Education 2007 Microbial Diversity Summer Course

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自由主义与实用主义

自由主义与实用主义：美国基础教育的双翼——美国中小学学校文化管窥深圳市南头中学刘耀娟2008年8月学校文化是学校教育的纲领与方向，若能触摸到学校文化的脉膊，当可窥探其教育精神之一二。

本人有幸参与了深圳市教育局组织的海外培训项目，在纽约圣文森山学院学习了八周，对纽约中小学校进行实地考察15次，听讲座19场，讨论会4次，文化考察若干。

回顾这八周学习，略有心得。

在这里择取其中一二，以管窥其学校文化特色，开阔或启迪我们的教育吧。

近年来，我们对学校文化的关注越来越密切，对其理解和界定也是千差万别。

可以肯定的是学校文化不等于校园文化，它不仅由学校外在的环境因素组成，更和学校的课程、管理等密切相关。

文化应该是特定人群的、当下的、普遍自觉的观念和方式，它是有个性的，不同的学校文化特色会造就不同的人才，如日本人的“拿来”、美国人的“做强”、德国人的“做精”等都是相应文化催生的。

文化是一种力量，它能给学校定位、导航，增强学校教育的核心竞争力。

那么美国中小学的学校文化核心是什么呢？笔者认为，是自由主义和实用主义。

一、环境文化：自由主义与实用主义的彰显学校环境是一种物质文化，它以具体微观的设施设备、形象标识等去物化和表述学校长期形成和积淀下来的人文精神和价值内涵，有较强的形象性、直观性和感染力，直接反映出学校的文化氛围和精神追求。

校园环境是多种物质元素与与人的结合，是自然与人文的紧密结合，它以相对固定的的秩序、模式和结构，传达着某种精神诉求。

如我们现在创建和谐校园环境，追求的就是一种安全感、归属感。

我们在纽约进行学校访问时，对其环境最初的感受是：很乱，很不起眼。

但在不断进行的访问中，我们的感受也在不停地转变和上升。

1、校门也是一种文化我们参观了15所学校，无一例外地都有着无比简陋的大门，基本上就是一座楼朝街处平行开几个大门，说大门甚至不准确，就是普通的两扇门。

他们的校门基本没有单独建的，——这和我们不同，我们的校门通常被放在很重要的位置上，称为形象文化。

美国大学数学教材中文版

美国大学数学教材中文版
1.《数学分析》（Calculus），作者：詹姆斯·萨维奇（James Stewart）
2.《线性代数》（Linear Algebra），作者：弗朗西斯·费舍尔（Francis J. Flanigan）
3.《概率论和统计学》（Probability and Statistics），作者：查
尔斯·贝尔（Charles M. Bell）
4.《微积分》（Calculus），作者：约翰·科恩（John C. Kern）
5.《抽象代数》（Abstract Algebra），作者：约翰·拉德贝克（John B. Ladue）
6.《数学分析：实变函数与复变函数》（Real and Complex Analysis），作者：罗伯特·科尔曼（Robert L. Coleman）
7.《数学分析：积分与微分方程》（Integral and Differential Equations），作者：伊恩·米勒（Ian Miller）
8.《几何学》（Geometry），作者：罗伯特·科尔曼（Robert L. Coleman）
9.《数学分析：空间解析几何》（Analytic Geometry），作者：罗伯特·科尔曼（Robert L. Coleman）
10.《数论》（Number Theory），作者：约翰·科恩（John C. Kern）。

普通教育学的英文译本

普通教育学的英文译本English:"Standard education studies, commonly known as general education, is the field of study that focuses on the theory and practice of teaching and learning in traditional educational settings such as schools and universities. It covers a wide range of topics including educational psychology, curriculum development, classroom management, and assessment. The aim of general education is to provide students with a well-rounded education that will prepare them for future success in both their personal and professional lives. This field also emphasizes the importance of inclusive and equitable education for all students, regardless of their background or abilities. Educators in this field often work to develop and implement effective teaching methods and strategies that can meet the diverse needs of students in the classroom."中文翻译:"普通教育学，通常被称为一般教育，是一门研究传统教育环境中的教学和学习理论和实践的学科。

可持续与人文教育：天然的合作伙伴

可持续与人文教育：天然的合作伙伴作者：奈尔·B·韦思曼来源：《世界教育信息》2018年第11期作者简介：奈尔·B·韦思曼（Neil B. Weissman），美国迪金森学院（Dickinson College）院长兼教务主任、历史学教授。

韦思曼领导了迪金森学院的可持续教育行动计划和该学院的全球教育课程建设，是该学院《2001战略规划》（2001 Strategic Plan）的主笔人。

2006年，康奈尔大学校长弗兰克·罗德（Frank Rhodes）在《高等教育纪事报》（Chronicle of Higher Education）上撰文指出：“‘可持续性’这一概念能为文理学科（liberal arts and sciences）奠定新的基石。

”尽管过去有很多关于可持续课程承诺的呼吁，但罗德特别指出，可持续教育（Education for Sustainability， EfS）与人文教育具有内在联系。

他还将可持续称为“人文的归旨”（the ultimate liberal art）。

多年以来，美国公众对可持续的关注在整个美国范围内广泛传播，包括日益增多的环保组织、媒体、企业，甚至军界等都开始关注可持续。

高等学府也加入了这场“绿色”运动，并且在诸多方面发挥引领作用。

高等教育可持续发展促进会（The Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education，AASHE）拥有890家会员机构。

此外，已有659家教育机构签署了《美国学院和大学校长气候承诺书》（American College and University Presidents’ Climate Commitment，ACUPCC），该承诺书不仅致力于推动校园节能减排，而且鼓励教学项目的可持续改革。

正如承诺书所述，“为应对气候挑战，高校需要减少温室气体的排放，将可持续融入大学课程，由此更好地提供教学服务，更好地承担社会责任，以创造一个繁荣、公义、文明的社会”。

Optimization of chemically defined cell culture media – Replacing fetal bovine serum in mammalian i

ReviewOptimization of chemically deﬁned cell culture media –Replacing fetal bovine serum in mammalian in vitro methodsJ.van der Valk a,*,D.Brunner b ,K.De Smet c ,Å.Fex Svenningsen d ,P.Honegger e ,L.E.Knudsen f ,T.Lindl g ,J.Noraberg d ,A.Price h ,M.L.Scarino i ,G.Gstraunthaler jaNCA,DWM,Fac.Veterinary Medicine,Utrecht University,Yalelaan 2,3584CM Utrecht,The Netherlandsbzet-Life Science Laboratorium,zet –Centre for Alternative and Complementary Methods to Animal Testing,Industriezeile 36/VII,4020Linz,Austria cFederal Agency for Medicines and Health Products,DG PRE Authorisation,Victor Hortaplein 40,Bus 40,B-1060Brussels,Belgium dInstitute of Molecular Medicine,Department of Neurobiology Research,University of Southern Denmark,J.B.Winslows Vej 21,DK-5000Odense C,Denmark eDepartment of Physiology,University of Lausanne,CH-1005Lausanne,Switzerland fDepartment of Public Health,Faculty of Health Sciences,University of Copenhagen,Denmark gInstitut für angewandte Zellkultur,München,Germany hIn-Vitro Methods Unit/European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods,Institute of Health and Consumer Protection,European Commission Joint Research Centre,Ispra (VA),Italy iINRAN,National Research Institute on Food and Nutrition,Via Ardeatina 546,00178Rome,Italy jDepartment of Physiology and Medical Physics,Innsbruck Medical University,Fritz-Pregl-Strasse 3,A-6020Innsbruck,Austriaa r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 10March 2010Accepted 25March 2010Available online 31March 2010Keywords:In vitro methods Fetal bovine serum Serum-freeGood cell culture practice Tissue culture 3Rsa b s t r a c tQuality assurance is becoming increasingly important.Good laboratory practice (GLP)and good manu-facturing practice (GMP)are now established standards.The biomedical ﬁeld aims at an increasing reli-ance on the use of in vitro methods.Cell and tissue culture methods are generally fast,cheap,reproducible and reduce the use of experimental animals.Good cell culture practice (GCCP)is an attempt to develop a common standard for in vitro methods.The implementation of the use of chemi-cally deﬁned media is part of the GCCP.This will decrease the dependence on animal serum,a supple-ment with an undeﬁned and variable composition.Deﬁned media supplements are commercially available for some cell types.However,information on the formulation by the companies is often lim-ited and such supplements can therefore not be regarded as completely deﬁned.The development of deﬁned media is difﬁcult and often takes place in isolation.A workshop was organised in 2009in Copen-hagen to discuss strategies to improve the development and use of serum-free deﬁned media.In this report,the results from the meeting are discussed and the formulation of a basic serum-free medium is suggested.Furthermore,recommendations are provided to improve information exchange on newly developed serum-free media.Ó2010Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.Contents 1.Introduction (1054)2.Development of a serum-free medium...................................................................................10552.1.Basal medium .................................................................................................10552.2.Supplements ..................................................................................................10550887-2333/$-see front matter Ó2010Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2010.03.016Abbreviations:ATCC,The American Type Culture Collection;ADCF,animal-derived component-free;BSA,bovine serum albumin;CD,chemically deﬁned;DMEM,Dulbecco minimal essential medium;DSMZ,German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures;ECACC,European Collection of Animal Cell Cultures;ECOPA,European Concensus Platform for Alternatives;ECVAM,European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods;EGF,epidermal growth factor;ESAC,ECVAM Scientiﬁc Advisory Committee;ESTIV,European Society of Toxicology in vitro ;FBS,fetal bovine serum;GCCP,good cell culture practice;GLP,good laboratory practice;GMP,good manufacturing practice;INVITROM,the Dutch-Belgian Society for in vitro Methods;ITS,Insulin transferrin and selenium;MEM,minimal essential medium;NGF,nerve growth factor;PET,polyethyleneterephthalate;PL,platelet lysates;SFM,serum-free medium;TEER,trans-epithelial electrical resistance;3Rs,replacement,reﬁnement reduction of use of experimental animals.*Corresponding author.Tel.:+31302532163;fax:+31302537997.E-mail address:j.vandervalk@uu.nl (J.van der Valk).Toxicology in Vitro 24(2010)1053–1063Contents lists available at ScienceDirectToxicology in Vitroj o u r n a l ho m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i er.c om/locate/toxinvit2.2.1.Hormones (1055)2.2.2.Growth factors (1056)2.2.3.Protease inhibitors (1056)2.2.4.Protein hydrolysates (1056)2.2.5.Shear force protectors (1056)2.2.6.Proteins (1056)2.2.7.Vitamins (1056)2.2.8.Amino acids (1056)2.2.9.Glutamine (1056)2.2.10.Trace elements (1056)2.2.11.Lipids (1056)2.2.12.Antibiotics (1056)2.2.13.Attachment factors (1056)2.2.14.Osmolarity (1057)2.3.‘‘Building a serum-free medium (1057)2.4.Adaptation of cell lines to serum-free medium (1057)2.4.1.Reduction of serum content (1057)2.4.2.Sequential adaptation (1057)2.4.3.Adaptation with conditioned medium (1057)2.4.4.Inside adaptation (1058)3.Promoting the development and use of serum-free media (1058)rmation sources (1058)3.2.The serum-free media interactive online database(D.Brunner) (1058)3.3.Validating new media and adapted cells (1058)3.4.Other activities (1059)4.Examples of serum-free studies (1059)4.1.Human platelet lysates as a serum substitute in cell culture media(G.Gstraunthaler) (1059)4.2.Serum-free aggregating brain cell cultures(P.Honegger) (1059)anotypic brain slice cultures and defined serum-free medium Neurobasal with B27(J.Noraberg) (1059)4.4.Defined medium and serum-containing medium occasionally induce cells to use different signal transduction pathways to proliferate(Å.Fex Svenningsen) (1060)4.5.Optimization of culture conditions for human intestinal Caco-2cells to improve functional differentiation in serum-free media(M.L.Scarino) (1060)5.Conclusions (1061)6.General recommendations (1061)7.Recommendations for developing serum-free cell culture media (1061)Acknowledgements (1061)References (1061)1.IntroductionIn vitro methods are widely used tools to study physiological, biological and pharmacological activities at the cell and tissue le-vel.In addition,in vitro methods are also becoming increasingly important in the production of biological components,such as hormones and vaccines.Mammalian cells are generally grown un-der well-established conditions in incubators,where the temper-ature is typically kept at37°C with a controlled humidiﬁed gas mixture of5%CO2and95%O2.To achieve good experimental reproducibility,the composition of the cell culture medium is essential.The simplest medium is the classical Ringer’s solution (Ringer and Buxton,1887),which was developed as a solution with optimal concentrations of different salts to preserve frog heart muscle tissue.To maintain cells and tissues for longer peri-ods of time,the medium should also contain components like nutrients and pH buffering substances.This type of medium was formulated by Harry Eagle,who developed Eagle’s minimal essen-tial medium(Eagle’s MEM or MEM).MEM also contained amino acids,glucose and vitamins(Eagle,1955).A similar basal medium, MEM modiﬁed by Dulbecco(Dulbecco’s Modiﬁed Eagle’s Medium, DMEM),is still used to maintain primary cell cultures and cell lines.To keep cells alive for longer periods of time and to evaluate proliferation,migration and differentiation a basal medium must be supplemented with several factors.Serum,from animals or humans,is most commonly used to maintain and proliferate cells. Fetal bovine serum(FBS)serves most purposes and is the present standard.FBS is a complex mixture of different factors and contains a large number of components,like growth factors,proteins,vita-mins,trace elements,hormones,etc.,essential for the growth and maintenance of cells.However,the use of FBS is controversial for a number of rea-sons.First of all,the collection of serum causes unnecessary suf-fering for the unborn calf(van der Valk et al.,2004).Secondly, seasonal and continental variations in the serum composition, produces batch-to-batch variations.This,in turn,causes pheno-typical differences in the cell cultures,resulting in variations of the results.Additionally,due to the likelihood of contamination (e.g.,BSE),the use of animal products is strongly discouraged for production of new biological medicinal products(Anon, 1993;Schiff,2005;van der Valk et al.,2004).In fact,as much as20–50%of commercial FBS is virus-positive(Wessman and Levings,1999).Since in vitro methods are among the most favoured methods to replace animal methods(Hartung,2007),there is a demand for reliable and scientiﬁcally better deﬁned cell and tissue culture methods including quality assurance(Gupta et al., 2005).Guidelines for good cell culture practice(GCCP),involving recommendations with respect to the use of serum-free media,1054J.van der Valk et al./Toxicology in Vitro24(2010)1053–1063have previously been published(Coecke et al.,2005;Hartung et al.,2002).The ECVAM Scientiﬁc Advisory Committee(ESAC) has also published a statement that strongly recommends the use of serum-free substitutes for current and new in vitro methods(ESAC,2008).Although,there is no legal basis for applying GCCP,it is recommended that GCCP becomes part of good laboratory practice(GLP)and good manufacturing practice (GMP).A workshop,to discuss the possibilities to reduce the use of FBS in cell and tissue culture was organised in2003(van der Valk et al.,2004).The report from this meeting provides clear recommendations to reduce or stop the suffering of live unborn bovine calfs from which blood is drawn for the production of FBS.Ethical,safety and scientiﬁc grounds were also given for the replacement of FBS and other animal components in cell and tissue culture methods.In2009,a follow-up workshop was organised to discuss current in vitro methods devoid of FBS,or other animal components.The workshop,held in Copen-hagen,Denmark,was organised under auspices of the European Society of Toxicology In Vitro(ESTIV),the Dutch-Belgian Society for In Vitro Methods(INVITROM)and the Danish in vitro Toxicology Network.The results from this workshop clearly demonstrate the possibilities to grow a number of different primary cell and tissue cultures as well as cell lines without the use of animal products.Furthermore,directions were provided on how to develop a serum-free,chemically deﬁned,culture media for mammalian cell and tissue cultures in basic and applied research.This report aims at discussing the advantages of deﬁned cell culture media and to give directions for the development of a basic deﬁned media for a wider audience.2.Development of a serum-free mediumThe attempts to grow cells date back for at least50years (Pumper,1958;Waymouth,1955).Early attempts to grow cells in serum-free,hormone-supplemented media were performed to understand the role of serum in cell culture media.The efforts to identify all the serum components that are physiologically relevant to maintain proliferation of cells in culture,and the attempts to re-place the serum with its deﬁned components,were not successful (Taub,1990).Since then,several different serum-free formulations have been developed where the media are supplemented with approximately10essential components(Pazos et al.,2004).About 10–20%of these strategies appeared to be successful(Pazos et al., 2004).The pioneering work by Hayashi and Sato(1976)replacing serum by the addition of selected hormones,promoting growth and stimulating differentiation of speciﬁc cells,led to the development of a good chemically deﬁned,serum-free media (see Box1)(Barnes and Sato,1980a,b;Bjare,1992;Grillberger et al.,2009;Gstraunthaler,2003;Taub,1990).In the last10years, investigations into cell function have led to the identiﬁcation of a growing number of components which have been useful in the development of modern serum-free cell culture media.Many transformed or newly transfected cell lines can successfully be maintained in these enriched serum-free media without adapta-tion and the number of cell-speciﬁc media is growing steadily. Now,more than100different available serum-free media formula-tions have been developed and can be readily used without great investments in time and money to develop one’s own(Zähringer, 2009).2.1.Basal mediumWith time,it has become clear that almost every cell type has its own requirements concerning medium supplements.Therefore, a universal(serum-free)cell and tissue culture medium may not be feasible.Different cell types have different receptors involved in cell survival,growth and differentiation and release different fac-tors to their environment.The threshold for developing or using a new(deﬁned)medium when the current FBS containing medium works well,is high for obvious reasons.In order to aid in this process,a strategy for the development of new media will be discussed below.It is recommended to start a new formulation with a50:50(v/v) mixture of DMEM and Ham’s nutrient mixture F-12(Ham,1965). This medium formulation combines the high amino acid content of DMEM with the highly enriched Ham’s F-12(Barnes and Sato, 1980a,b;Jayme et al.,1997).Furthermore,the basal medium must contain an essential,so called,ITS supplement(insulin,transferrin and selenium).Insulin,theﬁrst of the components of the ITS sup-plement,has been known to be essential in cell culture from1924 and is now the most commonly used hormone in culture media (Gey and Thalhimer,1924).Transferrin is also an essential protein in culture medium where the main action is to transfer iron into the cells(Bjare,1992).Selenium is an essential trace element and acts in particular in selenoproteins which protect cells against oxi-dative stress(Helmy et al.,2000).2.2.SupplementsAlthough some cell types can be maintained in the basal medium (Bettger and McKeehan,1986;Butler and Jenkins,1989),most cells need additional supplements to survive,proliferate and/or differen-tiate.The most commonly supplied components will be discussed below.2.2.1.HormonesAll hormones of mammalian organisms are physiological con-stituents in blood circulation and are thus also present in serum Box1Culture mediaSerum-free media:serum-free media do not require sup-plementation with serum,but may contain discrete pro-teins or bulk protein fractions(e.g.,animal tissue orplant extracts)and are thus regarded as chemically unde-ﬁned(see:chemically deﬁned media).Protein-free media:protein-free media do not contain highmolecular weight proteins or protein fractions,but maycontain peptide fractions(protein hydrolysates),and arethus not chemically deﬁned.Protein-free media facilitatethe down-stream processing of recombinant proteinsand the isolation of cellular products(e.g.,monoclonalantibodies),respectively.Animal-derived component-free media:media containingno components of animal or human origin.These mediaare not necessarily chemically deﬁned(e.g.,when they con-tain bacterial or yeast hydrolysates,or plant extracts).Chemically deﬁned media:chemically deﬁned media donot contain proteins,hydrolysates or any other compo-nents of unknown composition.Highly puriﬁed hormonesor growth factors added can be of either animal or plantorigin,or are supplemented as recombinant products(see:animal-derived component-free media).J.van der Valk et al./Toxicology in Vitro24(2010)1053–10631055in varying amounts(Lindl and Gstraunthaler,2008;Price and Greg-ory,1982).Supplementation with hormones was therefore aﬁrst step in the development of serum-free media(Barnes and Sato, 1980a,b;Hayashi and Sato,1976).Insulin has been shown to be obligatory in all serum-free media formulations.Other hormones most widely used in serum-free cell culture are glucocorticoids (dexamethasone and hydrocortisone),triiodothyronine(T3),and hormones that cell-speciﬁcally act by increasing intracellular cAMP levels(see Section2.3).Water-soluble complexes of steroids are commercially available.2.2.2.Growth factorsGrowth factors are generally added to the basal medium to increase cell proliferation and to stimulate speciﬁc cell functions. Traditionally,growth factors and other supplements are added as bulk in the form of fetal bovine serum(FBS).Most growth factors are highly cell type speciﬁc.Others are of more general use and can also have positive effects on several different cell types.Fibroblast growth factor-2,for example,has a positive effect on the phenotype of chondrocytes cultured in serum-free medium(Mandl et al.,2004).Some cells in culture may release growth factors thereby stimulating their own proliferation and that of other cells(Gospodarowicz and Moran,1976).2.2.3.Protease inhibitorsThe protease inhibitors that are introduced by the addition of FBS are a1-antitrypsin and a2-macroglobulin(Gstraunthaler, 2003).The inhibitors terminate the trypsination process and act beneﬁcially by inhibiting lysosomal peptidases that may occasion-ally be released during cell turnover.Protease inhibitors thus have a protective effect on cells,but are not essential.When no protease inhibitors are supplied,one should carefully assess the trypsin concentration.2.2.4.Protein hydrolysatesProtein hydrolysates are used to deliver amino acids and small peptides.These are not essential in cell culture and the effect is somewhat controversial.In fact,some studies report a beneﬁcial effect in cell cultures(Burteau et al.,2003;Schlaeger,1996),while other studies demonstrated that protein hydrolysates do not sup-port cell growth and that higher concentrations actually reduce cell growth(Keay,2004).Protein hydrolysates are chemically not de-ﬁned(see Box1)and may cause problems in reproducibility and comparability of experiments.2.2.5.Shear force protectorsTurbulence in bioreactors and perfusion cultures cause shear stress in cells.Serum protects cells from this shear force(Elias et al.,1995;van der Pol and Tramper,1998).Pluronic F68has a similar effect(Zhang et al.,1992),but is not essential for ordinary cell cultures.2.2.6.ProteinsProteins are carriers for different low molecular weight compo-nents and may facilitate cell adhesion(Taub,1990).Bovine serum albumin(BSA)is often used as a lipid carrier.However,BSA is de-rived from animals and may either be contaminated or may con-tain impurities(Taub,1990).Nowadays,recombinant proteins, including albumin,are available for animal component-free cell culture(Keenan et al.,2006).2.2.7.VitaminsVitamins are provided by the basal medium.At least seven vita-mins were found to be essential for cell growth and proliferation: choline,folic acid,nicotinamide,pantothenate,pyridoxal,riboﬂa-vin,and thiamine(Bjare,1992;Butler and Jenkins,1989;Taub,1990).B-vitamins are necessary for cell biochemistry,and are also present in DMEM as well as in Ham-F-12.2.2.8.Amino acidsAll13essential amino acids are necessary for culturing mam-malian cells(Arg,Cys,Gln,His,Ile,Leu,Lys,Met,Phe,Thr,Trp, Tyr,and Val)and are present in high concentrations(0.5–4mM) in DMEM.The seven non-essential amino acids(Ala,Asn,Asp, Glu,Gly,Pro,and Ser)are provided by Ham’s F-12.2.2.9.GlutamineGlutamine is an essential precursor for the synthesis of proteins and ribonucleotides.It is also important respiratory fuel for rapidly dividing cells and cells that use glucose inefﬁciently(Glacken, 1988;Reitzer et al.,1979;Zielke et al.,1984).However,glutamine also has its drawbacks:it is unstable in solution,and glutamine breakdown and metabolism result in the production and accumu-lation of ammonia,which is toxic to cells(Schneider et al.,1996), since it is not absorbed by serum proteins in serum-free and/or protein-free media.To overcome these disadvantages,alternatives for the use of glutamine in culture media were developed.Gluta-mate,for example,can replace glutamine in cell cultures that ex-press sufﬁcient glutamine synthetase activity.A more recent invention is the use of glutamine-containing dipeptides,alanyl-glutamine and glycyl-glutamine,commercially available under the trade name GLUTAMAX™(Christie and Butler,1994).These dipeptides are more stable and heat resistant,which even makes it possible to autoclave the media that contain these molecules. The dipeptides are intra-or extracellularly cleaved by peptidases, thereby releasing glutamine and either alanine or glycine.The availability of glutamine is therefore dependent on the peptidase activity,which results in lower rates of glutamine consumption and ammonia production.GLUTAMAX™can be substituted for glutamine on a1:1M basis.2.2.10.Trace elementsMost trace elements are available in the basal medium since Ham’s F-12is qualitatively rich in necessary trace elements (Ham,1965).2.2.11.LipidsThe role of fatty acids and lipids in cell culture has long been ne-glected.Lipids serve as energy stores,as structural constituents of cellular membranes,and in transport and signalling systems.Some lipids are available in the basal medium.However,essential fatty acids and ethanolamine are recommended as supplements. Water-soluble supplements are commercially available.Serum albumin is a carrier of fatty acids and lipids(see Section2.2.6).Essential fatty acids are components of several serum-free med-ia formulations.2.2.12.AntibioticsWherever possible,the use of antibiotics should be avoided (Kuhlmann,1996).Antibiotic-resistant microorganism may develop,and antibiotics may also have adverse effects on cell growth and function.2.2.13.Attachment factorsMost mammalian cells need a special culture substratum for cell attachment in order to survive and grow in vitro.The plastic culture dish,that is speciﬁcally treated to introduce charge and hydrophilicity into the polystyrol surface,e.g.,with poly-L(or D)-ly-sine or ornithine,is the most commonly used substrate for cell attachment.Coating the plastic dishes with other substrates like extracellular matrix components(Kleinman et al.,1987)or1056J.van der Valk et al./Toxicology in Vitro24(2010)1053–1063collagenous matrices (Kleinman et al.,1981)further facilitates the adhesion of anchorage-dependent cells.2.2.14.OsmolarityAlthough mammalian cells express a reasonable wide tolerance to osmolarity,osmolarity should always be carefully checked and compensated for when adapting to a new cell culture formulations.2.3.‘‘Building ”a serum-free mediumAs shown above,to exclude FBS from a cell and tissue culture medium,and still maintain cell adhesion,growth and proliferation it is important to include a large number of several components in the cell culture medium.In Fig.1,a schematic modular approach for the development of serum-free media is shown as a ‘‘media pyramid”.The bottom of the pyramid contains the basal medium,which includes DMEM/Ham’s F-12(50:50,v/v),supplemented with insulin–transferrin–selenium (ITS).To make adherent cells stick to the bottom of the culture vessel,coating with components of the extracellular matrix should be considered.Cell attachment factors are often required for serum-free culture.The next step in media formulation development is the addition of speciﬁc hormones and growth factors.Epidermal growth factor (EGF)and glucocorticoids (hydrocortisone and dexamethasone),for example,are present in most media.Depending on the cell type,additional cell-speciﬁc growth factors may also be needed,like nerve growth factor (NGF)for neurons.It has been demon-strated that cultures of epithelial cells need a supplementation with agonists,that speciﬁcally elevates cellular cAMP levels (Gstraunthaler,2003).In this respect,also forskolin and cholera toxin,although acting as strong pharmacological agents,were used as in vitro mitogens.The tip of the pyramid represents increased speciﬁcity in ser-um-free media composition:the addition of lipids,antioxidants and/or speciﬁc vitamins.Retinoic acid (vitamin A)is an additive re-quired in cell culture media for a number of epithelial cell types.Vitamin E (a -tocopherol)and ascorbate (vitamin C)are presum-ably acting as antioxidants.Other antioxidants found in serum-freemedia formulations are b -mercaptoethanol (b -ME)and selenium (see above).2.4.Adaptation of cell lines to serum-free mediumThere are several approaches to adapt cultured cells to a serum-free medium (Fig.2).Typically,a cell culture has to undergo a gradual weaning process which involves progressive adaptation to lower serum concentrations until serum-free conditions are reached.The cultures to be adapted should be in the logarithmic phase of growth and should have viability over 90%.However,one should also keep in mind that an unwanted selection of a change in the population of cells,during the adaptation process,by indirectly selecting cells capable to grow in serum-free media,may occur.Therefore,it is necessary to check the performance of cultures and to monitor cellular morphology and function during weaning.In order to aid the process of weaning several adaption proto-cols are listed below (and in Fig.2):2.4.1.Reduction of serum contentIn this protocol,serum content is reduced at each passage until 0.1%serum is reached.After cultivation in normal medium con-taining 10%FBS,the consequent serum reduction steps (from 5%to 0.1%FBS)are carried out in serum-free,hormone-supplemented medium.2.4.2.Sequential adaptationSimilar to protocol 1,cells are passaged into mixtures of serum-containing and serum-free media,until complete serum-free condition is reached.If the last step,changing from 75%to 100%serum-free,is too stressful for the cells,it is recommended to keep the cell culture in a 10%serum-containing and 90%ser-um-free medium mixture for 2–3passages,before switching to a complete serum-free medium.2.4.3.Adaptation with conditioned mediumThis adaptation follows protocol 2,however,cells are passaged into decreasing mixtures of conditioned media from the passage before.in serum-free culture media pre-coating of culture vessels with: collagen type I, type IV , laminin, fibronectin,Basement Membrane Matrigel™basal medium: DMEM / Ham F-12 (50:50, v/v) + ITSgrowth factors: EGF, FGF, NGF, IGF-1, PDGF, VEGF, TGF-βhormones:glucocorticoids, thyroid hormones, cell- specific agonists that signal via cAMP (ADH, PTH, PGE2, glucagon)lipids:fatty acids, cholesterol, ethanolamine vitamins acting as anti-oxidants: α-tocopherolascorbic acid, vitamins: retinoic acidchemically defined, serum-free media:β-MEJ.van der Valk et al./Toxicology in Vitro 24(2010)1053–106310572.4.4.Inside adaptationIn this protocol,freshly seeded cells are weaned in serum-free medium,and cultures are grown to conﬂuence.The conﬂuent monolayer is then passaged into serum-free medium.3.Promoting the development and use of serum-free media rmation sourcesBefore using the experimental approach to set up a serum-free medium for a given cell type,cell lines or tissue culture,a search for already existing media formulations should be performed This can be done by a thorough literature survey,or by a search in a re-cently established serum-free media online database(see Section 3.2).There are several databases that contain information on com-mercially available serum-free media formulations and supple-ments(Anon,2009a,b,c).Approximately450different serum-free cell culture media formulations are now commercially available, but only for a limited number of cell types(Anon,2009a,b,c). Regrettably,the formulations of speciﬁc supplements for the com-mercially available media are generally not available,and those can therefore not be considered as fully deﬁned media.Such for-mulations have also been changed without informing the users (Chen et al.,2008;Cressey,2009),and supplements with the same name may differ in formulation between suppliers.Today,the information on available serum-free media formula-tions,particularly when these are not commercially available,is unfortunately scarce.Nevertheless,development of serum-free media and cell adaptation protocols are ongoing processes in sev-eral laboratories,often without knowledge about research pro-cesses,experiences and results of other laboratories regarding this topic.This is partly due to a lack in communication between labs and particularly the lack of a common forum where such for-mulations could be posted.It is recommended that these obstacles must be overcome in order to encourage future use and develop-ment of serum-free media.It is further recommended to collect formulations of‘‘in lab developed”media in databases,where access to reliable protocols including detailed formulations,should be free.It is also recom-mended to publish established protocols in dedicated online databases like Springer Protocols and Nature Protocols.When pub-lishing studies with newly developed serum-free formulations spe-ciﬁc keywords should be used in the publication to enable easy retrieval of the publications.Key words like3R,serum-free media or deﬁned media are recommended.3.2.The serum-free media interactive online database(D.Brunner)To make the search for serum-free media easier,a new collec-tion of commercially available serum-free media has been devel-oped in a free accessible unique interactive online database (Brunner et al.,2010;Falkner et al.,2006).Speciﬁcations of serum-free media(i.e.,ability to maintain cells of speciﬁc organism,organs,tissue,cell type and disease)were col-lected and systematically arranged with respect to speciﬁc stan-dards(ICD2007of WHO and ITIS).Additional commercially available cell lines,hybridoma and primary cells from ATCC,ECACC and DSMZ are included in the database to allow a‘‘reverse search”by specifying the used cells to gain a serum-free medium.This search modus is based upon comparison of speciﬁcations and can also be used toﬁnd most similar serum-free media.Furthermore,the degree of chemical deﬁnition,e.g.,serum-free (SFM),animal-derived component-free(ADCF)or chemically de-ﬁned(CD),and the kind of medium,e.g.,basal media,media sup-plements,or full replacement media can be selected.Presently, 452serum-free media and4817continuous cell lines,hybridoma lines and primary cultures from ATCC,ECACC and DSMZ that are commercially available are included in the database.Despite extensive search for serum-free media and adapted cell lines,there is still a lack of detailed information from companies and suppliers. It is intended to open the database for interactive exchange of information and guidelines from experts in theﬁeld in order to continuously improve and extend the serum-free online database. The database is accessible at .3.3.Validating new media and adapted cellsIn a statement on the use of FBS and other animal-derived supplements(ESAC,2008),the ECVAM Scientiﬁc Advisory Commit-tee strongly argues for the development of new serum-free in vitro culture methods.Furthermore,when an in vitro method using serum-containing media is presented to ECVAM for validation,a justiﬁcation for using serum must be provided.To promote the use of serum-free media,ECVAM(European Centre for the Valida-tion of Alternative Methods)will encourage the submitters of new tests systems for validation studies to make their protocols public if their model is designed under serum-free conditions.Existing culture methods where animal components are being replaced, should be validated against serum-containing media to ensure that1058J.van der Valk et al./Toxicology in Vitro24(2010)1053–1063。

探析多媒体课件设计的新思路

Th e o ry Re s e a rc h学论理★★★★收稿日期：2012-05-07作者简介：姚勇伟（1985-），男，陕西蒲城人，助理工程师，硕士，从事学习科学与教育技术研究。

探析多媒体课件设计的新思路姚勇伟（陕西学前师范学院，西安710100）我国信息技术与课程整合已开展十多年，已经从局部试点学校的计算机基础知识教学转变为培养学生信息素养的信息技术教育。

强调把信息技术作为教师教、学生学、交流互动的环境，开展形式多样的信息技术与课程整合活动，引导学生革新教育观念和教学模式，促进学生创新精神与实践能力的培养。

根据美国教育与技术首席执行官论坛（Forum on Education &Technology ，简称CEO ）提出的技术整合周期，我们已经渡过了最初资本的投入阶段（教师承认信息技术具有助教助学的作用，且已付诸实践），正在调整阶段（教师熟知技术工具的教学特性，期望能进一步发挥信息技术助教助学的作用）探索前进。

为避免“为了技术而技术”这一错误观念带来的资源浪费，提高教师使用信息技术支持课堂教学的有效性。

学者们都认为，发挥工具的技术优势，挖掘工具的教学特性，将工具融入到教师教与学生学的各种境脉中，提高课堂教学的有效性是当前研究的热点和难点。

从技术支持学习的实质来看，教师只有掌握了各种技术工具的教学特性，并深刻理解学习者学习不同知识的内部心理过程，才能找准工具用力的“支点”，将技术优势与心理机制整合成信息技术支持的一系列课堂教学事件中，最终从根本上优化教师教与学生学的方式，提高课堂教学的有效性[1]。

一、信息技术支持课堂有效教学的尴尬局面应用信息技术支持课堂教学时，计算机、网络等如果仅仅被认为是信息传递、存储、加工的工具，将会剥夺教师教与学生学的过程中的有意义控制。

因为学习者是从思考中获得学习的，而不是从技术中学习的[2]。

当学习者使用诸如语义网络、专家系统、超媒体、智能代理系统等思维工具学习时，他们并非是减少了信息处理的工作量，而是进行着更为复杂、更为有效的高级思维。

mit公共核心课程计划

mit公共核心课程计划麻省理工学院（MlT）作为全球顶尖的科技学府，一直以来都在为社会培养出大量的优秀人才。

为了适应不断变化的社会需求，Mrr 在20世纪70年代开始实施公共核心课程计划，旨在为学生提供全面的教育，培养他们成为具有创新精神和领导能力的复合型人才。

本文将对MIT公共核心课程计划进行详细介绍，以期对我国高等教育改革提供借鉴。

一、Mrr公共核心课程计划的背景随着科技的快速发展和社会的进步，人们对高等教育的需求也在不断变化。

为了更好地满足这些需求，MIT在20世纪70年代开始实施公共核心课程计划，以期为学生提供更加全面、系统的教育。

这一计划的核心理念是：培养学生的创新精神、团队协作能力、跨学科知识体系和领导能力，使他们能够在未来的职业生涯中取得成功。

二、Mrr公共核心课程计划的内容MIT公共核心课程计划包括以下几个方面的内容：1.人文学科人文学科课程旨在培养学生的人文素养，提高他们的文化修养和审美能力。

这些课程涵盖了文学、历史、哲学、艺术等领域，使学生能够更好地理解人类社会的发展和变迁，以及不同文化之间的差异和联系。

2.社会科学社会科学课程主要关注人类社会的组织、行为和发展规律。

这些课程包括政治学、经济学、社会学、心理学等，使学生能够更好地理解社会现象，分析社会问题，提出解决方案。

3.自然科学自然科学课程旨在培养学生的科学素养，提高他们的科学思维和实验能力。

这些课程涵盖了物理、化学、生物、地球科学等领域，使学生能够掌握科学研究的基本方法和技能，为未来的科研工作打下坚实基础。

4.工程与应用科学工程与应用科学课程主要关注科学技术在实际应用中的问题和挑战。

这些课程包括计算机科学、电子工程、机械工程、材料科学等，使学生能够将理论知识与实际问题相结合，提高解决实际问题的能力。

5.写作与沟通写作与沟通课程旨在提高学生的书面和口头表达能力，培养他们的沟通技巧和团队协作能力。

这些课程包括写作、演讲、辩论等，使学生能够更好地表达自己的观点，有效地与他人沟通交流。

美国国家健康教育标准简介

作者：陈华卫[1];窦丽[2]
作者机构： [1]南京航空航天大学体育部,210016;[2]不详
出版物刊名：中国学校体育
页码： 46-47页
主题词：美国学校;健康教育;标准简介;国家;教育协会;联合委员会;健康课程;公共健康;健康标准;《标准》
摘要：为了支持发展和评价学校综合健康课程，由美国癌症协会发起，美国高等健康教育协会、美国公共健康协会、美国学校健康协会以及美国健康、体育和娱乐聪明等组织的代表成立了美国健康标准联合委员会，于1995年发布了《国家健康教育标准》（以下称《标准》）。

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Curriculum VitaeKritee Phone (732) 277-813476 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 E-Mail kritee@ Homepage /~kriteeProfile•Interdisciplinary doctoral research experience in the area of biogeochemistry of mercury with focus on developing systematics of mercury stable isotopes• B.S & M.S. from the Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, IIT Delhi (India)•Proactive in teaching and outreach activities related to remediation and sustainability Education2007 Microbial Diversity Summer CourseMarine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts2001- Doctoral Candidate, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Program,Department of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyRutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey GPA 3.7/4.0 1996-2001Five year Integrated Bachelors and Masters of TechnologyDepartment of Biochemical Engineering & BiotechnologyIndian Institute of Technology, New Delhi (IITD), India GPA 8.0/10.0 Major Research ExperienceDept. of Biochemistry & Microbiology, Rutgers University (Sept. 2001- Present)•Microbial stable isotope fractionation of mercury.Ph.D. Thesis: Jan 2003-Present (Advisors – Dr. Tamar Barkay & Prof. Joel Blum [U.Mich.]) •Lateral gene transfer and metal resistance in microbes from Savannah River Subsurface Site.Rotation and Interim Project: Feb–Dec 2002 (Advisor – Dr. Tamar Barkay)•Microbial communities in the Rhizosphere of Spartina and PhragmitesRotation Project: Nov. 2001 – Jan. 2002 (Advisors –Prof. David Ehrenfeld & Dr. Beth Ravit) Dept. of Biochemical Engineering & Biotechnology, IITD (July 1996 – Aug. 2001)• A chemical & computational model to predict genes and analyze prokaryotic genomes.Masters Thesis: May 2000 – July 2001 (Advisor: Prof. B. Jayaram, Supercomputing Facility) •Cloning and Characterization of Cephaloridine resistant gene for Corynebacterium. renaleSummer Undergraduate Research: May – Dec 1998 (Advisor: Dr. Jahar Deb)Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia•Study of molecular interactions of a putative tumor suppressor protein p73.Intern Project: Apr– Aug 1999 (Prof. Martin Lavin, Molecular Oncology Lab, QIMR)Publications and Abstracts1. Kritee K. (2007), Microbial stable isotope fractionation: Trends and framework (A review under preparation)2. Kritee K., Joel. D. Blum and Tamar Barkay (2007), Variation in the extent of mercury stable isotope fractionation during reduction of Hg(II) to Hg(0) by different microbial species (Under preparation).3. Kritee K., Joel. D. Blum and Tamar Barkay (2007), Mercury stable isotope fractionation during mer mediated degradation of methylmercury (Under preparation)4. Patricia Lu-Irving, Kritee K. and Tamar Barkay (2007), Distribution and characteristics of amino acids sequences of the enzyme mercuric reductase (MerA) among bacteria and archaea and the implications on evolution of the mer operon . (Ready to be submitted)5. Kritee K., Joel. D. Blum, Marcus. W. Johnson, Bridget. A. Bergquist and Tamar Barkay (2007), Mercury stable isotope fractionation during reduction of Hg(II) to Hg(0) by mercury resistant microorganisms. Environmental Science and Technology.41:1889-18956. Kritee K., Bjorn Klaue, Joel D. Blum and Tamar Barkay (2005), Biological mercury isotope fractionation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta.69 (10) Supplement 1: 7087. Kritee K., Bjorn Klaue, Tamar Barkay & Joel Blum (2004), Mercury isotopic fractionation observed during the reduction of Hg(II) to Hg(0) by the bacterial mercuric reductase. RMZ – Materials and Geoenvironment.51(2): 1154-55.8. Samrat Dutta*, Poonam Singhal*, Praveen Agarwal*, Raju Tomer*, Kritee K.*, Ekta Khurana and B. Jayaram (2006), A Physicochemical Model for analyzing DNA sequences. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling46: 78-85 * equal contributorsConference presentations and talks1. Kritee K., J. D. Blum, M. W. Johnson, B. A. Bergquist and T. Barkay, Variation in the extent of mercury(Hg) stable isotope fractionation during reduction of Hg(II) to Hg(0) by different microbial strains. American Society of Microbiology’s 107th General Meeting inToronto, Canada May 21 -25 , 2007 (Poster)2. Kritee K., J. D. Blum, M. W. Johnson, B. A. Bergquist and T. Barkay, Stable isotope fractionation of mercury during its microbial reduction Joint Molecular Biosciences Student Symposium, Rutgers University Feb 23rd, 2007 (Talk)3. Kritee K., J. D. Blum, M. W. Johnson, B. A. Bergquist and T. Barkay, Mercury stable isotope fractionation during microbial reduction of Hg(II) to Hg(0) Microbiology at Rutgers University: A mini symposium. Jan 25-26, 2007 (Poster)4. Kritee K., J. D. Blum, M. W. Johnson, B. A. Bergquist and T. Barkay, Microbial Mercury isotopic fractionation during the reduction of Hg(II) to Hg(0) at North Eastern Microbiologists: Physiology, Ecology and Taxonomy Annual Meeting Blue Mountain Lake, NY. June 23-26, 2006 (Talk)5. Kritee K., J. D. Blum, M. W. Johnson, B. A. Bergquist and T. Barkay, Measurement of mercury stable isotope fractionation during bacterial reduction Theobald Smith Society’s Annual Meeting, New Brunswick, NJ June 2006 (Poster)6. Kritee, K., J. D. Blum, M. Johnson, B. A. Bergquist, and T. Barkay. The measurement of microbial mercury stable isotope fractionation and its potential utility for distinguishing between Hg sources. The 8thInternational Conference on Mercury as a Global Pollutant. Madison, WI, Aug. 11–16, 2006. (Poster) 7. Kritee, K., B. Klaue, J. D. Blum, and T. Barkay. Biological mercury (Hg) isotope fractionation.The 15thGoldschmidt Conference. Moscow, Idaho, May 20 – 25, 2005. (Poster)8. Kritee K., B. Klaue, T. Barkay, and J. D. Blum. Mercury isotopic fractionation observed during the reduction of Hg(II) to Hg(0) by the bacterial mercuric reductase. The 7th International Conference on Mercury as a Global Pollutant. Ljubljana, Slovenia, June 27–July 2, 2004. (Talk)Grants, Scholarships and Awards• Governor’s Executive Fellowship, Eagleton Institute of Politics, Rutgers University (2007-08)• American Society of Microbiology’s Corporate Activities Program Student Travel Grant award for attending the 107th General meeting held in Toronto (2007) $500• Frank R. Lillie Fellowship and Scholarship Fund and William Morton Wheeler Family Founders’ Scholarship to attend Microbial Diversity summer course (2007) $3350• Special Study fund Grant from Graduate School New Brunswick, Rutgers University (2007) $2000 • Annual Robert S. and Eileen A. Robison Scholarship Award for Excellence in Graduate Studies, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University (2007) $300• Outstanding student poster presentation award at the 8th International Conference on Mercury as a Global Pollutant. Madison, WI (2006)• Karl C. Ivarson Student Assistance Fund Award, Rutgers University (2006 and 2007) $2000 • Cook College/NJAES Scientific Communication Award, Rutgers University (2006) $100• Graduate Fellow, Undergraduate Research Centre (URC) at Rutgers University (Spring 2005) $1700 • New Jersey Water Research Resource Institute Graduate Student Grant (2004) $5000• Graduate Fellowship, Microbiology and Molecular Genetic Program, Rutgers (2001) $24,000• Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) Scholarship (99 percentile), India (2000)• Summer Undergraduate Research Award for one of the best undergraduate research proposals at Indian Institute of Technology, India (1998).• Certificates of Merit by United Council for Educational Research and National level Science Talent Search Examination, India (1992 –1996)• Certificate for Highest Score in Central Board of Secondary Education Examination in Karnal District (County), Haryana, India (1994)Teaching experience (Rutgers University)As Guest Lecturer Biodegradation & Bioremediation (16:375:529) Fall 06General Microbiology (11:680:390) Spring 07,06; Fall 05Microbial Ecology (16:681:572) Spring 07; Fall 05, 04As Teaching Assistant Applied Microbiology (11:126:486) Spring 04General Microbiology (11:680:390) Fall 03, 02Microbial Ecology (16:681:572) Spring 03 As Research MentorMatt Meredith (Senior, Colby College, Maine) Summer 05Richard Pescatore (Freshman, Rutgers University)Undergraduate Research Centre Spring 05Professional Conferences Attendedth•American Society of Microbiology’s 107 General Meeting Toronto, Canada, May 21-25, 2007 (Poster)•Microbes & Their Role in Conservation:The Center for Biodiversity & Conservation’s 12th Annual Symposium, American Museum of Natural History, NY April 26-27, 2007•Joint Molecular Biosciences Student Symposium, Rutgers University Feb 23rd, 2007 (Talk)•Microbiology at Rutgers University: A mini symposium. 2007 (Poster)•Second Passaic River Symposium: Progress and Challenges, Montclair, NJ. 2006•The 8th International Conference on Mercury as a Global Pollutant. Madison, WI. 2006 (Poster) •North Eastern Microbiologists: Physiology, Ecology and Taxonomy Annual Meeting Blue Mountain Lake, NY. June 2006 (Talk)•Theobald Smith Society’s Annual Meeting, New Brunswick, NJ June 2006 (Poster)•Meadowlands Commission Scientific Workshop, Rutgers University April 2006•The 15th International Goldschmidt Conference. Moscow Idaho, May 20 – 25, 2005 (Poster) •The 7th International Conference on Mercury as a Global Pollutant. Ljubljana, Slovenia, June 27 – July 2, 2004. (Talk)•EPA’s Mercury Fate and Transport Workshop, Washington DC. Nov. 21, 2003.•USA Strategy Summit on Challenging Global Corporate Power and Democracy. NY Nov 2001 Computational and Laboratory Skills•Mercury (Hg) analysis by Atomic Absorption and Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry •Experience with Multiple Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry•Trace metal level cleaning and sampling techniques•Enrichment, isolation and maintenance of pure cultures, microscopy and taxonomy•PCR, plasmid isolation, cloning, restriction mapping and phylogenetic analysis•In vitro transcription/translation, SDS-PAGE, autoradiography•Microelectrodes•Programming Languages: C• Protein/DNA sequence analysis softwares: ARB, Blast, Rasmol, Phylip, Paup.Activities and affiliationsNew Jersey• Graduate Student Representative: Rutgers Sustainability Committee (2006)•Judge for the 23rd Annual North Jersey Regional Science Fair (2006)•Organizer: Environmental Remediation Discussion Club, Rutgers University (2004) •American Society of Microbiology and Theobald Smith Society (2005- )•American Society of Geochemistry (2004- )•Hudson-Delaware Chapter, Society for Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC)References1. Prof. Tamar BarkayAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Biochemistry and Microbiology76 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8525Tel: (732)-932-9763 x 333 Email: barkay@ 2. Prof. Joel D. BlumJohn D. MacArthur Professor of Geological SciencesUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor2534 C.C. Little Building, 1100 N. University Ave.Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1063Tel: 734-615-3242 E-mail: jdblum@3. Prof. Paul FalkowskiInstitute of Marine and Coastal SciencesRutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901Room 318DTel: 732 932-6555 X 370 E-mail: falko@ 4. Dr. Beth RavitRutgers Environmental Research Clinic14 College Farm RoadNew Brunswick, NJ 08901-8525Tel: 201-774-1614 Email: ravit@。