Chapter9语言学-LanguageandliteraturePPT课件
合集下载
英语语言学教程最新课件9
1.2 Devices of Foregrounding
• Outside literature, so the assumption goes, language tends to be automatized; its structures and meanings are used routinely. Within literature, however, this is opposed by devices which thwart the automatism with which language is read, processed, or understood. Generally, two such devices may be distinguished, those of deviation and of parallelism.
1.1 What is ‘foregrounding’?
• Frank Hakemulder & Willie van Peer: • In a purely linguistic sense, the term
'foregrounding' is used to refer to new information, in contrast to elements in the sentence which form the background against which the new elements are to be understood by the listener / reader.
• to differentiate literature from other varieties of language use, such as everyday conversations or scientific reports.
语言学教程Chapter 9. Language and Literature
9.2.1 foregrounding and the grammatical form
In literary texts, the grammatical system of the language is often exploited, experimented with, or in Mukarosky’s words, made to “deviate from other, more everyday, forms of language, and as a result creates interesting new patterns in form and in meaning”.
Some forms of trope
Simile Metaphor Metonymy Synecdoche
Why people use language in a figurative way?
The figurative use of language has the effect of making the concepts under discussion more domestic and acceptable. Readers can……
1. phonology 2. grammar 3. semantics Literay language differs from non-literary
language in that the former is foregrounded in the above three aspects.
9.2.3 the analysis of literay
language
Procedures we should follow when we analyze the grammatical structure and meaning of a literary text.
简明英语语言学chapter9languageandculture
Chapter 9 Language and Culture,
9.1. what is culture
1.1 What is culture?
• Broadly speaking(广义） • It means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language. • In a narrow sense（狭义） • It refers to local or specific practice, beliefs or customs.
4. Language plays a major role in socializing the people and in perpetuating of a culture, espically in print form, written form or in digital form.
• 5. Culture aslo affets a discourse community’s imagination, or common dreams which are mediated through the language and reflected in behavior and life.
• Two types of culture:
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Material and spiritual
9.3. The relationship between language and culture
• • • •
dog ,dragon, bat, owl, horse Number (7, 13) 1. Language expresses cultural reality. 2. Language symbolize cultural reality.
9.1. what is culture
1.1 What is culture?
• Broadly speaking(广义） • It means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language. • In a narrow sense（狭义） • It refers to local or specific practice, beliefs or customs.
4. Language plays a major role in socializing the people and in perpetuating of a culture, espically in print form, written form or in digital form.
• 5. Culture aslo affets a discourse community’s imagination, or common dreams which are mediated through the language and reflected in behavior and life.
• Two types of culture:
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Material and spiritual
9.3. The relationship between language and culture
• • • •
dog ,dragon, bat, owl, horse Number (7, 13) 1. Language expresses cultural reality. 2. Language symbolize cultural reality.
英语语言学胡壮麟09Chapter 9_literature
Syntactical Level 1 Sentence Types According to different criteria, the English sentences can be classified into different types, and they each manifest distinctive stylistic features and are suitable for different ideas expressed.
Chapter 9 Language and Literature
9.1 three definitions of style
Style: Style as deviation, style is regarded as deviation or deviance, i.e. departure from what is normal. E.g. a grief ago, generally we use a noun indicating time in the expression “ a ago”, such as a month ago and the word to fill the slot is normally a countable noun. In this phrase, grief doesn’t meet the conventional requirement. It express an idea in a beautifully succinct way. Since grief means a feeling of great sadness and any feeling will last for some time, it is not difficult to figure out the message. That is , sth terribly sad has happened, and the speaker may have experienced grief repeatedly so that he can measure time in terms of it.
新编简明英语语言学 Chapter 9 Language and culture
1. *Definition: culture; cultural diffusion2. The relationship between language and culture3. # Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis4. *Linguistic evidence of cultural differences5. Cultural overlap and diffusionDefinition: culture; cultural diffusionCultural overlap and diffusion; Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis; Linguisticevidence of cultural differencesThe relationship between language and culture一、定义including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions,techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. 由信仰，风俗，目标，机构，技术和语言构成，具有人类社区生活的特征。
through communication, some elements ofcultureA enter cultureB andbecomepartof cultureB. 通过交际， A 文化中的某些成分进入了 B 文化，并成为了 B 文化的一部分。
二、知识点techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. 由信仰，风俗，目标，机构，技术和语言构成，具有人类社区生活的特征。
Twotypes of culture:1. material culture 物质文化： is concrete, substantial and observable. 具体的，实质的，可观察到的( e.g.意识文化、信念、价值观，时空概念)2. spiritual culture 精神文化： is abstract, implicit, and hidden. 抽象的，多义的，不可见的。
语言学--unit9语言与文学Language and Literature
Dictionary definition
The world is like a stage.
The name of a
part of a
objective
to
synecdoche refer to the
whole thing.
simile Figurative language metapher
(4)
To demonstrate technical skill, and for intellectual pleasure
(5)
For emphasis or contrast
(6)
Onomatopoeia
9.3 The Language in Poety 9.3.6 How to Analyse Poetry
Ex.9-15
Trochee and palm to palm is holy palmer's kiss
Ex.9-16
Anapest Willows whiten, aspens quiver
Ex.9-17
Dactyl Without cause be he pleased, without cause be he cross
(1)
Information about the poem
(2)
The way the poem is structured
lingustics chapter 9.4 The Language
in Fiction
9.4.1 Fictional Prose and Point of View
(1) I-narrators (2)Third-person narrators (3)Schema-oriented language (4)Given vs New information (5)Deixis
Chapter 9 Language and Literature
Random calling: Explain items from the third-level titles in the contents (目录) for the Chapter—a mark of 95 shall be awarded to those who can provide correct explanations for 3 of the items.
4) Rhetorical analysis: e.g. “a sea of shouting” and “Waves of rejoicing” (Par.7) -- The two phrases are cases of both metaphor and hyperbole which vividly show the excitement and happiness of the crowd in the church. Furthermore, the two phrases echo each other in image (both mirroring a sea).
5) The image or symbolic meaning in/of the work (作品 (中事物) 的象征意义): e.g. Things/elements in the literary work (natural phenomena, plants, animals, buildings, objects, atmosphere, etc.) may be used to symbolize love, progress, eternity, hope, desire, illusion, sadness, evil, etc.
语言学Chapter 9
•
9· 1 Foregrounding and grammatical form前 2· 景化和语法形式
Events belong to the string of plot are usually foregrounded while those used to provide related information are backgrounded. Deviation（偏离）and parallelism（平行） are usually used to show foregrounding events. The study of foregrounding is called patterning（模式/干扰背景模式）.
Language & Literature 4
Chapter 9 Language & Literature • 9· Some general features of the literary 2 language
•
9· 1 Foregrounding and grammatical form前 2· 景化和语法形式
Language & Literature 2
Chapter 9 Language & Literature • 9· Theoretical background 1
• 研究表明: 自20世纪60年代，建立起来了现代文体学， 从此该学科就飞速发展起来。但20世纪60年代，文体 学是形式主义formalism的十年，70年代是功能主义 functionalism的十年，80年代是语篇文体学discourse stylistics的十年，那么在90年代，是社会历史sociohistorical和社会文化socio-cultural文体学。 • 2000年后，文体学的发展趋势有两个主要特征。首先， 向着社会历史和社会文化文体学的研究深入。其次， 正兴起一种多元发展plural-heads development的趋势， 不同文体学学派竞相发展，新的学派不时涌现出来。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
ΔA chipped sill buttresses mother and daughter who are
the last mistresses of that black block which is condemned to stand, not crash.
8
❖ Find out the unusual use of language in the following paragraph:
9
❖ 2.1 What is ‘foregrounding’? ❖ 2.2 Devices of Foregrounding
2
1. Style and Stylistics
❖ Style: variation in the language use of an individual, such as formal/informal style
Literary style: ways of writing employed in literature and by individual writers; the way the mind of the author expresses itself in words
It deals with the close relationship between language and literature.
It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style.
6
The scope is sometimes narrowed to concentrate on the more striking features of literaபைடு நூலகம்y language, for instance, its ‘deviant’ and abnormal features, rather than the broader structures that are found in whole texts or discourses.
3
❖ Stylistics “studies the features of situationally distinctive uses (varieties) of language, and tries to establish principles capable of accounting for the particular choices made by individual and social groups in their use of language.” (Crystal，1980)
Therefore, stylistics looks at what is ‘going on’ within the language; what the linguistic associations are that the style of language reveals.
5
Literary Stylistics: Crystal (1987) observes that, in practice, most stylistic analysis has attempted to deal with the complex and ‘valued’ language within literature, i.e. ‘literary stylistics’.
7
2. Foregrounding
❖ Please compare the following two pieces of language:
Four storeys have no windows left to smash But in the fifth a chipped sill buttresses Mother and daughter the last mistresses Of that black block condemned to stand, not crash.
For example, the compact language of poetry is more likely to reveal the secrets of its construction to the stylistician than is the language of plays and novels.
The red-haired woman, smiling, waving to the disappearing shore. She left the mahareajah; she left innumerable other lights o’passing love in towns and cities and theatres and railway stations all over the world. But Melchior she did not leave.
Chapter 9 Language and
Literature
1
Teaching Focus
❖ 1. Style and Stylistics ❖ 2. Foregrounding ❖ 3. Literal language and figurative language ❖ 4. Analysis of literary language ❖ 5. The language in poetry
4
❖ In addition, stylistics is a distinctive term that may be used to determine the connections between the form and effects within a particular variety of language.
the last mistresses of that black block which is condemned to stand, not crash.
8
❖ Find out the unusual use of language in the following paragraph:
9
❖ 2.1 What is ‘foregrounding’? ❖ 2.2 Devices of Foregrounding
2
1. Style and Stylistics
❖ Style: variation in the language use of an individual, such as formal/informal style
Literary style: ways of writing employed in literature and by individual writers; the way the mind of the author expresses itself in words
It deals with the close relationship between language and literature.
It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style.
6
The scope is sometimes narrowed to concentrate on the more striking features of literaபைடு நூலகம்y language, for instance, its ‘deviant’ and abnormal features, rather than the broader structures that are found in whole texts or discourses.
3
❖ Stylistics “studies the features of situationally distinctive uses (varieties) of language, and tries to establish principles capable of accounting for the particular choices made by individual and social groups in their use of language.” (Crystal，1980)
Therefore, stylistics looks at what is ‘going on’ within the language; what the linguistic associations are that the style of language reveals.
5
Literary Stylistics: Crystal (1987) observes that, in practice, most stylistic analysis has attempted to deal with the complex and ‘valued’ language within literature, i.e. ‘literary stylistics’.
7
2. Foregrounding
❖ Please compare the following two pieces of language:
Four storeys have no windows left to smash But in the fifth a chipped sill buttresses Mother and daughter the last mistresses Of that black block condemned to stand, not crash.
For example, the compact language of poetry is more likely to reveal the secrets of its construction to the stylistician than is the language of plays and novels.
The red-haired woman, smiling, waving to the disappearing shore. She left the mahareajah; she left innumerable other lights o’passing love in towns and cities and theatres and railway stations all over the world. But Melchior she did not leave.
Chapter 9 Language and
Literature
1
Teaching Focus
❖ 1. Style and Stylistics ❖ 2. Foregrounding ❖ 3. Literal language and figurative language ❖ 4. Analysis of literary language ❖ 5. The language in poetry
4
❖ In addition, stylistics is a distinctive term that may be used to determine the connections between the form and effects within a particular variety of language.