2012年 北京各区 一模 说明文
2012北京各城区一模情景作文
第一节情景作文（20分）假设你是红星中学高二（1）班的学生李华。
下面四幅图描述了上周五你参加的一次拓展训练活动。
请根据图片的先后顺序，用英语为校刊写一篇短文。
词数不少于60。
参考词汇：outward bound 拓展训练Last Friday, my class took part in a meaningful and challenging course—Outward Bound.Early in the morning, we got to an Outward Bound centre on our school bus. Upon arrival, we were divided into several groups and our coach introduced the course to us. Shortly afterwards, we got involved in various activities. One of them was jumping across a broken bridge. I was afraid at first, but with the encouragement of the coach, I finally made it. What impressed me most was climbing over a wall to “escape.” We helped one another and all of us managed to “survive.”Before we left the centre, we had a photo taken to record the unforgettable experience, which gave us a good chance to build up courage and improve our sense of teamwork.第一节情景作文（20分）假设你是红星中学高二（1）班的班长李华，去年冬天你们班开展了“为西藏希望小学献爱心”的活动。
2012北京初三一模及分类参考作文
初三英语2012年一模作文及分类参考作文选海淀一模I was glad that I saw many classmates do something to protect the environment yesterday.First,they picked up the trash into the plastic bags. Next,they cleaned the park to kept it beautiful. Then they planted mang trees in the north of our school. Finally, they put on posters to call people for protecting the environment.I think they really did a good job. They not only did something meaningful but also protect the environment. They make me know it’s our duty to protect the en vironment. From them,I learn that I could use both sides of paper to save more trees and turn off the water-tap quickly after I wash my hand.I believe if everyone makes a little effort, we can make a big difference. Let’s take action! The life will be better.西城一模As we all know, smile is one of the best expressions. It can not only show us kindness but also cheer up others.It was a cold winter evening. When I was on my way home, a car rushed to me suddenly and I fell off the bike. Thanks to a girl pass ing by, I got up and didn’t get injured. I was too frightened to say a word even “Thank you”. But the girl didn’t mind, instead, she smiled to me. At that moment, I was moved because I felt her kindness and the care of me.Although it was really cold, my heart was warm. I have realized a smile can mean a lot to the person who is in trouble. I decide to smile to others as much as I can. If everyone can do so, the world will become more beautiful and peaceful.(胡常昊)Smile is really magic. A smile can encourage the people who are in trouble and help them out.Last month, I failed in my math test again. I was so disappointed that I gave up studying. I didn’t do my homework any more and escaped from school. At tha t time, my best friend came to me, “I know you’re having a difficult time,” she said with a smile, “cheer up and I’ll stay with you to overcome it. ”I was deeply moved. I had never received an encouragement like that. She made me feel so confident again that I decided to work hard. She also helped me a lot with my math. Finally, just like what she said, I really made a great progress.Thank her a lot. What I have learnt from her is that try your best and never give up when you face challenges.I will remember her beautiful smile and keep going.（许龙宜）房山一模Hi! Li JingI’m glad to hear from you. I have had the same problem as you. So don’t worry, I’ll help you.I think your parents should allow you to play with Jack. But do you know why they do so? Yes. it’s because they care everything about you. They want you to grow up healthily and happily. So don’t argue with them. Do something to let them believe you can control yourself and get on well with your friends.Actually it’s easier than you think. Just make your parents know what your friend is like and what you like doing together. It’s necessary to introduce him to them if possible. What’s more, you should take responsibility for what you have done. If you are both good at study, they will be happy. In addition, I think it’s important to exchange your ideas with them more often. It can make not only your parents less worried but also the relation of you and your parents become much better. (黄秋然)I hope what I said will help you.YoursLily燕山作文As the rapid development of the industry, cell phones are now used by more and more people. At school, I often see my classmates use cell phones to send messages. Sometimes when they are tired, they use their cell phones to listen to music or even play games to relax themselves.From my point of view, a cell phone is certainly very convenient. It can help us keeping touch with friends and it’s easy to connect with others. We can phone someone in time and pass notes to our parents. However, it can sometimes be bad for us. So we should use it at right time. We’d better not take it to school unless we really need it. If you should, turn it off during school time, or it’ll affect what you are doing.How to use cell phones depends on ourselves. I think it’s better for a student to use it as little as possible, especially when we are studying at school.（郭婧）旅游叙事类范文：An Unforgettable Trip to the BeachDuring the summer holiday, I went to a beautiful beach with my parents and had an unforgettable trip.I will never forget the views there. The sunshine was bright and it seemed that the sea was shiny, too. The sky was blue and so was the sea. There were no clouds in the sky and the sea was calm. What a beautiful picture it looked! I was a little afraid of the water. Thus, I was only lying on the beach. A gentle wind blew, I felt peaceful.However, when I heard the laughter of the people in the sea, I couldn’t help joining them and we played with the water happily. Of course, my fear about the sea was fading. Soon, laughter surrounded the beach…At last, we took a walk along the sea when the sun was setting. I found that when I was close to nature, nothing was more beautiful than it.Our trip was a great success. Time goes by, but the sweet memory will be carefully kept in my mind.A Special HolidayLast summer, I went to Qingdao with my family. I had a very good time there and it was the most unforgettable holiday I’ve ever had.The weather there was quite different from that in Beijing. The sky was crystal clear and we could see all kinds of birds flying in the sky. The temperature was neither too high nor too low. During the vacation, what I like best was the day when we went to the beach. Almost all day we walked on the beach and I picked up many shells while my parents were taking photos of the beautiful sea. Later in the afternoon, we sat down on the beach and watched the sunset. “How beautiful it is!” I put myself and the beauty of mature together in my mobile phone. During those days, we also went to buy some traditional food and gifts. Finally, we left with the deep love of Qingdao.This trip is the one that I’ll never forget. Although time goes by, the sweet memory will be carefully kept in my mind forever.写事类范文：A Special ExperienceMy name is Wang Bing, yesterday was my birthday, and taking part in the volunteer activities might be mymost meaningful birthday gift.It was a fine day yesterday. I got up early so that I could reach the Children’s Hospital on time. I had a quick breakfast and called up my friends. Then we took a No.3 bus and arrived at the hospital at 8:30. To my surprise, all of the young patients had beautiful faces full of sadness. So we decided to do something to cheer them up. We took out the presents that we prepared for them before, not expensive but filled with encouragement. We sang and danced, played games, and when they were tired, we told stories to them. Before long, they were happy again. That made us pleased and got a sense of achievement. After that, we left with happiness.I came back home at 15:30, I was tired but happy, so helping others is my biggest pleasure.An Forgettable DayYesterday was my birthday. I had a meaningful and unforgettable day which I’ve never had.In the morning, I got up early and did everything really fast. At 7:00 am, I left for the Children’s hospital with excitement. Holding some small presents in my hands, I walked into the ward to meet the sick children. They were really happy when I got into the room. Laughter surrounded the room and there were big smiles on the children’s faces. We chatted and joked, and sang songs together.Time flew, and it was time to say goodbye. The children were a little sad, and I even saw tears in their eyes. But they were glad that we had a really happy time.Although I didn’t go to the amusement park to enjoy my birthday as usual, I had a really unforgettable day. Because of my visit, the children were happy, so I was happy. I would always remember the faces of the children forever.写人类范文：My favorite classmate is Florida. She plays an important part in my life. She is lovely and friendly. We usually get on well with each other, because we can reach an agreement all the time. We always talk about something interesting with each other. And she can always come to the top in the school exams. So she often helps me solve problems in my study with patience. When I fail in the exam, she usually encourages me and makes me happy again. Some people say, “A true friend can give you a hand and touch your heart.” So, Florida is a true friend for me, isn’t she?There are many people that we meet in our lives, but only a few will make a lasting impression in our mind and hearts. It’s these people who we will always remain as true friends.I will never forget you. My friend, Florida…There is a girl name Nancy in my class. She is the tallest among the girls and she has curly hair. She is friendly to others, and there is always a smile on her face. She’s my best friend.Once, I forgot to bring my English homework to school. When she was collecting our homework for the teacher, I told her about it and asked her to conceal the truth for me. She gave me a meaningful and knowing smile without saying anything. To my surprise, when the teacher asked about it, she didn’t do as I said---she told the teacher the truth! At that time, I was really mad at her and didn’t even want to be her friend any more. But later, I understood that what she had done was a wise choice, she did so because I’m her best friend. Since then, we’re even closer, and I’d really appreciate what she had done for me.You see, she’s such a upright, warm-heated and responsible girl. All the teachers and students like her. And also, I’m sure our friendship will be forever.The person I want to thank is my English teacher. She is about forty years old. She is tall and thin with long black curly hair. As for a teacher, she loves teaching and teaches us with patience. You can always see a big smileon her face.Her class is really interesting and useful. She teaches us not only much knowledge but also many skills on how to learn English well. These skills even can help us with other subjects. All of my classmates love her lessons. When we make mistakes, she is very strict with us, but she doesn’t scold us. She often encourages us not to lose heart and treat us as her own child. With her help, I made some big progress in English last term.She is also a really kind teacher. When someone has some problems, she will help him. When someone is ill, she takes good care of him. After class, she is easygoing. We all get on well with her, so we often play games with her and make fun of her.We all know our grades can cheer her up, so we must work hard in order that our teacher can smile every day.环保类范文：As citizens of the world, we must take some actions to protect our planet. Maybe we can start with the small things in our daily life. First, we should train ourselves to form the habit of saving the water and paper as well as turning off the lights when we leave the room. In addition, walking to school or to work instead of taking the bus can also reduce the waste gases. Apart from that, we also have the duty to spread the ideas of protecting the environment. We can call on the public to plant trees and stop the factories from pouring the dirty water into the rivers. You know, the more people join us, the more things can be done, so that the better our environment will be.However, nothing will change if we just think but don’t do it. So, hurry up. Let’s do our best to save our planet.But is there nothing to do to save the earth? The answer is obviously no. Actually there are several methods we can take to make our environment better. First, the government should prevent factories from pouring dirty water into the river. Second, we’d better plant more trees. It’s not only a way to make our city look more beautiful, but also a good choice to improve the environment. Third, we are supposed to ride buses or bikes rather than use cars when we go out. And finally, form the habit of saving energy. Always remember to turn off the lights when you leave the room and try to use less water in your daily life.We have to know, the earth is our own home and also our only home. Now our home is suffering from a terrible disaster, can we just stand there and watch it happen?图表调查类范文：We did a survey about middle school students’ hobbies. Here are the results. From the diagram we can know that most students agree to surf the Internet. Besides, half of the students are for eating snacks at school. Moreover, nearly all the students disagree to wear school uniforms to school every day.In my view, students should be allowed to eat snacks in the classroom, because they always feel hungry. If they don’t have enough food, they won’t concentrate more on their studies. In addition, I don’t agree to spend lots of time surfing the Internet. Most students can’t help playing computer games, so sometimes they forget to do their homework.In a word, students will study better if they have good habits.We did a survey about middle school student’s hobbies. Here are the results. As can be seen from the diagram, most students reach an agreement in surfing the internet. First, surfing theinternet can broaden our vision and we can learn what we can’t learn at school. Secondly, it’s a good way for us to relax ourselves. Having facing so much stress, we do need to have some fun. However, this doesn’t mean that we can spend lots of time surfing the Internet, oppositely, we should use it in a good way so that it can benefit us.Moreover, although nearly all the students disagree to wear schools uniforms, I think we should. Because as students, our main mission is to study well, not just thinking about how to dress up ourselves all day. And wearing school uniforms helps us save the time that we may spend in choosing clothes so that we can concentrate more on our studies.All in all, no matter what kind of hobbies we have, we should be sure that it’s good for both our studies and lives.提建议类范文Dear Tom,I’m really happy to hear form you, but I’m sorry to hear that you have some annoying problems. So don’t worry, I will try my best to help you.As for the weather, it’s always dry in Beijing, a good advice is to drink more water. You will get used to it. Well, about Chinese, it’s really a problem for you. But fortunately, you are in the environment of Chinese, you should try to speak Chinese as much as possible and don’t be afraid of making mistakes. In that way, you’ll make progress. Being new here, I know it’s difficult for you. You’d better try to make as many friends as you can, and if you feel lonely during the weekends, you can call your classmates up and invite them to your house.Anyway, remember, I’ll always be your best friend.Dear Tom,I’m delighted to write to you and I hope that my advice can help you some way.First of all, I’m sorry to hear that you feel uncomfortable because of the dry weather. However, I figure that eating more fruits, drinking more water can help you get out of that trouble. As for your language problem, why not consider joining a Chinese club where there are good Chinese native speakers? Communicating with them on any popular topic can be fun and good for your listening and oral Chinese. In addition, I know that it’s hard for someone to get on well with foreigners at first, but if you smile more to the people around you, your friends will surely show up!In a word, I do hope you can gradually get used to your new life. I’m looking forward to your good news!。
北京市2012年九年级一模说明文汇总
北京市2012年九年级一模说明文汇总（二）阅读下面文字，完成第18—19题。
（共8分）海淀①从北京的地图上可以看到一条贯穿南北的中轴线，历史上，这条中轴线长达7.8公里，南起永定门，北到钟鼓楼。
建筑大师梁思成这样赞美这条中轴线：“全世界最长，也最伟大的南北中轴线穿过了全城。
北京独有的壮美秩序就由这条中轴的建立而产生。
”②中轴线始于元朝对大都城的规划设计，至明清两朝形成了现有的规模。
中轴线上的建筑高低起伏错落，前后疏密有致，色彩对比强烈。
进永定门北行，一条笔直的大街会把你引向高大的正阳门楼，在门前百余米的地方一座宽大雄伟的牌楼和一座大石桥为其做了前卫。
过了正阳门，红墙黄瓦的建筑代替了青砖灰瓦的建筑，这就是雄踞于中轴线上的皇城。
首先映入眼帘的是中华门，经长长的御路（民国时已拆除），到天安门，形成第一波的起伏变化。
从天安门开始，是一系列大小不一的宫门和广庭，红墙黄瓦，金碧辉煌。
高大的城楼、皇宫、庙堂一层又一层地起伏峋峙①，到神武门结束。
再向北，景山奇峰突起，然后再下滑到寿皇殿、地安门。
由地安门继续往北过一条长长的街市，在这里经过万宁桥这个小小的起伏过渡，接着就出现了高大的鼓楼、钟楼，在这两座建筑周围，成片的绿荫中间掩映着灰墙灰瓦的低矮民居院落。
鼓楼、钟楼传出的报时的鼓声、钟声，不时在这些院落、街巷上空回荡，中轴线就收束在这钟鼓声里。
③明代把天坛、先农坛安排在中轴线起点的两侧，使中轴线一开始就有中心明显，整齐对称、相互呼应的特点。
进入紫禁城，左祖（太庙）右社（社稷坛）对称地安排在紫禁城前面，昭示了左右对称、中轴明显的皇城格局，紫禁城中的建筑基本上都是对称修建，例如御花园中以中轴线上的钦安殿为中心，左面的浮碧亭与右面的澄瑞亭都是四角攒尖顶的方亭，形式相同，形成对称；降雪轩与养性斋，建筑平面分别呈“凸”“凹”字形，形式互补，形成呼应。
中轴线上的景山，是明朝通过挖湖堆山的手法，利用修筑紫禁城挖护城河的泥土和拆除元宫城内宫殿的渣土，在紫禁城后面堆积成的一座土山，它坐落在中轴线的中心点、北京旧城的中心位置上。
北京市2012年中考一模语文说明文阅读答案
1答案：（共8分）18.答案：中轴线的规模及作用中轴线上的建筑布局高度评价这样的建筑布局和处理空间的规模（共3分。
共3空，每空1分）19.答案示例：删去后，就无法准确说明中轴线在钟楼处结束，是独一无二的设计和建筑布局，人们会误认为中轴线是在钟楼处自然而然结束的。
（共2分）20.答案示例：景山是宫城的靠山；景山上的万春亭是中轴线的中心点和最高点，也是观赏北京古城的最佳之处。
（共3分。
共3点，每点1 分）2答案（共8分）18．答案示例：理由一，【甲】句与上文“不同的人家，不同的行业，都会有不同于他人的祈望与祝福”直接相关（1分）；理由二，【乙】句与下文的“对祖国日新月异的美好生活的赞颂”“自家对未来的美好追求和向往”直接相关（1分）；理由三，【甲】【乙】两句构成递进关系，强调的是【乙】。
（1分）评分标准：共3分。
共3条理由，每条理由1分。
19．答案示例：选A（1分）原因一：“祖国山河好”和“人民岁月新”上下联词性相对，“祖国”对“人民”，“山河好”“岁月新”。
而“五洲同欢庆”则不相对。
（2分，前后各1分）原因二：“人民岁月新”的最后一个字“新”是平声，符合下联末尾字字音必须为平声的要求，而“五洲同欢庆”的最后一个字“庆”则为仄声，不符合这一要求。
（2分，前后各1分）。
评分标准：共5分。
选A ，1分。
每条理由各2分。
3答案（共8分）19．答案：①速度②危害（影响）（共2分。
每空1分）20．答案要点：如果删去这段文字，其一，就不清楚“极热事件”持续的时间；其二，不能和下面“因为人类参与，海洋酸化只用了不到400年”形成比较，从而说明目前海洋酸化速度是过去3亿年来最快的。
（共3分。
“其一”1分，“其二”2分）21．答案要点：①二氧化碳含量增加加剧海水的酸化程度②海水的腐蚀性越强，对海洋生物身体的伤害越大③海洋生物的生存面临极大的威胁（共3分。
每个要点1分）4答案（共8分）18.答案示例：【甲】【乙】两个语句不能调换位置，因为，其一，【甲】句与前面的“紫禁城”一句直接相关；其二，【乙】句与其后“纵览南北景色”一句以及后面说明清朝在景山修山亭强化了中轴线对称与中心点的内容直接相关；其三，两句调换后，表意的重点就会发生改变,与原意不符。
2010-2012年北京各区一模作文题目汇总及范文
2010年北京各区一模作文题目汇总及范文大成语文提供西城：支点《现代汉语词典》关于“支点”的解释：①杠杆上起支撑作用，绕着转动的固定点。
②指事物的中心或关键。
围绕你生活中“支点是什么”的问题想一想，写出你的亲身经历和感受，或者谈谈你对“支点"的看法.海淀：春暖心田东城：好想，好想……崇文：请从以下两题中任选一题，按要求作文。
题一不是没有题二闪光的珍珠我们踏上了原野的小路，看见小树上有许多新芽吐出,虽然是匆匆而过，却总愿回头，再看看每颗小树，一颗新芽，就是一颗闪光的珍珠。
我们常常到海岸上漫步，看见海上奔腾的波峰浪谷，虽然是漫步而过,却总愿唱着向大海祝福，一声祝愿，就是一颗闪光的珍珠。
我们刚踏入人生的旅途，常担忧纯真的心会感到孤独，虽然是路途遥遥，却总会有朋友和我会晤,一颗童心，就是一颗闪光的珍珠。
阅读上面的文字，请以《闪光的珍珠》为题，写一篇文章。
宣武：题目：（l）我们（2）你们（3)他们(4）她们要求：（l)从以上题目中选择一个抄写在答题卡上，作为你的题目。
丰台：题一：以”路就在脚下”为题写一篇写人记事的记叙文，不少于600字。
题二：以”明天会更好”为题写一篇不少于600字的文章，自选文体（诗歌除外).石景山：依靠自己朝阳：________的爱大兴：又是飘香时无论经过多少年，往日的回忆依旧炽热，旷野的风吹过窗棂,仿佛又闻到了那醉人的清香……要求：从你熟知的花草中，任选一种填入所给标题的空白处.以上述楷体字为开头第一段，续写一篇600~1000字的作文。
房山：有一种美丽叫——门头沟：文题一：“在充满的日子里要求：1、将上面题目补充完整，然后写一篇具有真情实感的记叙文2、不少于600字。
文题二:在熙熙攘攘的十字路口，你也许目睹了感人肺腑的一幕，也许经历过发人深省的故事……在错综复杂的人生路口,平庸的人，往往犹豫不决，随波逐流，错过芬芳花季;明智的人，常常坚定不移，执着一念，把握青春年华……每个路口都有故事,都有思考，都蕴含着深刻的道理。
2012海淀、西城中考一模(记叙文、议论文)含答案
苏醒中的母亲张抗抗①年近八十高龄的母亲，长期患高血压，令我一直牵挂悬心。
2002年秋天的一个凌晨，我担心的事情终于发生了，父亲打电话告诉我，母亲猝发脑出血，已经及时送往医院准备手术。
②飞机在黑暗中上升，穿越浓云密布的天空，我觉得自己像一个被安装在飞机上的零部件，没有知觉，没有思维。
我只是躯体在飞行，我的心早已先期到达了。
③走进重症监护室最初那一刻，我竟然不认识自己的母亲了——仅仅只是一天，脑部手术后依然处于昏迷状态的母亲，整个面部都萎缩变形了，口腔、鼻腔和身上到处插满了管子，头顶上敷着大面积的厚纱布……手术成功地清除了母亲大脑表层的淤血，家人和亲友们都松了口气。
然后是在重症监护室外的走廊上整日整夜地守候，焦虑而充满希望地等待。
等待是如此漫长，母亲沉睡的身子把钟表的指针压住了。
那些日子我才知道，“时间”是会由于母亲的昏迷而昏迷的。
④两天以后的一个上午，母亲的眼皮在灯光下开始微微战栗。
那个瞬间，脚下的地板也随之战栗了。
母亲睁开眼睛的那一刻，阴郁的天空云开雾散，整座城市所有的楼窗，都好像突然一扇一扇地敞开。
然而她不能说话，只能依赖呼吸机维持生命。
她的意识是模糊的，只能用茫然的眼神注视我们，那个时刻，整个世界都与她一同沉默了。
⑤母亲开口说话，是在呼吸机停用后的第二天夜晚。
我悄悄走到妈妈床边，说：“妈妈，是我呀，抗抗来了。
”⑥由于插管子损伤了喉咙，妈妈的声音变得粗哑低沉，她复述了一遍我的话，那句话却变成了：“妈妈来了。
”⑦我纠正她：“是抗抗来了。
”⑧她固执地重复强调说：“妈妈来了。
”⑨我的眼泪一下子涌上来。
“妈妈来了”——那个熟悉的声音，从我遥远的童年时代传来：“别怕，妈妈来了。
”——在母亲苏醒后的最初时段，在母亲依然昏沉疲惫的意识中，她脆弱的神经里不可摧毁的信念是：妈妈来了。
⑩妈妈来了。
妈妈终于回来了。
○11母亲的语言功能一天天开始恢复。
在病床上长久地输液保持一个姿势让她觉得难受，她便不停地转动头部，企图挣脱鼻管。
北京2012届中考各区一模(写作)
2012年北京一模各区作文汇总海淀区文段表达。
（共15分）74．昨天你高兴地看到许多同学在校园里自觉地做了一些事去保护环境。
请你以“ Learn from Them”为题给你校英语周刊投稿。
内容包括同学们在校园里的具体做法，你的感受，以及你要向他们学习什么。
提示词语：pick up the trash, plant, reuse, saveLearn from ThemNowadays more and more people have done a lot to protect the environment.Y esterday, I was glad to see many students volunteer their time to make our school environment better. Some students picked up the trash on the playground, some students planted the trees, and other students made posters calling on people to lead a low-carbon life.I was moved by what they did. The environmental protection is not only the business of the government, but also the responsibility of each of us. Even a small effort can make a great difference so I made up my mind to learn from them.I will turn off the lights when I leave the room, and I won’t keep the water running when I am not using it. Besides, reusing some old things I plan to throw away will be my choice. What’s more, I will remind people around me to take part in such activities.Action speaks louder than words. Let’s work together!西城区文段表达（15分）74. 根据中文大意和英文提示词语，写出意思连贯、符合逻辑、不少于60词的短文。
2012年北京市各城区中考一模作文题目及范文(1)
2012年北京市各城区中考一模作文题目及范文北京市海淀区2012年中考一模作文题目：六、作文（50分）23.“温故知新”的意思是“复习学过的知识，可以得到新的认识；也只重温历史经验，更好地认识现在”。
生活中，伴随着复习旧知识的过程，我们会加深对新知识的理解，也可能产生新的认识；伴随着对以往经历的回忆或对历史经验的反思，我们会加深对情感的体会、对事理的认知、对社会的认识。
请你以“温故知新”为题目，写一篇文章。
要求：（1）将题目抄写在答题纸上；（2）文体不限（诗歌除外）；（3）字数在600-1000之间；（4）作文中不要出现所在学校的校名或师生的姓名范文：温故知新子曰：“温故而知新，可以为师矣。
”温故才可知新。
同一种事物，在不同的情境，不同的时期给人的感受与启迪是不一样的。
随着时间的推移与年龄的增长，带给我们的是机智与深沉，更加丰富的人生阅历与社会经验使我们对于同一事物会有更加深刻的理解与认识。
因此，重温过去，总能使我们有新的收获。
清末著名文学家曹雪芹笔下的《红楼梦》被称为中国四大名著之首，集高度的思想性与艺术性于一体，是中华文化艺术中的瑰宝。
然而现代着名女作家冰心在十三、四岁的时候读《红楼梦》时不但没有对其产生兴趣，甚至还对贾宝玉的“女声女气”，林黛玉的“哭哭啼啼”感到了厌烦。
当她在中年的时候捧起《红楼梦》，重温作者笔下那血肉鲜活的人物形象与曲折动人的故事情节，却尝到了“满纸荒唐言，一把辛酸泪”，一个朝代与家庭的兴亡盛衰的滋味。
这是为什么呢？正是温故而知新。
如果冰心没有重新来品读《红楼梦》，那么她有怎么会体会到曹雪芹在字里行间倾注、流露出的辛酸与无奈，又怎么会理解“世事洞明皆学问，人情炼达即文章”的事理，又怎么会看到一个黑暗、封建腐朽的社会，在内心与作者产生强烈共鸣呢？由此可见起重要性。
我们现在是中学生，正处于一个接受知识、增长智慧的黄金时段，我们的大脑每天都会收到各种各样的、大量的信息与知识，但其中能够被真正彻底消化的不及50%。
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2o12年北京各区说明文阅读海淀区阅读下面文字，完成第18—19题。
（共8分）①从北京的地图上可以看到一条贯穿南北的中轴线，历史上，这条中轴线长达7.8公里，南起永定门，北到钟鼓楼。
建筑大师梁思成这样赞美这条中轴线：“全世界最长，也最伟大的南北中轴线穿过了全城。
北京独有的壮美秩序就由这条中轴的建立而产生。
”②中轴线始于元朝对大都城的规划设计，至明清两朝形成了现有的规模。
中轴线上的建筑高低起伏错落，前后疏密有致，色彩对比强烈。
进永定门北行，一条笔直的大街会把你引向高大的正阳门楼，在门前百余米的地方一座宽大雄伟的牌楼和一座大石桥为其做了前卫。
过了正阳门，红墙黄瓦的建筑代替了青砖灰瓦的建筑，这就是雄踞于中轴线上的皇城。
首先映入眼帘的是中华门，经长长的御路（民国时已拆除），到天安门，形成第一波的起伏变化。
从天安门开始，是一系列大小不一的宫门和广庭，红墙黄瓦，金碧辉煌。
高大的城楼、皇宫、庙堂一层又一层地起伏峋峙①，到神武门结束。
再向北，景山奇峰突起，然后再下滑到寿皇殿、地安门。
由地安门继续往北过一条长长的街市，在这里经过万宁桥这个小小的起伏过渡，接着就出现了高大的鼓楼、钟楼，在这两座建筑周围，成片的绿荫中间掩映着灰墙灰瓦的低矮民居院落。
鼓楼、钟楼传出的报时的鼓声、钟声，不时在这些院落、街巷上空回荡，中轴线就收束在这钟鼓声里。
③明代把天坛、先农坛安排在中轴线起点的两侧，使中轴线一开始就有中心明显，整齐对称、相互呼应的特点。
进入紫禁城，左祖（太庙）右社（社稷坛）对称地安排在紫禁城前面，昭示了左右对称、中轴明显的皇城格局，紫禁城中的建筑基本上都是对称修建，例如御花园中以中轴线上的钦安殿为中心，左面的浮碧亭与右面的澄瑞亭都是四角攒尖顶的方亭，形式相同，形成对称；降雪轩与养性斋，建筑平面分别呈“凸”“凹”字形，形式互补，形成呼应。
中轴线上的景山，是明朝通过挖湖堆山的手法，利用修筑紫禁城挖护城河的泥土和拆除元宫城内宫殿的渣土，在紫禁城后面堆积成的一座土山，它坐落在中轴线的中心点、北京旧城的中心位置上。
它的形成不仅【甲】使紫禁城有了靠山，还【乙】增加了中轴线上的制高点，在此可以纵览南北景色。
清朝又在景山的五座山峰上面修建了五座山亭，景山中峰的山亭正在中轴线的中心点上，由此进一步突出了中轴线的对称和中心点。
中轴线的东西两侧，为北京主要街道的骨干，北京城棋盘式的大小街巷都依据它的定位而展开。
（根据李建平《魅力北京中轴线》、梁思成《北京城的中轴线》编写）【注】①峋峙（xúnzhì）：形容山石、建筑等突兀、重叠的样子。
18.阅读第③段，说出画线的【甲】【乙】两个语句的位置不能调换的三条理由。
（3分）答：19.阅读下面材料，借助文章中的知识，简要说明鸟巢、水立方和仰山体现出怎样的布局特点。
（5分）【材料】位于中轴线延长线最北端的奥林匹克公园分为南区和北区，南区的“千年步道”正处在中轴线上，在它的东西两侧，分别是“鸟巢”（国家体育场）和“水立方”（国家游泳中心）。
在建筑造型上，鸟巢是椭圆形的，水立方是方形的；在建筑结构上，鸟巢复杂，水立方简洁。
作为整个奥林匹克森林公园中主体之一的仰山，山体主要以公园南区挖湖和改造地形提供的渣土堆积而成，山体主峰高度为48米。
这样，在中轴线上就形成了近、中、远三层山——景山、仰山、燕山。
（1）鸟巢、水立方：（2）仰山：东城区阅读下面文字，完成第18—20题。
（共8分）①大略地说，凸字形的北京，北半是内城，南半是外城，故宫为内城核心，也是全城布局重心，全城就是围绕这中心而部署的。
但贯通这全部部署的是一根直线，一根长达8公里，全世界最长，也最伟大的南北中轴线。
北京独有的壮美秩序就由这条中轴的建立而产生。
前后起伏左右对称的体形或空间的分配都是以这中轴为依据的。
气魄之雄伟就在这个南北延伸，一贯到底的规模。
我们可以从外城最南的永定门说起，从这南端正门北行，在中轴线左右是天坛和先农坛两个约略对称的建筑群；经过长长一条市楼对列的大街，到达珠市口的十字街口之后，才面向着内城第一个重点——雄伟的正阳门楼。
在门前百余米的地方，拦路一座大牌楼，一座大石桥，为这第一个重点做了前卫。
但这还只是一个序幕。
过了此点，从正阳门楼到中华门，由中华门到天安门，一起一伏，一伏而又起，这中间千步廊（民国初年已拆除）御路的长度和天安门面前的宽度，是最大胆的空间的处理，衬托着建筑重点的安排。
由天安门起，是一系列轻重不一的宫门和广庭，金色照耀的琉璃瓦顶，一层又一层的起伏峋峙1，一直引导到太和殿顶，便到达中线前半的极点，然后向北重点逐渐退削，以神武门为尾声。
再往北，又“奇峰突起”地立着景山作了宫城背后的衬托。
景山中峰上的亭子正在南北的中心点上。
由此向北是一波又一波的远距离重点的呼应。
由地安门，到鼓楼、钟楼，高大的建筑都继续在中轴线上。
但到了钟楼，中轴线便有计划地结束了。
中线不再向北到达墙根，而将重点平稳地分配给左右分立的两个北面城楼——安定门和德胜门。
有这样气魄的建筑总布局，以这样规模来处理空间，世界上就没有第二个！②在中线的东西两侧为北京主要街道的骨干；东西单牌楼和东西四牌楼是四个热闹商市的中心。
在城的四周，立着十几个环卫的突出点。
这些城门上的门楼、箭楼及角楼又增强了全城三度空间的抑扬顿挫和起伏高下。
因北海和中海、什刹海的湖沼岛屿所产生的不规则布局，与因琼华岛塔和妙应寺白塔所产生的突出点，以及许多坛庙园林的错落，也都增强了规则的布局和不规则的变化的对比。
这是一份伟大的遗产，它是我们人民最宝贵的财产！1峋峙（xún zhì）:形容山石、建筑等突兀、重叠的样子。
18.文章第①段的说明层次是：先整体介绍，再具体介绍，最后。
（3分）19.说说第①段中加点的“有计划地”为什么不能删去。
（2分）答：20.阅读下面两则材料，结合文章相关内容，说说景山在中轴线上的作用。
（3分）【材料一】中轴线有“三靠”，第一靠是故宫北面的景山。
景山原名“镇山”，用挖掘护城河和南海的泥土堆筑而成。
古代建筑学要求宫殿要“背山面水”。
用河泥筑山，不仅轻而易举地解决了土石堆积的难题，而且符合古代建筑的山水形制，于是，景山就成了宫城背后的靠山。
【材料二】景山正中的最高峰相对高度为45.7米，位于其上的万春亭，是中轴线的中心点和最高点。
这座高17.4米，三层重檐，金顶绿边红柱，四角攒尖的亭子，给人们观赏北京古城提供了最佳视角。
答：西城区阅读下面文字，完成第18-19题。
（共8分）①春联这种文学样式以工整、对偶、简洁、精巧的文字描绘时代背景，抒发美好愿望。
每逢春节，无论城市还是农村，家家户户都要精选一副大红春联贴于门上，为春节增加喜庆气氛。
②春联在形式上有诸多限制。
首先，上下联字数要相等。
譬如，“新春富贵年年好，佳岁平安步步高”这副春联，每联都是七个字，上下联字数相等，这是春联的最基本的要求。
其次，上下联词性要相对。
如刚才例举的“新春富贵年年好，佳岁平安步步高”，上下联词性相对，“新春”对“佳岁”，“富贵”对“平安”，“年年好”对“步步高”。
此外，上下联平仄要相调。
现在的一声二声大致相当于古代的平声,三声四声大致相当于古代的仄声。
对联讲究平仄，末尾最严。
上联末尾字字音必须为仄声，下联末尾字字音必须为平声。
如“天增岁月人增寿，春满乾坤福满门”，上下联末的“寿”和“门”就分别是仄声和平声。
③春联的内容也有许多讲究。
譬如，“春好禾苗壮，人新稻谷丰”是体现农民对新的一年祈望与祝福的春联。
“百货琳琅，柜盈春夏秋冬货；大楼兴旺，客满东西南北楼”是宣传商业繁荣的春联。
可见，不同的人家，不同的行业，都会有不同于他人的祈望与祝福。
春联的内容，不仅【甲】应符合作者自身的特点，更【乙】应体现出一种健康的审美趣味和追求。
如“好时代好风光处处有好人好事，新社会新气象天天谱新曲新歌”这样的春联概括了祖国百花争艳，万物生辉的繁荣景象，讴歌了新时代的新面貌，表达了春联的创作者对祖国日新月异的美好生活的赞颂。
又如“一夜连双岁岁岁如意，五更分二年年年称心”这样的春联表达了对未来的美好追求和向往。
④当代艺术大师周汝昌先生说：“春联是举世罕有伦比的最伟大、最瑰奇的文艺活动。
”这种数千年流传下来的象征吉祥、表达人们向往美好生活的民族风俗必将在新的世纪得到继承并发扬光大。
18．第③段中画线的【甲】【乙】两句调换位置后表达重点与原意不符，请结合上下文说出不能调换的三条具体理由。
（3分)答：19．借助文章中的相关知识，选择一个恰当的下联，并从对联的形式上说出两个选择此联而不选择彼联的原因。
（5分）【选错全没分】上联：祖国山河好下联：A.人民岁月新 B. 五洲同欢庆（1）下联：（2）原因：朝阳区阅读《酸化的海洋》，完成第19-21题。
（共8分）酸化的海洋①地球表面积的2/3被海洋覆盖，海洋对地球的影响要大于陆地。
大气中的二氧化碳大约有1/4被海洋吸收，这对降低二氧化碳浓度、减缓气候变暖起到了重要的作用。
然而，随着煤、石油、天然气等化石燃料被大量使用，大气中二氧化碳的浓度急剧上升，过量的二氧化碳打破了海洋自身的酸碱平衡，使海水逐渐变酸。
②我们知道，二氧化碳微溶于水，与海水结合会生成碳酸，改变表层海水的酸度。
海洋科学家们认为，目前海洋酸化速度是过去3亿年来最快的。
③研究发现，距今5600万年前的“古新世——始新世极热事件”是地球古代历史上海洋酸化程度最厉害的一次。
在那次事件中，地球二氧化碳浓度增加了一倍（其原因尚未完全搞清，有可能是火山爆发惹的祸），导致地球大气温度升高了6℃，造成了大量物种灭绝。
研究人员通过分析南极洲海底淤泥的成分，发现这次极热事件使海水的pH值最多有可能下降了0.45个单位。
pH值是衡量酸度的单位，pH值越低，酸度就越大。
④值得一提的是，这次极热事件的时间持续了2万年。
⑤地球二氧化碳浓度在过去的100年里已经增加了30%。
换句话说，目前的大气二氧化碳浓度升高速度远大于5600万年前的极热事件。
根据联合国的评估报告，自1751年工业化开始到1994年为止，海洋表层海水的pH值从8.25降到了8.14，下降了0.11个单位。
如果目前的二氧化碳排放趋势继续下去的话，到本世纪末海水酸度还将再下降0.3-0.5个单位，那个时候海洋酸度的下降幅度就和当年的极热事件持平了。
唯一不同的是，因为人类的参与，这次海洋的酸化只用了不到400年。
⑥酸性的海水带有腐蚀性，腐蚀海洋生物的身体。
最新的实验表明，海水pH值的变化会危害某些海洋生物——特别是钙化藻类、贝类、甲壳类和珊瑚。
当这些生物消失时，与它们息息相关的其他海洋生物也将面临巨大威胁，海洋生态系统将遭受毁灭性的破坏。
5600万年前的极热事件中，就有5%至10%的海洋物种灭绝了。
据估计，目前全球有5亿多人依靠捕鱼和水产养殖作为蛋白质摄入和经济收入的来源，他们将是海洋酸化的另一个受害者。