国际贸易实务案例教程(双语(第2版)
国际贸易实务双语教程Chapter2 Quantity, Quality and Packaging of Commodity
› Siபைடு நூலகம்nificance of Quality of Goods 品质的重要性
Measurement Units 计量单位
› To Calculate by Weight 按重量计量 1 metric ton (metric system) = 1 000 kg 1 long ton (British system) = 1 016 kg 1 short ton (U.S. system) = 907 kg
Quality of goods not only refers to the value of use and the value of the commodity, but also affects the market price and marketability of the commodity, involving the relevant corporate and even a country's reputation.
② Adopt discount price when the quality is below the stipulation of the contract.
Significance of Stipulating Quantity of Goods 约定商品数量的意义
› Quantity clause is also one of the essential terms and conditions in a contract.
国际贸易实务(英文版)(第二版)周瑞琪1Gerneral_int
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1.4 Export and import procedures
The preparation of a transaction The negotiation of the contract The performance of the contract The settlement of disputes
Direct trade
Two parties involved: the importer and the exporter
Indirect trade
Three parties involved: the exporter, the importer and the intermediate party
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1.4.1 The preparation of a transaction
Finding the potential partner
Sources of information
Reference provided by the foreign partners The nearest consulate office International or local chamber of commerce Consulting firms Foreign exchange banks Trade directories and publications
trade realize the importance of contract
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Concept of international trade
International trade / world trade / foreign trade / overseas trade
国际贸易实务(英文版)(第二版)8Documentation
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8.2 Basic requirement for documentation
correctness completeness conciseness cleanness promptness
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Байду номын сангаас
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8.3 Basis for documentation
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8.4 Export documents
Documents required during negotiation or goods preparation: Export License (Specimen 8.1)
the first document a seller has to prepare when he intends to export commodities that are under export control of his country.
Chapter Eight
Export Documentation
Learning objectives
After reading this chapter you should be able to
understand the importance of documentation in export transaction be aware of the basic requirements and information source of export documentation describe the different types of export documents outline the functions and contents of the major export documents
国际贸易实务双语教程第二版习题参考答案
Unit 1 A brief introduction to international tradeKeyI. Answer my questions1. International trade is business which involved the crossing of national borders2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement.5. There are four major forms which are the following:Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes. There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties.2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarily for financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people intere sted in a firm‟s products and services and by customers‟ capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitment and least risk of a firm‟s resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers‟ business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. J2.A3.E4.B5.C6.D7.I8.G9.F 10.HIII Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买力11经济复苏；恢复2潜在销售量12 经济衰退3加价，涨价13间接投资4国内市场14有形货物5制成品15有形进出口6边际利润16收入及支出；岁入及岁出7市场占有率17超额能力8贸易歧视18贸易中间人（商）；经纪人9时机选择19全部包建的工程承包方式10经销周期20许可证协定IV Case Study1 [Answer]：Batteries called "white elephant" exported from China were very popular in Southeast Asia, because "white elephant" was a lucky thing in Southeast Asia, but no one was interested in it in the market of Europe and the United States. The boss of the company was very strange that the quality of the battery or the price of reasons, so he asked his staff to investigate. Finally he found that is the brand "white elephant" to be blame. The brand's name translated into English was "white elephant" which meant something were no use but cumbersome in Western countries. It was really a bad translation from culture information perspective. The meaning derived from a legend. According to the legend, there was a king who hated a minister, so he gave a white elephant to the minister for punishment. The minister has to take care of the white elephant, he couldn't give it to others or kill it because it's the king gave it to him. However, the appetite of the white elephant was so great, and the minister became poorer. So it showed people in western countries would not buy the battery for the consumers have no willing to buy something useless but cumbersome.V. OpenVI.Translate the following into English1. Trade is often the …engine‟ of growth. However oversimplified this metaphor may be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process of growth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition for rapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two is clearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many ways. Among them are the benefits of specialization; the favorable effects of international competition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for the imports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment.2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. Nations such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportation service. This is a kind of invisible trade. Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn the money to buy necessities.3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive sale means the seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particular product in a designated area within a specified period of time. In this kind of business transaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sell the product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profit and loss. Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. And difference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusive seller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area.4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs. Thus countries joinin international division of labor for effective production and reproduction. Sometimes a country can buy goods and services from abroad on a barter basis. Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sort for goods of another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat a cou ntry‟s import needs. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive in developing countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreign funds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade.Unit 2 General Procedures of Export and Import TransactionI. Answer the following questions(Omited)II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:1.meeting/satisfying;2.agent, foreign/overseas;mission;4.own;5.setting;6.patent;7.profits;8.outlets; 9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiaryIII. J udge the following statement, mark True (T) or False(F)1F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5.F 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.F 10. TIV. Explain the meaning of the words or phrases below as requested1. Offer: An offer is a proposal made by sellers to buyers in order to enter into the contract.2. Withdrawal: It means an offer by the offerer has been withdrawn before it is reached to the offeree in order to prevent its entry into force.3. Enquiry: An enquiry is a request for business information, such as price lists, catalogue, samples, and details of the goods or trade terms. It can be made either by the importer or the exporter.4. Acceptance: Acceptance is a statement made by other conduct of the offerees indicating unconditional consent to an offer.5. Shipping agent: Shipping agent(船代）is a ship owner's representative whose job is to find the ships to carry.V. Compose a letter of enquiry with the following particulars:KeysMessrs. Arthur Grey & Son,19 Cheapside,London, E.C.2Dear Sirs,We have obtained your name and address from China Council for Promotion of International Trade and learned that you are one of the leading exporters of Ice Box in your district.We are now interested in 100 sets of the said article and should be pleased if you would let us know whether you can supply us with the quantity and quality we desire. Please quote us your best price on CIF Guangzhou basis. When offering, please state clearly terms of payment, time of delivery, packing conditions together with illustrated catalogue for our consideration.We are looking forward to your early reply.Yours faithfully,VI. Please make your offer according to the following particulars:KeyDear Sirs,Thank you for your letter of 5th May. We are glad to learn of the inquiries you have had from your customers for our raincoats. Our "D.D." range is particularly suitable for warm climates, and during the past years we have supplied this range to dealers in several tropical countries, from many of whom we have already had repeated orders. This range is popular not only because it is light in weight, but also because the material used has been specially treated to prevent excessive condensation on the inside surface.For the quantities you mention we are pleased to quote as follows:"D.D." Raincoats100 men's medium @ US$14.50 US$ 1,450100 men's small 14.0 1,400100 women's medium 13.2 1,320100 women's small 12.7 1,270US$ 5,440Payment: by irrevocable L/C at sightShipment: Shipment will be effected within three or four weeks after receiving the L/C.This offer is subject to our final confirmation. We feel you may be interested in our other products and enclose some pamphlets for your reference.We are awaiting your early orders.Yours sincerely, VII. Write a counter-offer according to the following particulars:Keys:Dear Sirs,We thank you for your quotation May 10 for 1,000 sets of Hair IceBox. We find your price as well as delivery date satisfactory, however, we would give our suggestions of an alternation of your payment terms.Our past purchase of other household electrical appliances from you has been paid as a rule by confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit at sight. On the basis, it has indeed cost us a great deal. From the moment to open credit till the time our buyers pay us, the tie-up of our funds lasts about four months. Under the present circumstances, this question is particular taxing owing to the tight money condition and unprecedentedly high bank interests.In view of our long business relations and our amicable cooperation prospects, we suggest that you accept either “cash against documents on arrival of goods” or “drawing on us at 60 day‟s sight”.Your first priority to the consideration of the above request and an early favorable reply will be highly appreciated.Yours sincerely,VIII. Translate the followings into English1). Economic activity began with the cavemen, who was economically self-sufficient. He did his own hunting, found his own shelter, and provided for his own needs. As primitive populations grewand developed, the principle of division of labor evolved. One person was more able to perform some activity than another, and therefore each person concentrated on what he did best. While one hunted, another fished. The hunter then traded his surplus to the fisherman, and each benefited from the variety of diet.In today‟s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of international trade and economic activities.Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above, is that no nation has all of the commodities than it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum is recovered in Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them.Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japan has been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it can produce them more efficiently than other countries. It is cheaper for the United States to buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically.Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though the United States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large quantities of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is a market for them in the United States.2). The different kinds of trade nations engaged in are varied and complex, a mixture of visible and invisible trade. Most nations are more dependent on exports than on any other activity. The earnings from exports pay for the imports that they need and want. A nation‟s balance of payment is a record of these complex transactions. By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms , a nation is able to combine the income it receives, for example, from exports, tourists expenditures, and immigrant remittances. This combined incomes is then spent on such items as manufactured goods from other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, and the hiring of construction engineers.IX. Case Study[Answer]:A 公司与B公司的第一封信函可视为发盘，在该发盘中A公司对包装做出了要求。
国际贸易实务(英文版)(第二版)周瑞琪6.Cargo-Transportation-Insuranc
The insurant may not necessarily be the claimant Depending on: who has the insurable interest of the goods when the
goods are damaged or lost
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6.1.4 The Proximate Cause Principle
How to decide the proximate cause
In case of only one cause
within insurance coverage: the insurer shall indemnify beyond insurance coverage: the insurer shall not be
Means of effecting indemnity
In theory: by replacing the ships or goods lost or damaged
In practice: by paying an amount of money equal to the value of the goods lost or damaged
the scope of coverage”.
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Parties involved in an insurance ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱractice
the insurant / insured/assured
The party that procures insurance Can be the exporter or importer depending on the Incoterms adopted
国际贸易实务双语教程第二版习题参考复习资料
Unit 1 A brief introduction to international tradeKeyI. Answer my questions1. International trade is business which involved the crossing of national borders2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement.5. There are four major forms which are the following:Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes. There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties.2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarily for financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people intere sted in a firm’s products and services and by customers’ capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitment and least risk of a firm’s resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers’ business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. J2.A3.E4.B5.C6.D7.I8.G9.F 10.HIII Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买力11经济复苏；恢复2潜在销售量12 经济衰退3加价，涨价13间接投资4国内市场14有形货物5制成品15有形进出口6边际利润16收入及支出；岁入及岁出7市场占有率17超额能力8贸易歧视18贸易中间人（商）；经纪人9时机选择19全部包建的工程承包方式10经销周期20许可证协定IV Case Study1 [Answer]：Batteries called "white elephant" exported from China were very popular in Southeast Asia, because "white elephant" was a lucky thing in Southeast Asia, but no one was interested in it in the market of Europe and the United States. The boss of the company was very strange that the quality of the battery or the price of reasons, so he asked his staff to investigate. Finally he found that is the brand "white elephant" to be blame. The brand's name translated into English was "white elephant" which meant something were no use but cumbersome in Western countries. It was really a bad translation from culture information perspective. The meaning derived from a legend. According to the legend, there was a king who hated a minister, so he gave a white elephant to the minister for punishment. The minister has to take care of the white elephant, he couldn't give it to others or kill it because it's the king gave it to him. However, the appetite of the white elephant was so great, and the minister became poorer. So it showed people in western countries would not buy the battery for the consumers have no willing to buy something useless but cumbersome.V. OpenVI.Translate the following into English1. Trade is often the ‘engine’ of growth. However oversimplified this metaphor may be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process of growth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition for rapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two is clearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many ways. Among them are the benefits of specialization; the favorable effects of international competition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for the imports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment.2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. Nations such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportation service. This is a kind of invisible trade. Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn the money to buy necessities.3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive sale means the seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particular product in a designated area within a specified period of time. In this kind of business transaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sell the product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profit and loss. Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. And difference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusive seller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area.4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs. Thus countries joinin international division of labor for effective production and reproduction. Sometimes a country can buy goods and services from abroad on a barter basis. Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sort for goods of another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat a cou ntry’s import needs. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive in developing countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreign funds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade.Unit 2 General Procedures of Export and Import TransactionI. Answer the following questions(Omited)II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:1.meeting/satisfying;2.agent, foreign/overseas;mission;4.own;5.setting;6.patent;7.profits;8.outlets; 9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiaryIII. J udge the following statement, mark True (T) or False(F)1F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5.F 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.F 10. TIV. Explain the meaning of the words or phrases below as requested1. Offer: An offer is a proposal made by sellers to buyers in order to enter into the contract.2. Withdrawal: It means an offer by the offerer has been withdrawn before it is reached to the offeree in order to prevent its entry into force.3. Enquiry: An enquiry is a request for business information, such as price lists, catalogue, samples, and details of the goods or trade terms. It can be made either by the importer or the exporter.4. Acceptance: Acceptance is a statement made by other conduct of the offerees indicating unconditional consent to an offer.5. Shipping agent: Shipping agent(船代）is a ship owner's representative whose job is to find the ships to carry.V. Compose a letter of enquiry with the following particulars:KeysMessrs. Arthur Grey & Son,19 Cheapside,London, E.C.2Dear Sirs,We have obtained your name and address from China Council for Promotion of International Trade and learned that you are one of the leading exporters of Ice Box in your district.We are now interested in 100 sets of the said article and should be pleased if you would let us know whether you can supply us with the quantity and quality we desire. Please quote us your best price on CIF Guangzhou basis. When offering, please state clearly terms of payment, time of delivery, packing conditions together with illustrated catalogue for our consideration.We are looking forward to your early reply.Yours faithfully,VI. Please make your offer according to the following particulars:KeyDear Sirs,Thank you for your letter of 5th May. We are glad to learn of the inquiries you have had from your customers for our raincoats. Our "D.D." range is particularly suitable for warm climates, and during the past years we have supplied this range to dealers in several tropical countries, from many of whom we have already had repeated orders. This range is popular not only because it is light in weight, but also because the material used has been specially treated to prevent excessive condensation on the inside surface.For the quantities you mention we are pleased to quote as follows:"D.D." Raincoats100 men's medium @ US$14.50 US$ 1,450100 men's small 14.0 1,400100 women's medium 13.2 1,320100 women's small 12.7 1,270US$ 5,440Payment: by irrevocable L/C at sightShipment: Shipment will be effected within three or four weeks after receiving the L/C.This offer is subject to our final confirmation. We feel you may be interested in our other products and enclose some pamphlets for your reference.We are awaiting your early orders.Yours sincerely, VII. Write a counter-offer according to the following particulars:Keys:Dear Sirs,We thank you for your quotation May 10 for 1,000 sets of Hair IceBox. We find your price as well as delivery date satisfactory, however, we would give our suggestions of an alternation of your payment terms.Our past purchase of other household electrical appliances from you has been paid as a rule by confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit at sight. On the basis, it has indeed cost us a great deal. From the moment to open credit till the time our buyers pay us, the tie-up of our funds lasts about four months. Under the present circumstances, this question is particular taxing owing to the tight money condition and unprecedentedly high bank interests.In view of our long business relations and our amicable cooperation prospects, we suggest that you accept either “cash against documents on arrival of goods” or “drawing on us at 60 day’s sight”.Your first priority to the consideration of the above request and an early favorable reply will be highly appreciated.Yours sincerely,VIII. Translate the followings into English1). Economic activity began with the cavemen, who was economically self-sufficient. He did his own hunting, found his own shelter, and provided for his own needs. As primitive populations grewand developed, the principle of division of labor evolved. One person was more able to perform some activity than another, and therefore each person concentrated on what he did best. While one hunted, another fished. The hunter then traded his surplus to the fisherman, and each benefited from the variety of diet.In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of international trade and economic activities.Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above, is that no nation has all of the commodities than it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum is recovered in Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them.Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japan has been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it can produce them more efficiently than other countries. It is cheaper for the United States to buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically.Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though the United States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large quantities of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is a market for them in the United States.2). The different kinds of trade nations engaged in are varied and complex, a mixture of visible and invisible trade. Most nations are more dependent on exports than on any other activity. The earnings from exports pay for the imports that they need and want. A nation’s balance of payment is a record of these complex transactions. By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms , a nation is able to combine the income it receives, for example, from exports, tourists expenditures, and immigrant remittances. This combined incomes is then spent on such items as manufactured goods from other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, and the hiring of construction engineers.IX. Case Study[Answer]:A 公司与B公司的第一封信函可视为发盘，在该发盘中A公司对包装做出了要求。
国际贸易实务(英文版)(第二版)5.Cargo Transportation
5.2 Other modes of transportation
Air Transportation Rail Transportation & Road Transportation International Multimodal Transportion
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5.1.1 Liner transportation
Additional
Heavy lift additional e.g. for cargo over 5 MT per unit Lengthy cargo additional e.g. for cargo over 9m per unit Bulky cargo additional e.g. for cargo over 6cbm per unit …
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5.1.2 Charter transportation
Charter party
the contract between the ship-owner (carrier) and the charterer (shipper) Contents
the contract parties the ship conditions: e.g. the ship’s name, age, nationality, tonnage voyage: e.g. ports of shipment & destination charter freight division of loading & unloading cost lay days, demurrage & dispatch freight payment terms SEIB OF GDUFS ..
国际贸易实务案例教程(双语(第2版)
国际贸易实务案例教程（双语（第2版）Chapter OneCase Study for a Brief Introduction to International Trade国际贸易简介案例Part One Selected Analysis of Case Study第一部分案例精选Case 1 US-India Wool Fabric DisputeCase Description:The United States imposed interim protection measures, from April18th, 1995, to restrict imports of wool fabric for men’s and women’s shirts from India. Before the measures’ implementation, the United States and India had discussed the possibly serious damage to U.S. domestic enterprises resulting f rom the import of wool fabric for men’s and women's shirts. The two sides did not reach asatisfactory solution. So India submitted the case to the World Trade Organization for settlement.Question:Will the United States remove the interim protection measures?1 案例美—印羊毛织物摩擦案案情介绍:美国强制实行了过渡性保护措施，从1995年4月18日开始限制进口印度的羊毛制品—男式衬衣和女式衬衣。
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国际贸易实务案例教程（双语（第2版）Chapter OneCase Study for a Brief Introduction to International Trade国际贸易简介案例Part One Selected Analysis of Case Study第一部分案例精选Case 1 US-India Wool Fabric DisputeCase Description:The United States imposed interim protection measures, from April18th, 1995, to restrict imports of wool fabric for men’s and women’s shirts from India. Before the measures’ implementation, the United States and India had discussed the possibly serious damage to U.S. domestic enterprises resulting f rom the import of wool fabric for men’s and women's shirts. The two sides did not reach asatisfactory solution. So India submitted the case to the World Trade Organization for settlement.Question:Will the United States remove the interim protection measures?1 案例美—印羊毛织物摩擦案案情介绍:美国强制实行了过渡性保护措施，从1995年4月18日开始限制进口印度的羊毛制品—男式衬衣和女式衬衣。
在措施实施以前，美国和印度就进口羊毛织物男式衬衣和女式衬衣可能会对美国国内企业引起的严重损害进行了磋商。
由于磋商没有产生令人满意的解决办法，印度就把案件提交给世贸组织解决。
问题:美国会撤销过渡性保护措施吗,Answer:In examining the facts, the experts group found that the United States did not review all the economic variables listed in Article VI of the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing, when determining whether import increase will damage its domestic enterprises. When determining the causal link between detriment of domestic enterprises and the increased imports, all these variables must be taken into account. The United States also did not analyze whether the damage was due to changes in customer preferences or technical upgrade as required by the provision. The group国际贸易实务案例教程(双语)(第2版)concluded that the interim protection measures implemented by the United States were contrary to the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing obligations. The United States followed the resolutions of the experts group and removed the interim protection measures.The Agreement on Textiles and Clothing requires discriminatory restrictions on imports of textiles and clothing should be removedgradually in the 10-year period, the completing date is January 1st, 2005. Although the protocol aims to promote the lifting of these restrictions, it allows importing countries to adopt transitional measures of protection to restrict imports if imports of certain types of textile products bring a “serious risk of harm, or constitute a real threat” to domestic firms producing the same products. Article VI of the agreement listed some economic factors (for example, production, productivity, capacity utilization, inventories, market share, exports, wages, employment, domestic market prices, profits and investment changes). In judging whether the increase of imports will cause any damage, these factors must be taken into account. The agreement further provides that if serious damage or actual threat is caused by other factors, such as technical updates or customer preferences changes, such protection measures shall not be enforceable.回答:在审核事实之后，专家组发现，在认定增加进口是否会引起对国内企业的损害时，美国没有审查在《纺织品与服装协议》第6条中列出的全部经济变数。
在认定损害国内企业和增加进口之间因果关系时，必须把这些变数考虑进去。
美国也没有像条款要求的那样审查对国内企业的损害是不是顾客喜好变化或技术更新的结果。
因而，专家组得出结论，美国实施临时性保护措施，违背了《纺织品与服装协议》规定的义务。
美国执行了专家组的决议，撤销了过渡性保护措施。
《纺织品与服装协议》要求对进口纺织品和服装进行歧视性限制的国家在10年期限内逐步取消限制，结束时间是2005年1月1日。
虽然协议的目标是促进取消这些限制，但是如果某些种类纺织品的进口对生产同类产品的本国企业带来了“严重损害的危险或构成了实际威胁”，它也允许进口国采取过渡性的保护措施限制进口。
协议的第6条列举了诸多经济因素(例如，产量、生产效率、产能的利用、库存、市场份额、出口、工资、就业、国内市场价格、利润和投资方面的变化)，在决定增加进口是否会引起损害时，这些因素都必须考虑进去。
协议还进一步规定，如果严重损害或实际威胁是由其他因素引起的，例如，技术更新或顾客喜好的变化，此类保护措施不得强行实施。
Case 2 Whether or not GATT has been ViolatedCase Description:Country A notifies Country B that Country B is forbidden to export mutton to Country A. The reason is that mutton hormone content exceeds the allowed amount, which will affect people’shealth. After investigation, Country B finds out that the mutton hormone content is as same amount as that in Country A, and Country Balso gets the information that Country A is unceasingly importing the similar quality mutton from Country C.The Country B believes that Country A has violated the GATTprinciples and their benefits第一章国际贸易简介案例have been violated.Country A refutes that they adopt the measures which do not violatethe GATT principles, but belong to the general exception to be permitted.Questions:1(Do you think Country A has violated the GATT principles? What kindof principles? Why?2(Do you think Country A’s rebuttal is right? Why?2 GATT 案例是否违反了规则案情介绍:A国通知B国，禁止从B国进口羊肉，理由是羊肉的荷尔蒙含量超标，影响国民的身体健康。
B国经过调查发现，A国境内销售的羊肉荷尔蒙含量与B国羊肉的荷尔蒙含量是一样的。
还发现，A国还不断从C国进口同样质量的羊肉。
B国认为A国违反了GATT原则，他们的利益受到了侵害。