社科论文参考资料(译文)
学术英语社科课文翻译学术英语社科翻译汇总
学术英语社科课文翻译学术英语社科翻译汇总Unit1 人们如何做出决策1.经济学家通常假设人是理性的。
理性的人们系统地,有目的地做最好的,他们可以实现他们的目标,考虑到可用的机会。
当你学习经济学,你会遇到公司决定雇佣多少工人,有多少他们的产品生产和销售利润最大化。
你也会遇到那些决定花多少时间工作和买什么商品和服务产生的收入来实现最高水平的满意度。
2.人们会对激励做出反应6.激励是诱发一个人采取行动,如惩罚或奖励的预期。
因为理性的人们通过比较成本和效益做出决定,他们会对激励做出反应。
你会发现激励在经济学的研究中发挥核心作用。
一位经济学家甚至认为整个字段可以简单地总结:“人们会对激励作出反应。
其余的评论。
”11.考虑一下安全带法律改变司机的coat-benefit计算。
安全带使得事故成本更低,因为他们减少受伤或死亡的可能性。
换句话说,安全带减少缓慢而谨慎驾驶的好处。
人们应对安全带,因为他们将改善路况,驾驶速度更快,不仔细。
安全带带法的结果,因此,大量的事故。
安全驾驶的下降有一个明确的,行人造成负面的影响,他们更有可能发现自己在一次事故中但(与驱动程序)没有添加保护的利益。
12.起初,这个讨论的激励和安全带似乎是闲置的猜测。
然而在1975年的一个经典研究,经济学家萨姆peltznab汽车安全法认为,有许多这样的效果。
根据贝特兹曼的证据,这些法律产生了每次车祸的死亡事故。
他的结论是,最终的结果是小司机死亡人数的变化,增加行人死亡的数量。
13.peltman对汽车安全的分析是一个另类的一般原则的例子,人们会对激励作出反应。
在分析任何政策时,我们必须考虑不仅直接影响还不太明显的间接影响,通过激励工作。
如果政策改变了激励,它会使人们改变他们的行为。
UNIT31、失去一份工作可能是最痛苦的经济事件在一个人的生活。
大多数人们依靠自己的劳动收入来维持他们的生活标准许多人会从他们的工作得到的不仅是收入，还有自己的成就感。
毕业论文英文参考文献与译文
Inventory managementInventory ControlOn the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion.The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility.Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored:First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments .Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field ofthese big boys, but also their simple modules inside the warehouse management functionality is defined as "inventory management" or "inventory control." This makes the already not quite understand what our inventory control, but not sure what is inventory control.In fact, from the perspective of broadly understood, inventory control, shouldinclude the following:First, the fundamental purpose of inventory control. We know that the so-called world-class manufacturing, two key assessment indicators (KPI) is, customer satisfaction and inventory turns, inventory turns and this is actually the fundamental objective of inventory control.Second, inventory control means. Increase inventory turns, relying solely on the so-called physical inventory control is not enough, it should be the demand and supply chain management process flow of this large output, and this big warehouse management processes in addition to including this link, the more important The section also includes: forecasting and order processing, production planning and control, materials planning and purchasing control, inventory planning and forecasting in itself, as well as finished products, raw materials, distribution and delivery of the strategy, and even customs management processes.And with the demand and supply chain management processes throughout the process, it is the information flow and capital flow management. In other words, inventory itself is across the entire demand and supply management processes in all aspects of inventory control in order to achieve the fundamental purpose, it must control all aspects of inventory, rather than just manage the physical inventory at hand.Third, inventory control, organizational structure and assessment.Since inventory control is the demand and supply chain management processes, output, inventory control to achieve the fundamental purpose of this process must be compatible with a rational organizational structure. Until now, we can see that many companies have only one purchasing department, purchasing department following pipe warehouse. This is far short of inventory control requirements. From the demand and supply chain management process analysis, we know that purchasing and warehouse management is the executive arm of the typical, and inventory control should focus on prevention, the executive branch is very difficult to "prevent inventory" for the simple reason that they assessment indicatorsin large part to ensure supply (production, customer). How the actual situation, a reasonable demand and supply chain management processes, and thus set the corresponding rational organizational structure and is a question many of our enterprisesto exploreThe role of inventory controlInventory management is an important part of business management. In the production and operation activities, inventory management must ensure that both the production plant for raw materials, spare parts demand, but also directly affect the purchasing, sales of share, sales activities. To make an inventory of corporate liquidity, accelerate cash flow, the security of supply under the premise of minimizing Yaku funds, directly affects the operational efficiency. Ensure the production and operation needs of the premise, so keep inventories at a reasonable level; dynamic inventory control, timely, appropriate proposed order to avoid over storage or out of stock; reduce inventory footprint, lower total cost of inventory; control stock funds used to accelerate cash flow.Problems arising from excessive inventory: increased warehouse space andinventory storage costs, thereby increasing product costs; take a lot of liquidity, resultingin sluggish capital, not only increased the burden of payment of interest, etc., would affect the time value of money and opportunity income; finished products and raw materials caused by physical loss and intangible losses; a large number of enterprise resource idle, affecting their rational allocation and optimization; cover the production, operation of the whole process of the various contradictions and problems, is not conducive to improve the management level.Inventory is too small the resulting problems: service levels caused a decline in the profit impact of marketing and corporate reputation; production system caused by inadequate supply of raw materials or other materials, affecting the normal production process; to shorten lead times, increase the number of orders, so order (production) costs; affect the balance of production and assembly of complete sets.NotesInventory management should particularly consider the following two questions:First, according to sales plans, according to the planned production of the goods circulated in the market, we should consider where, how much storage.Second, starting from the level of service and economic benefits to determine howto ensure inventories and supplementary questions.The two problems with the inventory in the logistics process functions.In general, the inventory function:(1)to prevent interrupted. Received orders to shorten the delivery of goods fromthe time in order to ensure quality service, at the same time to prevent out of stock.(2)to ensure proper inventory levels, saving inventory costs.(3)to reduce logistics costs. Supplement with the appropriate time interval compatible with the reasonable demand of the cargo in order to reduce logistics costs, eliminate or avoid sales fluctuations.(4)ensure the production planning, smooth to eliminate or avoid sales fluctuations.(5)display function.(6)reserve. Mass storage when the price falls, reduce losses, to respond to disasters and other contingencies.About the warehouse (inventory) on what the question, we must consider the number and location. If the distribution center, it should be possible according to customer needs, set at an appropriate place; if it is stored in central places to minimize the complementary principle to the distribution centers, there is no place certain requirements. When the stock base is established, will have to take into account are stored in various locations in what commodities.库存管理库存控制在谈到所谓“库存控制”的时候，很多人将其理解为“仓储管理”，这实际上是个很大的曲解。
知识产权论文中英文对照外文翻译文献
知识产权论文中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译文献1外文参考文献译文the well-known trademarks and dilute anti-diluted First, well-known trademarks SummaryWell-known trademarks is a long-term use, in the market enjoy a high reputation, known for the relevant public and by certain procedures that the trademark. Since the "Paris Convention" was first introduced the concept of well-known trademarks, the well-known trademarks for special protection legislation has become the world trend.Paris Convention stipulates: all of the members were identified as the well-known trade marks, or registered First, the first to ban others, and the other is to prohibit the use of others with identical or similar logo. Trips further provides: 1, the Paris Convention for the special protection and extension of the services of well-known trademarks, 2, the scope of protection does not extend to prohibit similar goods or services with the well-known trademarks for use on the same or similar logo, 3, on how to That a well-known trademarks in principle a simple requirement.National legislation on the practice, the well-known trade marks that standards vary, often based on specific trade mark promotion of public awareness of related areas, logo merchandise sales and the scope of national interests, and o ther factors identified. From an international treaty to protect the well-known trademarks mind, that well-known trade marks and protection of well-known trade marks are closely linked.Second, the well-known trademarks protected modeOn the protection of the main trademarks of relative and absolute protectionism two models.The former refers to ban others with well-known trademarks identical or similar trademark with the trademark owner the same or similar industries in the registration or use of similar goods in non-use of the same or similar trademarks is permitted, "the Paris Convention "That is, relative to protectionism.While the latter refers to ban others in any industry, including the well-known trade mark goods with different or similar to those in the industry to register with the well-known trade marks and the use of the same or similar trademarks, TRIPS agreement that is taken by the expansion of the absolute protectionism.In simple economic form, as specified by the trade mark goods at a single, specific trade mark goods and the link between more closely. With, a valuable well-known trademarks have been more and more use of different types of commodities, which are among the types of goods on the property may be totally different, in a trademark associated with the commodity groups and the relative weakening of trade marks Commodity producers and the relative isolation. Not well-known trademarks such as cross-category protection and allow others to register, even if the goods obvious differences, the public will still be in the new goods and reputable well-known trademarks to establish a link between people that the goods may be well-known trademark, the new commodities , Or the well-known trademarks of goods and people between the existence of a legal, organizational or business association, thus leading to the misuse of consumers purchase. The rapid development of the commodity today, the relative protectionism has not improved the protection of the public and well-known trademark owner's interests.In view of this, in order to effectively prevent the reputation of well-known trademarks, and the identification of significant features and advertising value by the improper use of the damage, many countries on the implementation of a well-known trademarks is protectionism, which prohibits the use of any products on the same or with the well-known trademarks Similar to the trademark.TRIPS Agreement Article 16, paragraph 3 states: Paris Convention 1967 text, in principle, applicable to the well-known trademarks and logos of the commodities or services are not similar goods or services, if not similar goods or services on the use of the trademark will be Suggest that the goods or services with the well-known trademarks on a link exists, so that the interests of all well-known trademarks may be impaired.Third, the well-known trademarks dilutedThe protection of trademark rights, there are mainly two: one for the confusion theory, a theory for desalination.The main traditional trademark protection for trade marks the difference between functional design, and its theoretical basis for the theory of confusion. In summary, which is to ensure that the trademark can be identification, confirmation and different goods or services different from the significant features, to avoid confusion, deception and E Wu, the law gives first use of a person or persons registered with exclusive rights, which prohibits any Without the permission of the rights to use may cause confusion among consumers in the same or similar trademarks. Clearly, the traditional concept of trademark protection, to stop "the possibility of confusion" is the core of trademark protection.With the socio-economic development andcommercialization of the continuous improvement of the degree, well-known trademarks by the enormous implication for the growing commercial value have attracted the attention of people. Compared with ordinary marks, bearing well-known trademarks by the significance and meaning beyond the trademark rights to the general, and further symbol of product quality and credit, contains a more valuable business assets - goodwill. Well-known trade mark rights of people to use its excellent reputation of leading the way in the purchasing power, instead of the use of trademarks to distinguish between different products and producers.When the mark beyond the role of this feature to avoid confusion, then, this factor is obviously confused and can not cover everything, and other factors become as important as or more important. Thus, in theory confusion on the basis of further development of desalination theory.Trademark Dilution (dilution), also known as trademark dilution, is one of trademark infringement theory. "Watered down", according to the U.S. "anti-federal trademark law dilute" means "regardless of well-known trade mark rights and the others between the existence of competition, or existence of confusion, misunderstanding or the possibility of deception, reduce and weaken the well-known trademarks Its goods or services and the identification of significant capacity of the act. " In China, some scholars believe that "refers to dilute or weaken gradually weakened consumer or the public will be trademarks of the commercial sources with a specific link between the ability." Trademark faded and that the main theory is that many market operators have Using well-known trademarks of the desire of others, engage in well-known trademarks should be toprevent others from using its own unique identification of special protection.1927, Frank ? Si Kaite in the "Harvard Law reviews" wrote the first trademark dilute theory. He believes that people should not only be trademarks of others prohibit the use of the mark, he will compete in the commodity, and should prohibit the use of non-competitive goods on. He pointed out: the real role of trade marks, not distinguish between goods operators, but satisfied with the degree of difference between different commodities, so as to promote the continuous consumer purchase. From the basic function of trademarks, trade mark used in non-competitive goods, their satisfaction with regard to the distinction between the role of different commodities will be weakened and watered down. Trademarks of the more significant or unique, to the public the impression that the more deeply, that is, should be restricted to non-compete others in the use of goods or services.Since then, the Intellectual Property Rights Branch of the American Bar Association Chairman Thomas ? E ? Si Kaite Smith on the theory made a fu rther elaboration and development. He said: "If the courts allow or laissez-faire 'Rolls Royce' restaurants, 'Rolls-Royce' cafeteria, 'Rolls-Royce' pants, 'Rolls-Royce' the candy, then not 10 years, ' Rolls-Royce 'trademark owners will no longer have the world well-known trademarks. "Si Kaite in accordance with the theory of well-known trade marks have faded because of the effect of non-rights holders with well-known trademarks in the public mind the good image of well-known trademarks will be used in non-competitive goods, so as to gradually weaken or reduce the value of well-known trademarks, That is, by the well-known trademarks havecredibility. Trademark tag is more significant or unique characteristics, which in the public mind the impression that the more deep, more is the need for increased protection, to prevent the well-known trade marks and their specific goods was the link between the weakening or disappearance.In practice, trademarks diluted share a wide range of operating methods, such as:A well-known trademarks of others will still use as a trademark, not only in the use of the same, similar to the goods or services. For example, household appliances, "Siemens" trademark as its own production of the furniture's trademark.2. To other people's well-known trademarks as their corporate name of the component. Such as "Haier" trademark for the name of his restaurant.3. To the well-known trademarks of others as the use of domain names. For example, watches trademark "OMEGA" registered the domain name for themselves (/doc/cf12487433.html,).4. To the well-known trademarks of others as a commodity and decorating use.5. Will be others as well-known trade marks of goods or services using the common name. For example, "Kodak" interpreted as "film, is a camera with photographic material", or "film, also known as Kodak,……" This interpretation is also the mark of the water down. If the "Kodak" ignored the trademark owner, after a period of time, people will Kodak film is, the film is Kodak. In this way, the Kodak film-related goods has become the common name, it as a trademark by a significant, identifiable on limbo. The public well-known Jeep (Jeep), aspirin (Aspirin), freon (Freon), and so was the registration of foreign goods are due toimproper use and management and the protection of poor, evolved into similar products common name, Thus lost its trademark logo features.U.S. "anti-diluted Federal trademark law" before the implementation of the Federal Court of Appeal through the second from 1994 to 1996 case, identified thefollowing violations including the Trademark Dilution: (1) vague, non-means as others in similar goods not on Authorized the use of a trademark so that the sales of goods and reduce the value of trademarks or weakened (2) pale, that is because of violations related to the quality, or negative, to demonize the acts described a trademark goods may be caused to others The negative effects of the situation, (3) to belittle, or improperly changed, or derogatory way to describe a trade mark case.The majority of our scholars believe that the well-known trademarks diluted There are two main forms: watered down and defaced. The so-called dilute the people will have no right to use the same or similar trademark with the well-known trademarks used in different types of commodities, thus making the mark with the goods weakened ties between the specific acts the so-called defaced is that people will have no right to use the same Or similar marks for the well-known trade marks will have to belittle good reputation, tarnished the role of different types of goods on the act.Some scholars believe that the desalination also refers to the three aspects of well-known trademarks damage. First, in a certain way to demonize the relevant well-known trademarks; Second, some way related to well-known trademark dark; Third is the indirect way so that consumers will distort trade mark goods for the general misunderstanding of the name.In general, can be diluted in the form summarized as follows: 1, weakeningWeakening is a typical diluted form, also known as dark, is that others will have some visibility in the use of a trademark is not the same, similar to the goods or services, thereby weakening the mark with its original logo of goods or services The link between, weakening the mark was a significant and identifiable, thus bearing the trade mark by the damage caused by acts of goodwill. Weakening the mark of recognition of the significant damage is serious, it can be the recognition of trademark dilution, was significant, or even make it completely disappeared, then to the mark bycarrying the reputation of devastating combat.First, the weakening of the identification is the weakening and lower. Any unauthorized person, others will have some visibility in the use of a trademark is not the same, similar to the goods or services, will reduce its recognition of. But consumers were referred to the mark, it may no longer think of first is the original goods or services, not only is the original or goods or services, consumers simply will not even think of goods or services, but the Trademark Dilution of goods Or services. There is no doubt that this marks the recognition of, is a heavy blow.Weakening of the mark is significantly weakened and the lower. Mark is significantly different from other commercial trademark marked characteristics. A certain well-known trademarks, which in itself should be a very significant, very significant and can be quickly and other signs of its own separate. However, the Trademark Dilution of the same or similar trademarks used in different goods or services, so that was the trademark and other commercial marked difference in greatlyreduced, to the detriment of its significant.Of course, regardless of the weakening of the mark was a significant or identifiable, are the ultimate impact of the mark by the bearer of goodwill. Because the trade mark is the carrier of goodwill, the mark of any major damage, the final performance for all bearing the trade mark by the goodwill of the damage.2, tarnishedMeans others will have some well-known trademarks in the use of the good reputation of the trademark will have to belittle, defaced role of the goods or services on the act. Contaminate the trademarks of others, is a distortion of trade marks to others, the use of the damage, not only reduced the value of the mark, even on such values were defaced. As tarnished reputation is a trademark of damage, so tarnished included in the diluted acts, is also relatively accepted view. Moreover, in the field of trademark faded, tarnished than the weakening of the danger of even greater acts, the consequences are more serious.3, degradationDegradation is due to improper use of trademarks, trade mark goods for the evolution of the common name recognition and loss of function. Trademark Dilution degradation is the most serious kind. Degradation of the event, will completely lose their identification marks, no longer has the distinction function as the common name of the commodity.Fourth, protection against diluteBased on the well-known trademarks dilute the understanding, and accompanied by a serious weakening of well-known trademarks, all countries are gradually legislation to provide for the well-known trademarks to protect anti-diluted. There are specific models:1, the development of special anti-dilute the protection of well-known trademarksThe United States is taking this protection on behalf of the typical pattern.1995, in order to prevent lower dilute "the only representative of the public eye, the unique image of the trademark" to protect "the trademark value of advertising," the U.S. Congress passed the National reunification of the "anti-federal trademark law watered down", so as to the well-known trademarks All provide the unified and effective national anti-dilute the protection.U.S. anti-diluted in trademark protection has been added a new basis for litigation, which is different from the traditional basis of trademark infringement litigation. Trademark infringement of the criteria is confusing, the possibility of deception and misleading, and the Trademark Dilution criteria is unauthorized to others well-known trademarks of the public to reduce the use of the trademark instructions for goods and services only and in particular of Feelings. It is clear that the U.S. law is anti-diluted basis, "business reputation damage" and the possibility of well-known trade mark was a significant weakening of the possibility of providingrelief. Moreover, anti-faded law does not require the application of competitive relations or the existence of possible confusion, which is more conducive to the exercise of trademark right to appeal.2, through the Anti-Unfair Competition Law ProtectionSome countries apply anti-unfair competition law to protect famous trademarks from being watered down. Such as Greece, "Anti-Unfair Competition Law," the first one: "Prohibition of theUse of well-known trademarks in order to take advantage of different commodities on the well-known trademarks dilute its credibility was significant." Although some countries in the Anti-Unfair Competition Law does not explicitly prohibits trademark faded, but the Trademark Dilution proceedings, the application of unfair competition litigation.3, through or under well-known trademark protection within the scope of trademark protectionMost civil law countries is this way. 1991, "the French Intellectual Property Code," Di Qijuan trademark law section L.713-5 of the provisions that: not in similar goods or services on the use of well-known trade marks to the trademark owner or a loss caused by the improper use of trademarks , Against people should bear civil liability.Germany in 1995, "the protection of trademarks and other signs of" Article 14 also stipulates that: without the consent of the trademark rights of third parties should be banned in commercial activities, in and protected by the use of the trademark does not like similar goods or services , And the use of the trademark identical or similar to any signs.4, in the judicial precedents in the application of anti-dilute the protection ofIn some countries there are no clear legislative provisions of the anti-dilute well-known trademarks, but in judicial practice, they are generally applicable civil law on compensation for the infringement of the debt to protect the interests of all well-known trademarks, through judicial precedents to dilute the protection of applicable anti.China's well-known trademarks in the protection of the law did not "water down" the reference, but on the substance of therelevant legal provisions, protection of anti-diluted. 2001 "Trademark Law" amendment to increase the protection of well-known trademarks, in particular, it is important to the well-known trademarks have been registered to conduct cross-category protection. Article 13 stipulates: "The meeting is not the same as or similar to the trademark application for registration of goods is copied, Mofang, translation others have been registered in the well-known trademarks, misleading the public, the standard of the well-known trade mark registration may be the interests of the damage, no registration And can not be used. "But needs to be pointed out that this provision does not mean that China's laws for the well-known trademarks has provided an effective anti-dilute the protection. "Trademark Law" will prohibit only well-known trademarks and trademarks of the same or similar use, without the same or similar goods not on the behavior, but the well-known trade marks have faded in various forms, such as the well-known trademarks for names, domain names, such acts Detract from the same well-known trademarks destroyed the logo of the ability to make well-known trade mark registration of the interests of damage, this is not a legal norms.It must be pointed out that the trade mark that should be paying attention to downplay acts of the following:1, downplay acts are specifically for the well-known registered trade marks.Perpetrators diluted one of the main purpose is the free-rider, using the credibility of well-known trademarks to sell their products, and general use of trademarks do not have this value. That acts to dilute limited to well-known trademarks, can effectively protect the rights of trademark rights, have notexcessively restrict the freedom of choice of logo, is right to resolve the conflict right point of balance. "Trademark Law" will be divided into well-known trademarks have beenregistered and unregistered, and give different protection. Anti-has been watered down to protect only against the well-known trade marks registration, and for China not only well-known trade marks registered in the same or similar ban on the registration and use of goods. This reflects the "Trademark Law" the principle of protection of registered trademarks.2, faded in the different categories of goods and well-known trademarks for use on the same or similar logo.If this is the same or similar goods with well-known trademarks for use on the same or similar to the logo should be in accordance with the general treatment of trademark infringement. There is also a need to downplay the use of the tags are similar to a well-known trademarks and judgments.3, not all the non-use of similar products on the well-known trade marks and logos of the same or similar circumstances are all faded.When a trademark has not yet become well-known trademarks, perhaps there are some with the same or similar trademarks used in other types of goods on. In the well-known trademarks, the original has been in existence does not constitute a trademark of those who play down.4, acts that play down the perpetrator does not need to consider the subjective mental state.Regardless of their out of goodwill or malicious, intentional or fault, is not watered down the establishment. But the acts of subjective mental state will assume responsibility for its impact on the manner and scope. Generally speaking, if the perpetratoracts intentionally dilute the responsibility to shoulder much weight, in particular, bear a heavier responsibility for damages, if the fault is the commitment will be less responsibility. If there are no mistakes, just assume the responsibility to stop infringement.5, due to anti-faded to protect well-known trade marks with a specific goods orservices linked to well-known trademarks a long time widely used in a variety of goods, will inevitably lead to trademark the logo of a particular commodity producers play down the link, well-known trademarks A unique attraction to consumers will also be greatly reduced. So that should not be watered down to conduct a source of confusion for the conditions of goods, after all, not all the water down will cause consumers confusion. For example, a street shop's name is "Rolls-Royce fruit shop," people at this time there will be no confusion and that the shop and the famous Rolls-Royce trademark or producers of the contact. However, such acts can not be allowed, a large number of similar acts will dilute the Rolls-Royce trademark and its products linked to undermine the uniqueness of the trademark, if things continue this way when the mention of Rolls-Royce trademark, people may think of is not only Automobile, food, clothing, appliances, etc.. That faded as to cause confusion for the conditions, some will not dilute norms and suppression of acts, makes well-known trade marks are not well protected. Therefore, as long as it is a well-known trademark detract from the logo and unique ability to act on the behavior should be identified as diluted.1. Zheng Chengsi: "Intellectual property law", legal publishers 2003 version.2. Wu Handong editor: "Intellectual Property Law," China Politics and Law University Press 2002 edition.3. Susan. Sela De: "The United States Federal trademark law dilute the anti-legislation and practice," Zhang Jin Yi, contained in the "Law on Foreign Translation" 1998 No.4.4. Kong Xiangjun: "Anti-Unfair Competition AFP theory," People's Court Press, 2001 edition.5. Liu Ping, Qi Chang: "On the special protection of famous trademarks", in "law and commercial" 1998 No.6.6. Well-Tao, Lu Zhou Li: "On the well-known trademarks to protect the anti-diluted", in "Law" 1998 No. 5.2 外文参考文献原文浅谈驰名商标之淡化与反淡化一、驰名商标概述驰名商标是指经过长期使用，在市场上享有较高声誉，为相关公众所熟知，并经一定程序认定的商标。
社科类论文格式模板
单位代码 10006学号分类号密级毕业设计(论文)题目学习中心名称专业名称学生姓名指导教师年月日论文题目姓名北京航空航天大学北京航空航天大学本科毕业设计（论文）任务书Ⅰ、毕业设计（论文）题目：Ⅱ、毕业设计（论文）选题的意义、价值和目标：Ⅲ、毕业设计（论文）工作内容：Ⅳ、主要参考资料：校外学习中心专业类学生（学号）毕业设计（论文）时间：自年月日至年月日指导教师：兼职教师（并指出所负责部分）：校外毕设组织协调小组（签字）：注：任务书应该附在已完成的毕业设计（论文）的首页。
本人声明我声明，本论文及其研究工作是由本人在导师指导下独立完成的，在完成论文时所利用的一切资料均已在参考文献中列出。
作者：签字：时间：2014年4 月反射式光纤位移测量系统摘要反射式光纤位移传感器由于具有原理简单、实现容易、工作可靠等诸多优点而受到越来越广泛的重视。
本系统由于要同时兼顾高精度和大量程的要求，因此在反射式光纤位移传感器的一般原理上进行了新的设计，使它较好的达到了实际的设计要求。
鉴于本项目中光纤传感头的设计与实现工作已经基本完成，本文主要侧重于对电路部分的设计与调试工作进行描述。
首先，本文将概述光纤传感器和光纤位移传感器的基本原理和特点，并且阐述选择反射式光纤位移传感器的原因。
其次，本文将讲述本系统中的核心部件－光纤传感头的基本工作原理，简述传感头的设计要求和实验曲线。
再次，本文将详细阐述本系统中光发射机的原理，设计过程和调试方法。
并给出图表说明。
最后，本文将简要叙述光接收机调试工作，讲述系统电路部分所用的电子元件的基本工作原理，并会对实验的结果进行说明。
在附录中，本文还将给出一些必要的程序的系统设计资料，供参考之用。
关键词：反射式，光纤，位移，测量Fiber-Optic Reflective Displacement Measuring SystemAbstractFiber-optic reflective displacement sensor attracts much attention for its particular advantages, such as simply theory, easy realization, good stability and so on. With the requirement of wide measurement range and high precision, it is re-designed based on the basic principle of the simplest reflective fiber-optic sensor. For some work having been finished at the beginning of this project, I will mainly describe the electric circuit.At first, I will introduce the characteristics, application and the present situation of optical fiber sensor, and then the principles of them, explaining the reason to choose the reflective type.The second, I will describe the principle, design method, and the turning method of the light source. I will do it carefully.At last, I will introduce the light receiver of the system, telling the way of some components works.At the supplement, I will write some thing like program code, dialogs and so on. It may be helpful for the future design.Key words:Reflective, Fiber-optic, Displacement, Measuring目录一绪论 (1)（一）地域性理论 (1)1、地域性理论的涵义 (1)2、地域性理论的历史发展 (1)（二）地域性理论 (2)1、地域性理论的涵义 (2)2、地域性理论的历史发展 (2)二平行进口有关知识产权理论分析 (3)（一）地域性理论 (3)1、地域性理论的涵义 (3)2、地域性理论的历史发展 (3)3、地域性理论的历史发展 (4)（二）地域性理论 (4)1、地域性理论的涵义 (4)2、地域性理论的历史发展 (4)3、地域性理论的历史发展 (5)4、地域性理论的历史发展 (5)（三）地域性理论 (5)1、地域性理论的涵义 (5)2、地域性理论的历史发展 (6)3、地域性理论的历史发展 (6)三平行进口有关知识产权理论分析 (7)（一）地域性理论 (7)1、地域性理论的涵义 (7)2、地域性理论的历史发展 (7)3、地域性理论的历史发展 (8)（二）地域性理论 (8)1、地域性理论的涵义 (8)2、地域性理论的历史发展 (8)3、地域性理论的历史发展 (9)（三）地域性理论 (9)1、地域性理论的涵义 (9)2、地域性理论的历史发展 (10)3、地域性理论的历史发展 (10)（四）地域性理论 (10)1、地域性理论的涵义 (10)2、地域性理论的历史发展 (11)3、地域性理论的历史发展 (11)四平行进口有关知识产权理论分析 (12)（一）地域性理论 (12)1、地域性理论的涵义 (12)2、地域性理论的历史发展 (12)3、地域性理论的历史发展 (13)4、地域性理论的历史发展 (13)（二）地域性理论 (13)1、地域性理论的涵义 (13)2、地域性理论的历史发展 (14)3、地域性理论的历史发展 (14)（三）地域性理论 (14)1、地域性理论的涵义 (14)2、地域性理论的历史发展 (15)3、地域性理论的历史发展 (15)（四）地域性理论 (16)1、地域性理论的涵义 (16)2、地域性理论的历史发展 (16)3、地域性理论的历史发展 (16)4、地域性理论的历史发展 (17)结论 (18)致谢 (19)参考文献 (20)附录 (21)附录A (21)一绪论随着知识产权国际保护的加强和国际贸易的繁荣，由此引发的平行进口与知识产权保护之间的冲突也愈演愈烈。
外文参考文献译文及原文
本科毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献译文及原文学院_____计算机学院______专业___计算机科学与技术___年级班别____2009级（1）班__学号学生姓名_______________指导教师______ ________2013年 5 月目录译文：<C#.NET 开发者指南>前言 (1)第一章微软.NET平台的介绍 (3)1.1 简介 (3)1.1.1 .NET平台简介 (3)1.1.2 微软的.NET和WINDOWS的基因 (4)1.1.3 微软 .NET体系结构 (4)1.1.4 .NET平台的特点 (4)1.1.5 多国语言的发展 (5)1.1.6 平台和处理器独立性 (6)1.1.7 自动内存管理 (7)1.1.8 支持的版本 (7)1.1.9 支持的开放标准 (8)1.1.10 配置简单 (8)1.1.11 分布式体系结构 (9)1.1.12 与非托管代码的互用 (9)原文：<C# .NET Web Developer's Guide>Foreword (11)Chapter1 Introduction of the Microsoft .NET Platform (13)1.1 Introduction (13)1.1.1 Introduction of the .NET Platform (13)1.1.2 Microsoft .NET and Windows DNA (15)1.1.3 Microsoft .NET Architecture Hierarchy (15)1.1.4 Features of the .NET Platform (16)1.1.5 Multilanguage Development (17)1.1.6 Platform and Processor Independence (18)1.1.7 Automatic Memory Management (19)1.1.8 Versioning Support (20)1.1.9 Support for Open Standards (21)1.1.10 Easy Deployment (22)1.1.11 Distributed Architecture (23)1.1.12 Interoperability with Unmanaged Code (23)译文：<C#.NET 开发者指南>前言在电脑软件的历史上，很少有一种技术能够得到开发者和业界如此强烈的正面响应。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料及译文(模板)
大连东软信息学院
毕业设计（论文）外文资料及译文
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大连东软信息学院
Dalian Neusoft University of Information
外文资料和译文格式要求
一、装订要求
1、外文资料原文（复印或打印）在前、译文在后、最后为指导教师评定成绩。
2、译文必须采用计算机输入、打印。
3、A4幅面打印，于左侧装订。
二、撰写要求
1、外文文献内容与所选课题相关。
2、本科学生译文汉字字数不少于4000字，高职学生译文汉字字数不少于2000字。
三、格式要求
1、译文字号：中文小四号宋体，英文小四号“Times New Roman”字型，全文统一，首行缩进2个中文字符，1.5倍行距。
2、译文页码：页码用阿拉伯数字连续编页，字体采用“Times New Roman”字体，字号小五，页底居中。
3、译文页眉：眉体使用单线，页眉说明五号宋体，居中“大连东软信息学院本科毕业设计（论文）译文”。
《社科文献索》(讲义要录) - 副本
第一编文献编第一章社会科学文献概述人类在改造自然和变革社会的伟大斗争中，需要各种知识。
要获得这些知识，除了直接实践外，更多的是要学习和吸取前人的经验、思想和知识，即充分利用文献。
本书介绍的重点是社会科学文献。
第一节文献的涵义和分类一文献的涵义《中华人民共和国国家标准·文献著录总则》( G B3792·1--83)知识载体，除纸张外，还可以是甲骨、金石、竹木、缣帛、胶片、磁带等。
东汉以来，甚至在今后很长时期内，纸都是全人类知识的最重要的载体。
当然，也要看到，随着科学技术的进步，胶片、磁带以至光盘等各种新型的知识载体将越来越普遍地被采用。
（《文献情报术语国际标准》(ISO/DIS 5127)的定义是:“在存贮、检索、利用或传递信息的过程中，可作为一个单元处理的，在载体内、载体上或依附载体而存贮有信息或数据的载体。
”）二文献的分类文献如不加分类，就很难为人们掌握利用。
但分类又有不同的标准。
首先，可以按照文献的载体分类。
根据载体的不同，一般把文献区分为印刷型（应该说是传统的典籍型）、缩微型（印刷型的变体）、视听型（包括有声语言）、机读型（采用电脑存贮、传输、检索各种文献）四大类。
纸在作为文献载体方面占有巨大优势，因此也有把文献分为“纸型”和“非纸型”的说法。
第二，根据文献的内容或写作和出版的特征分类。
通常分为图书、报刊、政治文献、学位论文、科学报告、专利文献、会议录、档案、技术标准、手稿、图表、乐谱等等。
其中，图书、报刊占的比重最大，使用最广泛。
第三，从对文献的加工程度，可分为一次文献、二次文献、三次文献。
一次文献，即原始文献。
凡直接记录事件经过、研究成果、新知识、新技术的文献都是。
比较常用的是专著、论文、调查报告、档案材料等。
一次文献是文献检索的主要对象。
二次文献，也叫检索性文献。
指对一次文献进行加工整理（如著录其文献特征、摘录其内容要点），并按一定方法编排成系统的便于查考的文献。
社科文献.doc
社科文献论文文献论文1 问题提出的背景。
全球化已然成为当今的时代现实，而信息技术在让全球化成为日常化的同时更加尖锐地显现了自身。
将媒介是人的延伸这样的麦克卢汉式的断言表述为人是信息网络中技术的人，或许更贴切。
转瞬间，人类就从对技术的欢欣鼓舞转变为对技术的愁眉不展了。
可是，爆炸性的信息冗余并非就是一件值得欢喜的事。
它往往比因缺乏信息更容易使人处于世界的边缘。
人需要在成为一个具有批判眼光、自主观点以及检视素养的人才不至于受限于自己经验，或像傻瓜一样被丢弃为宅居者。
所以，韦恩等人在《研究是一门艺术》中指出：各个阶层的人都在做研究，政府、机关、行业与企业投入大量经费开展研究，从实验室到大海深处，从洞穴到外层空间都在进行着研究，研究已成为世界上最大的产业。
而且，只有能确实地做研究或评价他人研究的人,才能分享到可信赖的信息。
世界一体化对于中国高校(研究机构)而言，意味着被纳入全球机制，并以国际标准衡量高校的人才培养、学术生产与思想贡献。
也正因为如此，国内许多高校纷纷制定发展战略，实施研究型计划，思考中国对世界的学术贡献。
从研究生到专家学者，从政府机关到行业单位以及各级大大小小的研讨会议都在鼓励研究，倡导学术。
这一潮流直接带来的后果是大量研究成果的出现和研究方法的空前强调。
中国的论文产量已跃居第二，然而让人遗憾的是学术贡献率远远匹配不了生产量。
即是说，中国学术遭遇到了严重的问题困境。
如何用西方学术规范表达中国问题成为制约中国人文社科国际化的一个关键因素，这种学术合法性也被学者认为是中国社会科学家最根本的困境 .突破这种困境的出路，在我们看来关键在于做出文献综述的谱系图,才能进一步发现、聚焦自己拟研究的问题 .因为，文献综述是为某一目的而收集、分析信息(资料)的系统过程,包括分析与收集信息的方法，苏联心理学家巴普洛夫认为它是研究中头等重要的任务 .在这种背景下，学者们越来越重视综述文献的重要性，每年文献综述、研究综述、会议综述等综述类文章都数以万计。
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9所有人的安全1989年，当亨利·费尔利（Henry Fairlie）在《新共和周刊》写道：“寻求一个无风险社会的企图是当今美国最具破坏性的影响力之一，”他批评的不仅是这种心态，更是针对不断扩张的用于实施这一企图的一系列公共政策。
产品损害的严格赔偿责任就是一项这样的政策，但是还存在许多其他的政策，包括信用卡的负债上限和消费者安全法例。
大部分的此类政策是在1960年之后提出或急剧扩张的，或者被认为是来源于第三阶段的保护。
在每一种情况下，至少有一项重要目标是用于降低个体所面对的风险。
虽然商人和劳工有时也是受益者，但他们不再是唯一的或者甚至不再是优先受益者。
现在，在美国消费者和普通老年公民的安全已成为主要的社会优先事项。
本章主要研究第三阶段政策制定的三种独特的表现形式：联邦救灾制度的兴起、州级保险担保基金的建立和环境赔偿责任的急剧增大。
虽然这三个领域并不详尽，但是从政策目标和所运用的风险管理工具方面看，它们都反映了第三阶段转型的巨大广度。
正如本文所要讲明的那样：在这些政策的背后并没有刻意的总体规划。
但是，将风险从个人转移到公司和政府这一基本理念是所有这些领域和许多其他领域立法者们的指导思想。
而这一理念也正是第三阶段的核心所在。
254 所有人的安全联邦救灾政策联邦救灾政策的转变为我们提供了一个有趣的案例研究。
跟自然灾害一样，联邦救灾也一直是美国历史的一部分。
但是，直到二十世纪中期，美国国会仅在特殊事件发生时才会偶尔批准这样的救灾政策。
第一次重大立法变革发生于1950年，当时国会最终授权成立永久性救灾基金。
然而，即使那样，储存的联邦资源也仅仅是为了修复地方的政府设施。
只是到了后来——特别是二十世纪六七十年代），联邦救灾政策才开始延伸涵盖公民私人所遭受的损失。
清楚地反映了向第三阶段转变的过程，联邦政府现在已经成为巨灾风险的关键管理者——不仅是为主要机构和地方政府，也是为美国的每一个人。
自然灾害的公共保险趋向默认首个为人所知的联邦救灾实例要追溯到1803年，当时美国国会批准了在新汉普顿郡朴茨茅斯市一场火灾的受害者可以延长海关债券的还款期限。
在1803年至1947年间，各种水灾、地震、火灾和其他灾害至少促成了128项提供特别救济的具体法案。
在绝大多数情况下，这些法案均可授权进行粮食和医药用品的采购和配给。
尽管诸如此类的法例不少，但是决策者们一般不将救灾视作联邦政府的既定责任。
多数情况下，联邦政府并不在灾后提供救助。
举例来说，在十九世纪八十年代中期，当时的总统格罗弗·克利夫兰（Grover Cleveland）否决了一项法案，该法案旨在向德克萨斯州遭受严重旱灾的灾民拨款一万美元用于配发种子。
“我在宪法中找不到此类拨款的根据，”他解释道，“我相信政府的权力和义务也不该延伸至与公共服务和公共利益绝不相关的个人灾难的救助。
”他补充道，“虽然人民支持政府，政府也不能动用联邦援助来支持人民（即使在灾难发生的时候）……会激起人民对政府慈父般照顾的依赖并会削弱坚强的民族性。
所有人的安全255 1905年，国会从克利夫兰总统的声明中迈出了一小步，它指派美国国家红十字会为联邦政府提供必要灾难相关援助的官方机构。
自从红十字会于1881年成立以来，它就一直募集和分配私人资金用于资助灾民。
但是现在，这些服务已变成红十字会的法律责任。
虽然国会没有增加新的拨款，但正式指派该志愿者协会（即红十字会）募集并分配私人资金给那些需要帮助的人，说明救灾工作的制度化进程已经开始。
红十字会在接下来的几十年里负担起了美国救灾工作的主要责任；但是到二十世纪三十年代，公私之间的平衡关系已经开始发生变化。
在大萧条期间发生几次自然灾害之后，联邦紧急救济署和联邦土木工程署都得到总统富兰克林·罗斯福（Franklin Roosevelt）的正式授权，将结余的联邦财产分配给各州和地方政府用于修复毁损的道路、桥梁。
1947年，国会通过了第一部综合性救灾法案以正式确立这种做法。
当灾害发生时，地方政府还可以向战争资产管理局或联邦土木工程管理署寻求紧急援助。
三年后，国会于通过了《1950年联邦救灾法》，建立永久性基金并授予总统决定什么样的灾害可以获得联邦救助的广泛的自由处理权。
红十字会继续管理发放给公民个人和企业的救灾物资，而联邦政府则承担起修复和重建地方政府设施的义务。
在二十世纪五、六十年代，联邦政府放宽并细化了1950年法案的结构——大多数情况下只经历了很少的讨论和争议。
1951年的堪萨斯州－密苏里州水灾促使国会批准了为灾民提供紧急住房。
在接下来的几十年里，农村地区、未合并的小镇以及其他国有特定用途的场所都获得了联邦援助的资格，关岛（Guam）、美属萨摩亚群岛（American Samoa）以及太平洋岛屿托管领土也是如此。
230页-256Relief acts in 1964 and 1965，passed in response to major disasters in several states, increased federal contributions to highway reconstruction and expanded federal loan programs, such as those of the Small Business Administration (SBA) and the Farmers Home Administration (FmHA). 1964和1965年救灾法针对几个州的大灾害而通过的，这些法案增加了高速公路重建中的联邦捐款份额，并扩大了联邦贷款计划，诸如那些小商管理局（SBA）和农场主家庭管理局（FMHA）。
8 In this way, step by step, the federal role in disaster relief was greatly enlarged. Whereas in 1953 Red Cross assistance still outpaced federal spending on disasters by a ratio of 1.6 to 1, by 1965 federal disaster aid exceeded Red Cross spending on disasters by nearly 8 to 1.9如此一步步地，联邦政府在救灾中的作用大大增加了。
然而，1953年，红十字会在援助上仍然以1.6比1的比例超过联邦花费，到1965年，联邦救灾援助已经超过红十字会在灾害上的花费将近达到8比1。
The pace of federal disaster policy accelerated even more sharply during the late 1960s and early 1970s.联邦灾害政策的步伐在二十世纪六十年代末和七十年代初加速地更为迅猛。
"As we move into a new decade,"President Nixon announced in a message on disaster assistance in 1970,"one of the nation's major goals is to restore a ravaged environment. But we must also be ready to respond effectively when nature gets out of control and victimizes our citizens."10“当我们踏入新的十年，”总统尼克松在1970年一个关于灾害援助的消息中宣称：“国家的重要目标之一就是恢复遭受严重破坏的环境。
但是当自然失控危害我们的公民时，我们也必须随时做出高效的反应。
” The country had experienced twenty-nine major disasters in 1969, requiring an allocation of roughly $150 million from the President's Disaster Relief Fund.美国在1969年遭受了29次重大灾害，大约需要总统救灾基金1.5亿美元的配给。
Although this was the largest appropriation for disaster relief since passage of the Federal Disaster Actnineteen years earlier, it marked the beginning of a new trend rather than a one-year anomaly"虽然这是从19年前《联邦灾害法》通过后的最大一次救灾拨款，但却标志着一种超越每年无规则拨款的新趋势。
Motivated in particular by Hurricane Camille, which claimed 248 lives and inflicted $1.5 billion in damages in five southern states in1969, Congress passed a new Disaster Relief Act in 1970.12尤其是1969年的卡米尔飓风（Hurricane Camille）在五个南部州造成了248人死亡和15亿美元的损失，受此影响，国会于1970年通过了一项新的《救灾法》。
This land-mark legislation established a permanent and comprehensive program of federal assistance, covering both public and private losses.这项标志性立法建立了一个永久性的、全面性的联邦救助计划，包括了公共和私人损失。
Through the 1960s, federal disaster relief had gradually expanded to include funding for the repair of damaged higher education facilities, debris removal from private property, and unemployment compensation and food coupons for hard-pressed disaster victims.经过整个二十世纪六十年代，联邦救灾的范围逐渐扩大到各个领域，包括毁损的高校教育设施，私人财产的碎片清除，困难灾民的失业补偿金和食品券。