1 Historical background of the 1920s & 1930s
大学英语精读第五册第三版第三单元
Language characteristics
02 Background of the und
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The text is set in the 1920s, a period of significant cultural change in the United States. The Jazz Age, Prohibition, and the rise of the modernist movement are all reflected in the text.
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List of phrasal expressions
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1. "in the first place" - used to indicate that something should be done first or before anything else.
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2. "in the second place" - used to indicate that something else should be done after the first thing mentioned.
Vocabulary
The article uses a wide range of vocabulary, including technical terms related to the field of mass communication.
Teaching demo--A Short Story
Preclass work
• Individual work:
2) stylistic analysis: This hunting story is described as a gripping horror narrative loaded with action. What stylistic features can you find in the text to support this description? (verbs, syntax variation, imagery in setting and characterization, suspense, etc.)
day 3)
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Day 2
• Check on preview: language • Detailed study: part by part
Activities: blank filling, paraphrasing, translation, etc.
08/09/06 WANG
Zaroff on the shoulder.
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Ship-trap Island
Ugandan trick
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W
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Death swamp
Background information
I: Introduction to the author & his work
08/09/06 WANG
Characterization
Stereotype, ZaroCfofssack
KindredRsapinirsitfsord 志趣相投
上海市总工会英语
上海市总工会英语The Shanghai General Labour Union: A Pillar in Shanghai's Labor MovementIntroductionThe Shanghai General Labour Union (SGLU) is a key organization that represents and safeguards the rights and interests of workers in Shanghai, China. Since its establishment in 1920, the SGLU has played a pivotal role in advocating for workers' rights, providing services and support, and promoting harmonious labor relations. This article aims to explore the history, functions, and achievements of the SGLU, as well as its contribution to Shanghai's labor movement.1. Historical BackgroundThe establishment of the SGLU can be traced back to the early 20th century when workers in Shanghai faced severe exploitation and oppression. In response to these challenges, labor activists, intellectuals, and workers' organizations united to form the Shanghai General Labour Union in 1920. The SGLU quickly became a platform for workers to voice their concerns, negotiate with employers, and advocate for better working conditions.2. Functions and ServicesThe SGLU serves as a bridge between workers and employers, aiming to promote fair and just labor practices. It offers a range of services to workers, including legal advice, collective bargaining, training programs, and social security benefits. Through these services, the SGLU ensures that workers' rights are protected, and their welfare is improved.3. Achievements and ContributionsThroughout its history, the SGLU has achieved significant milestones and made remarkable contributions to Shanghai's labor movement. Some notable achievements include:3.1. Wage Increases and Better Working ConditionsThe SGLU has been instrumental in negotiating and advocating for wage increases and improved working conditions for workers in Shanghai. Through collective bargaining and the establishment of labor standards, the SGLU has successfully secured fair wages, reduced working hours, and improved occupational safety.3.2. Social Welfare and InsuranceThe SGLU has been actively involved in promoting social welfare and insurance schemes for workers. It has worked closely with government agencies and employers to establish comprehensive social security systems, including healthcare, pensions, and unemployment benefits. These initiatives have significantly improved the well-being of workers and their families.3.3. Training and Skill DevelopmentRecognizing the importance of skills and knowledge in enhancing workers' employability and job satisfaction, the SGLU has prioritized training and skill development programs. These initiatives aim to upgrade workers' skills, promote lifelong learning, and enable them to adapt to the changing demands of the labor market.4. Promoting Harmonious Labor RelationsAnother crucial aspect of the SGLU's work is the promotion of harmonious labor relations in Shanghai. The SGLU actively encourages dialogue, cooperation, and mutual understanding between workers and employers. It plays a significant role in mediating labor disputes, fostering constructive communication, and maintaining industrial peace.5. International Collaboration and ExchangeThe SGLU actively engages in international collaboration and exchange to learn from global best practices and promote workers' rights on an international scale. It has established partnerships with labor unions and organizations from around the world, participating in conferences, seminars, and joint initiatives. Through these efforts, theSGLU strives to contribute to the global labor movement and advocate for workers' rights beyond Shanghai's borders.ConclusionThe Shanghai General Labour Union has been a steadfast advocate for workers' rights, a provider of essential services, and a promoter of harmonious labor relations. Throughout its history, the SGLU has played a crucial role in improving the working and living conditions of workers in Shanghai. By continuously adapting to the evolving needs of workers and actively engaging with relevant stakeholders, the SGLU remains an integral part of Shanghai's labor movement, contributing to the city's economic and social development.。
The 1920s介绍
Social Upheavals
On the social scene, there was a high degree of intolerance. The Chicago Race Riot of 1919 resulted in destruction, death, hatred, and bigotry. The KKK redoubled its effort at racial persecution. In the meantime, there was in the south an attempt to conserve the southern lifestyle and southern values which were in the main agrarian as against the industrial north. 1920s was an era of great popular contempt for the law. The Prohibition of alcohol outraged popular taste; bootleggers moved in to reap huge profits from illegal sales. This was a sad period in which the dream had failed, and the country was building up economic troubles as along and heading direct toward disaster.
The USA made a great deal of money in the war and became a lot richer, so that there appeared an economic
20世纪美国文学史
II. Literature in the 50s.
A new generation of American authors appeared writing in the skeptical, ironic tradition of the earlier realists and naturalists. The writers used a prose style modeled on the works of Ernest Hemingway, and F. S. Fitzgerald, narrative techniques of William Faulkner, psychological insights of Sigmund Freud. In the 1950s, the “Beat” writers, in expression of disaffection with “official” American life, were brutally and directly dominant. The so-called “Beat Generation,” though not expatriate like the Lost Generation, were alienated— feeling like foreigners in their own country.
Lost Generation
refers to those writers who were devoid of faith, values and ideas and who were alienated from the civilization the capitalist society advocated. It includes the writers such as (Hemingway, F.S. Fitzgerald, Thomas Wolfe, and Louis Bromfield) and poets (like Malcolm Cowley, E. E. Cummings, Archibald Macleish, and Ezra Pound), who rebelled against former values and ideas, but replaced them only by despair or a cynical hedonism. They were totally frustrated by the WWI and returned from that “Great War” to their own country only to find the grim reality that the social values and civilization were hollow and affected if compared to the cruel realities of the battleground. They felt alienated from American civilization, which was conveyed in their
浅析“迷惘的一代”及其对美国文学及文化的影响
浅析“迷惘的一代”及其对美国文学及文化的影响摘要:在1920- 1930年代,世界第一次世界大战之后,美国出现了这样一种社会现象,那就是:在一战爆发前刚刚步入成年的年轻人充满了厌恶战争、悲观和迷茫的情绪。
他们成长的年代是资本主义渐渐的没落的年代。
因为这个时代的特点,他们的思想是复杂而矛盾的。
他们感到迷茫,因此他们被称为“迷惘的一代”。
这种现象广泛而深入地从美国蔓延到整个西方社会,它的影响在历史上是十分罕见的。
本文将简单研究迷惘的一代的历史背景和产生的原因、其主要特点和它对美国文学及文化的影响。
关键词：迷惘的一代；历史渊源；文化价值；影响The Brief Analysis of the Lost Generation and Its Influence onAmerican Literature and CultureAbstract: In the 1920s—1930s, after the world warⅠ, there appears a social phenomenon, that is: The youths who were just becoming adults when the war broke out were feel disappointed and lost. When the youth were growing up, the capitalism was declining. Because of the characteristic of that age, their ideology was intricate and paradoxical. They felt so lost, and they were called the Lost Generation. This phenomenon spread from the United States to the western society widely and deeply, and its influence on western society is rare in history. This paper will briefly study the historical background of the Lost Generation and its forming factors and main characteristics, and will focus on the Lost Generation’s influence on American literature and culture.Key words:lost generation; historical origins; cultural value; influenceContentsIntroduction (1)PartⅠThe background of the Lost Generation (2)1.1 The introduction of the lost generation (2)1.2 Forming factors of the lost generation (2)1.2.1 The effects of the First World War (2)1.2.2 The change of people’ ideas (3)1.2.3 The influence of western ideas on American youth (4)Part Ⅱ Main Characteristics of the Lost Generation (5)2.1 The confusion about war ――against the war (5)2.2 The confusion about life (6)2.3 The confusion about social reality (7)Part Ⅲ The Influence on American Literature and Culture (9)3.1 The lost generation’s influence on American literature (9)3.1.1 The maturity of American literature (9)3.1.2 Minimalism and Innovation (9)3.2 The lost generation’s influence on American culture (10)3.2.1 Multicultural promotion (10)3.2.2 Effect on American media (11)Conclusion (12)Bibliography (13)IntroductionLost generation is a term that has been widely accepted in the field of literary studies，it refers to youth and young writers with disillusionment after the First World War. Their characteristics are weariness,pessimism and disappointment.There are many studies about the lost generation, many scholars and critics were talk about the lost generation which is represented by Hemingway. Most studies are according literature history to analyze Hemingway and the Lost Generation, but the discussion of deep-seated reasons behind Hemingway and the Lost Generation, which leads to the forming of the Lost Generation, the research about this aspect is not much. Therefore, this article will combine the literature and history to analyze the lost generation. This paper analyzes the Lost Generation through the history of the United States and studies its formation factors, characteristics and influence with the help of writers and works of the Lost Generation.Last century, the United States was in a ‘cultural boiling’period: times change and People's thoughts conflicted with traditional culture, which almost reshaped America youth’s cultural attitudes and behaviors, and led to the Lost Generation.Nowadays, China is building a socialist harmonious society at present, and it has to rely on the young generation. Today there is a problem that is after the reform and opening up, under the background of globalization, Young people’s thoughts are under attack. There are many new ideas, some of them are good, and some are bad, which have very deep influence on Chinese youth. In this environment, teenagers are easy to get lost. So how to educate teenagers in ideology, to enable them to develop in a healthy way and to avoid them becoming the new ‘Lost Generation’ are the issues that every educator is facing.This paper will study from the angle of history and literature, according to the previously published monographs and journals to research historical causes of the main characteristics and impact of the Lost Generation. Besides, according to current situation of the Chinese society, it will put forward a bit to prevent Chinese-style ‘Lost G eneration’.PartⅠThe background of the Lost Generation1.1 The introduction of the lost generationThe Lost Generation was the generation that came of age during World War I, which was coined by Gertrude Stein, a lost generation writer herself. Between the first and second World Wars, writers of the Lost Generation were abroad, many of them went to Europe. Self-exiled to France in the post World War I, a number of intellectuals, poets, artists and writers sought the bohemian lifestyle and rejected the values of American materialism. And its center was in Paris.Poet Gertrude Stein actually pointed the ‘Lost Generation’ out. She said to Ernest Hemingway, “You are all a lost generation.” Hemingway took it as the inscription in his first novel The Sun Also Rises, and the lo st generation gradually became the name of ‘melancholic temperament’ youth after the Word WarⅠ. Then it became a title of an American modernism literature genre---- The Lost Generation Literature. This literary genre has no organization or program, whose theme is lost and helpless; the Lost Generation has since become the title of those writers with the same creative tendency: Francis Scott Fitzgerald, Ernst Hemingway, John Dos Passos and Thomas Wolfe, etc.1.2 Forming factors of the lost generation1.2.1 The effects of the First World WarThe impact of the First World War on the outcome of American is affording much food for thought. The Allied USA supported won the war, and America also got its own economic interests from the war. But encouraging Americans to war’s lofty ideal, such as ‘fight for democracy in the world’, ‘take part in the war to end the war forever’ suffered a serious a serious setback after the war. This setback embodied the failure of the plan that United States want to establish the international union. On the surface this seems to be a failure in foreign policy, but in the eyes of many Americans, it is a symbol that behind the international union imagination, the concept of political democracy under the leadership of the America failed. What is more, this political idea’s disillusionment proclaimed that American traditional Puritanism ideas of which people hold the idea as they perform the sacred duties within the scope of world failed. In fact, it is this concept in 1917 that put tens of thousands of youngAmericans on the away from the United States to fight in Europe. Since this kind of idea is wrong, then the reason of war also is wrong. That is to say, fifty thousand American young men bleed for a lie, their blood is in vain. Young people sacrificed on the battlefield in Europe not only their body, their also suffered spiritual disillusionment. Lost is the mark of European battlefield survivors who suffered a lot. So under such mark they find reasons for their variety of heresy. They thought the values of Puritanism should be abolished. And on behalf of the lost generation were young writers in the forefront.1.2.2 The change of p eople’ ideasIn 20s, youth’s reflection and criticism not only for war, but also for the middle-class v alues. That is to say, the young’s dissatisfaction is largely for culture, which reflects that social cultural contradictions deeply existed in USA. The Norton Anthology of American Literature describes this cultural contradiction: the traditional Americans believed that one should work hard, obey standard, commit themselves and behave decently, they were trying to use Small towns of moral ideal the puritans believed in as a standard to shape American society. The opposite is some gradually clear loud voices, which came from immigrants, minorities, young people and women... who were trying to create a new, more diversified way of life.At the time of the American society, the core of social and economic life has changed from production to consumption after half a century of development. In order to make products can be fully absorbed by market, with media and advertising, a new moral relationship formed. This is ethical consumption. It advocated people to buy, to enjoy and to show their personality. In fact, it is this new fashion in the early 20th century expanded its influence on the United States, and gradually replaced the dominant position that the Puritanism production moral had occupied. The collapse of the old ideas offered space for young people to express their views, and new concepts even pushed the young people to the forefront of cultural wave. That is because the bondage of young generation’s concepts significantly weaker than middle-class’s. They were energetic, and they had strong ability to accept new things. Though their economic ability was limited, but they were more willing to consume, so they get the favor of business. A lot of media such as magazines, newspapers, books and radio advertised to young people's life, which attract young people to spend on one hand, on the other hand, it set up a set of values suitable for young people. In general, the cultural focus to young people because they were adapted to the characteristics of the consumption economy and its values.1.2.3 The influence of western ideas on American youthIn the 20th century, the western mainstream thought profoundly influenced on American youth. These ideas include cynicism, disillusionment, death and nothingness.In 1914 the international order was broken, and this situation played a leading role for a long time in twentieth Century. Because of the war, a new kind of cynicism emerged as the times require. Therefore, the society was full of cynical thoughts, the faith of the human gone. This disillusionment mood soon appeared in the war, the British writer Herbert Read said that as long as spend a week in the trenches, you will eliminate any remnants of romantic idea to war. With the growth number of war casualties, western society appeared the voice of protest. Finally, those who survived mostly were ashamed of their involvement in the war.The war was very popular in the original, but painful in the end. And this sentiment lasted for a long time, affected the people’s world outlook after war. In the 1920s, pessimistic atmosphere had spread throughout the western world, included the United States,people can feel the strong pessimistic thoughts and subversive ideas. Under the influence of these thoughts, the consciousness of death, pessimism is during the First World War and the postwar in America society. The worst casualties in the battlefield were junior officers who, in general speaking, were the youth received a good education. Under the stimulation of the war, they wrote many works with anti-war, pessimistic and lost emotions. Like Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms, and John Dos Passos’s Three Soldiers and many other works have reflected these emotions.Part ⅡMain Characteristics of the Lost GenerationThe so-called lost generation refers to the American writers especially the young writers with a lot of confusion and frustration at that time. They are confused because the traditional concepts of this generation could not suit the postwar world, but they could not find a new rule of life. They think only the reality is the truth, but the reality is cruel. Therefore, they could only act according to their instinct and sense, tried to rebel the ideals and values they held before, used rebellious thoughts and actions to express their dissatisfaction with the reality. The main characteristics of the lost generation are shown in the following three aspects: the confusion of war, the confusion of life and the confusion of social reality.2.1 The confusion about war ――against the warIn 1914, the First World War broke out. With a sacred fanatical passion of justice, many American youth went to Europe, attended the President of the United States called ‘the war to eliminate all wars’, to test their courage and determination. They were not afraid of sacrifices, they had almost consumed their youth and lives. But Versailles contract signed after the war let them find all of this just the history playing with them. Their body suffered great damage and their soul also suffered from shadow. Worse influence of war on America is not proportional to it cost.First of all, people’s abhorrence of war is very common in American. Young people saw countries politicians in Paris Peace Conference bickering and bargaining, were deeply feel betrayed. They are not belligerent, and the interests of the war to them are not direct as to Europeans. It can be said that they are more fight for the faith. So when they were cheated, despite their material losses are less than others, their mental injury is very profound.Secondly, the war caused more mental hurt to the intellectuals, which is also one of the reasons for their anti-war. In this war, they saw the decline of European civilization that they had used to be proud of. War exposed the hypocrisy essence of capitalist civilization, and youth were confused about whether European civilization could make for. For example, Hemingway had been to France, Italy and Spain during the world war one, when he was injured, his view on the war was still ideal. He used to write to his parents, “We are ready to dedicate our lives, but only a few were selected, those who gave their lives also do not need honor, because they are lucky.” (Zeng, 1999:79)This high passion contrasts with the pain that he expressed in A Farewell to Arms. Then he realized that ‘the t ruth of war, I was most need to know when it was utterly ignorant’. Confusion and disappointment were among the whole of the 20s.Therefore, led by Ernest Hemingway, a generation of young Americans writers used their pens, to vent their anti-war thought. Almost every role in their works experienced the hardships of war, so their characters are the mirror of the lost generation. For example, in Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms, Henry saw the truth about war, he is aware of fighting in the war did not save justice or truth; even it doesn't matter with himself. The soldiers he loved, however, also are the accomplice of war makers. He downhearted and was lost. He as well as other young combatants fell into a deep spiritual crisis. Hoping to get peace by drinking, Henry is drown his sorrows in wine and be in the hope of self anesthesia. The war destroyed his political beliefs and ideals, and all of his values were collapsed. Hemingway said, through Henry's inner monologue, “I had seen nothing sacred, and the things that were glorious had no glory and the sacrifices were like the stockyards at Chicago if nothing was done with the meat except to bury it.”(Hemingway, 1980:165)Another representative writer Dos Passos in Three soldiers also described the development tendency of the lost generation, in which he revealed how the war destroyed individual hobby and ideal and showed the disappointment of the younger generation. Passos was very discontent about the current situation of America, including they were tricked into Europe. In his mind, the only hope is revolution - politicians, capitalists, warmonger and chauvinist, to kill them all.2.2 The confusion about lifeYoung American’s confusion was associated with social conditions, their families, education and social values. Facing an economic crisis, the depressed market society, young people want to fight again, but after struggle the result was either failure or more empty. Thus, their attitude towards life became more pessimistic.After the war soldiers need to work, but the recession caused great difficulties for them. In particular, military life and cruel war profoundly had a bad effect on their moral character. At that time, War and the so-called peace, made them feel the world was meaningless, they had to escape from reality. Therefore, wild ideas popularized among young people, especially the sexual orgies of ‘carpe diem’. Those young people completely disregard any moral rules or old commandment.These decadent behaviors can be verified from the works of many American writers of the day.In the Sun Also Rises, Hemingway depicts a group of American young people's mental state and outlook on life: they discarded their own misfortune, their values and all social moral standards. In order to ‘live every minute effectively ’, they lived a Bohemian life. The hero in novel lost sexual ability in the war, but he still indulge in debauchery life. However, he didn't get any spiritual solace, he felt more depressed and hopeless.Francis Scott Fitzgerald’s works also showed the same theme. His This Side of Paradise reflects the effects of war on the American ethos, including the oscillation of traditional bourgeois morality and their mood - wild but restless.Through this story we can see that disappointment and confusion is not only on soldiers, but on all this generation.2.3 The confusion about social realityAt the beginning of the 20th century, American society showed a scene of chaos, numerous contradictions fully revealed in the post-war: the growing gap between rich and poor, the depressed market and more and more unemployment men, which made a lot of social problems. In such a society, it is generally felt the injustice of the world. Lost their idea and goal, people felt depressed and helpless. Soldiers returning from the battlefield faced such social scene, they felt misunderstand: their ideas were liberated, but they felt uncertain about real life or perplexed about the future.At the same time, many European countries’ way of life and life attitude was beginning to affect the postwar American youth. Many young Americans went to the European and broaden their horizon. They appreciated the Frenchman's natural and romantic emotional appeal. They began to imitate, the United States has formed a new fashion: young men wearing raccoon leather jacket, carrying travel kettle; Young women perm hair, wear miniskirts, people’s action and clothes are no longer bound by tradition. Estrangement between Americans disappeared, people interaction increased, the new media appeared, you can contacted and communicated at any time.European fashion swept America. Parisians are free to drink, while the United States in 1919 passed the 18th prohibition amendment, young people still ignored it, liquor sales increased and cocktail were opened more. The United States entered a pursuit of material, a new era of easy making money.This phenomenon has been fully embodied in the works of Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby. This novel is exquisit e and accurately describes the ‘jazz age’ of the United States. With the arrival of the United States economic prosperity, the pain and loss of the First World War was soon replaced by blindly optimistic mood in society. To some extent, people were by abandoned the ideal to pursue wealth and to forget the pain of disillusionment. ‘From Rags to Ric hes’ is through personal efforts to achieve success, and it soon became the new target that the people pursue implementation. But people abandoned the past cherished society value, instead, they looked on money as the only standard to measure success in life. Gatsby wants to use extravagant party, luxurious villas and big like ‘monster’ car as a status symbol, and attempts to lure Daisy, his behavior is just the embodiment of the social psychology. But under the surface of prosperous, it is deeper than ever disillusionment, mental decline and moral decay. Gatsby’s tragedy shows lacking of spiritual support; the pursuit of pure material for the content of the ‘America dream’ has become a rotten thing, which is that people think that as long as the satisfaction of material can achieve the life satisfaction. And the pursuit of this dream can only pushed his ideal burst once again. The pursuit of Gatsby is a tragedy, not possible. This is a universal phenomenon in postwar American.Part ⅢThe Influence on American Literature and Culture 3.1 The lost generation’s influence on American literature3.1.1 The maturity of American literatureThe First World War, American post-war economical changes and development and the western consciousness of death and nihilism popularized in America and many other factors led to The Lost Generation. Although the existence of The Lost Generation is just a short decades, but the impact of it to the United States is vast and profound. The biggest impact is to form the ‘lost generation’ of the 20th century literature. The famous American poet, literary critic Malcolm Cowley compared twenty’s USA literature with The New England literary in Emerson’s age; he called it ‘the second prospe rity of American literature’, and considered that it has a strong impact on European culture and literature. Under this kind of shock, the lost generation writers contributed. The first is the emergence of writers in this period. According to incomplete st atistics in the Malcolm Cowley’s Exiles Return, born in 1891 to 1905 of The Lost Generation youth, in 1942, 236 people have been included in the American culture celebrity dictionary. In The High Tide of American Literature, Malcolm Cowley expanded the list to 385. Second is the quality of the American literature during this period is also recognized as well. In addition to the familiar thing that Hemingway won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1954, and Eugene O'Neal (1936), Pearl Buck (1938), Faulkner (1949), Steinbeck (1962), Sol Bellow (1976) and Singer (1978) have won the Nobel Prize for Literature. So many writers and works appeared in this period and so high literary achievements fully show that The Lost Generation is not only the second boom of American literature, it also the mark that the American literary have been freed from the British colonial literature and even the shadow of European literature, it entered the real mature period.3.1.2 Minimalism and InnovationTheir creations in the first were the tendency of literature minimalism and colloquial of language. The second is the form for innovation. These works is not only beneficial to us from the inside to understand the thoughts of The Lost Generation, the principle of life and creation, it also facilitate us to study on a full range of The Lost Generation. And good writers, workvividly appearing also deepens The Lost Generation of Literary legend, it spans the 20’s short time, and continuously affected on American literature in the late. Marc Dolan also thought lost generation can be the 20’s cultural symbol in the United States, because it is rare in American history that a group of writers be representative of an era. As it said before, the lost generation from the moment it appears has the cultural rebellion. The writers took off their uniform after the First World War, and went on writing Road. With their special experience of fighting and exiling in Europe to experience the modern European art enlightenment, their works excellently expressed anti-war sentiments and the modern youth’s disillusionment consciousness. Therefore, Middle-aged writer is difficult to go beyond them. Lost generation writer burst the middle-aged moderates in traditional literary rule and its elegant and polite, hey conquered the editors, publishers, and readers, to become the leading voice of the 20 s American national literature.3.2 The lost g eneration’s influence on American culture3.2.1 Multicultural promotionHowever, the social impact of the Lost Generation has been far beyond the category of literature, in the field of social thoughts and culture, it triggered the revolutionary sensation, affects the young generation of thought and behavior. America writer Marc Dolan in A Cultural Re-reading of the Lost Generation also said ‘the lost generation in the becoming an artist, becoming an American and becoming a personality’.(Dolan, 1996:47).For example, in The Sun Also Rises published shortly after, “young man tried to drink as calmly as the hero of the novel, ladies like the heroine of the novel so sad to Jedi to fall in love one by one, they all talk l ike the characters in Hemingway’s works.” (Cowley, 1986:174) Fitzgerald's novel also accurately record the degenerate, and night revelry of celebrities and fashionable woman, at the same time, It put this way of life deeper and wider promotion to the whole society, which thus lead to the emergence of the Beat Generation in the 50's. This kind of culture, literature movement swept across the United States, at the same time, it also carried hundreds of modernist art and popular lifestyle trends on. It can be said that in the influence of the lost generation ideology, coupled with the Harlem Renaissance, Women’s Rights Movement as well as the rise of various immigrant cultures, the multi-pattern began to form.3.2.2 Effect on American mediaAlso at that time in America society, subject to the influence of the lost generation also performed in other aspects of social life, like music, movies which were in great impact. American writer Arnold Shaw in his work The Jazz Age:Popular Music in the 1920’s says, “Jazz reflects the sluggish economy and the glamorous life. It’s the symbol of the times, in fact, it represented the western society to rethink the value of music, broken the idea of music position possessed and enjoyed by specific class. For the life history of the black Americans, for example, jazz reflected the people hard work and the strong desire to survive.”(Arnold Shaw, 1997:98)At a time when the American film began to be popular, even it was silent film, but there is no doubt that it is also affected by the Lost Generation. The famous writer Steven·J·Ross in Movies and American Society described the impact on film: “The working - class nickelodeon was described on The one hand as a community center and conqueror of The saloon, and on The other hand The AD a school for scandal would adolescent boys to steal and The girls to be promiscuous”（Steven, 2002:85）.Such many examples, thus it is easy to come to the conclusion that the impact of the Lost Generation on American society is comprehensive, and it is stunning. Lost generation’s formation was related to the western world of that time. But as educators and leaders in the times of the Lost Generation, USA government inaction can not shirk its responsibility.ConclusionLost Generation’s influence on American and even the whole western society is so profound; the impact of time is so long. This phenomenon is worth our consideration. At that time, t he American society in general is a huge ‘paradox’, ideological, moral, intellective and cultural attitude is full of contradictions: people cared for tradition, but yearn for a freer and more open future. Those 20 years of American literature are dominated by young writers, behind their strong cultural critical attitude, are radical and conservative, rebellious and nostalgic opposite factors, and are also a period of cultural upheavals of the confusion and difficult exploration.Exhaustion of body and mind, the postwar youth could not find a little meaning of life, only the emptiness and confusion. Thus, they had no confidence or belief in their traditional values, the society and even themselves. In fact, the United States and even the whole western mainstream ideas are away from the society and escaped from reality.This phenomenon of moral education is worthy learning from them in China. As we all know, China is trying to achieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, is in a critical period of building a socialist harmonious society. It is necessary for us to participate in the whole society, especially the young generation. We should note that guiding young people’s thought is a long-term process, we can’t slack off, and educators should attach great importance to ideological changes of teenagers and take effective measures. Therefore, emphasizing on today’s Chinese students to cultivate the humanity is important, as well as to prevent them from becoming ‘lost generation’.。
The Most Dangerous Game
• to deplore • fml. to disapprove of sth very strongly and criticize it severely, especially publicly, often because you think it is immoral • The UN deplored the invasion as a ‘violation of international law’.
courtly adj.
• fml extremely graceful and polite, esp. in an old-fashioned way • a tall man with courtly manners
• courtesy n. • courteous adj.
• • • •
to put some distance between
• to go away from a person or place, esp. in order to avoid a dangerous or unpleasant situation • She felt she had to put some distance between herself and the house.
• The strategy is to put some distance between the liberal and conservative branches of the party. • My instincts warned me to put some distance between us.
• 4. artistic features: What about the story have impressed you the most? • atmosphere • fear • suspense • attention keepers • the Gothic style
Narrative Technique in Katherine Anne Porter’s O
Journal of Literature and Art Studies, November 2019, Vol. 9, No. 11, 1149-1152doi: 10.17265/2159-5836/2019.11.004Narrative Technique in Katherine Anne Porter’s Old Morality andNoon WineWANG Ru, XIANG WenJiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, ChinaIn the first half of the 20th century, a great number of modernism literary works emerged. Katherine Ann Porter,a famous short story writer and stylist, has positive thoughts and keen insights, and her unique artistic features inher works are innovative and attractive. Her works also have a good reputation both at home and abroad. This paperselects Porter’s famous collection Pale Horse, Pale Rider including Old Morality and Noon Wine to analyze andexplore their narrative technique.Keywords: Katherine Anne Porter, Old Morality, Noon Wine, narrative techniqueIntroduction of Katherine Anne Porter and Her worksKatherine Anne Porter was born in the 1890s, where an era between old order and new order fights against seriously. Porter’s literary ideas can be traced back to her childhood. “Those early readings began in Texas, just All Rights Reserved.before World War First before ever I left home, they ended in Paris, twenty years later, after the longest kid ofjourney” (Porter, 1970, p. 84).Porter has spent most of her life to travel abroad, and the travel experiences make her well have a good understanding of contemporary literary features of art and thought. In the 1920s, Porter was invited to work as ajournalist in Mexico and was involved in the Mexican revolution, which also became the historical background ofthe later Hacienda and the famous short story Flowering Judas. During Porter’s time in Europe, she completedher important works, such as The Grave and The Circus.“Throughout her long life, she gained much of the political awareness and artistic kaleidoscope of the twentieth century from her reading” (Stout, 1995, p. 219). Porter’s review articles and her correspondences withliterary friends show her keen insight into other writers and works, which helps us better appreciate Porter’sliterary creation. From Porter’s novelettes, there are various roles, many of whom are strange, disabled, andnon-speaking people. All of these people are Porter’s caring characters. To some extent, these roles also showPorter’s modernism consciousness. Porter admired Woolf’s acknowledgment of “love of life itself and of dailyliving, a spirit at once gay and severe, exacting and generous” (Porter, 1970, p. 71), which manifests that Porternoticed the complexity of life. For the novel’s form or writing skills, Porter admires Woolf and Joyce’sexperimental innovations in the form of novels and applies them to her own works. With her life experiences andWANG Ru, Master Degree, English Professor, Foreign Languages School, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China.XIANG Wen, Master Degree, English postgraduate student, Foreign Languages School, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang,China.1150NARRATIVE TECHNIQUE IN KATHERINE ANNE PORTER’Scareer needs, Porter has demonstrated the unique feature of narrative technique in her works.Narrative TechniqueNarrative theory occupies an important position in many literary theories of the 20th century. In narrative form, modernism writers abandon the omniscient point of view; however, they adopted a more objective, real,and convincing internal focalization model where one or more of the characters in the works describe everythinghe knows from his or her own point of view, while external focalization patterns are those that one observerdescribes everything that he witnesses, and keep the emotions and ideas of the main characters in secret. “Shiftsof perspective and moment impressions are flexibly used and interspersed in the works, greatly avoiding theintricate limitations of language narration, expanding the tension of language and enriching the means oflanguage expression” (Gao, 2000, p. 10).This paper explores the narrative techniques embodied in her works from the narrator’s point of view. The concept of “narrator” here comes from Isell, who proposes it that the author is not equal to the implied authorwhich is equal to the narrator. And he states:Although the story of a novel usually has to be described by one author, the author is not the same person as we know through his or her life experiences, so in this case, calling the author as narrator is more precise. (Wang, 1991, p.39)Among the two novelettes selected in this paper, the third-person point of view is applied most. In the third-person point of view, there are two narrators: One is the text narrator, and the other is the character narrator.The relationship between the text narrator and the character narrator is not the same. There are roughly three All Rights Reserved.kinds of relationships: the text narrator agrees or sympathizes with the character narrator; the text narrator doesnot agree or criticize the character narrator; the text narrator completely disagrees with the character narrator.The Third-Person Point of View in Old MoralityFrom the narrator who appears in the novelette Old Morality, the omniscient narrator in Porter’s work ceases to be omnipotent and omniscient, but “limited omniscient narrator”. In Old Morality, Miranda’s age spans from 8to 18. She often fails to figure out why the adults are always inconsistent with the reality: Aunt Amy is a perfectSouthern lady in the eyes of Harry and the clan’s elders, and all the people in the family have the slim body, butfrom the limited omniscient narrative in the novel can be seen, the facts are always opposite.It was a reckless indifferent smile, rather disturbing to her nieces Maria and Miranda. Quite often they wondered why every older person who looked at the picture said, “How lovely”; and why everyone who had known her thought herso beautiful and charming. (Porter, 1979, p. 173)Aunt Amy is not as dignified and beautiful as the elders said, but rather “indifferent” and cannot really be described as “lovely” from the view of Miranda. The elderly in the south chose not to see these facts, just living intheir own memory. In Dad Harry’s world, his family never had a fat person, but in the next Miranda’s confusion,the truth cannot be covered up. Obviously, there are great-aunt Eliza who could not pass the door and great-auntKeziah who was not allowed to ride the horse. By the limited omniscient narration, the conservative image ofHarry and the elderly generation in the South is sketched out. In a mocking tone, Porter implicitly expresses herirony of Harry’s family to maintain and beautify the old tradition and the old forces.NARRATIVE TECHNIQUE IN KATHERINE ANNE PORTER’S 1151Through the confusion of the hero Miranda, readers know that the family used to indulge in memories of past good things. Sensitive Amy hated life’s emptiness, but she did not know how to resist, only indulging herselfat the ball, dealing with men in order to fight this boring world. Her rebellious way eventually ended up withdeath. From Miranda’s limited perspective, the two young girls entered the monastery to learn. Gabriel, a keyfigure in the novel, appeared. While portraying Gabriel in the novel, Porter uses the limited omniscientperspective: “He was a shabby fat man with bloodshot blue eyes, sad beaten eyes, and a big melancholy laugh,like a groan. He towered over them shouting to their father” (Porter, 1979, p. 197).When Miranda has grown up and had her own independent thinking, and would not be childish to allow the family to misinterpret the facts. On the train to Uncle Gabriel’s funeral, she met Cousin Eva and suddenlyeclipsed her childhood memories in the southern family filled with nostalgia and backwardness.The third-personnarrative mode of combining the limited omniscience narration with limited character narration in Old Moralityshows the conservative, pedantic, and hypocritical of the old generation headed by Harry in the southern family.she did not compromise, refusing to believe the facts in the mouth of Cousin Eva about those of the past.The Shifts of Limited Viewpoint in Noon WineIn Noon Wine, the writer mainly uses two characters to apply the shifts of limited perspective: Mr.Thompson and Mrs. Thompson. This is a major strategy in Porter’s novels and a usual narrative technique usedby modernism writers.Mr. Thompson saw a narrow-chested man with blue eyes so pale they were almost white,...a long gaunt face, under white eyebrows. Mr. Thompson judged him to be another of these Irishmen. (Porter, 1979, p. 223)All Rights Reserved.Porter described the first impression of Mr. Helton from Thompson couple’s perspective. The careful readers can have a well understanding about the appearance and body shape of Mr. Helton through the shifts ofthe limited viewpoint. However, when the readers keep reading, they would find that Mr. Helton is definitely agood helper in this farm:In the second year, he showed Mr. Thompson the picture of a cheese press in a mail order catalogue, and said, “You buy this, I make cheese.”In the third year, he raised Mr. Helton’s wages, though Mr. Helton had not asked for a raise.The fourth year, when Mr. Thompson was not only out of debt but had a little cash in the bank. (Porter, 1979, p. 235) The readers are easily disturbed by the narration of the Thompsons. However, the following parts show that Mr. Helton not only managed to keep this dilapidated farm under its own terms but also made Mr. Thompsonprofitable. This narrative technique can produce unexpected results. Although readers can get more clues fromthe shifts of the limited viewpoint, sometimes it is difficult to determine what is wrong and what is right. From Mr.Thompson’s point of view:Mr. Thompson saw it coming, he saw the blade going into Mr. Helton’s stomach, he knew he had the ax out of the log in his own hands, felt his arms go up over his head and bring the ax down on Mr. Hatch’s head as if he were stunninga beef. (Porter, 1979, pp. 255-256)Here, readers will certainly conclude that Mr. Hatch is guilty of deeds, and Mr. Thompson killed only to protect the Mr. Helton. The description of the shifts of limited viewpoint towards the same event provides thereaders with the possibility of multi-angle understanding and also allows the readers to know each individual’s1152NARRATIVE TECHNIQUE IN KATHERINE ANNE PORTER’Smind. Now, the tragedy changed his fate; he lost the ability to fail to distinguish the reality and the illusion; hedoes not understand the source of the evil force just as he does not understand the indifference of the surroundingenvironment. Moreover, this tragedy, in the eyes of Mrs. Thompson, a gentle and timid woman, seemed bloodyand cruel; she could not know men’s violence and could not forgive her husband.ConclusionKatherine Anne Porter is a talented writer whose creative attitude is rigorous and serious and her works are distinguished. Edmund Wilson once applauded her “a first-rate artist” who wrote “English of a purity andprecision almost unique in contemporary American fiction” (Unrue, 2008, p. 9). In Porter’s life, she creates manyoutstanding novels that earn her a worldwide reputation. Many researchers begin to focus on the writing stylesand techniques in her works because she is a recognized and remarkable stylist. Some commentators considerPorter as a realism writer, because most of the writing materials in her works are derived from her own personalexperiences, as well as a portrayal of the real world. Nevertheless, some of her works are rich in the features ofmodernism.The narrative technique is different from the traditional omniscience narration, which is omnipotent and omniscient. Based on this, Porter pays more attention to the inner world of the characters in the novels; at thelevel of thought, it shows the profound sense of crisis toward modern western capitalist cultures and civilizationsthat has led to the anti-traditional themes in modernism literature. One of the most prominent is the exploration ofthe comprehensive distortion and severe alienation between man and man, man and society, man and nature, manand self, the paradox and the new understanding of the death theme. Both the features of narrative techniques and All Rights Reserved.the features of thought are reflected in Porter’s works, especially in the texts discussed in this paper and OldMorality and Noon Wine.ReferencesAustenfeld, T. (1996). Katherine Anne Porter: A sense of the times by Janis P. Stout (review). Rocky Mountain Review of Language & Literature, 50, 97-99.Davis, B. T. (1993). Interview. The art of fiction, No. 29. The Paris Review, (Winter-Spring), 30-34.Gao, F. (2000). Source and flow of western modernism literature. Ningbo: Ningbo Press.Gary, E. R. (2003). Death and Katherine Anne Porter: A reading of the long stories. In IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science (pp. 286-287). Jeju, South Korea, South Korea.Givner, J. (1982). Katherine Anne Porter: A life. New York: Simon and Schuster.Porter, K. A. (March 8, 1932). Letters to Paul Porter Sr.Porter, K. A. (1970). Collected essays and occasional writings of Katherine Anne Porter. New York: Delacorte Press.Porter, K. A. (1979). The collected stories of Katherine Anne Porter. San Diego, California: HBJ.Shen, D. (1998). Research on narratology and novel stylistics. Beijing: Peking University Press.Stout, J. P. (1995). Katherine Anne Porter: A sense of the time. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.Unrue, D. H. (1985). Truth and vision in Katherine Anne Porter’s Fiction. Athens: University of Georgia Press.Unrue, D. H. (Ed.). (2008). Katherine Anne Porter: Collected stories and other writings. New York: Library of America.。
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市之后不久，香奈儿设计的优雅、舒适的服装甚至使
原来最持怀疑态度的人都得到信服，她们以前都穿各 种连裤内衣和宽大的法国式短衬裤。
Bathing Beauty,
Paris 1920's
1920’s American Literature
1. Introduction 2. Background 3. Features of the literature
Agast-selling works of the 20th century are estimated to be Quotations from Chairman Mao (1966, 900 million copies), Harry Potter and the Philosopher‘s Stone (1997, 120 million copies), And Then There Were None (无人生还/孤岛奇案/十 个印第安小孩) 1939, 115 million copies) The Lord of the Rings (1954/55, 100 million copies)
dislocation fragmentation Failure
of the
American Dream
2. wide-spread contempt
for law (looking down
upon law)
3. Freud’s theory
3. Features of the literature
One of the twentieth century’s defining features is
“Modernist Experiment” radical artistic experiment
Among the leading aesthetic innovators of this era were the composer Igor Stravinsky
尤金· 奥尼尔《琼斯皇》
Death of William Dean Howells (b. 1837)
1921
Edith Wharton wins the Pulitzer Prize for The Age of Innocence. Although some of the judges wished to award the prize to Sinclair Lewis's Main Street.
I. Modern Period
1.New
Theories and Modernism the second American
2.1920’s:
Literary Renaissance
1. New Theories and Modernism
1) The Effect of the First World War: A Turning Point in the American Literature 2) New Theories and Ideas
十个印地安小男孩,为了吃饭去奔走；噎死一个没法救,十个只剩九。
九个印地安小男孩,深夜不寐真困乏；倒头一睡睡死啦,九个只剩八。 八个印地安小男孩,德文城里去猎奇；丢下一个命归西,八个只剩七。
七个印地安小男孩,伐树砍枝不顺手；斧劈两半一命休,七个只剩六。
六个印地安小男孩,玩弄蜂房惹蜂怒；飞来一蜇命呜呼,六个只剩五。 五个印地安小男孩,惹事生非打官司；官司缠身直到死,五个只剩四。 四个印地安小男孩,结伙出海遭大难；鱼吞一个血斑斑,四个只剩三。 三个印地安小男孩,动物园里遭祸殃；狗熊突然从天降,三个只剩两。 两个印地安小男孩,太阳底下长叹息；晒死烤死悲戚戚,两个只剩一。 一个印地安小男孩,归去来兮只一人；悬梁自尽了此生,一个也不剩。
3) Modernism
a. Sigmund Freud
Freud made the practice of the psychoanalysis
which emphasizes the importance
of unconsciousness or the irrational in the human psyche.
the “Golden Twenties” or “années folles” (“Crazy Years”)
The spirit of the Roaring Twenties was marked by a
general feeling of
discontinuity associated
b. W. James & Carl Jung
William James’ theory of “stream of consciousness”
Carl Jung’s “collective unconscious” and
“archetypal (原型的) symbol”
c. French Impressionism & German Expressionism
Both French Impressionist(印象主义的) and
German Expressionist(表现主义的) artists
avoided the representation of external reality
depicted the human reality in a rather
(1) Failure of communication of
Americans
(2) Failure of the American
society
1920
Sinclair Lewis, Main Street
辛克莱· 刘易斯《大街》
Edith Wharton, The Age of Innocence
Writers: three groups (1) Participants (2) Expatriates [eks'pæ trieit] n. 亡命国外者 (3) Bohemian (unconventional way of life) – on-lookers
Two areas:
伊迪斯· 华顿《天真/纯真年代》
F. Scott Fitzgerald, This Side of Paradise
菲茨杰拉德《人间天堂/天上人间》
Ezra Pound, Hugh Selwyn Mauberly
埃兹拉· 庞德《休· 塞尔温· 莫伯利》
Eugene O'Neill, The Emperor Jones
with modernity, a break
with traditions.
New technologies,
especially automobiles,
movies and radio
proliferated 'modernity' to
a large part of the
population.
Roaring Twenties
a phrase used to describe the 1920s, principally in North America emphasizes the period’s social, artistic, and cultural dynamism (活力)
subjective point of view.
Expressionism
The Scream by Edvard Munch
d. Cubism
another avant-garde art movement pioneered by Pablo Picasso(毕加索) & Georges Braque(勃拉克) revolutionized European painting & sculpture inspired related movements in music & literature
1.First World War – “a war to end all wars”
1) Economically: became rich from WWI
Economic new
boom
inventions
Highly-consuming
society
2)Spiritually:
Elasticity, 1916 (oil on canvas), Boccioni, Umberto (1882-1916). Pinacoteca di Brera, Milan, Italy Bridgeman Art Library.
I.
Modern Period II. Modernism
At the same time, amusement, fun and
lightness were cultivated in jazz and dancing.
The period is also often called “The Jazz Age”.
2. Historical Background
The era was further distinguished by
several inventions and discoveries of far-reaching
importance
unprecedented industrial growth and accelerated