业市场,以最佳即期汇率将欧元换成美元。

如果欧元在这一短暂时间内升值,交易员将获利。

10.a.对日元的需求。

日本公司将出售其美元以换取日元。

b.对日元的需求。

美国进口商开始可能持有美元,而日元生产厂商则可能愿意收到日元。

美元必须被售出以换取日元。

c.日元的供给。

日本进口商开始可能持有日元,而美国公司可能愿意收到美元。

日元必须被售出以购人美元。

d.对日元的需求。

美国退休基金必须出售其美元以换取日元,以便用这些日元购买日本股票。

11.a.相对于美元汇率,日元与克朗之间的套汇汇率太高(克朗的日元价格太高),面对这一有利可图的三角套利机会,你可以以高套汇汇率卖出克朗。

套利过程是:以每克朗0.20美元的价格用美元买入克朗;以每克朗25日元的价格,用克朗买入日元;最后以每日元0.01美元的价格,用日元买入美元。

以此,用初始售出的每一美元,你得到了5克朗,这5克朗可以换取125日元,125日元又可换取1.25美元,因此,每一美元的套利利润为25美分。

b.卖出克朗、买入日元会促使套汇汇率(克朗的日元价格)下降。

套汇汇率必须下降至每克朗20日元(=0.20/0.01)才能消除三角套利的机会。

12.a.瑞士法郎供给的增加会降低瑞士法郎的汇价(美元/瑞士法郎),美元升值。

b.瑞士法郎供给的增加会降低瑞士法郎的汇价(美元/瑞士法附,美元升值。

c.瑞土法郎供给的增加会降低瑞土法郎的汇价(美元/瑞士法郎),美元升值。

d.瑞士法郎需求的减少会降低瑞士法郎的汇价(美元/瑞士法郎),美元升值。

13.a.瑞士法郎供给的增加会使其汇率(美元瑞士法郎)下降。

货币当局必须进行干预,即通过买入瑞士法郎,卖出美元而维护固定汇率。

b.瑞士法郎供给的增加会使其汇率(美元湖士法郎)下降。

货币当局必须进行干预,即通过买入瑞士法郎,卖出美元而维护固定汇率。

c.瑞士法郎供给的增加会促使其汇率(美元瑞士法郎)下降。

货币当局必须进行干预,即通过买入瑞士法郎,卖出美元而维护固定汇率。

d.对瑞士法郎需求的下降促使其汇率下降。

货币当局必须进行干预,即通过买入瑞士法郎,卖出美元而维护固定汇率。

14.a.瑞士法郎处于远期升水。

其当前远期价格(0.505美元瑞士法郎)大于其当前即期价格(0.500美元/瑞士法郎)。

b.“有利于瑞士”的抵补利率差为(l+0.005)×(0.505)÷500-(1+0.01)=0.005(请注意,所使用的利率必须与投资期相符合),此时对30天期存在0.5%的抵补利率差(年比率为6%)。

通过投资于瑞士法郎债券,并对汇率风险进行套期保值,美国投资者可以得到更高的收益。

因此可以认为,投资者应当进行抵补的投资。

尽管瑞士法郎债券的利率低于美元债券,瑞士法郎的远期升水仍大于这一差异,因此进行抵补的投资是一个好主意。

c.对美元债券需求的不足(或投资者卖出美元债券以买入瑞士法郎债券所造成的美元债券供给),促使美元债券价格下降,进而使美国利率上升。

投资者买入瑞士法郎以便购买瑞士法郎债券,这使得现货市场对瑞士法郎的需求增加,进而促使其即期汇率上升。

对瑞士法郎债券的更大需求促使其价格上升,这又进一步促使瑞士利率下降。

美国投资者买入美元期货以便对其瑞士法郎投资进行套期保值,这促使期货市场对瑞士法郎的供给增加,进而使其远期汇率下降。

如果只有远期汇率发生变化,该汇率必须下降至大约0.5025美元/瑞士法郎。

在这一远期汇率和其他初始比率条件下,抵补利率差接近于零。

15.a.从美国投资者的角度看,预期未抵补利率差异(“有利于伦敦的”)为[(l+0.03)×l.77÷1.80 ]-(1+0.02)=-0.0072。

由于差值为负,美国投资者如果根据预期收益之差而进行决策,便应当在国内投资,即投资于美元债券(也可用近似的公式得出这一结论)。

b.从英国投资者的角度看,预期未抵补利率差异(“有利于纽约的”)为[(l+0.02)×(1÷l.77)×l.8]-(l+0.03)=0.0073(请注意,公式中两种利率的位置被掉换,获利则被倒置,即变为美元的外汇价格。

还请注意,这一差异近似地等于a中计算的另一方向差异的负值)。

由于差异为正值,英国投资者如果根据预期收益之差而进行决策,便应当对美元债券进行未抵补投资(同样,也可用近似的公式得出这一结论)。

c.如果有相当多的英国对美国的未抵补投资,便会增加现货外汇市场中英镑的供给。

这将使现货汇率降至180美元/英镑以下,英镑将贬值(美元将升值)。

16.在检验抵补的利率平价时,计算抵补利率差所需要的所有利率和汇率参数都可以在债券和外汇市场中得到。

因此,确定抵补利率差是否约为零(抵补利率平价)是容易的(尽管还需要涉及一些关于交易时间的更为复杂的问题)。

而为了检验来抵补利率平价,我们不仅需要知道三种比率——两种利率和当前即期汇率——这些是可以从市场中得到的,而且还要知道另一种比率——预期远期现货汇率——这是不能从市场中观察到的。

因此,检验者需要以某种方法知道投资者的预期。

方法之一是通过调查而向他们询问,但他们可能不会准确说出他们的真实预期。

另一种方法是在我们知道了远期现货汇率最终实际上是多少之后,考察实际的未抵补利率差,并观察实际未抵补利率差的统计特征是否与约等于零的预期未抵补利率差(未抵补利率平价)相一致。

17.一价定律更适用于黄金。

黄金的交易比较方便,所以任何价格差都会导致套利活动,这种活动会使以共同货币标值的金价趋同。

人们不能对巨无霸汉堡包的价差进行套利,因此其价格不能趋同。

如果价格差异存在下去,这种差距就会一直存在,因为没有推动它趋同的压力。

巨无霸汉堡包(以共同货币标值)的价格在全球因地而异。

18.根据购买力平价理论,马克(相对于美元)的汇率值自70年代初以来曾经上升。

其原因是,相对于两国实际国内产出的增长率,德国货币供给的增长曾慢于美国。

而英镑则是一个相反的例子——英国的通货膨胀率高于美国。

英国的货币供给曾经以更快的速度增长。

19.作为旅行者,你是从你旅行的国家那里进口服务。

外国货币的价格低廉对你是有好处的,因此你希望它的价值被低估(相对于PPP)。

如果它的价值被低估,那么按照当地货币的即期汇率,你可以兑换到更多的外国货币,以用于购买当地的产品。

20.不同意。

如果我们用货币主义方法评价这一论断,它不一定是正确的,甚至在k值(行为比)不变时,货币主义方法仍旧认为实际国内产出增长率是重要的。

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