Modification of natural graphite using pitch through dynamical melt-carbonization
炭黑表面能与甲苯抽出物透光率的关系
炭黑表面能与甲苯抽出物透光率的关系路 明，张红霞，和富金，李 明，张 超，衣黎明（怡维怡橡胶研究院有限公司，山东青岛 266045）摘要：选取具有相同比表面积、不同甲苯抽出物透光率的炭黑N134，采用反相色谱测试其表面能，考察炭黑表面能与甲苯抽出物透光率的关系。
结果表明：当甲苯抽出物透光率低时，炭黑N134晶体边缘的高能位点被不完全燃烧的原料油或者烃类物质占据，炭黑N134的表面能色散分量低；当甲苯抽出物透光率为77%时，炭黑N134的表面能色散分量为233.6 mJ·m-2，甚至比甲苯抽出物透过率为92%的炭黑N234低约24%；当甲苯抽出物透光率高于82%时，随着甲苯抽出物透光率的提高，炭黑N134的表面能色散分量呈线性提高；当甲苯透光率为99%时，炭黑N134的表面能色散分量达到511.0 mJ·m-2。
炭黑生产企业可通过控制工艺和原材料提高炭黑纯净度，以提高炭黑质量。
关键词：炭黑；表面能；色散分量；甲苯抽出物；透光率；正烷烃；吸附自由能；反相色谱中图分类号：TQ330.38＋1；O657.7 文章编号：1000-890X（2020）09-0709-04文献标志码：A DOI：10.12136/j.issn.1000-890X.2020.09.0709炭黑是轮胎行业应用最为广泛的补强填料，是一种利用油类或者天然气等碳氢化合物裂解和不完全燃烧而生成的黑色粉末状物质[1]。
目前轮胎行业应用最为广泛的是炉法炭黑。
在炉法炭黑的生产过程中，煤气和空气首先混合燃烧以形成火焰，然后原料油喷入火焰，接着喷入冷水使生成的炭黑烟气急冷[2]。
炭黑的微观结构、粒子形态和表面性能都极为特殊，表征炭黑的常规参数主要有比表面积、吸油值、着色强度、加热减量、灰分含量、甲苯抽出物透光率等。
甲苯抽出物透光率主要与炭黑纯净度有关，不完全燃烧的原料油或者烃类物质沉积在炭黑表面越多，甲苯抽出物透光率越低。
除常规参数外，填料的表面能已经成为公认的影响填料补强性能的参数。
芳纶纸涂层氦渗透性译文
芳纶纸涂层氦渗透性（机械工程系，Monika Bubacz，新奥尔良大学，新奥尔良，洛杉矶70148，USA）摘要:低温储罐材料的技术和设计仍处于发展阶段。
新的设计理念要求的复合结构不仅承载机械负荷，还要具有密封作用。
本文的目的是定义一个低温储罐的设计概念和发展阻隔层与浸渍芳纶纸，以防止气体通过渗透的复合夹芯墙板渗出。
涂以不同的树脂体系的一些芳族聚酰胺纤维纸测试氦渗透性。
渗透动力学研究表明：同时运行至少两个质量传输机制时，扩散和水动力流过微多孔介质以非定常渗透性的长周期确定[1]。
尽管在实验室制造的样品的一些技术还不完善，但达到了透气性低的水平，这满足了标准规定。
可用于控制质量的渗透性和不稳定周期动力学这两个的稳定的水平。
关键词：芳纶纤维，蜂窝，树脂，渗透性1引言与纤维增强塑料提供的特定的强度和刚度的优点相比，金属已经被确定为重复使用的空间运输系统候选者。
能够满足在恶劣的环境中飞行要求的低温储罐材料和技术设计，仍处于开发阶段。
基于机械性能，安全壳性能（长期和短期），和制造方面的考虑，一些碳纤维和芳纶纤维增强塑料是很好的选择[1]。
用于低温燃料箱终身耐久性要求意味着材料必须安全地可承受外部压力，外部结构载荷，抗渗漏，以及能够工作在极宽的温度围。
气体泄漏的速率由材料的制造方法，机械负载到水箱的功能，必须运行的材料部损伤状态的决定。
低温储罐的常规概念的温度包括金属衬垫，主要起密封功能，衬垫里是封闭在一个承载主要复合结构的机械载荷[2]。
然而，实验表明，金属衬垫里的焊接接头于恶劣的环境和复合结构也必须可靠的，有效的满足气密性的功能。
通常情况下，复合材料具有套的微裂纹而不是可渗透液体但可渗透气体的小分子，如氢或氦。
本研究的目的是相对于所述气体从根本上降低复合材料的磁导率。
到目前为止，IM7/977-2（石墨- 环氧）的表面层和芳纶（芳香族聚酰胺）的蜂窝体被选为最有前途的可靠的材料，以及聚合物薄膜层之间引入在复合以形成一交错的或混杂复合材料，和降低渗透性，膜层的厚度，数量和位置上的层压板的机械性能的影响进行了研究[3]。
高炉炼铁专业英语
4 冶金过程物理化学4.1 冶金过程热力学冶金过程热力学thermodynamics of metallurgical processes 统计热力学statistical thermodynamics不可逆过程热力学thermodynamics of irreversible processes 化学热力学chemical thernodynamics表面热力学surface thermodynamics合金热力学thermodynamics of alloys冶金热力学数据库thermodynamics databank in metallurgy 系system单元系single-componentsystem多元系multicomponent system均相系统homogeneous system广度性质extensive property强度性质intensive property过程process等温过程isothermal process等压过程isobaric process等容过程isochoric process绝热过程adiabatic process可逆过程reversible process不可逆过程irreversible process自发过程spontaneous process自理过程physical process化学过程chemical process冶金过程metallurgical process化学反应chemical reaction化合反应combination reaction分解反应decomposition reaction置换反应displacement reaction可逆反应reversible reaction不可逆反应irreversible reaction电化学反应electrochemical reaction多相反应multiphase reaction固态反应solid state reaction气一金(属)反应gas-metal reaction渣一金（属）反应slag-metal reaction平衡equilibrium化学平衡chemical equilibrium相平衡phase equilibrium热力学平衡thermodynamic equilibrium亚稳平衡metastable equilibrium热力学函数thermodynamic function偏摩尔量partial molar quantity总摩尔量integral molar quantity标准态standard state焓enthalpy生成焓enthalpy of formation反应焓enthalpy of reaction熵entropy吉布斯能Gibbs energy生成吉布斯能Gibbs energy of formation 反应吉布斯能Gibbs energy of reaction溶解吉布斯能Gibbs energy of solution吉布斯能函数Gibbs energy function化学位chemical potential热化学thermochemistry热效应heat effect热容heat capacity熔化热heat of fusion汽化热heat of vaporization升华热heat of sublimation相变热heat of phase transformation放热反应exothermic reaction吸热反应endothermic reaction赫斯定律Hess’s law相律phase rule相图phase diagram一元相图single-component phase diagram 二元相图binary-component phase diagram 三元相图ternary-component phase diagram 液相线liquidus固相线solidus共晶点eutectic point杠杆规则lever rule溶液solution溶质solute溶剂solvent固溶体solid solution溶液浓度concentration of solution摩尔分数mole fraction冶金熔体metallurgical melt金属熔体metal melt(炉)渣,熔渣slag熔盐molten salt, fused salt理想溶液ideal solution真实溶液real solution正规溶液regular solution活度activity活度系数activity coefficient拉乌尔定律Raoult’s law亨利定律Henry’s law纯物质标准态pure substance standard质量１％溶液标准(态)1 mass% solution standard无限稀溶液参考态reference state of infinityly dilute solution相互作用系数interaction coefficient化学反应等温式chemical reaction isotherm吉布斯～亥姆霍兹方程Gibbs-Helmholtz equation质量作用定律law of mass action平衡常数equilibrium constant平衡值equilibrium value直接还原direct reduction间接还原indirect reduction金属热还原metallothermic reduction选择性氧化selective oxidation渣碱度basicity of slag光学破度optical basicity酸性氧化物acid oxide碱性氧化物basicoxide两性氧化物amphoteric泡沫渣foaming slag熔渣的分子理论molecular theory of slag熔渣的离子理论ionization theory of slag脱氧平衡deoxidation equilibrium脱氧常数deoxidation constant熔渣脱硫desulfurization by slag气态脱硫desulfurization in the gaseous state硫分配比sulfur partition ratio硫化物容量sulfide capacity氧化脱磷dephosphorization under oxidizing atmosphere磷分配比碳一氧平衡carbon-oxygen equilibrium真空脱碳vacuum decarburization去气degassing去除非金属夹杂(物)elimination of nonmetallic inclusion非金属夹杂(物)变形form modification of nonmetallic inclusion 脱硅desiliconization脱锰demanganization分配平衡distribution law化学气相沉积chemical vapor deposition(CVD)4.2 冶金过程动力学微观动力学microkinetics化学动力学chemical kinetics反应途径reaction path反应机理reaction mechanism基元反应elementary reaction平行反应parallel链反应chain reaction总反应overall reaction反应速率reaction rate反应速率常数reaction rate constant反应级数reaction order零级反应zero order reaction一级反应first order reaction二级反应second order reactionn级反应nth order reaction碰撞理论collision theory活化能activation energy表现活化能apparent activation energy阿伦尼乌斯方程Arrhenius equation半衰期half-life宏观动力学macrokinetics冶金过程动力学kinetics of metallurgical process传输现象transport phenomena传质mass transfer传热heat transfer动量传输momentum transfer层流laminar flow湍流turbulent flow气泡gas bubble鼓泡bubbling射流jet液滴liquid droplet粘度viscosity边界层boundary layer流率flow rate通量flux扩散diffusion菲克第一扩散定律Fick’s 1st law of diffusion菲克第一扩散定律Fick’s 2nd law of diffusion扩散系数diffusion coefficient传质系数mass transfer coefficient热传导heat conduction热对流heat convection自然对流natural convection强制对流forced convection热辐射heat radiation导热率thermal conductivity传热系数heat transfer coefficient体内浓度bulk concentration未反应核模型unreacted core model扩散控制反应diffusion-controlled reaction化学控制反应chenical-controlled reaction混合控制反应mixed-controlled reaction相似原理priciple of similarity雷诺数Reynolds number固定床fiexed bed填充床packed bed移动床moving bed流态化床fluidized bed混合时间mixing time停留时间residence time, retention time催化catalysis催化剂catalyst表面能surface energy表面张力surface tension界面能interfacial energy界面张力interfacial tension润湿wetting表面活性物质surface-active substance吸收absorption吸附absorption4.3 冶金电化学冶金电化学metallurgical electrochemistry熔盐电化学electrochemistry of fused salts固态离子学solid state ionics电解质溶液electrolyte solution阳离子cation阴离子anion电导conductance电导率conductivity电阻resistance电极electrode阴极cathode阳极anode电镀electroplating固体电解质solid electrolyte稳定的氧化锆stablized zirconia氧传感器oxygen sensor硅传感器silicon sensor定氧测头oxygen probe定硅测头silicon probe4.4 冶金物理化学研究方法冶金物理化学研究方法research methods in metallurgical physical chemistry热电偶thermocouple量热计calorimeter热太平thermobalance热分析thermal analysis差热分析differential thermal analysis,DTA热重法thermogravimetry分子筛molecular sieve5 钢铁冶金5.1 炼焦炼焦coking高温炭化high temperature carbonization塑性成焦机理plastic mechanism of coke formation中间相成焦机理mesophase mechanism of coke formation选煤coal preparation, coal washing配煤coal blending配煤试验coal blending test炼焦煤coking coal气煤gas coal肥煤fat coal瘦煤lean coal焦炉coke oven焦化室oven chamber焦饼coke cake结焦时间coking time周转时间cycle time装煤coal charging捣固装煤stamp charging推焦coke pushing焦炭熄火coke quenching干法熄焦dry quenching of coke焦台coke wharf装煤车larry car推焦机pushing machine拦焦机coke guide熄焦车quenching car焦炉焖炉banking for coke oven焦炭coke冶金焦metallurgical coke铸造焦foundry coke焦炭工业分析proximate analysis of coke焦炭元素分析ultimate analysis of coke焦炭落下指数shatter index of coke焦炭转鼓指数drum index of coke焦炭热强度hot strength of coke焦炭反应性coke reactivity焦炭反应后强度post-reaction strength of coke 焦炭显微强度microstrength of coke焦炉煤气coke oven gas发热值calorific value煤焦油coal tar粗苯crude benzol苯benzene甲苯toluene二甲苯xylene苯并呋喃-茚树脂coumarone-indene resin精萘refined naphthalene精蒽refined anthracene煤[焦油]沥青coal tar pitch沥青焦pitch coke针状焦needle coke型焦formcoke5.2 耐火材料耐火材料refractory materials耐火粘土fireclay高岭土kaolin硬质粘土flint clay轻质粘土soft clay陶土pot clay蒙脱石montmorillonite叶蜡石pyrophyllite膨润土bentonite鳞石英tridymite方石英cristobalite砂岩sandstone耐火石firestone莫来石mullite氧化铝alumina烧结氧化铝sintered alumina电熔氧化铝fused alumina刚玉corundum红柱石andalusite蓝晶石kyanite,cyanite硅线石sillimanite橄榄石olivine方镁石periclase镁砂magnesia合成镁砂synthetic sintered magnesia电熔镁砂fused magnesia烧结白云石砂sintered dolomite clinker合成镁铬砂synthetic magnesia chromite clinker尖晶石spinel镁铬尖晶石magnesia chrome spinel,magnesiochromite 硅藻土diatomaceous earth, infusorial earth蛭石vermiculite珍珠岩perlite碳化硅silicon carbide氮化硅silicon nitride氮化硼boron nitride粘土熟料chamotte熟料grog轻烧light burning,soft burning死烧dead burning,hard burning成型模注shaping moulding机压成型mechanical pressing等静压成型isostatic pressing摩擦压砖机friction press液压压砖机hydraulic press捣打成型ramming process熔铸成型fusion cast process砖坯强度green strength,dry strength隧道窑tunnel kiln回转窑rotary kiln倒焰窑down draught kiln耐火砖refractory brick标准型耐火砖standard size refractory brick泡砂石quartzite sandstone酸性耐火材料acid refractory [material]硅质耐火材料siliceous refractory [material]硅砖silica brick,dinas brick熔融石英制品fused quartz product硅酸铝质耐火材料aluminosillicate refractory半硅砖semisilica brick粘土砖fireclay brick,chamotte brick石墨粘土砖graphite clay brick高铝砖high alumina brick硅线石砖sillimanite brick莫来石砖mullite brick刚玉砖corundum brick铝铬砖alumina chrome brick熔铸砖fused cast brick碱性耐火材料basic refractory [material]镁质耐火材料magnesia refractory [material]镁砖magnesia brick镁铝砖magnesia alumina brick镁铬砖magnesia chrome brick镁炭砖magnesia carbon brick中性耐火材料neutral refractory [material]复合砖composite brick铝炭砖alumina carbon brick铝镁炭转alumina magnesia brick锆炭砖zirconia graphite brick镁钙炭砖magnesia clacia carbon brick长水口long nozzle浸入式水口immersion nozzle,submerged nozzle 定径水口metering nozzle氧化铝-碳化硅-炭砖Al2O3-SiC-C brick透气砖gas permeable brick,porous brick滑动水口slide gate nozzle水口砖nozzle brick塞头砖stopper绝热耐火材料insulating refractory轻质耐火材料light weight refractory袖砖sleeve brick格子砖checker brick,chequer brick陶瓷纤维ceramic fiber耐火纤维refractory fiber耐火浇注料refractory castable耐火混凝土refractory concrete荷重耐火性refractoriness under load抗渣性slagging resistance耐磨损性abrasion resistance5.3 碳素材料[含]碳[元]素材料carbon materials无定形碳amorphous carbon金刚石diamond炭相[学]carbon micrography炭黑carbon black石油沥青petroleum pitch石油焦炭petroleum coke石墨化graphitization石墨化电阻炉electric resistance furnace for graphitization 石墨纯净化处理purification treatment of graphite炭砖carbon brick炭块carbon block碳化硅基炭块SiC-based carbon block炭电极carbon electrode连续自焙电极Soderberg electrode石墨电极graphite electrode超高功率石墨电极ultra-high power graphite electrode石墨电极接头graphite electrode nipple石墨电极接头孔graphite electrode socket plug电极糊electrode paste石墨坩埚graphite crucible石墨电阻棒graphite rod resistor炭刷carbon brush高纯石墨high purity graphite5.4 铁合金铁合金ferroalloy硅铁ferrosilicon硅钙calcium silicon金属硅silicon metal锰铁ferromangnanese低碳锰铁low carbon ferromanganese硅锰silicomanganese金属锰manganese metal铬铁ferrochromium低碳铬铁low carbon ferrochromium微碳铬铁extra low carbon ferrochromium硅铬silicochromium金属铬chromium metal钨铁ferrotunsten钼铁ferromolybdenum钛铁ferrotitanium硼铁ferroboron铌铁ferroniobium磷铁ferrophosphorus镍铁ferronickel锆铁ferrozirconium硅锆silicozirconium稀土硅铁rare earth ferrosilicon稀土镁硅铁rare earth ferrosilicomagnesium成核剂nucleater孕育剂incubater,inoculant球化剂nodulizer蠕化剂vermiculizer中间铁合金master alloy复合铁合金complex ferroalloy电碳热法electro-carbothermic process电硅热法electro-silicothermic process铝热法aluminothermic process,thermit process电铝热法electro-aluminothermic process开弧炉open arc furnace埋弧炉submerged arc furnace半封闭炉semiclosed furnace封闭炉closed furnace矮烟罩电炉electric furnace with low hood矮炉身电炉low-shaft electric furnace5.5 烧结与球团人造块矿ore agglomerates烧结矿sinter压块矿briquette球团[矿] pellet针铁矿goethite自熔性铁矿self-fluxed iron ore复合铁矿complex iron ore块矿lump ore粉矿ore fines矿石混匀ore blending配矿ore proportioning矿石整粒ore size grading返矿return fines储矿场ore stockyard矿石堆料机ore stocker匀矿取料机ore reclaimer熔剂flux消石灰slaked lime活性石灰quickened lime有机粘结剂organic binder烧结混合料sinter mixture烧结铺底料hearth layer for sinter烧结sintering烧结热前沿heat front in sintering烧结火焰前沿flame front in sintering渣相粘结slag bonding扩散粘结diffusion bonding带式烧结机Dwight-Lloyd sintering machine环式烧结机circular travelling sintering machine烧结梭式布料机shuttle conveyer belt烧结点火料sintering ignition furnace烧结盘sintering pan烧结锅sintering pot烧结冷却机sinter cooler带式冷却机straight-line cooler环式冷却机circular cooler,annular cooler生球green pellet,ball生球长大聚合机理ball growth by coalescence生球长大成层机理ball growth by layering生球长大同化机理ball growth by assimilation精矿成球指数balling index for iron ore concentrates 生球转鼓强度drum strength of green pellet生球落下强度shatter strength of green pellet生球抗压强度compression strength of green pellet 生球爆裂温度cracking temperature of green pellet 圆筒造球机balling drum圆盘造球机balling disc竖炉陪烧球团shaft furnace for pellet firing带式机陪烧球团traveling grate for pellet firing链算机-回转窑陪烧球团grate-kiln for pellet firing 环式机陪烧球团circular gates for pellet firing冷固结球团cold bound pellet维式体wustite铁橄榄石fayalite铁尖晶石hercynite铁黄长石ferrogehlenite铁酸半钙calcium diferrite铁酸钙calcium ferrite铁酸二钙dicalcium ferrite锰铁橄榄石knebelite钙铁橄榄石kirschsteinite钙铁辉石hedenbergite钙铁榴石andradite钙长石anorthite钙镁橄榄石monticellite钙钛矿perovskite硅灰石wollastonite硅酸二钙dicalcium silicate硅酸三钙tricalcium silicate镁橄榄石forsterite镁黄长石akermanite镁蔷薇辉石manganolite钙铝黄长石gehlenite钛辉石titanaugite枪晶石cuspidine预还原球团pre-reduced pellet金属化球团metallized pellet转鼓试验drum test,tumbler test落下试验shatter test5.6 高炉炼铁炼铁iron making高炉炼铁[法] blast furnace process高炉blast furnace鼓风炉blast furnace炉料charge, burden矿料ore charge焦料coke charge炉料提升charge hoisting小车上料charge hoisting by skip吊罐上料charge hoisting by bucket皮带上料charge hoisting by belt conveyer装料charging装料顺序charging sequence储料漏斗hopper双料钟式装料two-bells system charging无料钟装料bell-less charging布料器distributor炉内料线stock line in the furnace探料尺gauge rod利用系数utilization coefficient冶炼强度combustion intensity鼓风blast风压blast pressure风温blast temperature鼓风量blast volume鼓风湿度blast humidity全风量操作full blast慢风under blowing休风delay喷吹燃料fuel injection喷煤coal injection喷油oil injection富氧鼓风oxygen enriched blast,oxygen enrichment 置换比replacement ratio喷射器injector热补偿thermal compensation焦比coke ratio,coke rate燃料比fuel ratio,fuel rate氧化带oxidizing zone风口循环区raceway蒸汽鼓风humidified blast混合喷吹mixed injection脱湿鼓风dehumidified blast炉内压差pressure drop in furnace煤气分布gas distribution煤气利用率gas utilization rate炉况furnace condition顺行smooth running焦炭负荷coke load,ore to coke ratio软熔带cohesive zone,softening zone渣比slag to iron ratio,slag ratio上部[炉料]调节burden conditioning下部[鼓风]调节blast conditioning高炉作业率operation rate of blast furnace 休风率delay ratio高炉寿命blast furnace campaign悬料hanging崩料slip沟流channeling结瘤scaffolding炉缸冻结hearth freeze-up开炉blow on停炉blow off积铁salamander炉型profile,furnace lines炉喉throat炉身shaft,stack炉腰belly炉腹bosh炉缸hearth炉底bottom炉腹角bosh angle炉身角stack angle有效容积effective volume工作容积working bolume铁口iron notch, slag notch渣口cinder notch, slag notch风口tuyere窥视孔peep hole风口水套tuyere cooler渣口水套slag notch cooler风口弯头tuyere stock热风围管bustle pipe堵渣机stopper泥炮mud gun,clay gun开铁口机iron notch drill铁水hot metal铁[水]罐iron ladle鱼雷车torpedo car主铁沟sow出铁沟casting house铁沟iron runner渣沟slag runner渣罐cinder ladle, slag ladle撇渣器skimmer冷却水箱cooling plate冷却壁cooling stave汽化冷却vaporization cooling热风炉hot blast stove燃烧室combustion chamber燃烧器burner热风阀hot blast valve烟道阀chimney valve冷风阀cold blast valve助燃风机burner blower切断阀burner shut-off valve旁通阀by-pass valve混风阀mixer selector valve送风期on blast of stove,on blast燃烧期on gas of stove, on gas换炉stove changing放散阀blow off valve内燃式热风炉Cowper stove外燃式燃烧炉outside combustion stove 顶燃式热风炉top combustion stove炉顶放散阀bleeding valve放散管bleeder上升管gas uptake放风阀snorting valve均压阀equalizing valve高压调节阀septum valve炉顶高压elevated top pressure铸铁机pig-casting machine铸铁模pig mold冲天炉cupola水渣granulating slag水渣池granulating pit渣场slag disposal pit高炉煤气top gas,blast furnace gas高炉煤气回收topgas recovery,TGR非焦炭炼铁non-coke iron making直接还原炼铁[法]direct reduction iron making直接还原铁directly reduced iron,DRI竖炉直接炼铁direct reduction in shaft furnace流态化炼铁fluidized-bed iron making转底炉炼铁rotary hearth iron making米德雷克斯直接炼铁[法]Midrex processHYL直接炼铁[法] HYL process克虏伯回转窑炼铁[法] Krupp rotary kiln iron-making 熔态还原smelting reduction铁溶法iron-bath process科雷克斯法COREX process生铁pig iron海绵铁sponge iron镜铁spiegel iron清铁法H-rion process。
浅谈锂离子电池石墨负极材料的改性研究进展
112AUTO TIMENEW ENERGY AUTOMOBILE | 新能源汽车现代化社会，各种人工智能技术、大数据平台或者是电力能源的全面发展，都在不断的提高各行业内部运行设备所需要的电能，而对于目前使用广泛的电力能源储存设备锂离子电池，怎样在保障自身效益扩大的同时，满足不同消费群体的需求，还需要作出全面改革，例如：如何扩充储锂容量、提高倍率性能及循环稳定性等，而对锂离子电池关键构件进行分析，起到核心作用的就是石墨负极材料。
对此，石墨负极材料的性能，对锂离子电池后期发展和使用效益有着决定性作用。
再加上石墨导电效率优良，还具备良好的锂离子嵌入、脱出性能，多种优势条件也最终使得石墨变成锂离子电池体系当中使用率为最高、商业化程度为最广泛的负极材料。
但是由于受石墨微观结构客观因素影响，造成石墨理论储锂容量只能达到372mA.h/g，从而出现了电解液兼容性较差、体积膨胀率过高等问题，最终严重影响到了电极能量的密度以及循环稳定性。
对此，意识到问题的严重性，若是要想让实现石墨负极材料性能综合性提升，目前已有诸多国内外重量级研究人员投入到对石墨负极材料改性研究工作当中，也做到了多角度、多层面的研究分析，同时也取得了一定的成果。
1 锂离子电池的电化学机理及石墨嵌锂机制作为一种正常锂离子浓差电池，锂离子电池可分为正极、负极、隔膜、电解液等。
设置石墨负极、LiCoO 2正极，然后综合以上因素，研究锂离子电池的工作机制，可以看出，在对其进行充电期间，清晰看到锂离子在正极LiCoO 2晶格中顺利脱出，而后锂离子循序渐进扩散到电解液中，并在最后穿过隔膜而进入到石墨负极层。
整个过程中，为充分保障电荷之间平衡度，会有同等数量的电子在正极中释放出来，并从外电流路流到石墨负极中，此时会构建出一个回路整体[1]。
而在放电过程中，负极石墨层间的锂离子又开始慢慢脱出，再经电解液，最后返回并嵌入到LiCoO 2晶格中，此时电子会经外电流路传输到正极，这样就可以实现以此充电、放电循环。
历史上最全的“冶金专业英语词汇”(涵盖采矿、地质、选矿、冶炼、炼焦、物理化学)
冶金英语词汇 (1)1 总论采矿mining地下采矿underground mining露天采矿open cut mining, open pit mining, s urface mining采矿工程mining engineering选矿（学）mineral dressing, ore beneficiatio n, mineral processing矿物工程mineral engineering冶金（学）metallurgy过程冶金（学）process metallurgy提取冶金（学）extractive metallurgy化学冶金（学）chemical metallurgy物理冶金（学）physical metallurgy金属学Metallkunde冶金过程物理化学physical chemistry of proce ss metallurgy冶金反应工程学metallurgical reaction engine ering冶金工程metallurgical engineering钢铁冶金（学）ferrous metallurgy, metallurgy of iron and steel有色冶金(学)nonferrous metallurgy真空冶金(学)vacuum metallurgy等离子冶金(学)plasma metallurgy微生物冶金(学)microbial metallurgy喷射冶金(学)injection metallurgy钢包冶金(学)ladle metallurgy二次冶金(学)secondary metallurgy机械冶金(学)mechanical metallurgy焊接冶金(学)welding metallurgy粉末冶金(学)powder metallurgy铸造学foundry火法冶金(学)pyrometallurgy湿法冶金(学)hydrometallurgy电冶金(学)electrometallurgy氯冶金(学)chlorine metallurgy矿物资源综合利用engineering of comprehensiv e utilization of mineralresources中国金属学会The Chinese Society for Metals 中国有色金属学会The Nonferrous Metals Socie ty of China2 采矿采矿工艺mining technology有用矿物valuable mineral冶金矿产原料metallurgical mineral raw mater ials矿床mineral deposit特殊采矿specialized mining海洋采矿oceanic mining, marine mining矿田mine field矿山mine露天矿山surface mine地下矿山underground mine矿井shaft矿床勘探mineral deposit exploration矿山可行性研究mine feasibility study矿山规模mine capacity矿山生产能力mine production capacity矿山年产量annual mine output矿山服务年限mine life矿山基本建设mine construction矿山建设期限mine construction period矿山达产arrival at mine full capacity开采强度mining intensity矿石回收率ore recovery ratio矿石损失率ore loss ratio工业矿石industrial ore采出矿石extracted ore矿体orebody矿脉vein海洋矿产资源oceanic mineral resources矿石ore矿石品位ore grade岩石力学rock mechanics岩体力学rock mass mechanics3 选矿选矿厂concentrator, mineral processing plan t工艺矿物学process mineralogy开路open circuit闭路closed circuit流程flowsheet方框流程block flowsheet产率yield回收率recovery矿物mineral粒度particle size粗颗粒coarse particle细颗粒fine particle超微颗粒ultrafine particle粗粒级coarse fraction细粒级fine fraction网目mesh原矿run of mine, crude精矿concentrate粗精矿rough concentrate混合精矿bulk concentrate最终精矿final concentrate尾矿tailings粉碎comminution破碎crushing磨碎grinding团聚agglomeration筛分screening, sieving分级classification富集concentration分选separation手选hand sorting重选gravity separation, gr avity concentrati on磁选magnetic separation电选electrostatic separation浮选flotation化学选矿chemical mineral processing自然铜native copper铝土矿bauxite冰晶石cryolite磁铁矿magnetite赤铁矿hematite假象赤铁矿martite钒钛磁铁矿vanadium titano-magnetite铁燧石taconite褐铁矿limonite菱铁矿siderite镜铁矿specularite硬锰矿psilomelane软锰矿pyrolusite铬铁矿chromite 黄铁矿pyrite钛铁矿ilmennite金红石rutile萤石fluorite高岭石kaolinite菱镁矿magnesite重晶石barite石墨graphite石英quartz方解石calcite石灰石limestone白云石dolomite云母mica石膏gypsum硼砂borax石棉asbestos蛇纹石serpentine阶段破碎stage crushing粗碎primary crushing中碎secondary crushing细碎fine crushing对辊破碎机roll crusher粉磨机pulverizer震动筛vibrating screen筛网screen cloth筛孔screen opening筛上料oversize筛下料undersize粗磨coarse grinding细磨fine grinding球磨机ball mill衬板liner分级机classifier自由沉降free setting沉积sedimentation石灰lime松油pine oil硫化钠sodium sulfide硅酸钠（水玻璃）sodium silicate, water glass 过滤filtration过滤机filter给矿，给料feeding给矿机feeder在线分析仪on line analyzer在线粒度分析仪on line size analyzer超声粒度计ultrasonic particle sizer, supers onic particle sizer4 冶金过程物理化学4.1 冶金过程热力学冶金过程热力学thermodynamics of metallurgic al processes统计热力学statistical thermodynamics不可逆过程热力学thermodynamics of irreversi ble processes化学热力学chemical thernodynamics表面热力学surface thermodynamics合金热力学thermodynamics of alloys冶金热力学数据库thermodynamics databank in metallurgy系system单元系single-componentsystem多元系multicomponent system均相系统homogeneous system广度性质extensive property强度性质intensive property过程process等温过程isothermal process等压过程isobaric process等容过程isochoric process绝热过程adiabatic process可逆过程reversible process不可逆过程irreversible process自发过程spontaneous process自理过程physical process化学过程chemical process冶金过程metallurgical process化学反应chemical reaction化合反应combination reaction分解反应decomposition reaction置换反应displacement reaction可逆反应reversible reaction不可逆反应irreversible reaction电化学反应electrochemical reaction多相反应multiphase reaction固态反应solid state reaction气一金(属)反应gas-metal reaction渣一金（属）反应slag-metal reaction 平衡equilibrium化学平衡chemical equilibrium相平衡phase equilibrium热力学平衡thermodynamic equilibrium亚稳平衡metastable equilibrium热力学函数thermodynamic function偏摩尔量partial molar quantity总摩尔量integral molar quantity标准态standard state焓enthalpy生成焓enthalpy of formation反应焓enthalpy of reaction熵entropy吉布斯能Gibbs energy生成吉布斯能Gibbs energy of formation 反应吉布斯能Gibbs energy of reaction溶解吉布斯能Gibbs energy of solution吉布斯能函数Gibbs energy function化学位chemical potential热化学thermochemistry热效应heat effect热容heat capacity熔化热heat of fusion汽化热heat of vaporization升华热heat of sublimation相变热heat of phase transformation放热反应exothermic reaction吸热反应endothermic reaction赫斯定律Hess’s law相律phase rule相图phase diagram一元相图single-component phase diagram 二元相图binary-component phase diagram 三元相图ternary-component phase diagram 液相线liquidus固相线solidus共晶点eutectic point杠杆规则lever rule溶液solution溶质solute溶剂solvent固溶体solid solution溶液浓度concentration of solution摩尔分数mole fraction冶金熔体metallurgical melt金属熔体metal melt(炉)渣,熔渣slag熔盐molten salt, fused salt理想溶液ideal solution真实溶液real solution正规溶液regular solution活度activity活度系数activity coefficient拉乌尔定律Raoult’s law亨利定律Henry’s law纯物质标准态pure substance standard质量１％溶液标准(态)1 mass% solution standa rd无限稀溶液参考态reference state of infinity ly dilute solution相互作用系数interaction coefficient化学反应等温式chemical reaction isotherm 吉布斯～亥姆霍兹方程Gibbs-Helmholtz equatio n质量作用定律law of mass action平衡常数equilibrium constant平衡值equilibrium value直接还原direct reduction间接还原indirect reduction金属热还原metallothermic reduction选择性氧化selective oxidation渣碱度basicity of slag光学破度optical basicity酸性氧化物acid oxide碱性氧化物basicoxide两性氧化物amphoteric泡沫渣foaming slag熔渣的分子理论molecular theory of slag熔渣的离子理论ionization theory of slag脱氧平衡deoxidation equilibrium脱氧常数deoxidation constant熔渣脱硫desulfurization by slag气态脱硫desulfurization in the gaseous stat e硫分配比sulfur partition ratio硫化物容量sulfide capacity氧化脱磷dephosphorization under oxidizing a tmosphere磷分配比碳一氧平衡carbon-oxygen equilibrium真空脱碳vacuum decarburization去气degassing去除非金属夹杂(物)elimination of nonmetalli c inclusion非金属夹杂(物)变形form modification of nonm etallic inclusion脱硅desiliconization脱锰demanganization分配平衡distribution law化学气相沉积chemical vapor deposition(CVD) 4.2 冶金过程动力学微观动力学microkinetics化学动力学chemical kinetics反应途径reaction path反应机理reaction mechanism基元反应elementary reaction平行反应parallel链反应chain reaction总反应overall reaction反应速率reaction rate反应速率常数reaction rate constant反应级数reaction order零级反应zero order reaction一级反应first order reaction二级反应second order reactionn级反应nth order reaction碰撞理论collision theory活化能activation energy表现活化能apparent activation energy阿伦尼乌斯方程Arrhenius equation半衰期half-life宏观动力学macrokinetics冶金过程动力学kinetics of metallurgical pro cess传输现象transport phenomena传质mass transfer传热heat transfer动量传输momentum transfer层流laminar flow湍流turbulent flow气泡gas bubble鼓泡bubbling射流jet液滴liquid droplet粘度viscosity边界层boundary layer流率flow rate通量flux扩散diffusion菲克第一扩散定律Fick’s 1st law of diffusio n菲克第一扩散定律Fick’s 2nd law of diffusio n扩散系数diffusion coefficient传质系数mass transfer coefficient热传导heat conduction热对流heat convection自然对流natural convection强制对流forced convection热辐射heat radiation导热率thermal conductivity传热系数heat transfer coefficient体内浓度bulk concentration未反应核模型unreacted core model扩散控制反应diffusion-controlled reaction 化学控制反应chenical-controlled reaction 混合控制反应mixed-controlled reaction相似原理priciple of similarity雷诺数Reynolds number固定床fiexed bed填充床packed bed移动床moving bed流态化床fluidized bed混合时间mixing time停留时间residence time, retention time催化catalysis催化剂catalyst表面能surface energy表面张力surface tension界面能interfacial energy界面张力interfacial tension润湿wetting表面活性物质surface-active substance吸收absorption吸附absorption4.3 冶金电化学冶金电化学metallurgical electrochemistry 熔盐电化学electrochemistry of fused salts 固态离子学solid state ionics电解质溶液electrolyte solution阳离子cation阴离子anion电导conductance电导率conductivity电阻resistance电极electrode阴极cathode阳极anode电镀electroplating固体电解质solid electrolyte稳定的氧化锆stablized zirconia氧传感器oxygen sensor硅传感器silicon sensor定氧测头oxygen probe定硅测头silicon probe4.4 冶金物理化学研究方法冶金物理化学研究方法research methods in met allurgical physicalchemistry热电偶thermocouple量热计calorimeter热太平thermobalance热分析thermal analysis差热分析differential thermal analysis,DTA 热重法thermogravimetry分子筛molecular sieve5 钢铁冶金5.1 炼焦炼焦coking高温炭化high temperature carbonization塑性成焦机理plastic mechanism of coke forma tion中间相成焦机理mesophase mechanism of coke f ormation选煤coal preparation, coal washing配煤coal blending配煤试验coal blending test炼焦煤coking coal气煤gas coal肥煤fat coal瘦煤lean coal焦炉coke oven焦化室oven chamber焦饼coke cake结焦时间coking time周转时间cycle time装煤coal charging捣固装煤stamp charging推焦coke pushing焦炭熄火coke quenching干法熄焦dry quenching of coke焦台coke wharf装煤车larry car推焦机pushing machine拦焦机coke guide熄焦车quenching car焦炉焖炉banking for coke oven焦炭coke冶金焦metallurgical coke铸造焦foundry coke焦炭工业分析proximate analysis of coke焦炭元素分析ultimate analysis of coke焦炭落下指数shatter index of coke焦炭转鼓指数drum index of coke焦炭热强度hot strength of coke焦炭反应性coke reactivity焦炭反应后强度post-reaction strength of cok e焦炭显微强度microstrength of coke焦炉煤气coke oven gas发热值calorific value煤焦油coal tar粗苯crude benzol苯benzene甲苯toluene二甲苯xylene苯并呋喃-茚树脂 coumarone-indene resin精萘refined naphthalene精蒽refined anthracene煤[焦油]沥青 coal tar pitch沥青焦pitch coke针状焦needle coke型焦formcoke5.2 耐火材料耐火材料refractory materials耐火粘土fireclay高岭土kaolin硬质粘土flint clay轻质粘土soft clay陶土pot clay蒙脱石montmorillonite叶蜡石pyrophyllite膨润土bentonite鳞石英tridymite方石英cristobalite砂岩sandstone耐火石firestone莫来石mullite氧化铝alumina烧结氧化铝sintered alumina电熔氧化铝fused alumina刚玉corundum红柱石andalusite蓝晶石kyanite,cyanite硅线石sillimanite橄榄石olivine方镁石periclase镁砂magnesia合成镁砂synthetic sintered magnesia电熔镁砂fused magnesia烧结白云石砂sintered dolomite clinker合成镁铬砂synthetic magnesia chromite clink er尖晶石spinel镁铬尖晶石magnesia chrome spinel,magnesioch romite硅藻土diatomaceous earth, infusorial earth 蛭石vermiculite珍珠岩perlite碳化硅silicon carbide氮化硅silicon nitride氮化硼boron nitride粘土熟料chamotte熟料grog轻烧light burning,soft burning死烧dead burning,hard burning成型模注shaping moulding机压成型mechanical pressing等静压成型isostatic pressing摩擦压砖机friction press液压压砖机hydraulic press捣打成型ramming process熔铸成型fusion cast process砖坯强度green strength,dry strength隧道窑tunnel kiln回转窑rotary kiln倒焰窑down draught kiln耐火砖refractory brick标准型耐火砖standard size refractory brick 泡砂石quartzite sandstone酸性耐火材料acid refractory [material]硅质耐火材料siliceous refractory [material] 硅砖silica brick,dinas brick熔融石英制品fused quartz product硅酸铝质耐火材料aluminosillicate refractory 半硅砖semisilica brick粘土砖fireclay brick,chamotte brick石墨粘土砖graphite clay brick高铝砖high alumina brick硅线石砖sillimanite brick莫来石砖mullite brick刚玉砖corundum brick铝铬砖alumina chrome brick熔铸砖fused cast brick碱性耐火材料basic refractory [material]镁质耐火材料magnesia refractory [material] 镁砖magnesia brick镁铝砖magnesia alumina brick镁铬砖magnesia chrome brick镁炭砖magnesia carbon brick中性耐火材料neutral refractory [material] 复合砖composite brick铝炭砖alumina carbon brick铝镁炭转alumina magnesia brick锆炭砖zirconia graphite brick镁钙炭砖magnesia clacia carbon brick长水口long nozzle浸入式水口immersion nozzle,submerged nozzle 定径水口metering nozzle氧化铝-碳化硅-炭砖 Al2O3-SiC-C brick透气砖gas permeable brick,porous brick滑动水口slide gate nozzle 水口砖nozzle brick塞头砖stopper绝热耐火材料insulating refractory轻质耐火材料light weight refractory袖砖sleeve brick格子砖checker brick,chequer brick陶瓷纤维ceramic fiber耐火纤维refractory fiber耐火浇注料refractory castable耐火混凝土refractory concrete荷重耐火性refractoriness under load抗渣性slagging resistance耐磨损性abrasion resistance5.3 碳素材料[含]碳[元]素材料 carbon materials无定形碳amorphous carbon金刚石diamond炭相[学]carbon micrography炭黑carbon black石油沥青petroleum pitch石油焦炭petroleum coke石墨化graphitization石墨化电阻炉electric resistance furnace for graphitization石墨纯净化处理purification treatment of gra phite炭砖carbon brick炭块carbon block碳化硅基炭块SiC-based carbon block炭电极carbon electrode连续自焙电极Soderberg electrode石墨电极graphite electrode超高功率石墨电极ultra-high power graphite e lectrode石墨电极接头graphite electrode nipple石墨电极接头孔graphite electrode socket plu g电极糊electrode paste石墨坩埚graphite crucible石墨电阻棒graphite rod resistor炭刷carbon brush高纯石墨high purity graphite5.4 铁合金铁合金ferroalloy硅铁ferrosilicon硅钙calcium silicon金属硅silicon metal锰铁ferromangnanese低碳锰铁low carbon ferromanganese硅锰silicomanganese金属锰manganese metal铬铁ferrochromium低碳铬铁low carbon ferrochromium微碳铬铁extra low carbon ferrochromium硅铬silicochromium金属铬chromium metal钨铁ferrotunsten钼铁ferromolybdenum钛铁ferrotitanium硼铁ferroboron铌铁ferroniobium磷铁ferrophosphorus镍铁ferronickel锆铁ferrozirconium硅锆silicozirconium稀土硅铁rare earth ferrosilicon稀土镁硅铁rare earth ferrosilicomagnesium 成核剂nucleater孕育剂incubater,inoculant球化剂nodulizer蠕化剂vermiculizer中间铁合金master alloy复合铁合金complex ferroalloy电碳热法electro-carbothermic process电硅热法electro-silicothermic process铝热法aluminothermic process,thermit proces s电铝热法electro-aluminothermic process开弧炉open arc furnace埋弧炉submerged arc furnace半封闭炉semiclosed furnace封闭炉closed furnace矮烟罩电炉electric furnace with low hood 矮炉身电炉low-shaft electric furnace5.5 烧结与球团人造块矿ore agglomerates 烧结矿sinter压块矿briquette球团[矿] pellet针铁矿goethite自熔性铁矿self-fluxed iron ore复合铁矿complex iron ore块矿lump ore粉矿ore fines矿石混匀ore blending配矿ore proportioning矿石整粒ore size grading返矿return fines储矿场ore stockyard矿石堆料机ore stocker匀矿取料机ore reclaimer熔剂flux消石灰slaked lime活性石灰quickened lime有机粘结剂organic binder烧结混合料sinter mixture烧结铺底料hearth layer for sinter烧结sintering烧结热前沿heat front in sintering烧结火焰前沿flame front in sintering渣相粘结slag bonding扩散粘结diffusion bonding带式烧结机Dwight-Lloyd sintering machine环式烧结机circular travelling sintering mac hine烧结梭式布料机shuttle conveyer belt烧结点火料sintering ignition furnace烧结盘sintering pan烧结锅sintering pot烧结冷却机sinter cooler带式冷却机straight-line cooler环式冷却机circular cooler,annular cooler生球green pellet,ball生球长大聚合机理ball growth by coalescence 生球长大成层机理ball growth by layering生球长大同化机理ball growth by assimilation 精矿成球指数balling index for iron ore conc entrates生球转鼓强度drum strength of green pellet 生球落下强度shatter strength of green pellet生球抗压强度compression strength of green p ellet生球爆裂温度cracking temperature of green p ellet圆筒造球机balling drum圆盘造球机balling disc竖炉陪烧球团shaft furnace for pellet firing 带式机陪烧球团traveling grate for pellet fi ring链算机-回转窑陪烧球团grate-kiln for pellet firing环式机陪烧球团circular gates for pellet fir ing冷固结球团cold bound pellet维式体wustite铁橄榄石fayalite铁尖晶石hercynite铁黄长石ferrogehlenite铁酸半钙calcium diferrite铁酸钙calcium ferrite铁酸二钙dicalcium ferrite锰铁橄榄石knebelite钙铁橄榄石kirschsteinite钙铁辉石hedenbergite钙铁榴石andradite钙长石anorthite钙镁橄榄石monticellite钙钛矿perovskite硅灰石wollastonite硅酸二钙dicalcium silicate硅酸三钙tricalcium silicate镁橄榄石forsterite镁黄长石akermanite镁蔷薇辉石manganolite钙铝黄长石gehlenite钛辉石titanaugite枪晶石cuspidine预还原球团pre-reduced pellet金属化球团metallized pellet转鼓试验drum test,tumbler test落下试验shatter test5.6 高炉炼铁炼铁iron making 高炉炼铁[法] blast furnace process高炉blast furnace鼓风炉blast furnace炉料charge, burden矿料ore charge焦料coke charge炉料提升charge hoisting小车上料charge hoisting by skip吊罐上料charge hoisting by bucket皮带上料charge hoisting by belt conveyer 装料charging装料顺序charging sequence储料漏斗hopper双料钟式装料two-bells system charging无料钟装料bell-less charging布料器distributor炉内料线stock line in the furnace探料尺gauge rod利用系数utilization coefficient冶炼强度combustion intensity鼓风blast风压blast pressure风温blast temperature鼓风量blast volume鼓风湿度blast humidity全风量操作full blast慢风under blowing休风delay喷吹燃料fuel injection喷煤coal injection喷油oil injection富氧鼓风oxygen enriched blast,oxygen enrich ment置换比replacement ratio喷射器injector热补偿thermal compensation焦比coke ratio,coke rate燃料比fuel ratio,fuel rate氧化带oxidizing zone风口循环区raceway蒸汽鼓风humidified blast混合喷吹mixed injection脱湿鼓风dehumidified blast炉内压差pressure drop in furnace煤气分布gas distribution煤气利用率gas utilization rate炉况furnace condition顺行smooth running焦炭负荷coke load,ore to coke ratio软熔带cohesive zone,softening zone渣比slag to iron ratio,slag ratio上部[炉料]调节burden conditioning下部[鼓风]调节blast conditioning高炉作业率operation rate of blast furnace 休风率delay ratio高炉寿命blast furnace campaign悬料hanging崩料slip沟流channeling结瘤scaffolding炉缸冻结hearth freeze-up开炉blow on停炉blow off积铁salamander炉型profile,furnace lines炉喉throat炉身shaft,stack炉腰belly炉腹bosh炉缸hearth炉底 bottom炉腹角bosh angle炉身角stack angle有效容积effective volume工作容积working bolume铁口iron notch, slag notch渣口cinder notch, slag notch风口tuyere窥视孔peep hole风口水套tuyere cooler渣口水套slag notch cooler风口弯头tuyere stock热风围管bustle pipe堵渣机stopper泥炮mud gun,clay gun开铁口机iron notch drill铁水hot metal铁[水]罐iron ladle 鱼雷车torpedo car主铁沟sow出铁沟casting house铁沟iron runner渣沟slag runner渣罐cinder ladle, slag ladle撇渣器skimmer冷却水箱cooling plate冷却壁cooling stave汽化冷却vaporization cooling热风炉hot blast stove燃烧室combustion chamber燃烧器burner热风阀hot blast valve烟道阀chimney valve冷风阀cold blast valve助燃风机burner blower切断阀burner shut-off valve旁通阀by-pass valve混风阀mixer selector valve送风期on blast of stove,on blast燃烧期on gas of stove, on gas换炉stove changing放散阀blow off valve内燃式热风炉Cowper stove外燃式燃烧炉outside combustion stove顶燃式热风炉top combustion stove炉顶放散阀bleeding valve放散管bleeder上升管gas uptake放风阀snorting valve均压阀equalizing valve高压调节阀septum valve炉顶高压elevated top pressure铸铁机pig-casting machine铸铁模pig mold冲天炉cupola水渣granulating slag水渣池granulating pit渣场slag disposal pit高炉煤气top gas,blast furnace gas高炉煤气回收topgas recovery,TGR非焦炭炼铁non-coke iron making直接还原炼铁[法]direct reduction iron making直接还原铁directly reduced iron,DRI竖炉直接炼铁direct reduction in shaft furna ce流态化炼铁fluidized-bed iron making转底炉炼铁rotary hearth iron making米德雷克斯直接炼铁[法]Midrex processHYL直接炼铁[法] HYL process克虏伯回转窑炼铁[法] Krupp rotary kiln iron -making熔态还原smelting reduction铁溶法iron-bath process科雷克斯法COREX process生铁pig iron海绵铁sponge iron镜铁spiegel iron清铁法H-rion process5.7 炼钢钢steel炼钢steelmaking钢水liquid steel,molten steel钢semisteel沸腾钢rimming steel,rimmed steel镇静钢killed steel半镇静钢semikilled steel压盖沸腾钢capped steel坩埚炼钢法crucible steelmaking双联炼钢法duplex steelmaking process连续炼钢法continuous steelmaking process 直接炼钢法direct steelmaking process混铁炉hot metal machine装料机charging machine装料期charging machine加热期heating period熔化期melting period造渣期slag forming period精炼期refining period熔清melting down脱氧deoxidation预脱氧preliminary dexidation还原渣reducing slag酸性渣acid slag碱性渣basic slag脱碳decarburization 增碳recarburization脱磷dephosphorization回磷rephosphorization脱硫desulfurization回硫resulfurization脱氮denitrogenation过氧化overoxidation出钢tapping冶炼时间duration of heat出钢样tapping sample浇铸样casting sample不合格炉次off heat熔炼损耗melting loss铁损iron loss废钢scrap废钢打包baling of scrap造渣材料slag making materials添加剂addition reagent脱氧剂deoxidizer脱硫剂desulfurizer冷却剂coolant回炉渣return slag喷枪lance浸入式喷枪submerged lance钢包ladle出钢口top hole出钢槽pouring lining炉顶furnace roof炉衬furnace lining炉衬侵蚀lining erosion渣线slag line炉衬寿命lining life分区砌砖zoned lining补炉fettling热修hot repair喷补gunning火焰喷补flame gunning转炉converter底吹转炉bottom-blown converter酸性空气底吹转炉air bottom-blown acid conve rter碱性空气底吹转炉air bottom-blown basic conv erter侧吹转炉side-blown converter卡尔多转炉Kaldo converter氧气炼铁oxygen steelmaking氧气顶吹转炉top-blown oxygen converter,LI c onverter氧气底吹转炉bottom-blown oxygen converter q uiet basic oxygenfurnace,QBOF顶底复吹转炉top and bottom combined blown c onverter喷石灰粉顶吹氧气转炉法oxygen lime process 底吹煤氧的复合吹炼法Klockner-Maxhutte steel making process,KMS住友复合吹炼法Sumitomo top and bottom blowi ng process,STBLBE复吹法lance bubbling equilibrium process, LBE顶枪喷煤粉炼钢法Arved lance carbon injectio n process,ALCI蒂森复合吹炼法Thyssen Blassen Metallurgical process,TBM面吹surface blow软吹soft blow硬吹hard blow补吹reblow过吹overblow后吹after blow目标碳aim carbon终点碳end point carbon高拉碳操作catch carbon practice增碳操作recarburization practice单渣操作single-slag operation双渣操作double-slag operation渣乳化slag emulsion二次燃烧postcombustion吹氧时间oxygen blow duration吹炼终点blow end point倒炉turning down喷渣slopping喷溅spitting静态控制static control动态控制dynamic control氧枪oxygen lance氧枪喷孔nozzle of oxygen lance多孔喷枪multi-nozzle lance 转炉炉体converter body炉帽upper cone炉口mouth,lip ring装料大面impact pad活动炉底removable bottom顶吹氧枪top blow oxygen lance副枪sublance多孔砖nozzle brick单环缝喷嘴single annular tuyere双环缝喷嘴double annular tuyere挡渣器slag stopper挡渣塞floating plug电磁测渣器electromagnetic slag detector废气控制系统off gas control system,OGCS平炉open-hearth furnace平炉炼钢open-hearth steelmaking冷装法cold charge practice热装法hot charge practice碳沸腾carbon boil石灰沸腾lime boil炉底沸腾bottom boil再沸腾reboil有效炉底面积effective hearth area酸性平炉acid open-hearth furnace碱性平炉basic open-hearth furnace固定式平炉stationary open-hearth furnace 倾动式平炉tilting open-hearth furnace双床平炉twin-hearth furnace顶吹氧气平炉open-hearth furnace with roof o xygen lance蓄热室regenerator沉渣室slag pocket电炉炼钢electric steelmaking电弧炉electric arc furnace超高功率电弧炉ultra-high power electric arc furnace直流电弧炉direct current electric arc furna ce双电极直流电弧炉double electrode direct cur rent arc furnace竖窑式电弧炉shaft arc furnace电阻炉electric resistance furnace工频感应炉line frequency induction furnace 中频感应炉medium frequency induction furnace高频感应炉high frequency induction furnace 电渣重熔electroslag remelting,ESR电渣熔铸electroslag casting,ESC电渣浇注Bohler electroslag tapping,BEST真空电弧炉重熔vacuum arc remelting,VAR真空感应炉熔炼vacuum induction melting,VIM 电子束炉重熔electron beam remelting,EBR等离子炉重炼plasma-arc remelting,PAR水冷模电弧熔炼cold-mold arc melting等离子感应炉熔炼plasma induction melting,PI M等离子连续铸锭plasma progressive casting,PP C等离子凝壳铸造plasma skull casting,PSC能量优化炼钢炉energy optimizing furnace,EOF 氧燃喷嘴oxygen-fuel burner氧煤助熔accelerated melting by coal-oxygen burner氧化期oxidation period还原期reduction period长弧泡沫渣操作弧长控制 long arc foaming sla g operation白渣white slag电石渣carbide slag煤氧喷吹coal-oxygen injection炉壁热点hot spots on the furnace wall偏弧arc bias透气塞porous plug出钢到出钢时间tap-to-tap time虹吸出钢siphon tapping偏心炉底出钢eccentric bottom tapping,EBT中心炉底出钢centric bottom tapping,CBT侧面炉底出钢side bottom tapping,SBT滑动水口出钢slide fate tapping5.8 精炼、浇铸及缺陷铁水预处理hot metal pretreatment机械搅拌铁水脱硫法KR process torpedo desulf urization鱼雷车铁水脱磷torpedo dephosphorization二次精炼secondary refining钢包精炼ladle refining合成渣synthetic slag微合金化microalloying 成分微调trimming钢洁净度steel cleanness钢包炉ladle furnace,LF直流钢包炉DC ladle furnace真空钢包炉LF-vacuum真空脱气vacuum degassing真空电弧脱气vacuum arc degassing,VAD真空脱气炉vacuum degassing furnace,VDF真空精炼vacuum refining钢流脱气stream degassing提升式真空脱气法 Dortmund Horder vacuum deg assing process,DH循环式真空脱气法 Ruhstahl-Hausen vacuum deg assing process,RH真空浇铸vacuum casting吹氧RH操作RH-oxygen blowing,RH-OB川崎顶吹氧RH操作 RH-Kawasaki top blowing,RH -KTB喷粉RH操作RH-poowder blowing,TH-PB喷粉法powder injection process喷粉精炼injection refining蒂森钢包喷粉法Thyssen Niederhein process,TN 瑞典喷粉法Scandinavian Lancer process,SL君津真空喷粉法vacuum Kimitsu injection proc ess密封吹氩合金成分调整法composition adjustmen t by sealed argonbubbling,CAS吹氧提温CAS法CAS-OB process脉冲搅拌法pulsating mixing process,PM电弧加热电磁搅拌钢包精炼法ASEA-SKF process 真空吹氧脱碳法vacuum oxygen decarburization process ,VOD氩氧脱碳法argon-oxygen decarburization proc ess,AOD蒸汽氧精炼法Creusot-Loire Uddelholm process, CLU无渣精炼slag free refining摇包法shaking ladle process铝弹脱氧法aluminium bullet shooting,ABS钢锭ingot铸锭ingot casting坑铸pit casting车铸car casting钢锭模ingot mold保温帽hot top下铸bottom casting上铸top casting补浇back pour,back feeding浇注速度pouring speed脱模ingot stripping发热渣exoslag防再氧化操作reoxidation protection连续浇注continuous casting连铸机continuous caster,CC,continuous casti ng machine,CCM弧形连铸机bow-type continuous caster立弯式连铸机vertical-bending caster立式连铸机vertical caster水平连铸机horizontal caster小方坯连铸机billet caster大方坯连铸机bloom caster板坯连铸机slab caster薄板坯连铸机thin-slab casting薄带连铸机strip caster近终型浇铸near-net-shape casting单辊式连铸机single-roll caster单带式连铸机single-belt caster双带式连铸机twin-belt caster倾斜带式连铸机inclined conveyer type caster [连铸]流strand铸流间距strand distance注流对中控制stream centering control钢包回转台ladle turret中间包tundish回转式中间包swiveling tundish倾动式中间包tiltable tundish中间包挡墙weir and dam in tundish引锭杆dummy bar刚性引锭杆rigid dummy bar挠性引锭杆flexible dummy bar结晶器mold直型结晶器straight mold弧形结晶器curved mold组合式结晶器composite mold多级结晶器multi-stage mold调宽结晶器adjustable mold结晶器振动mold oscillation 结晶器内钢液顶面meniscus,steel level钢液面控制技术steel level control technique 保护渣casting powder,mold powder凝壳shell液芯liquid core空气隙air gap一次冷却区peimary cooling zone二次冷却区secondary cooling zone极限冷却速度critical cooling rate浇铸半径casting radius渗漏bleeding拉坯速度casting speed拉漏breaking out振动波纹oscillation mark水口堵塞nozzle clogging气水喷雾冷却air mist spray cooling分离环separating ring拉辊withdrawal roll立式导辊vertical guide roll弯曲辊bending roll夹辊pinch roll矫直辊straightening roll驱动辊driving roll导向辊装置roller apron切割定尺装置cut-to-length device钢流保护浇注shielded casting practice多点矫直multipoint straightening电磁搅拌electromagnetic stirring,EMS浇注周期casting cycle多炉连浇sequence casting事故溢流槽emergercy launder菜花头cauliflower top钢锭缩头piped top表面缺陷surface defect内部缺陷internal defect缩孔shrinkage cavity中心缩孔center line shrinkage气孔blowhole表面气孔surface blowhole皮下气孔subskin blowhole针孔pinhole铸疤feather冷隔cold shut炼钢缺陷lamination。
铸造名词术语中英对照
1.基本术语1.1.铸造 foundry, founding, casting1.2.铸造工艺 foundry technology1.3.铸件 casting1.4.砂型铸造 sand casting process1.5.特种铸造 special castingprocess2.合金性能2.1.流动性 fluidity2.2.充型能力 mold-filling capacity2.3.吸气 gas absorption2.4.过冷 undercooling, supercooling2.5.过冷度 degree of undercooling2.6.成核 nucleation2.7.自发成核（均质成核） homogeneousnucleation2.8.非自发成核（非均质成核）heterogeneous nucleation2.9.凝固温度范围 solidification range 2.10.定向凝固（顺序凝固） directionalsolidification2.11.液态收缩（液体收缩） liquidcontraction2.12.凝固收缩 solidificationcontraction2.13.固态收缩（固体收缩） solidcontraction2.14.凝固时间 solidification time2.15.自由收缩 free contraction2.16.受阻收缩 hindered contraction2.17.铸件线收缩率 shrinkage2.18.收缩应力 contraction stress2.19.热应力 thermal stress2.20.相变应力 transformationstress, phase change stress 2.21.铸造应力 casting stress2.22.残留应力（残余应力） residualstress3.铸造用材料3.1.金属原材料3.1.1.金属原材料 metallic rawmaterial3.1.2.生铁 pig iron3.1.3.铁合金 ferro-alloy3.1.4.回炉料 foundry returns3.1.5.中间合金 master alloy3.2.燃料3.2.1.铸造焦炭 foundry coke3.2.2.冶金焦炭 metallurgical coke3.2.3.固定碳 fixed carbon3.3.熔剂3.3.1.熔剂 flux3.3.2.除气熔剂（除气剂） degassingflux3.3.3.覆盖熔剂（覆盖剂） coveringflux3.3.4.精炼熔剂（精炼剂） refiningflux3.3.5.耐火材料3.3.6.耐火度（耐火性） refractoriness 3.3.7.耐火砖 firebrick3.3.8.耐火粘土 fireclay3.3.9.硅砖 silica brick3.3.10.镁砂 grain magnesite3.4.造型材料3.4.1.造型材料 molding material3.4.2.砂 sand3.4.3.水洗砂 washed-out sand3.4.4.硅砂 silica sand3.4.5.天然砂 natural sand3.4.6.人工砂 artificial sand3.4.7.天然粘土砂 naturallyclay-bonded sand3.4.8.橄榄石砂 olivine sand3.4.9.铬铁矿砂 chromite sand3.4.10.锆砂 zircon sand3.4.11.炭粒砂 carbon sand3.4.12.精硅砂 sharp sand3.4.13.红砂 red sand3.4.14.熟料砂 chamotte sand3.4.15.粘结剂 binder3.4.16.粘土 clay3.4.17.无机粘结剂 inorganic binder 3.4.18.有机粘结剂 organic binder 3.4.19.高岭土 kaolin3.4.20.膨润土 bentonite3.4.21.钠基膨润土 sodium bentonite 3.4.22.钙基膨润土 calciumbentonite3.4.23.活化膨润土 activatedbentonite3.4.24.干性油 drying oil3.4.25.自硬粘结剂(冷硬粘结剂) nobake binder3.4.26.热固树脂粘结剂thermosetting resin binder3.4.27.油类粘结剂 oil basedbinder3.4.28.水玻璃粘结剂 water glassbinder, sodium silicatebinder3.4.29.纸浆废液 lignin liquor3.4.30.合脂粘结剂 synthetic fatbinder 3.4.31.水玻璃模数 sodium silicatemodulus3.5.辅助材料3.5.1.附加物 additives3.5.2.发热剂 exothermic mixture3.5.3.分型剂（脱模剂） parting agent,stripping agent3.5.4.固化剂（硬化剂）hardener3.5.5.悬浮剂suspending agent3.5.6.涂料 coating3.5.7.砂处理3.5.8.型砂制备（砂处理） sandpreparation3.5.9.混砂 sand mulling, sandmixing3.5.10.型砂（造型混合料） moldingsand3.5.11.芯砂（造芯混合料） coresand3.5.12.合成砂 synthetic sand3.5.13.自硬砂 self-hardening sand 3.5.14.水玻璃砂 sodiumsilicate-bonded sand3.5.15.覆膜砂 precoated sand3.5.16.烂砂泥（麻泥） loam3.5.17.调匀砂 temper sand3.5.18.面砂 facing sand3.5.19.背砂（填充砂） backing sand 3.5.20.单一砂 unit sand3.5.21.含泥量 clay content3.5.22.含水量 moisture content3.5.23.旧砂 floor sand3.5.24.枯砂（焦砂） burnt sand3.5.25.废砂 waste sand3.5.26.热砂 hot sand3.5.27.松砂 aeration ,sand-cutting3.5.28.筛分（筛析） screen analysis 3.5.29.旧砂处理 sandreconditioning3.5.30.旧砂再生 sand reclamation 3.5.31.沉降分选 elutriation,decantation3.5.32.型砂性能及试验3.5.33.型砂试验 sand testing3.5.34.透气性 permeability3.5.35.流动性 flowability3.5.36.型砂强度 sand strength 3.5.37.湿强度 green strength3.5.38.干强度 dry strength3.5.39.耐用性（复用性） durability 3.5.40.砂型（芯）硬度 moldhardness3.5.41.热变形 hot deformation3.5.42.残留强度 retainedstrength3.5.43.热强度 hot strength3.5.44.韧性 toughness3.5.45.发气率（发气速度） gasevolution rate3.5.46.发气性（发气量） gasevolution3.5.47.吸湿性 moistureabsorption3.5.48.落砂性 knock-outcapability3.5.49.潰散性 collapsibility3.5.50.胶质价 colloid index3.5.51.破碎指数 shatter index3.5.52.砂处理设备3.5.53.热气流烘砂装置 hotpneumatic tube drier3.5.54.混砂机 sand muller, sandmixer3.5.55.松砂机 aerator, sandcutter3.5.56.冷却提升机 cooling elevator,coolevator3.5.57.筛砂机 riddle3.5.58.磁力滚筒 magneticseparator3.5.59.旧砂再生设备 sandreclamation3.5.60.气力输送装置 pneumatictube conveyor4.铸造合金4.1.铸铁4.1.1.铸铁 cast iron4.1.2.铸铁石墨形态 morphology ofgraphite in cast iron4.1.3.灰铸铁（灰口铸铁） gray castiron4.1.4.白口铸铁 white cast iron4.1.5.麻口铸铁 mottled cast iron4.1.6.共晶度 degree of saturation 4.1.7.碳当量 carbon equivalent4.1.8.片状石墨 flake graphite4.1.9.初生石墨 primary graphite4.1.10.孕育铸铁 inoculated castiron4.1.11.球墨铸铁 spheroidalgraphite cast iron, nodulargraphite iron, ductile iron4.1.12.球状石墨 spheroidalgraphite, nodular graphite4.1.13.可锻铸铁 malleable castiron4.1.14.黑心可锻铸铁 black heartmalleable cast iron4.1.15.珠光体可锻铸铁 pearliticmalleable cast iron4.1.16.铁素体可锻铸铁 ferriticmalleable cast iron4.1.17.白心可锻铸铁 white heartmalleable cast iron4.1.18.团絮石墨 tempered graphite 4.1.19.冷硬铸铁（激冷铸铁） chillediron4.1.20.耐磨铸铁 wear resistingcast iron4.1.21.耐热铸铁 heat resistingcast iron4.1.22.耐酸铸铁 acid resistingcast iron4.1.23.高硅铸铁 high silicon castiron4.1.24.蠕墨铸铁 vermicular castiron, compacted graphite castiron4.1.25.蠕虫状石墨 vermiculargraphite4.1.26.合金铸铁 alloy cast iron4.2.铸钢4.2.1.铸钢 cast steel4.2.2.炭素铸钢 carbon cast iron4.2.3.低合金铸钢 low alloy caststeel4.2.4.高锰钢 high manganese steel4.2.5.铁素体钢 ferritic steel4.2.6.铸造非铁合金4.2.7.青铜 bronze4.2.8.铅青铜 lead bronze4.2.9.铝青铜 aluminum bronze4.2.10.黄铜 brass4.2.11.铝铜合金 aluminum-copperalloy4.2.12.铝镁合金 aluminum-magnesiumalloy4.2.13.铝硅合金 aluminum-siliconalloy4.2.14.镁合金 magnesium alloy4.2.15.轴承合金（减摩合金） bearingmetal, antifrictional metal4.2.16.巴氏合金 babbitt alloy4.2.17.钛合金 titanium alloy5.熔炼工艺及设备5.1.熔炼基本术语5.1.1.熔化（熔炼） melting5.1.2.重熔 remelting5.1.3.炉料 charge5.1.4.熔化率 melting rate5.1.5.炉料计算 charge calculation5.1.6.双联熔炼 duplexing5.1.7.元素烧损（元素烧损率） meltinglosses of various chemicalelements5.1.8.熔炼损耗（烧损） total meltingloss5.1.9.还原气氛 reducing atmosphere5.1.10.氧化气氛 oxidizingatmosphere5.1.11.惰性气体 inert gas5.1.12.碱度（碱性指数） index ofbasicity5.1.13.碱性渣 basic slag5.1.14.酸性渣 acid slag5.1.15.精炼 refining5.1.16.遗传性 heredity5.1.17.铸铁熔炼5.1.18.风口比 tuyere ratio5.1.19.有效高度 effective height5.1.20.送风强度 blast intensity5.1.21.预热送风 hot blast5.1.22.底焦 coke bed5.1.23.层焦 coke split5.1.24.隔焦（结力焦） buffer cokecharge5.1.25.炉衬 furnace lining5.1.26.碱性炉衬 basic lining5.1.27.酸性炉衬 acid lining5.1.28.棚料 bridging5.1.29.熔池 bath5.1.30.吸碳 carbon pick-up5.1.31.铁焦比（焦比） iron-cokeratio5.1.32.出渣 deslagging5.1.33.打炉 cupola drop5.2.铸钢5.2.1.氧化熔炼法 oxidizing melting5.2.2.不氧化熔炼法 dead melting5.2.3.真空熔炼 vacuum refining5.2.4.电渣熔炼 electro-slag melting5.2.5.熔渣 slag5.2.6.沉渣 sludge5.2.7.浮渣 dross, cinder5.2.8.氧化期（沸腾期） oxidizing stage,boil5.2.9.还原期 deoxidizing stage,blocking stage5.2.10.还原渣 reducing slag 5.2.11.氧化渣 oxidizing slag5.2.12.白渣 white slag5.2.13.脱氧 deoxidation5.2.14.扒渣 slagging- off5.2.15.脱碳 decarburization5.2.16.脱硫 desulphurization5.2.17.脱磷 dephosphorization5.2.18.增碳 recarburizing5.2.19.脱氧剂 deoxidizer5.2.20.非铁金属熔炼5.2.21.挥发损耗 volatilizinglosses5.2.22.静置 stewing, holding5.2.23.吹氮 nitrogen flushing5.3.熔炼设备5.3.1.冲天炉 cupola5.3.2.水冷冲天炉 water-cooled cupola 5.3.3.热风冲天炉 hot-blast cupola5.3.4.湿法除尘器 wet cap5.3.5.炉缸 cupola well5.3.6.前炉 forehearth5.3.7.冲天炉加料机 cupola chargingmachine5.3.8.爬式加料机 skip hoist5.3.9.电磁配铁称 electro-magneticweighing balancer5.3.10.电磁盘 electromagneticchuck5.3.11.电弧炉（直接电弧炉） arcfurnace, direct arc furnace5.3.12.感应电炉 electric inductionfurnace5.3.13.电渣炉 electroslag furnace 5.3.14.电磁搅拌electromagneticagitation5.3.15.浇包 ladle5.3.16.摇包 shaking ladle5.3.17.底注包 bottom pouringladle5.3.18.保温炉holding furnace5.3.19.坩埚炉crucible furnace5.3.20.熔融金属处理5.3.21.孕育 inoculation5.3.22.多孔塞法 porous plugprocess5.3.23.变质 modification5.3.24.墨化剂 graphitizer5.3.25.过热 superheating5.3.26.石墨球化处理 nodularizingtreatment of graphite5.3.27.碳当量仪eutectometer5.3.28.三角试块 wedge test-piece 5.3.29.真空除气vacuum degassing 5.4.浇注5.4.1.浇注 pouring5.4.2.保护气氛浇注 pouring undercontrolled atmosphere5.4.3.浇注速度 pouring rate5.4.4.浇注温度 pouring temperature 5.4.5.浇注时间 pouring time5.4.6.浇注位置 pouring position5.4.7.型内孕育 inmold inoculation5.4.8.压铁 weight5.4.9.捣冒口 churning, pumping5.4.10.点冒口（补注） teeming5.4.11.浸入式高温计 immersionpyremeter5.4.12.补炉 patching5.4.13.炉龄（炉衬寿命） campaign6.工艺设计及工艺装备6.1.工艺设计6.1.1.铸造工艺设计 mold design6.1.2.铸造工艺装备设计 foundry toolsdesign6.1.3.铸造工艺图 foundry moldingdrawing6.1.4.铸件图（毛坯图） drawing ofrough casting6.1.5.起模斜度（拔模斜度） patterndraft6.1.6.收缩余量shrinkage allowance6.1.7.工艺补正量 molding allowance 6.1.8.加工余量 machining allowance6.1.9.吃砂量 mold thickness6.1.10.补贴 pad6.1.11.分型负数 joint allowance6.1.12.铸件尺寸公差 dimensionaltolerance of casting6.1.13.铸件重量公差 weightallowance of casting6.1.14.铸件加工基准面 referenceface for machining of casting 6.1.15.铸件表面粗糙度 surfaceroughness of casting6.2.浇冒口系统6.2.1.浇注系统（浇口） gating system,running system6.2.2.封闭式浇注系统 choked runningsystem, pressurized gatingsystem6.2.3.半封闭式浇注系统 enlargedrunner system6.2.4.开放式浇注系统 unchokedrunning system,non-pressurized gating system6.2.5.浇口盆（外浇口） pouring basin6.2.6.浇口杯 pouring cup6.2.7.浇口塞 blanking-off plug6.2.8.直浇道 sprue6.2.9.直浇道窝 sprue base6.2.10.横浇道 runner6.2.11.筛网芯（滤网芯） strainercore6.2.12.内浇道 ingate6.2.13.离心集渣浇注系统 whirl gate,dirt trap system6.2.14.顶注式浇注系统 top gatingsystem6.2.15.底注式浇注系统 bottomgating system6.2.16.阶梯式浇注系统 step gatingsystem6.2.17.雨淋浇口 shower gate6.2.18.缝隙浇口 slot gate6.2.19.压边浇口 lip runner, kissrunner6.2.20.牛角式浇口 horn gate6.2.21.热节 hot spot6.2.22.冒口 riser, feeder heed6.2.23.冒口效率 riser efficiency6.2.24.明冒口 open riser6.2.25.暗冒口 blind riser6.2.26.侧冒口（边冒口） side riser 6.2.27.压力冒口 pressure riser6.2.28.大气压力冒口 atmosphericriser6.2.29.发气压力冒口（气弹冒口）gas-delivered pressure riser6.2.30.透气砂芯 pencil core6.2.31.冒口颈 riser neck 6.2.32.冒口根 riser pad6.2.33.保温冒口套 heat insulatingfeeder sleeve6.2.34.发热冒口套 exothermic feedersleeve6.2.35.补缩距离 feeding distance,feeding zone6.2.36.易割冒口 knock-off head6.2.37.易割片（易割芯片） washburncore6.2.38.模样6.2.39.铸造工艺装备 foundry toolsand equipment6.2.40.模样（铸模，模） pattern6.2.41.母模 master pattern6.2.42.金属模 metal pattern6.2.43.骨架模 skeleton pattern6.2.44.石膏模 plaster pattern6.2.45.塑料模 plastic pattern6.2.46.整体模 one-piece pattern6.2.47.分开模 parted pattern,split pattern6.2.48.活块 loose piece6.2.49.模板 pattern plate6.2.50.模底板 pattern mountingplate6.2.51.单面模板 single facepattern plate6.2.52.双面模板 match plate6.2.53.放样（伸图） hot dimensionaldrawing6.2.54.缩尺（模样工缩尺） shrinkagerule, pattern-maker’s rule6.3.芯盒6.3.1.芯盒 core box6.3.2.脱落式芯盒 troughed core box 6.3.3.下芯量具 core setting scale6.3.4.下芯夹具 core jig6.3.5.烘芯板 core drying plate6.3.6.砂箱6.3.7.砂箱 flask, molding box6.3.8.箱带（箱挡） flask bar, crossbar6.3.9.脱箱 snap flask6.3.10.套箱 mold jacket6.3.11.套销 hollow pin, stubpin7.造型及造芯7.1.造型7.1.1.造型 molding7.1.2.型腔 mold cavity7.1.3.铸型（型） mold7.1.4.砂型 sand mold7.1.5.上型（上箱） cope, top part 7.1.6.下型（下箱） drag, bottom part 7.1.7.手工造型 hand molding7.1.8.机器造型 machine molding7.1.9.自动化造型 automatic molding 7.1.10.分型面 mold joint7.1.11.有箱造型 flask molding7.1.12.两箱造型 two-part molding 7.1.13.三箱造型 three-partmolding7.1.14.不平分型面 stepped joint7.1.15.无箱造型 flaskless molding 7.1.16.脱箱造型 removable flaskmolding7.1.17.地坑造型 pit molding7.1.18.刮板造型 sweep molding 7.1.19.抛砂造型 impeller ramming,sand slinging molding7.1.20.组芯造型 core assemblymolding7.1.21.假箱造型 oddside molding7.1.22.微震压实造型 vibratorysqueezing molding7.1.23.高压造型 high pressuremolding7.1.24.湿砂型（湿型，潮型） greensand mold7.1.25.砂型烘干 mold drying7.1.26.干砂型（干型）dry sand mold 7.1.27.表面烘干型 skin dried mold 7.1.28.烂砂泥型 loam mold7.1.29.砂床 bed7.1.30.过渡角 transition angle7.1.31.吊砂 cod7.1.32.砂钩 lifter7.1.33.负压造型（真空密封造型）vacuum molding7.1.34.流态砂造型 fluid sandmolding7.1.35.漏模 pattern stripping7.1.36.填砂 mold-filling7.1.37.紧实（紧砂，舂砂） ramming 7.1.38.震实 jolt ramming7.1.39.压实 squeezing ramming7.1.40.紧实度 degree of ramming 7.1.41.二氧化碳法造型 CO2process 7.1.42.自硬砂造型 self-hardeningsand molding7.1.43.塞砂 tucking7.1.44.刮砂 strike-off7.1.45.造型生产线 molding line7.1.46.刷水 swabbing7.1.47.敲模 rapping7.1.48.起模（拔模） stripping7.1.49.扎出气孔 venting7.1.50.排气道 venting channel7.1.51.修型 patching7.1.52.冷铁 densener, chill7.1.53.外冷铁 surface densener7.1.54.内冷铁 internal densener7.1.55.验型（验箱） trial closing 7.1.56.合型（合箱，组型） moldassembling, closing7.2.造芯7.2.1.造芯（制芯） core making7.2.2.芯（芯子） core7.2.3.芯骨 core rod, core scab7.2.4.油砂芯 oil sand core7.2.5.预制芯 embeded core, ram upcore7.2.6.芯头 core print7.2.7.芯座 core print7.2.8.芯头斜度 core print taper7.2.9.芯头间隙 core print clearance 7.2.10.壳芯 shell core7.2.11.烘芯 core baking7.2.12.通气蜡线 vent wax7.2.13.冷芯盒法 cold box process 7.2.14.热芯盒法 hot box process7.2.15.芯撑 chaplet7.2.16.造型工具7.2.17.造型工具 hand tools ofmolding7.2.18.压勺 heart and spoon7.2.19.提沟 cleaner 7.2.20.双头铜勺（秋叶） double endedradius sleeker7.2.21.镘刀 trowel7.2.22.造型及造芯设备7.2.23.造型机 molding machine7.2.24.压实造型机 squeezingmolding machine7.2.25.震击台 bumper7.2.26.振动台 vibrating table7.2.27.微震压实造型机 vibratorysqueezer7.2.28.震实造型机 jolt moldingmachine7.2.29.高压造型机 high pressuremolding machine7.2.30.射压造型机 shooting andsqueezing molding machine7.2.31.多触头造型机 equalizingpiston squeezer7.2.32.抛砂机 sand slinger7.2.33.起模机 drawing machine7.2.34.射砂机 core shooter7.2.35.挤芯机 core extruder7.2.36.铸型输送机 mold conveyor8.铸件落砂及清理8.1.落砂及清理8.1.1.落砂 shake-out, knock-out8.1.2.除芯 decoring8.1.3.噴砂清理 sand blasting8.1.4.抛丸清理 shot blasting8.1.5.水力清砂 hydraulic cleaning8.1.6.水砂清砂 hydraulic blast8.1.7.清理 cleaning, fettling8.1.8.清砂 cleaning8.1.9.火焰表面清理 scarfing8.1.10.清铲 chipping8.1.11.化学清砂 chemical cleaning 8.1.12.精整 dressing and finishing 8.1.13.落砂机 knock-out machine8.1.14.抛丸清理机 shot blastmachine8.1.15.清理滚筒 tumbling barrel8.1.16.抛丸落砂清理设备 shotblast reclaiming equipment8.1.17.悬挂式磨轮 swing framegrinder8.1.18.修补及矫正8.1.19.矫正 coining, straightening 8.1.20.焊补 repair welding8.1.21.渗补 impregnation8.1.22.特种铸造8.1.23.金属型铸造8.1.24.金属型铸造 permanent moldcasting, gravity die casting8.1.25.金属型 metal mold8.1.26.金属芯 metal core8.1.27.覆砂金属型 sand-lined metalmold8.1.28.排气塞 venting plug8.1.29.排气槽 air vent8.1.30.龟裂 heat checking8.1.31.金属型铸造机 gravity diecasting machine9.压力铸造9.1.压力铸造（压铸） die casting,pressure die casting9.2.压铸型 die-casting die, die9.3.动型 moving die, ejector diehalf9.4.定型 fixed die, cover die half 9.5.合型力 clamping force , dielocking force9.6.压室 pressure chamber9.7.鹅颈管 gooseneck9.8.分流器 spreader, sprue spreader 9.9.顶杆 ejector pin9.10.溢流槽 overflow well9.11.压射冲头（压室） injectionpiston, plunger9.12.压射比压 injection pressure9.13.压射速度 injection speed9.14.保压时间 dwell time9.15.真空压铸 evacuated diecasting, vacuum die casting9.16.充氧压铸 pore-free die casting 9.17.双冲头压铸（精速密压铸）acurad(accurate) die casting9.18.压铸机 die casting machine9.19.冷室压铸机 cold chamber diecasting machine9.20.热室压铸机 hot chamber diecasting machine9.21.镶铸法 insert process9.22.离心铸造9.23.离心铸造 true centrifugalcasting9.24.半离心铸造 semi-centrifugalcasting9.25.离心浇注 centrifugal pressurecasting, centrifuge casting9.26.双金属离心铸造 bimetalcentrifugal casting9.27.离心铸造机 centrifugal castingmachine10.熔模铸造10.1.失模铸造 lost patterncasting10.2.熔模铸造（失蜡铸造） fusiblepattern molding, lost-waxmolding10.3.压制熔模 fusible patterninjection10.4.压型 pattern die10.5.熔模 fusible pattern10.6.盐模salt pattern10.7.蜡模 wax-pattern10.8.模组 pattern assembly10.9.熔模涂料（浆料） slurry10.10.面层涂料 investment precoat 10.11.撒砂 stuccoing10.12.脱蜡 dewaxing10.13.熔烧 sintering10.14.壳型铸造10.15.壳型铸造 shell molding10.16.结壳时间 investing time10.17.结壳温度 investing temperature 10.18.硬化温度 curing temperature 10.19.硬化时间 curing time10.20.其它铸造方法10.21.陶瓷型铸造 ceramic molding 10.22.陶瓷型浆料 ceramic slurry10.23.灌浆 paste pouring10.24.喷烧 torch firing10.25.低压铸造 low-pressure diecasting10.26.充型压力 mold fillingpressure10.27.保压压力 dwell pressure10.28.升液管 stalk10.29.真空吸铸 suction casting 10.30.差压铸造（反压铸造）counter-pressure casting10.31.实型铸造 full mold process,cavityless casting10.32.泡沫塑料模 styrofoam pattern 10.33.磁型铸造（磁丸铸造） magneticshot molding process10.34.凝壳铸造 slush casting10.35.石膏型铸造 plaster molding10.36.连续铸造 continuous casting11.铸件质量及铸件缺陷11.1.铸件质量基本术语11.1.1.铸件检验 inspection ofcasting11.1.2.铸件质量分析 qualityanalysis of casting11.1.3.铸件外观质量 visual qualityof casting11.1.4.铸件内在质量 internalquality of casting11.1.5.铸件使用性能 serviceability of casting11.1.6.单铸试块 separated testbar of casting11.1.7.附铸试块 test lug11.1.8.缺陷铸件 defective casting 11.1.9.废品 reject11.1.10.无损检验（无损探伤）nondestructive inspection11.1.11.破坏性试验 destructivetesting11.1.12.多肉类缺陷11.1.13.飞翅（飞边） joint flash11.1.14.毛刺 veining11.1.15.抬型（抬箱） cope raise ,raised mold11.1.16.胀箱 swell11.1.17.冲砂 erosion, cut, wash 11.1.18.掉砂 drop, crush11.1.19.外渗物（外渗豆） sweat11.2.孔洞类缺陷11.2.1.气孔 blow hole11.2.2.针孔 pinhole11.2.3.缩孔 shrinkage11.2.4.缩松 dispersed shrinkage 11.2.5.疏松（显微缩松） porositymicroshrinkage11.2.6.裂纹、冷隔类缺陷11.2.7.冷裂 cold cracking11.2.8.热裂 hot tearing11.2.9.热处理裂纹 heat treatmentcrack11.2.10.白点（发裂） flake11.2.11.冷隔 cold shut, cold lap 11.2.12.浇注断流 interrupted pour 11.2.13.表面缺陷11.2.14.鼠尾 rat-tail11.2.15.沟漕 buckle11.2.16.夹砂结疤（夹砂） scab11.2.17.机械粘砂（渗透粘砂） metalpenetration11.2.18.化学粘砂（烧结粘砂）burn-on 11.2.19.表面粗糙 rough surface11.2.20.皱皮 elephant skin11.2.21.缩陷 depression11.2.22.残缺类缺陷11.2.23.浇不到 misrun11.2.24.未浇满 poured short11.2.25.跑火 run-out, bleeding 11.2.26.型漏（漏箱）run-out, bleeding 11.2.27.损伤（机械损伤）damage11.2.28.形状及重量差错类缺陷11.2.29.拉长 exaggeration ofdimension11.2.30.超重 over-weight11.2.31.变形 distortion, warping 11.2.32.错型（错箱） shift11.2.33.错芯 core shift11.2.34.偏芯（漂芯） core raised,corelift11.3.夹杂类缺陷11.3.1.夹杂物 inclusion11.3.2.冷豆 cold shot11.3.3.内渗物（内渗豆） internalsweat11.3.4.渣气孔 scum, slag-blow hole 11.3.5.砂眼 sand inclusion11.3.6.性能、成分、组织不合格11.3.7.亮皮 pearlite layer11.3.8.菜花头 cauli-flowering11.3.9.石墨飘浮 carbon floatation 11.3.10.石墨集结 kish graphite spot 11.3.11.组织粗大 open grainstructure11.3.12.偏析 segregation11.3.13.硬点 hard spot11.3.14.反白口 inverse chill11.3.15.球化不良 under-nodularizing 11.3.16.球化衰退 degradatedspheroidisation11.3.17.脱碳 decarburization。
石墨烯包覆天然球形石墨作为锂离子电池的负极材料，是否需要乙炔黑导电剂？（英文）
物 理 化 学 学 报Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin. 2022, 38 (2), 2012062 (1 of 9)Received: December 22, 2020; Revised: February 1, 2021; Accepted: February 3, 2021; Published online: February 22, 2021. *Corresponding author. Email: songhh@. †These authors contributed equally to this work.The project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U1610252, 51911530126). 国家自然科学基金(U1610252, 51911530126)资助项目© Editorial office of Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica[Article] doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202012062 Is there a Demand of Conducting Agent of Acetylene Black for Graphene- Wrapped Natural Spherical Graphite as Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries?Xuewei Liu 1,2,†, Ying Niu 2,†, Ruixiong Cao 1,2, Xiaohong Chen 1,2, Hongyan Shang 3, Huaihe Song 1,2,*1 Changzhou Institute of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Changzhou 213164,Jiangsu Province, China.2 State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology forMaterials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.3 College of Science, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, Shandong Province, China.Abstract: Graphene-wrapped natural spherical graphite (G/SG) composites were prepared using the encapsulation–carbonization approach. The morphology and structure of the composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. The electrochemical performance of the composites with different graphene contents as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries was investigated by various electrochemical techniques. In the absence of acetylene black (AB), the G/SG composites were found to exhibit high specific capacity with high first-cycle coulombic efficiency, good cycling stability, and high rate performance. Compared with the natural spherical graphite (SG) electrode, the G/SG composite electrode with 1% graphene exhibited higher reversiblecapacity after 50 cycles; this capacity performance was equal to that of the SG + 10%AB electrode. Moreover, when the addition of 2.5% graphene, the composite electrode exhibited higher initial charge capacity and reversible capacity during 50 cycles than the SG+10%AB electrode. The significant improvement of the electrochemical performance of the G/SG composite electrodes could be attributed to graphene wrapping. The graphene shell enhances the structural integrity of the natural SG particles during the lithiation and delithiation processes, further improving the cycling stability of the composites. Moreover, the bridging of adjacent SG particles allows the formation of a highly conductive network for electron transfer among SG particles. Graphene in the composites serves as not only an active material but also a conductive agent and promotes the improvement of electrochemical performance. When 5%AB was added, the reversible capacity of the 5%G/SG electrodes significantly increased from 381.1 to 404.5 mAh·g −1 after 50 cycles at a rate of 50 mA·g −1 and from 82.5 to 101.9 mAh·g −1 at 1 A·g −1, suggesting that AB addition improves the performance of the G/SG composite electrodes. AB particles connect to G/SG particles through point contact type and fill the gaps between G/SG. A more effective conductive network is synergistically formed via graphene-AB connection. Although graphene wrapping and AB addition improve the performance of natural graphite electrodes, such as through increase in electrical conductivity and enhancement of Li-storage performance, including improvement of reversible capacity, rate performance, and cycling stability, electrode density typically decreases with graphene or AB addition, which should consider the balance between the gravimetric and volumetric capacities of graphite anode materials in practical applications. These results have great significance for expanding the commercial application scope of natural graphite. Our work provides new understanding and insight into the electrochemical behavior of natural SG electrodes in lithium-ion batteries and is helpful for the fabrication of high-performance anode materials.. All Rights Reserved.Key Words:Graphene; Graphene-wrapped; Natural spherical graphite; Lithium-ion battery; Anode material;Conductive agent; Acetylene black石墨烯包覆天然球形石墨作为锂离子电池的负极材料，是否需要乙炔黑导电剂？刘学伟1,2,†，牛莹2,†，曹瑞雄1,2，陈晓红1,2，商红岩3，宋怀河1,2,*1北京化工大学，常州先进材料研究院，江苏 常州 2131642北京化工大学化工资源有效利用国家重点实验室，材料电化学过程与技术北京市重点实验室，北京 1000293中国石油大学理学院，山东 青岛 266580摘要：我们通过包覆炭化的方法制备得到了石墨烯包覆的天然球形石墨(G/SG)材料，并使用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪以及多种电化学测试手段考察了不同石墨烯含量的复合材料的形貌结构及电化学性能。
锂离子电池基础科学问题(Ⅷ)——负极材料
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