qin
秦朝服饰（Qindress）
秦朝服饰（Qin dress）Catalogue of Qin Dynasty costumes [hidden]An overview of Qin Dynasty costumesCharacteristics of Qin Dynasty costumesThe development of Qin Dynasty costumesThe masculine costume of the Qin DynastyFemale costumes in the Qin DynastyMilitary officers in the Qin DynastySoldier costumes of the Qin Dynasty[editor this paragraph] an overview of the Qin Dynasty costumesIn 221 BC Qin Shihuang after the founding of the PRC, in order to consolidate the unity, have established the system, including the dress dress. Qin Shihuang often wear the crown, the crown of Zhou Dai waste six, only "Xuan clothing colors" dress, wearing a crown, crown mountain Baiguan method and Wu crown, wearing robes, wear ribbon. Han took the place of the Qin Dynasty (206 BC) and inherited many systems of the Qin dynasty. With the development of social economy and cultural progress, prosperity appeared in the early Han dynasty. The landlord class dominance has been consolidated, the pursuit of extravagant life increasingly strong desire; coupled with enhanced neighboring exchanges in economy and culture (such asthe silk trade caravan was two times to the western regions), as well as between the various ethnic groups from the Han Dynasty costumes are much more rich and colorful. To the Han Emperor Ming Yongping two years (AD 59 years), with the Qin system and the three generation of the old system, re enacted the ritual system and court system, crown, clothes, shoes, wear corrosion etc. by strict level difference, from the Han Dynasty system has been established.Qin and Han Dynasties, in China color clothing is an important stage, also is the thoughts of Yin Yang and five elements thought into the clothing color, Qin Chaoguo at very short, so in addition to the provisions of clothing color, clothing color should follow the general habit of the Warring States period.[Edit] features of the Qin Dynasty costumesQin and Han Dynasties, in China color clothing is an important stage, also is the thoughts of Yin Yang and five elements thought into the clothing color, Qin Chaoguo at very short, so in addition to the provisions of clothing color, clothing color should follow the general habit of the Warring States period.Male clothing Qin Shihuang provided for the dress is under a coat with black coat color with black vestments and the provisions of the regulations, and three, officials above green robes with white people.Stewardess costumes Qin Shihuang love palace concubines wearing beautiful and gorgeous as on. Due to his less ceremony, for the PinFei clothing color, is to meet his personalpreference. Basically, however, they are still dominated by the five elements.[editor's note] the development of the Qin Dynasty costumesThe relationship between textile technology improved, the Warring States period by clothing, T-shirt xiachang form, even evolved into them, this dress is very common in the Qin Dynasty, its style is usually put on the left side of the lengthened skirts, right around to the back, and then circle back to the front, the waist with the belt tied, and often with white the color of sewing, increase the decorative and aesthetic effect. The popular clothing is a jumpsuit robe, with wide sleeves for style, wide sleeve body part is "Mei", "small part for removing tight cuffs". From the shoulders straight to the ankle, the robe is typical of Han people.As for the civilian population, some will wear shorter gowns, about the length of which covers the lower leg for work. Han Dynasty's social, political stability, national strength, economic prosperity, and make life rich, the trend of clothing is also magnificent.In the Qin and Han Dynasties, trousers appeared, originating from the nomads of the north. They were similar to those of modern pants when riding horses and hunting. The Han people wore these pants when they were farming and fishing. When it comes to men's headgear in Qin and Han Dynasties, they can not help mentioning scarves, because men wear scarves, and they are custom from Qin and Han dynasties.The main effect of the former Qin Han, is still the robe as a typical clothing style, divided into two kinds of straight and curved garment sleeve, but also the length of two styles. The Qin Dynasty and in the daily life of costume style difference, are like narrow sleeves. The difference is that the man's waist tied with leather belt, belt end with a hook; and women in only the ribbon bar.[edit this paragraph] male costumes of the Qin DynastyMale clothing Qin Shihuang provided for the dress is under a coat with black coat color with black vestments and the provisions of the regulations, and three, officials above green robes with white people.[edit this paragraph] female costumes of the Qin DynastyStewardess costumes Qin Shihuang love palace concubines wearing beautiful and gorgeous as on. Due to his less ceremony, for the PinFei clothing color, is to meet his personal preference. Basically, however, they are still dominated by the five elements. Qin Shihuang unified Chinese, also unified the system, including the dress dress.[edit this paragraph] officer costumes of the Qin DynastyOfficers are divided into three grades: high, middle and low. The general is opened Qinzhao Wang, Qin Jue twenty, ninth for the five doctor, for the generals, then rose seven level is made in Daliang, then rise three can be Fenghou, nineteen grand marquis. The twenty is the highest title for the grand liehou.General figurines, wearing a long jacket, covered with double color armor, with trousers, foot board square block Alice sharp,Wearing a purple top double column IP, IP, crown, crown orange belt tied on the lower jaw, a figure eight, Xiexia sabre.Intermediate officer figurines clothing has two kinds: one kind is wearing a long jacket, covered with colored lace the breastplate, legs wrapped leggings, foot wear mouth block Alice pointed shoes, wearing a long version of double crown, waist saber; the second is wearing a turtleneck Youren fold clothes, covered with color lace trimming nails, leg tie leggings, foot wear mouth block Alice pointed shoes, wearing a pair of Long crown edition. The subordinate army official figures, wearing a long jacket, with armour, wearing long legs tied them up for the crown, or leggings, foot wear light shoes, one hand on the sword, holding a long weapon, the other a few subordinate army officials not wearing armor figurines, which belongs to the light.[edit this paragraph] soldier costumes of the Qin DynastyLight infantry figurines, wearing a long jacket, waist leather belt, with shorts, leg tie line bands (i.e., leggings) foot board light shoe, head to the right hair circle, armed with a crossbow, spears and other weapons. Heavy infantry figurines clothing has three kinds: one kind is wearing a long jacket, with armour, wearing shorts, tie them up for leg, foot wear shoes or boots head light, right to round second kinds of clothing and hair; first come first, but wearing a red bowl,leg tie leggings, foot wear light second kinds of clothing and shoes; third the same, but behind shrinking plate flat hair, do not wear red bowl. The chariot Jiashi garment and heavy infantry figurines of the second kinds of the same clothing. The cavalry fighters wearing Hu dress, covered with a short waist, a round skirts pants, foot wear in flat shoes, wearing a cap (round cap), a hand crossbow, a hand pulling bridle. The chariot driver clothing has two kinds: one kind is wearing a long jacket, covered with no shoulders (i.e. a shoulder arm) armor, leg tie leggings, foot board light shoes, wearing a long crown. The second kind of clothing is a special production of clothing, the neck has a square neck armour, arms, arm length to the wrist, hand with a hand nail associated with, very protective of the body.Qin garment armour is practical performance in combat arms movement when equipped with, and with a crown decorated with form and color to distinguish and position of armour.。
覃姓读tan还是读qin
覃姓读tan还是读qin
在学习汉语的时候，多音字就是一个难关。
同是一个字却有不一样读发和解释。
就拿这覃来说吧，你知道覃姓读tan还是读qin吗?如果有人的姓覃，叫错那可要贻笑大方了。
其实这两种读法都是正确，只是不同地区读法不一样罢了。
覃姓是一个有着多种读音的姓氏，作姓氏使用时一般念秦(qín)。
在念作“谈”的时候，表示该姓氏血统与谭姓相同，相传该姓氏本来也是由“谭”字去掉偏旁而来的。
这其中有一个故事，在汉代的时候，谭姓中有人与名将韩信关系密切，后来韩信谋反被杀，这家谭姓的人怕受到牵连，便带领家人逃到外地，并改为覃姓，他的后代也相应的以覃为姓。
在历史上，这支覃姓人以山东淄博为郡望，主要的分布地区是黄河流域北方的各省和关陇地区。
念作“荀”时，主要是指居住在长江以南原古代蛮族或巴蜀区的覃姓人，据说早在汉代的时候，平川赐州等地的蛮族中都有覃姓，在蜀郡也有。
到了南朝时，出自这一支派的覃姓人还出了一位名人叫覃元先，官至东宁州刺史。
直到清朝时期，居住在四川一带的覃姓人仍把自己的姓氏读为“寻”。
念“秦”的时候，主要是指生活在广西一带的覃姓人。
这一覃姓的人原来的姓氏读音是“谈”的，与有品尝之意的“啖”字同音，后演变为“秦”，遂相传成习，据统计，这一支系的覃姓人口多达50万，广西也因此成了全国覃姓人口分布最密集的地区。
Qin and Han秦汉历史英文介绍
The System of Law
韩非,李斯; 以法治国 酷刑: 膑，刖，宫，榜掠，腰斩，枭首，弃市， 戳尸，坑死，凿颠，抽胁，镬烹，车裂，夷三族 等。 云梦秦简; 云梦秦律
五德始终说
封禅大典
Qin Shi Huang is a pivotal figure in Chinese history. After unifying China, he and his chief advisor Li Si passed a series of major economic and political reforms.He undertook gigantic projects, including the first version of the Great Wall of China, the now famous city-sized mausoleum guarded by a life-sized Terracotta Army, and a massive national road system, all at the expense of numerous lives.
周制1升
合今制19.9毫升
赵制1升 魏制1升
齐制1升 秦制1升
合今制21.1毫升 合今制71.4毫升
合今制16.4毫升 合今制20.0毫升
战国各国量器容积比较
An attempt to purge all traces of the old dynasties led to the infamous burning of books and burying of scholars incident, which has been criticised greatly by subsequent scholars.
岑姓氏读qin还是cen
岑姓氏读qin还是cen
cen“岑”现代汉语规范二级字，普通话读音为cén，上下结构。
最早见于秦朝说文小篆。
在六书中属形声字。
岑的基本含义为小而高的山，如：岑嶅、岑立；岑的引申含义为山石险峻的，如：岑石、岑峭。
现代汉语中，岑多用作名词，如：岑，国名。
读音问题，许多地方的人念做“qin秦”。
查看古代韵书，譬如《平水韵》，会发现“岑”是和这些字排在一起的：侵寻浔林霖临针箴斟沈深淫心琴禽擒钦衾吟今襟金音阴岑簪琳琛椹谌忱壬任黔歆禁喑森参淋郴妊湛。
这个音既靠近qin秦，也靠近cen。
覃姓：tan和qin的区别与背后的故事
覃姓：tan和qin的区别与背后的故事
1.在中国，姓氏文化源远流长，各姓氏之间都有其独特的历史和文化背景。
覃姓，作
为中国姓氏之一，有两个读音：tan和qin。
2.这两个姓氏的起源和含义并不相同。
首先，覃姓的主要来源是夏朝的子姓，属于以
国名为姓。
据史书记载，夏朝有一位叫做覃的官员，因为他的子孙以祖先的名字为姓，于是就有了覃姓。
3.而另一种说法是，覃姓的祖先是从北方迁到南方的，在迁徙过程中，他们为了隐瞒
自己的身份，将姓氏中的“易”字改成了“覃”字，形成了覃姓的另一个分支。
相比之下，覃qin姓则源于古代巴人的一个分支，他们居住在今天的重庆市境内。
4.他们的祖先曾经在唐朝时期担任过刺史等职位，因为他们的姓氏中有“覃”字，所以
就被称为覃qin姓。
姓氏岑读cen还是qin
姓氏岑读cen还是qin
岑读音是cén。
岑字只有一个读音，拼音是cén，岑字的结构是上下结构，偏旁部首
是山，总笔画是7画。
许多地方的人岑姓氏念做“qin”，与“秦”同音。
民国以后国语规范化，岑统作cén。
释义是：
1、小而高的山。
2、崖岸。
3、姓。
组词介绍：
岑寂：汉语词语，拼音是cénjì，释义：高而静。
亦泛指寂静；寂寞，孤独冷清。
嵚岑：嵚岑是一个汉语词汇，拼音为qīncén，指山势高险的样子，
出自楚辞．淮南小山．招隐士。
岑牟：读音为cénmóu，汉语词语，指的是古代鼓角吏所戴的帽子，
出自《后汉书·文苑传下·祢衡》。
异苔同岑：汉语成语，拼音yì tái tóng cén，意思是不同的青苔长
在同一座山；比喻朋友志同道合，出自《赠温峤》。
Qin-Dynasty-秦朝历史-中英文版(全)
18
Lady Meng Jiang
Lady Meng Jiang (Chinese: 孟姜女; pinyin: Mèng Jiāng Nǚ) is a Chinese folk tale about the Great Wall of China. The theme of the story is about the separation of a loving couple and their tragic ending as a result of building the Wall.
According to legend qin shihuang, Labour heavy, young men and women FanXiLiang, meng jiangnu newly-married three days, the groom was forced to start building the Great Wall, soon because of cold overworked and died, and was buried in the long bones under the wall. Meng jiangnu with winter clothing,
2、建长城：
伟大建筑 暴政见证
五年 40多万民工
全长一万多华里
辽东
临洮
12
The Great Wall
The Great Wall of China is a series of fortifications made of stone, brick, tamped earth, wood, and other materials, generally built along an eastto-west line across the historical northern borders of China in part to protect the Chinese Empire or its prototypical states against intrusions by various nomadic groups or military incursions by various warlike peoples or forces.
覃姓读tan还是读qin
覃姓读tan还是读qin
覃作姓氏使用时一般读bai作qín，在《百家姓du》排位中排第96位。
覃字读为zhiqin时，主要指生活在今广西一带的dao覃姓人。
相传，他们姓氏的读音原为tan，与表示品尝之意的“啖”字同音，后讹为qin，遂相沿成习。
据有关方面统计，覃姓人群分布于全国30个省、自治区、直辖市以及香港、澳门、台湾特别行政区。
少数移民美国，加拿大，澳大利亚和马来西亚。
覃姓，中华姓氏。
源自于覃怀[1] 、谭姓。
[2] 先秦时期，覃姓活动于河南地区，主力也由北方移入了南方。
历经秦、汉、晋、南北朝，覃姓已经繁衍到各地。
宋朝时覃姓已是广西的著名大姓，形成了典型的南方姓氏。
宋朝时期，覃姓大约有8千人，分布主要集中于广西。
明朝时期，覃姓大约有48000人，约占全国人口的0.05%，排在第二百位以后。
广西仍为覃姓第一大省，约占全国覃姓总人口的65%。
[2]
根据2006年《中国姓氏三百大姓》，当代汉族覃姓的人口近130万，为全国第一百二十九位姓氏，大约占全国人口的0.1%。
覃姓在全国的分布目前主要集中于广西，大约占全国覃姓人口的62%。
其次分布于贵州、湖南、四川、广东四省，大约又占全国覃姓总人口的29%覃姓排在名人姓氏的并列第四百二十一位；覃姓的著名医学家占中国历代医学家总数的0.01%，排在并列第三百六十八位；覃姓的著名美术家占中国历代美术家总数的0.0033%。
[3] 历史上重要覃姓的人物有覃元先、覃光佃、覃应机、覃子豪等。
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目录试析“近轴光线” (2)0 引言 (2)1 光在球面上的反射和折射成像 (3)1.1 光在球面介面上的反射成像 (3)2 近轴物在近轴光线条件下的球面反射和折射 (7)2.1 近轴物在近轴光线条件下球面成象的反射公式 (8)2.2.近轴物在近轴光线条件下球面折射的物像公式 (10)3 结论： (12)参考文献 (12)致谢 (14)河西学院本科生毕业论文（设计）题目审批表 ......................................................... 错误！未定义书签。
河西学院本科生毕业论文（设计）任务书................................................................. 错误！未定义书签。
河西学院本科毕业论文（设计）开题报告................................................................. 错误！未定义书签。
河西学院物电系指导教师指导毕业论文情况登记表 ................................................. 错误！未定义书签。
河西学院毕业论文（设计）指导教师评审表 ............................................................. 错误！未定义书签。
河西学院本科生毕业论文（设计）答辩记录表 ......................................................... 错误！未定义书签。
试析“近轴光线”网络（河西学院物电系05（2）班甘肃张734000）指导老师：葛红摘要本文主要通过论述几何光学中的光线从单独一点发出而为球面反射或折射后所产生的像点，特别是在近轴光线条件下的球面成像问题和近轴物在近轴光线条件下球面反射的物像公式和近轴物在近轴光线条件下球面折射的物像公式，从而得到近轴物点近轴光线能够理想成像的条件，即光线和物点必须是近轴的。
而几何光学中凡物点不在主轴上而能理想成像，即能够保持光束单心性的，都必须满足亥姆霍兹-拉格朗日定理。
非常靠近光轴的细小物体，其每个物点都以很细的、很靠近光轴的单色光束被光学系统成像时，像是完善的。
而任何实际的光学系统（包括单个球面、单个透镜）的近轴区都具有理想成像的性质。
关键词几何光学；近轴条件；成像公式；光线；光轴；球面镜；Abstract:This article mainly discusses the pick of light from geometrical optics and for a single spherical reflect or refracts after nearly as point, especially in the light of the axial ray conditions of imaging and near the axis in the light conditions in the reflection of a formula and near the axis in the light conditions the refraction of a formula, which is near the axis of a close to the light of ideal conditions as the light and the thing is to be near the axis. Of geometric optics among its major axis does not in the ideal that can be as to beam the nature of mind, must meet the Helmholtz-Lagrange law. The tiny objects that are very close to the optical axis, the optical axis every thing at all, with very fine, very near the axis monochromatic beam as the optical system, the image is perfect. However, the axle area of any actual optical system (including single spherical lens) has the ideal nature of imaging.Keywords: The geometrical optics; Nearly shaft conditions; Imaging formulas; Light ray; Optical axis; spherical mirror.0 引言我们知道几何光学是光学学科中以光线为基础，研究光的传播和成像规律的一个重要的实用性分支学科。
在几何光学中，把组成物体的物点看作是几何点，把它所发出的光束看作是无数几何光线的集合，光线的方向代表光能的传播方向。
但是物体总有一定的形状和大小的，点光源实际上是不存在的，然而物体上的每一点仍然可以看做是一个发光点，问题在于不在主轴上的任意一个发光点所发的光束，经球面反射或折射后是否仍能保持光束的单心性? 应在怎样的条件下才能保持单心，而成像于单独的一点? 对于这些问题前面有时已经遇到，但还没有严格证明过。
在此假设下，根据光线的传播规律，在研究物体被球面镜或其他光学元件成像的过程，以及设计光学仪器的光学系统等方面都显得十分方便和实用。
但实际上，上述光线的概念与光的波动性质相违背，因为无论从能量的观点，还是从光的衍射现象来看，这种几何光线都是不可能存在的。
所以，几何光学只是波动光学的近似，是当光波的波长很小时的极限情况。
作此近似后，几何光学就可以不涉及光的物理本性，而能以其简便的方法解决光学仪器中的光学技术问题。
光线的传播遵循三条基本定律：光在均匀介质中的直线传播定律；光通过两种介质分界面时的反射定律和折射定律；光的独立传播定律和光路可逆原理。
基于上述光线传播的基本定律，可以计出光线在光学系统中的传播路径。
这种计算过程称为光线追迹，是设计光学系统时必须进行的工作。
几何光学中研究和讨论光学系统理想成像性质的分支称为高斯光学，或称近轴光学。
它通常只讨论对某一轴线（即光轴）具有旋转对称性的光学系统。
如果从物点发出的所有光线经光学系统以后都交于同一点，则称此点是物点的完善像。
光学上称很小的区域为近轴（或傍轴）区域，此区域内的光线为近轴光线。
在近轴光线条件下：像点称为高斯像点；研究物像关系的内容为高斯光学。
该论文通过讨论在近轴光线条件下光经过球面的反射和折射得到：由P点所发出的单心光束，经球面反射（折射）后将交于一点P'，光束的单心性得以保持。
一个物点将有一个确定像点与之对应。
如果物点在垂轴平面上移动时，其完善像点也在垂轴平面上作线性移动，则此光学系统成像是理想的。
可以证明，非常靠近光轴的细小物体，其每个物点都以很细的、很靠近光轴的单色光束被光学系统成像时，像是完善的。
以及在几何光学成像问题时有什么必要引入“近轴条件”概念和物理意义，我们为讨论这个问题之前首先分析光在球面界面上的反射和折射成像问题。
1 光在球面上的反射和折射成像1.1 光在球面介面上的反射成像50入射光线满足近轴条件，下面我们分别讨论入所谓近轴条件是入射角小于或等于射光线满足近轴条件和不满足近轴条件两种情况下的成像公式。
以下图是光在球面镜反射成像图景，图中P是物点，u 是入射角（不满足近轴条件）,P'是像点,S和S'分别表示物距和像距,AC是曲率半径,OP是光轴。
从主轴上P 点发出单心光束,其中一条光线在球面上A 点反射，反射光与主轴交于P '点。
即P '为P 的像。
我们对符号做如下规定：（1）线段长度都从顶点算起，凡光线与主轴的交点在顶点右方的，线段长度的数值为正；凡光线与主轴的交点在顶点左方的，线段长度的数值为负.物点或像点至主轴的距离，在主轴上方为正，在下方为负。
（2）光线方向的倾斜角度都从主轴（或球面法线）算起，并取小于2π的角度.由主轴（或球面法线）转向有关光线时，若沿顺时针方向转，则该角度为正；若沿逆时针方向转动，则该角度为负。
（3）在图中出现的长度和角度（几何量）只用正值.例如s 表示的某线段的值时负的，则应用s -来表示该线段的几何长度，以下讨论都假定光线自左向右传播。
按符号法则，各有关线段和角度的正负如图1所示， s -—物距，s '-—象距。
图1(光在球面上的反射成像)[5]在如图1中，从电光源P 发出的光波从左向右入射到曲率中心为C ,顶点为O ，曲率半径为r 的一个凹球面镜上，光线PA 经球面镜AOB 反射后，在P '点与主轴相交，令s PO -=, s O P '-=' l PA =，P A '＝l '半径AC 与主轴的夹角为ϕ，则光线P PA '光程l n nl P PA '+=∆'在P AC P '∆∆和AC 中应用余弦定律，并注意)cos(cos ϕπϕ--=s r r PC -=---=)()s (r s s r P C -'='---=')()(可得()()()()[]2122cos 2ϕs r r s r r l --+-+-= （1-1） 以及()()()()[]2122cos 2ϕr s r r s r l -'---'+-= （1-2） 因此，光线P PA '的光程可写成()()()()[]()()()()[]21222122cos 2cos 2ϕϕr s r r s r n s r r s r r n P PA -'---'+-+--+-+-=∆' （1-3）由于当A 点在镜面上移动时，半径r 是常量，而角度ϕ才是位置的变量。
为此，把上式对ϕ求导，并令其导数等于零，即()[]()[]0sin 21sin 21=-''+--=∆'ϕϕϕr s r l n s r r l n d d P PA 由此可得0='-'--l r s l s r 或者 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+''=+'l s l s r l l 111 （1-4） 如果发光点P 至O 点的距离s 为已知，用此式即可算出任一反射线和主轴的交点P 到O 点的距离s '。