A new perspective on the relation between dark energy perturbations and the late-time ISW e

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Text_and_Enlightenment

On this basis, this paper attempts to interpret the view that “intuitive knowing is change” from the perspective of the philosophy of foundational intentionality (yiben lun 意本论), in order to advance research on the relation between the Learning of Mind and Changes studies, to continue to emphasize how Wang’s enlightenment in his Changes studies runs through his Learning of Mind and constitutes its essential origin, and to explicate the ve levels of meaning of Wang’s “intuitive knowing” (liangzhi 良知) from the perspective of Changes studies. This paper emphasizes that Wang Yangming’s Learning of Mind is essentially an instance of Changes learning and that the two cannot be viewed separately. Although some Yangming scholars have perceived that his Learning of Mind originated from his thinking on the Changes, not many have truly realized the integral unity of the two.

合作原则与礼貌原则

合作原则与礼貌原则The Application of the Cooperative Principle and the Politeness Principle in ConversationMa Lixia Class 4, Grade 2007 English Department Abstract: To accomplish the communication efficiently and successfully, people usually follow some certain principles in conversation. In making conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate; otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk. Grice named this principle as the Cooperative Principle. However, the Cooperative Principle alone cannot fully explain how people talk: it explains how conversational implicature is given rise, but it does not tell us why people do not say directly what they mean. The Politeness Principle that Leech has developed can explain some phenomenon from a different perspective that the Cooperative Principle cannot. The Cooperative Principle and the Politeness Principle are important contents of pragmatic. In this paper the writer makes a systematic exposition of what are the Cooperative Principle and the Politeness Principle and how they are applied and interact with each other in people?s conversations.Key words: cooperative principle, politeness principle, maxim, violation, conversational implicature合作原则和礼貌原则在会话中的应用外语系英语专业 2007级 4 班马利霞摘要:为了更有效更成功地完成交流活动，在会话中，人们通常会遵循一些特定的准则。

Mooc常规测试09.15Nature

Transcendentalism suggests that reality can be understood by studying nature.
Within the essay, Emerson divides nature into four usages: Commodity, Beauty, Language and Discipline.
In the essay Emerson explains that to experience the “wholeness” with nature for which we are naturally suited, we must be separate from the flaws and distractions imposed on us by society.
我们生活在一个怀旧的时代里。它建造起父辈的坟墓，它书写出传记、历史还有评论。先人们面对面地观察着上帝和自然，而我们只能是通过他们的眼晴看到这些。
Why should not we also enjoy an original relation to the universe? Why should not we have a poetry and philosophy of insight and not of tradition, and a religion by revelation to us, and not the history of theirs?
In "Nature", Emerson attempts to solve an abstract problem: that humans do not fully accept nature’s beauty.

大学思辨英语教程精读1unit3

Unit 3Preparatory work1. Deborah Tannen is University Professor and Professor of Linguistics at Georgetown University and author of many books and articles about how the language of everyday conversation affects relationships. She is best known as the author of You Just Don ‘t Un derstand: Women and Men in Conversation, which was on the New York Times best seller list for nearly four years, including eight months as No. 1, and has been translated into 31 languages. This is the book that brought gender differences in communication style to the forefront of public awareness. Her most recent book, You Were Always Mom’s Favorite! Sisters in Conversation Throughout Their Lives, also a New York Times best seller, received a Books for a Better Life Award and was featured on 20/20(美国电视节目）and NPR(National Public Radio)'s Morning Edition.Among her other books, You're Wearing THAT?: Understanding Mothers and Daughters in Conversation spent ten weeks on the New York Timesbest seller list; Talking from 9 to 5: Women and Men at Work was a New York Times Business best seller; The Argument Culture: Stopping America's War of Words received the Common Ground Book Award; and I Only Say This Because I Love You: Talking to Your Parents, Partner, Sibs, and Kids When You're All Adults received a Books for a Better Life Award.In addition to her seven books for general audiences, Tannen is author or editor of sixteen books and over one hundred articles for scholarly audiences. She has also published poems, short stories, plays and personal essays.Academic interests: gender and language, interactional sociolinguistics, conversational interaction, cross-cultural communication, frames theory, conversational vs. literary discourse, and new media discourse.Main publications:You Just Don't Understand: Women and Men in Conversation. New York: Morrow, 1990.That's Not What I Meant!: How Conversational Style Makes or Breaks Relationships. NY: William Morrow,1986.Gender and Discourse. NY & Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.2）Edward SapirEdward Sapir (/səˈpɪər/; 1884–1939) was an American anthropologist-linguist, who is widely considered to be one of the most important figures in the early development of the discipline of linguistics. Sapir studied the ways in which language and culture influence each other, and he was interested in the relation between linguistic differences, and differences in cultural world views. This part of his thinking was developed by his student Benjamin Lee Whorf into the principle of linguistic relativity or the "Sapir-Whorf" hypothesis.2) John Joseph GumperzJohn Joseph Gumperz (January 9, 1922 –March 29, 2013) was an American linguist and academic. Gumperz was, for most of his career, a professor at the University of California in Berkeley. His research on the languages of India, on code-switching in Norway, and on conversational interaction, has benefitted the studyof sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, linguistic anthropology, and urban anthropology.2) E. M. ForsterE.M. Forster, in full Edward Morgan Forster (born January 1, 1879, London, England—died June 7, 1970, Coventry, Warwickshire), British novelist, essayist, and social and literary critic. His fame rests largely on his novels Howards End （霍华德庄园）(1910) and A Passage to India （印度之旅）(1924) and on a large body of criticism. He is known best for his ironic and well-plotted novels examining class difference and hypocrisy in early 20th-century British society. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 13 different years.2) Robert KaplanAmerican applied linguist. His research area covers applied linguistics, discourse analysis, language policy, language planning, and ESL/EFL Teaching. He is most famous for his contribution in Contrastive Rhetoric（对比修辞）, a term he first coined in 1966. Kaplan has authored or edited 32 books, more than 130 articles in scholarly journals and chapters in books, and morethan 85 book reviews and other ephemeral（short-lived) pieces in various newsletters(时事通讯）, as well as 9 special reports to the U.S. government and to governments elsewhere.3) pragmaticsPragmatics is a systematic way of explaining language use in context. It seeks to explain aspects of meaning which cannot be found in the plain sense of words or structures, as explained by semantics. As a field of language study, pragmatics is fairly new. Its origins lie in philosophy of language and the American philosophical school of pragmatism. As a discipline within language science, its roots lie in the work of (Herbert) Paul Grice on conversational implicature（会话含义）and the cooperative principle（合作原则）, J. L. Austin and John Searle on speech act（言语行为）, and on the work of Stephen Levinson, Penelope Brown and Geoff Leech on politeness.4) Cohesion refers to the use of various phonological, grammatical, and/or lexical means to link sentences or utterances into a well-connected, larger linguistic unit such as a paragraph or a chapter. In other words,cohesion achieves well-connectedness by means of linguistic forms.Example: Mary is a secretary. She works in a law firm.5) Pause is a temporary and brief break in the flow of speech, which is often classified into filled pause（有声停顿）and unfilled or silent pause（无声停顿）. The former is taken up or filled by a hesitation form like ah, er, and um. In contrast, the latter is not filled by a hesitation form. In other words, a silent pause is one where there is no vocalization（发声）.Critical readingI. Comprehension CheckI. Understanding the text(1) The main purpose of this article is to illustrate eight levels of cross-cultural differences in non-verbal aspects of communication.(2) We can understand the nature of language by observing it in communication and in contact with other systems of communication.(3) Pacing and pausing, listenership. In deciding when to talk and what to say, the speaker usually takes a conscious speech planning, yet in pacing and pausingand in showing listenership in a conversation, one does not need to stop and think for a decision. Section 2.1 starts with a direct thesis statement. Then the author explains it with an expert’s (Scollon) research findings and examples.In section 2.2 the author raises a number of questions (in paras 7, 9 and 11) and responds to them with relevant research findings (Goody’s as well as hers) and her own personal experience.Section 2.3 is also organized in the order of “question-answer”.Section 2.4 illustrates cross-cultural differences in listenership with two examples, gaze (paras 21 and 22) and loud responses (para 23), and then moves on to the conclusion (para 24).Section 2.5: example-discussion.Section 2.6: personal experience and a very brief interpretation.Section 2.7: the thesis (para 30 “how to be indirect is culturally relative”) and discussion about the cases of American-non-American differences (American men, women, Greek and Japanese).Section 2.8: definition and illustration.(5) The experience in a dinner party in paragraph 12 indicates that (1) people from different cultures not only differ in whether compliments should be accepted, rejected or deflected, but also in which compliments should be accepted/rejected/deflected; and (2) every culture has its own conventions about what to say on particular occasions, and without knowledge of these conventions, we can by no means appropriately interpret the messages in cross-cultural communication.In Para. 29, Tannenrefers to her first visit to Greece to exemplify the cross-cultural difference in formulaicity, i.e., what is novel and what is conventional in different languages.(6) Generally speaking, the eight levels are arranged in the order of importance, from the core of verbal communication to more peripheral (secondary) factors. The first three levels and the fifth level belong to what is said while the last three center on how it is said. The fourth level, listenership, is the only level examined from the perspective of the hearer.(7) As has been illustrated in part II, verbal communication involves many hidden rules and conventions that vary from culture to culture. Since every individual has his/her own unique experience, education background,and beliefs, etc., no two interactants would share exactly the same communicative rules and conventions. In this sense all communication is cross-cultural.II. Evaluation and exploration1.Evaluating the text(1)Personal experiences and anecdotes help elucidate （阐明）abstract and difficult terms and add to the vividness of the text. Controlled use of personal experience may also shorten the distance between the author and the reader. But the overuse and misuse of personal stories can also damage the objectivity and credibility of the argumentation.(2). Falter: to become weaker and unable to continue in an effective way (Longman)（3）Which levels of communication difference are labeled automatic processing in the text? Why? Pacing and pausing, listenership. In deciding when totalk and what to say, the speaker usually takes a conscious speech planning（section 2.1&2.2）, yet in pacing and pausing and in showing listenership in a conversation, one does not need to stop and think for a decision(para. 20).Why pacing and pausing is automatic because we have got accustomed to it in our daily life and made it a truism or formula after practicing it again and again in our daily communication. We have remembered the subtle change of pacing and pausing（para 19）(2)Beside personal experience, Tannen mentions a lot of academic researches (e.g. in para 4, 7, 8, 10, 21, 23, 38 and 39), which all add weight to her arguments.(3)It is obviously not an exhaustive list. Cross-cultural communication can vary at many other levels, e.g., proxemics(人际距离学/亲近学) and turn-taking（话语轮次）in a multiparty context.2.Exploring beyond the text(1)Questions for exploration1)There are altogether 16 questions which help structure the text in part two and they are not equally important. The question in para 2, for example, is a global one that covers all the eight sections in the main body, while the question in para 20, “Now how many milliseconds shall I wait?”, is just an example to illustrate why pacing and pausing is an automatic level.a. See above.b. The first question in para 7 is asked to introduce the topic of this section, what to say. It is a transition from section 2.1 to section 2.2.c. This is a rhetorical question requiring no answer. It is asked simply to reinforce our conviction that questions are basic to the educational setting, which forms a sharp contrast with the case of Gonjans.2) In all the known languages there are strategies of making indirect requests/apologies/invitations/, etc. In a strict sense, the use of language is an indirect means to achieve communicative ends. How to be indirect differs from culture to culture. For example, in English a request is often put forward as a question of ability(Can you pass me the salt?).3) For example, introvert（内向的）people may be more tolerant of silence in face-to-face verbal interaction while extroverts（外向的）usually find silence awkward and uncomfortable. This is primarily an interpersonal difference since in all cultures there are introvert and extrovert people.Gaze is another example. People with more aggressive personality usually hold longer and steadier gaze when they talk to others, while shy people more likely to diverge in eye contact.Language enhancementI. Words and phrases1. Adverbs and prepositions(1) off (2) out (3) across (4) away (5) up (6) between, for (7) after (8) out of, into (9) off (10) up (11) out of2. Verbs(1) illustrate, vary, discussing, exemplifying, signaling, mean, say(2) vary(3) differ(4) illustrated(5) exemplifies(6) expounds(7) demonstrates(8) elucidate, interpretII. Sentences and discourse1.Paraphrasing(1)Athabaskan Indians consider that it is inappropriate to talk to people they do not know. According to Scollon, this causes a strange effect when theAthabaskan Indians meet people from other cultures. The non-Athabaskans may want to make acquaintance with the Athabaskans by talking to them, but the Athabaskans will not talk to the non- Athabaskans before they become acquaintances. (2)Gonjans take it for granted that questions are always asked to achieve indirect functions, so they never ask questions for pure information.(3)The Americans usually take it for granted that in communication people should be direct and say no more or less than needed, and that what people say is exactly what they mean. This is especially true inbusiness and education and applies more to American men than to women.(4)No two people have just the same cultural background. Therefore, all communication is cross-cultural to someextent. In this sense, understanding cross-cultural communication can help us understand the nature of language and tackle problems in the world, especially those caused by and related to the use of language, e.g. obstacles in foreign language teaching and learning.2.Translation(1)物理学家通过观察物质元素在不同环境中的表现及其与其他物质的相互作用来理解它们的本质。

英美文学论文题目全集

黑色的坚毅——小说《飘》主人公的性格分析Black Determination——An Analysis of the Personalities of the Main Character in Gone with the Wind从浪漫走向世俗的新型女性——《理智与情感》中玛丽安的性格分析人性的扭曲信任的危机--重读《奥》剧杂感Random Thoughts on Othello爱情叙写与人性魅力--论《红与黑》中两位女主角Love Account and Human Fascination-- On the Two Heroines in "The Red and the Black"风暴之女--艾米莉·勃朗特--评析作家经历和性格对作品的影响《荒野的呼唤》中"巴克"的多重性格分析Analysis of the Complicated Nature of Buck in ″The Call of the Wild″《呼啸山庄》中希斯克利夫扭曲性格分析《裸者与死者》中的受虐性格分析Analysis of the Masochistic Character Portrayed in The Naked and the Dead压抑与扭曲的灵魂——霍桑《红字》主人公人物性格分析The Constrained and Distorted Soul ——the Analysis of the Protagonists Disposition of "The Scarlet Letter"财经类院校英语专业"体验英美文学"教学模式探究On the Teaching Strategy of Experiencing British and American Literature英美文学虚拟教学课堂的架构设计The Architecture Designing of Virtual Classroom of British and American Literature高校英语专业英美文学课程的现代教学思路增强英美文学意识促进英语语言教学当代英美文学的存在主义解读Interpreting Contemporary British and American Literature From the Angle of Existentialism奈保尔的旁观者写作视角与象征写作手法Onlooker's Perspective and Symbolism ofV.S .Naipaul's Writing福克纳小说中象征隐喻手法微探On the Skill of Symbolic Metaphor in Faulkner' Novels詹姆斯·乔伊斯作品中象征主义手法的运用有组织的混乱,制度化了的疯狂——透视《第二十二条军规》的写作手法Organized disorder and the systemized chaotic society试析《这里的黎明静悄悄》小说的写作手法中国象征派诗歌与西方象征主义之关系浅探Relation between Chinese Symbolic Poetry and the Western Symbolism战争的棋子——茨威格笔下受战争戕害的人物分析The Chess of the War——The Analysis of the Victim in the War from Zweig沉重的背叛——《生命中不能承受之轻》主人公萨宾娜人物分析The oppressive betrayal——The character analysis of the heroine, Sabina, in The Unbearable Lightness of Being Hester and Dimmesdale’s Attitudes towards Love and life in The Scarlet Letter论《红字》中海斯特和丁梅斯代尔对爱情、罪恶、生活的态度On Sister Carrie’s Criticism upon American SocietyOn Scarlett’s Attitude towards Life关于斯佳丽的生活观On the Characterization of Picaresque Huck论哈克的流浪汉形象On the Moral Spirit in the Great Gatsby.论《了不起的盖茨比》中的道德观Thomas Hardy’s Pessimism in Tess of the D’urbervellesA Study of Tom Joad in the Grapes of Wrath《愤怒的葡萄》的中汤姆•约德研究Mark Twain’s Linguistic Style in The Adventures of Tom SawyerOn the Characteristics of Uncle Tom汤姆叔叔的性格分析A Study of the Themes in a Farewell to ArmsThe Tragic Fate of “a Pure Woman”in the Conflict of the Individual and the Society“一个纯洁女人”在人与社会发展冲突中的悲剧命运On the Language Style of a Midsummer-Night's Dream论《仲夏夜之梦》的语言风格The Social Significance of Swift's Gulliver's TravelsThe Psychological Analysis in Macbeth论莎士比亚《麦克白》的心理刻画Inflexible Ada in Cold Mountain《冷山》中执著的艾达On the Romanticism and Realism of Alice in Wonderland论爱丽丝梦游仙境的童话性与现实性On the Tragicomedy of Rebecca in Vanity Fair论《名利场》中利蓓加的悲喜一生On the Humour of Oliver Twist论《雾都孤儿》的幽默艺术Tom Jones, a Dissipated but Kindhearted Man放荡而又善良的汤姆琼斯The Free Will and Rebellious Spirit in Paradise Lost《失乐园》中的自由意志和反叛精神On the Development of Shylock’s Character论夏洛克的性格发展Morality and Criticism in Tom Jones评《汤姆•琼斯》中的道德观与批评观On Imogen，the New Feminine Image in Cymbeline论《辛白林》中伊慕琴的新女性形象Burns’View on Love and Friendship论彭斯的爱情友谊观The Reflection of Art and Life in Ode on a Grecian Urn and Ode on a Nightingale《希腊古瓮颂》与《夜莺颂》中艺术与生活的对照The Womanism in "The Color Purple"On the Differences between Chinese and Westerners in Non-language Communication谈中国人和英美人非语言交际的差异On the Contribution of the American Blacks during American Civil War美国黑人在美国历史上的贡献On American Black English浅谈美国黑人英语On the Differences of the Marriage Concept between Chinese and American浅谈中美婚姻观念的差异A Contrastive Analysis of Table Manners and Culture between China and Western CountriesOn the Ideological Content in Bacon’s Essays论培根散文的思想性Women's Movement in 1960s in American美国六十年代的妇女运动Analysis the negative effects of violent television and movie on children浅析影视暴力对青少年儿童的负面影响The Influence of Chinese Cultural Circumstances on English Learning汉语环境对英语学习的影响A Comprehension of Male Centrad Literature through A Doll’s House"Application of the communicative Approach to Reading Comprehension","英语教学法""The Use of Body Language in Middle School English Teaching ","英语教学法""Teaching Vocabulary Within a Communicative Frame Work用交际法教词汇","英语教学法" "Develop Students' Reading Skills in English Teaching","英语教学法""A Brief Analysis of Improving Senior Middle School Students' Reading Ability浅谈高中生英语阅读能力的提高","英语教学法""The Characteristics of Athletic English and Its Translation 体育英语的特点及翻译","翻译""The Semantic Contrast of Color Words between English and Chinese and their Translation 中英颜色词的语义对比及翻译","翻译""Chinese Reduplicated Words and their Translation into English 汉语叠词及其英译","翻译""Brand Translation 商标翻译","翻译""On Translating Methods of Numerals between Chinese and English中英数字的翻译方法","翻译" "Literal and Free Translation in the Translation of Advertisement Headlines and Slogans 广告用语的直译和意译","翻译""On the Translation of Chinese Trade Mark into English 中文商标的英译","翻译""The Analysis of the Chinese Topic Structure and Its Translation 汉语话题结构的分析及其翻译","语言学""English Euphemism: Classification and Application","语言学""Differences Between Chinese And English Culture Reflected in Connotation of Dragon 从龙一词的文化内涵看汉英文化的差异","文化"" English Vocabulary Teaching Tactics in Junior Middle School初中英语词汇教学策略","英语教学法" "A Brief Presentation of Body Language in Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际身势语简述","文化" "English Euphemism: Classification and Application 英语委婉语的分类及其应用","语言学""A General Study of Women's Culture对女性文化的初步探索","文化""Criticism on American Southern Womanhood in the Sound and the Fury 浅谈《喧哗与骚动》中对于美国南方妇道观的批判","文化""Reproduction of African Myth--on Colonialism in \"Heart of Darkness\" 非洲神话的再现-"黑暗之心"中的殖民主义","文学""The Unification of T.S.Elict's Artistic Theory and Practice As Seen in the Waste Land 论"荒原"中T.S.艾略特的艺术理论与实践的统一","文学""The Application of Gothic Theme"呼啸山庄"中哥特主题的应用","文学""The Family Tragedy and Behavior Analysis of Teresa Degarge对特丽莎家庭悲剧和行为表现的研究","文学""HAMLET APPRECIATION --SHAKESPEAKE'SSUCCESS IN CHARACTERS'S DEPIET"哈姆雷特"赏析--莎士比亚成功的人物描写","文学""An Analsis of the Artistic Features of Lord of the Flies对小说《蝇王》的艺术特色的研究","文学""A Exploration of Fagin Characters and His Function in Oliver Twist 对费金这个角色在《雾都孤儿》中作用的研究","文学""THE ANALYSIS OF LISTENING APPROACH IN ENGLISH TEACHING 英语教学中关于听力教学方法的分析","英语教学法"" and Absurd Theatre《第二十二条军规》与荒诞戏剧","文学""Brief Analysis of Chinese students Errors in English Reading简要分析中国学生在英语阅读中的错误","英语教学法""The Causes of Sophy's Tragedy造成苏菲悲剧的原因","文学""Culture Differences and Translation文化差异和翻译","翻译""Charactecistics and Translation of Adventisement广告英语的特征及其翻译","翻译""Principles and Methods on Brand-Translation商标翻译的原则和方法","翻译""The Study on Features of Advertising and its Translation 广告语的点及其翻译","翻译""Non-Correspondence in English-Chinese Translation of Color Words中英文翻译中颜色词的非对应","翻译""A Study on the Translation of Movie Titles电影片名的翻译","翻译""On the Cultural Signification of Animal Idioms and Translation动物俚语文化含义与翻译","翻译""The Translation of Color Terms试论颜色词的翻译","翻译""A comparative Study of the Old Man and the Sea---Concerning the Perfection in Literary Translation《老人与海》译文比较-谈影响文学翻译完美性的因素","翻译""On the Translation of Advertisement ――From the Perspective Of Functionalist Theory从功能派理论角度看广告翻译","翻译""Influence of Cultural Differences on Translation of Idioms文化差异与习语翻译","翻译""Foreignizing and Domesticating Translations in Cross-cultural Vision跨文化视野中的异化和归化翻译","翻译""The Subject and Topic in Chinese-English Translation Shift汉译英中的主位与话题","翻译""The Loss of Affective M eaning in Translation ―from the Perspective of Cultural Differences从文化差异的角度看翻译中情感意义的丢失","翻译""Scarlett's Courage斯佳丽的勇气","文学""Views on Marriage in Jane Austin's Pride and Prejudice简奥斯汀《傲慢与偏见》中的婚姻观","文学" "The Images of Ice and Fire in Jane Eyre 《简爱》中冰与火的意象","文学""The Narrative Techniques in The Great Gatsby 《了不起的盖茨比》中的叙述技巧","文学""William Faulkner's View on Women in His "The Sound and The Fury"福克纳在小说<>中的女性形象","文学""Discussion on the Causes of Tess's Tragedy苔丝悲剧的原因分析","文学""Multiple Themes on The Old Man and the Sea 《老人与海》中的多重主题","文学""Educational Fascination and Essential Designs of Film Course 电影资源的教育魅力及其教学应用的关键设计","英语教学法""The Difficult Factors for Senior Middle School Students Dealing with the Syntax of Reading 高中生在处理阅读句法时的困难因素","英语教学法""How to Improve Class Teaching Art 如何改进课堂教学艺术","英语教学法""The Practice of Innovative Spoken English Teaching in Rural School浅议英语口语创新教学在农村中学的实施","英语教学法""A Brief Comment on the Importance of Setting Situational Context in Teaching 简述情景语境在教学中的重要性","英语教学法""Combination of Games and Teaching in Junior Middle School English 游戏与初中英语教学的结合","英语教学法""How to Improve English Listening Skills怎样提高英语听力能力","英语教学法""Inquiry Learning of English in Senior High Schools 高中的英语研究性学习","英语教学法""Semi-autonomous Learning in Classroom Teaching 课堂教学中的半自主学习","英语教学法" "Vocabulary Teaching Strategies at Intermediate Level 中级词汇教学策略","英语教学法""Problems of and Solutions to Junior Middle School English Language Testing 初中英语测试问题及其对策","英语教学法""Enlightenments from 11 Professors' Foreign Language Study Experiences 11位教授们外语学习的启示","英语教学法""Considerations on English Culture Teaching in Junior Middle Schools in China 初中英语文化教学的思考","英语教学法""Task-bases Approach to Teaching English Reading in Senior Middle School 高中英语阅读的"任务式教学" ","英语教学法""Analysis of Characters in the Scarlet Letter红字中的人物分析","文学""The Application of Irony in Pride and Prejudice 反讽艺术在《傲慢与偏见》中的运用","文学""The Disillusionment of the American Dream in the Great Gatsby 《了不起的盖茨比》中美国梦的幻灭","文学""Ernest Hemingway and His Code Hero in The Old Man and the Sea 厄尼斯特·海明威和他《老人与海》中的准则英雄","文学""An Analysisi on Hamlet's Characters 浅析哈姆雷特的性格","文学""Virginia Woolf's Feminism in A Room of One's Own 《一间自己的房间》一书中伍尔夫的女权思想","文学""On the Explicitness and Implicitness of Conjunctions in English-Chinese Translation Process论连词再英汉翻译中的显性和隐性存在","翻译""On The Application And Connotation Of Color Words 颜色词的运用及其含义","语言学" "Approaching Domestication and Foreignization in Translation from a Functional Perspective从功能翻译角度看归化与异化","翻译""On Translation of Idioms 论习语的翻译","翻译""On Wordsworth and His Conception of Nature 论华兹华斯和他的自然主义情结","文学""On Marriage Reflecting wrence's View on Sex and Love Brief in Women in Love论《恋爱中的女人》婚姻反映D.H劳伦斯的性爱观","文学""On Catherine's Contradicition in ''Love'' And In ''Wuthering'' Heights呼啸山庄中凯瑟琳"爱"的矛盾","文学" "The Destruction of the Nature of Daughter--The Root of Tess's Tragedy大自然之女的摧毁-苔丝悲剧的根源","文学""The Causes of Tess's Tragedy苔丝悲剧成因","文学""Views On Marriage In Jane Austin's Pride and Prejudice简评《傲慢与偏见》中的婚姻","文学" "Dickens's Humanitarianism In A Tale of Two Cities双城记中狄更斯的人道主义","文学""Comparison between English and Chinese Taboos英汉禁忌语比较","语言学""Culture Teaching in the Language Acquisition of Middle School-Train students' Intercultural Communication Competence中学英语学习中的文化教学——培养学生的跨文化交际能力","英语教学法" "An Analysis of English and Chinese Proverbs in Intercultural Communication跨文化交际中英汉谚语浅析","语言学""Analysis of Body Language in Nonverbal Communication非言语交际中的体语分析","语言学" "Translation of Chinese Receipts and the Differences of Cookery Culture between Chinese and English-speaking Countries中餐菜谱的英译及中西饮食文化差异","翻译""Words Cultural Connotation in Translation词语文化内涵在翻译中的体现","语言学""A Comparative Study of the Cultural Differences between Chinese and English Kinship Terms英汉亲属称谓差异比较研究","语言学""On Cultural Differences and Translation of Color Words汉英色彩词的文化差异及其翻译","语言学" "Cultural Differences and Translation文化差异及其翻译","文化""On the Untranslatability due to Cultural Differences不可译现象在中英文化差异中的体现","翻译" "Extra-linguistic Context and Translation非语言语境与翻译","翻译""Comparison and Translation of Chinese and English Idioms汉英习语对比与翻译","翻译""On Translation of Chinese and English Idioms from Cultural Perceptives从文化的角度谈英汉习语的翻译","翻译""Cultural Differences Between English and Chinese Idioms And Translation中英文习语翻译中的文化差异比较","翻译""Negative Transfer of Mother Tongue in Writing","语言学"" Politeness in Cross-Cultural Business Negotiation","商务英语""A Cross-culture Comparison of Euphemism in Chinese and English英汉委婉语的跨文化比较","语言学" " On Comparisons Between Chinese and Western Food Cultures 浅谈中西饮食文化的比较","文化" "Cultural Comparison Between English and Chinese Animal Expressions 动物词语的中英文化比较","语言学""On Difference of Cultural Connotation Between Chinese and English Color Words 浅析英汉颜色词文化内涵的差异","语言学""Impact of Culture Differences on Brand Translation of Trademarks 文化差异对商标翻译的影响","翻译" "Negative Transfer of Mother Tongue in Writing母语负迁移对写作的影响","语言学"" Politeness in Cross-Cultural Business Negotiation跨文化商务谈判中的礼貌用语","商务英语"" On Comparisons Between Chinese and Western Food Cultures 浅谈中西饮食文化的比较","文化" "Cultural Comparison Between English and Chinese Animal Expressions 动物词语的中英文化比较","语言学""On Difference of Cultural Connotation Between Chinese and English Color Words 浅析英汉颜色词文化内涵的差异","语言学""On Culture and Addressing Terms in Chinese and English 汉英语言之文化及其称谓语","语言学" "Rhetorical Devices in English Poems and their Stylistic Effects 英语诗歌中的修辞手段及其文体学效果","语言学""Reflection on the English Taboo Words论英语禁忌语","语言学""On Sexism in The English Language论英语语言中的性别歧视","语言学""Cultural Context and The Translation of Metaphors文化语境和隐喻的翻译","翻译""A Pragmatic Analysis of the Relations Between the Politeness Principle and the Cooperative Principle","语言学""A Pragmatic Analysis of the Relations between the Politeness Principle and the Cooperative Principle礼貌原则与会话合作原则关系的语用分析","语言学""Communicative Approaches and its Application to Grammar Teaching交际教学法及其在语法教学中的运用","英语教学法""Understanding and Translation of Polysemous Words 多义词的理解和翻译","语言学""Conversion of Part of Speech in English-Chinese Translation 英译汉中词类的转换","翻译" "Foreignizing and Domesticating strategies in Cross-cultural Translation 跨文化翻译中的异化与归化策略","翻译""Cultural Differences in English and Chinese Idioms and Their Translation 英汉习语的文化差异及翻译","语言学""The Phenomena of the Nominal Ellipsis in EST 科技英语的名词性省略现象","语言学""Cultural Differences and Brand Translation 文化差异与商标翻译","商务英语""A Study of the Chinese-English Translation of Trademarks 浅谈商标的汉英翻译","翻译""Irony in Sense and Sensibility《理智与情感》中的反讽手法","文学""The" Tragicomic" Nature of far from Madding Crowd远离尘嚣的悲喜性","文学""Tragic Consciousness in Hemingway's Work悲剧意识在海明威作品中的体现","文学""Submersion and Survival of Gatsby's Greatness盖茨比伟大精神的泯灭和残存","文学""The Opinion of Emme's Happiness爱玛的幸福观","文学""How To deal with culture-loaded words in idioms translation习语翻译中文化词的处理","翻译" "Cultural Connotation and Translation for Color Words颜色词的文化内涵与翻译","翻译""The Translation of English Loanwords into Chinese英语外来词汉化的基本途径","翻译""When in Rome do as the Romans do——On translation of Chinese trademarks into English 入乡随俗——论中文商标的英译","翻译""Cultural differences and Translation between Chinese and English Idioms汉英习语的文化差异与翻译","翻译""Foreignization In Translation in the 21st in China21世纪中国的异化翻译","翻译""The Transfer of Culture Image and of English and Chinese Idioms in Translating论英汉习语翻译中的文化意象的转化","翻译""From Realism to Idealism ━Views on Jane Austen's Attitude towards Marriage in Pride and Prejudice 从现实到理想━论简·奥斯丁在《傲慢与偏见》中的婚姻观","文学""Techniques employed to create mystery and suspense in Jane Eyre浅析《简·爱》中运用的神秘和悬念技巧","文学""On the Development of Jane Eyre's Rebellious and Indomitable Character简析简·爱的反抗和不屈服性格的发展过程","文学""On Jane Eyre's Contradictory Characteristics 对简·爱矛盾性格的剖析","文学""Prynne's Final Return 白兰的最后回归","文学""Tess: A Pure Woman —An Analysis of Tess'Tragic Fate 苔丝:一个纯洁的女人—对苔丝悲剧命运的分析","文学""Scarlet's Characters—American traits 思嘉的性格—美国性格","文学""on Situational English Teaching in Middle School中学英语情景教学","英语教学法""on the Application of Nonverbal Communication in English Teaching浅谈非语言交际在英语教学中的运用","英语教学法""on Strengthening Mutual Promotion between Study and Research in English Teaching关于英语教学中加强学习与研究的相互促进","英语教学法""On Body Language in English Teaching 中学英语教学中的肢体语言","英语教学法""On English PHB Idioms and Their Culture 论英语人体器官习语与其文化","语言学""Found the Teaching Situation to Create Students'Individual Character创设教学情景,培养创新能力","英语教学法""How to Promote the Effectiveness of Communicative Language Teaching in Senior English Teaching如何促进交际语言教学在高中英语教学中的有效性","英语教学法""How to Activate Students' Motivation in Middle School English Class 如何在中学英语课堂上发挥学生的能动性","英语教学法""The innovation of Junior English Assignment初中英语作业布置的改革","英语教学法""The Signification of Nonverbal Communication in English Teaching非语言交际在英语教学中的重要性","英语教学法""Application of Playing Games to Middle- school English Grammar Teaching and its Effects中学英语语法教学中游戏的运用及其效果","英语教学法""English teaching from Presentation -Practice -Production to Task-Based Learning","英语教学法" "Basic Strategy for Advertisement Translation-Target-language Oriented Strategy 广告翻译的基本策略--以目的语言为取向的翻译策略","翻译""Cultural Discrepancies in E/C Idioms and Their Translation 英汉习语的文化差异及其翻译","文化" "Lexical Rhetorical Devices in English-Chinese Translation 英汉翻译中的词义修辞格","翻译""The Criteria of the Translation of Computer English计算机英语的翻译标准","翻译" "Comprehension: A Very Important Part of Translation理解:翻译中不可或缺的一部分","翻译""The Translation of the Brand Name 商标名称的翻译","翻译""Strategies for Translationg English Slang into Chinese英语俚语汉译的技巧","翻译""Interpretation of Becky and Amelia in Vanity Fair《名利场》中蓓基和爱米丽娅的形象分析","文学" "Struggle in Nothingness——A Study of Hemingway's theme in A Farewell to Arms 虚无的抗争——《永别了武器》主题研究","文学""An Analysis of Charlotte Bronte' Character 夏洛蒂勃朗特的性格分析","文学""A Sad Melody of Female Characters in The Great Gatsby 《了不起的盖茨比》的一曲女性悲歌","文学" "Dickens's Characerization in The Pickwick Papers 狄更斯在《匹克威克外传》中的人物塑造","文学""The Manifestation of Naturalism In Sister Carrie 自然主义在《嘉莉妹妹》中的体现","文学""Reality and Dream——a Comarisom of Charlotte Bronte's and Jane Eyre's worlds 现实和梦想——夏洛蒂勃朗特和简爱世界对比","文学""On the Tragedy of Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights 论《呼啸山庄》中希斯克里夫的悲剧性","文学""A Brief Analysis of the Similarities between Madame Bovary and Tess of The D'urbervilles 浅析《包法利夫人》与《德伯家的苔丝》之相似点","文学""An Analysis of Roger Chillingworth in The Scarlet Letter 《红字》中齐灵窝斯之人物分析","文学" "Emotionality and Rationality----An Analysis of Jane Austen's Romanticism and Realism in Terms of Elizabeth's Marriage 感性与理性——从伊丽沙白看简.奥斯汀浪漫主义与现实主义并存的婚姻观","文学" "An Analysis of the Defects in Jane Eyre's Character 试析简.爱的性格缺陷","文学""The Analysis of the Characteristics of Oliver Twist 奥列佛.特威斯特之个性分析The Analysis of the Characteristics of Oliver Twist ","文学""An Analysis of the Multiple Images of Buck in The Call of the Wild 《野性的呼唤》中巴克多重形象之分析","文学""Cultural Factors in the Translation of Poems诗歌翻译中的文化因素","翻译""Cultural Differences and the Translation of Brand Names文化差异与商标翻译","翻译""Cultural Differences and Untranslatability文化差异和不可译性","翻译""Cultural Differences and Vocabulary Translation文化差异及词汇翻译","翻译""The Application of Fuzziness in the Translation翻译中的模糊语现象","翻译""Translator as Artist -Translator's Individuality in Literary Translation译者作为一位艺术家--论文学翻译中的译者个性","翻译""The Translation of Movie Titles电影名的翻译","翻译""Analysis of the Cultural Differences Between Chinese and English Address Forms 中英称谓语文化差异分析","文化""A Contrastive Study of Address in Chinese and English 中英称谓对比研究","文化""A Pragmatic Analysis of English Euphemism 英语委婉语语用分析","语言学""On the Features of Advertising English 试论广告英语的特征","商务英语""On the Cultural Differences of Color Words Between Chinese and English 论中英色彩词的文化差异","语言学""Cultural Differences and Similarities in Personal Space Between Chinese and Americans 中美交际空间的文化差异","文化""A Study of Allusions from the Perspective of ICC Competence 从跨文化交际能力角度看典故","文化" "Translating the English Verbs into Chinese 英语动词的汉译","翻译""Colour Words and the Translation 颜色词及其翻译","翻译""Domestication and Foreignization in The Book of Songs 诗经翻译的归化和异化","翻译""Cultural Comparison and Idioms Translation 文化对比与习语的翻译","翻译""Social-cultural Context and the Translator's Choice of Words ——A Comparison of Two Chinese Versions of Jane Eyre 社会文化背景和译者的选词——对简爱两种译本的比较","翻译""The Effect That Non-linguistic Context Has on Translation 非语言语境在翻译中的作用","翻译" "Cultural Gaps between English and Chinese Idioms and Their Translation 英汉习语的文化差异及其翻译","翻译""A Tentative Exploration of Second Culture in FLT 外语教学中第二文化初探","英语教学法""Words Translation between Different Cultures 不同文化中词汇的翻译","翻译""Body Language on International Communication","文化""Cultural Connotation of Animal Words and Translation 动物词汇的文化内涵与翻译","语言学""On Cultural Differences and Idiom Translation 文化差异与习语翻译","翻译""Gender Differences Reflected in Advertisement 性别差异在广告中的反映","文化""Cultural Barriers in Reading of English 英语阅读中的文化障碍","文化""The Reflection of Lawrence's Thoughts in Three Aspects On Lady Chatterly 劳伦斯三方面思想在查特莱夫人身上的反映","文学""A Brief Talk on Gothic Novel:Jane Eyre 浅谈哥特体小说《简爱》","文学""Analysis of the Characters of the Code Hero from Hemingway's Point of View of Death 从海明威的生死观的角度论述准则英雄的性格特点","文学""Symbols in The Grapes of Wrath《愤怒的葡萄》中的象征涵义","文学""Naturalism In D H Lawrence' Works劳伦斯作品中的自然主义","文学"" Analysis of the Tragic Image-Mary and her Characteristic in The Long Days' Journey into Night浅析《长日入夜行》中的悲剧人物玛丽和她的性格","文学""A Good ,Perfect Tutor and Companion of Frederic Henry-An Analysis of Catherine Barkley 《永别了,武器》中的凯瑟琳巴克莱—亨利的爱情导师和人生伴侣","文学""The Influence of the Black on the American Music 黑人对美国音乐的影响","文化""Comparing the Symbolic Meanings of Color Words in Chinese and English 英汉颜色词象征意义的比较","语言学""Afro-American Athletes Dominate Some Sports 关于美国黑人在某些体育运动上优势成因的探讨","文化""A Contrastive Study of the Connotations of Flowers in English and Chinese 英汉花卉的文化内涵比较","文化""Social and Cultural causes of Sexism in English and Chinese英汉语中性别歧视现象的文化和社会成因分析","文化""Some Women Character In David Copperfield","文学""THE SUN ALSO RISES ANG THE LOST GENERATION","文学""An Ethic Conflict between Extreme Individualism and Morality in Jack London's The Sea Wolf 杰克伦敦的《海狼》中极端个人主义与道义的冲突","文学""Hardy's Narrative Skill in Tess of the D'Urbervilles","文学""The Blood of Jesus Christ","文学""An Analysis of Scarlett's marriage分析思佳丽的婚姻","文学""The International Theme in Henry James' Works 亨利.詹姆斯作品中的国际题材","文学""On the View of Marriage in Pride and Prejudice论《傲慢与偏见》中的婚姻观","文学""On Hemingway Code Hero","文学""Non-correspondence in Word Meanings Due to Cultural Differences 由文化差异引起的汉英词义的非对应性","语言学""The Analysis of Bodylanguage in Inter Cultural Communication 浅析跨文化交际中的体态语","文化" "The Study of Sexism in English and Chines Language 英汉语言中性别歧视的研究","语言学" "Chiese and Westren-style Diet Cultural Differences 中西方饮食文化差异","文化""Address and Cultural Difference 称呼语言与文化差异","语言学""Cultural Differences Between English and Chinese Metaphorical Expressions in Translation 英汉比喻性表达的文化差异与翻译","语言学""Discussion about the Differences of Color Words Between English and Chinese 中西方语言中有关颜色词的差异","语言学""On Translation of English Trademarks Into Chinese----On Beauty In Sense Sound And Form浅谈英文商标的汉译--意美,音美,形美","翻译""Some of the Ways to Idiom Translation 习语翻译法","翻译""Paralanguage and Literature Translation -With Reflections on the Version of Dream of Red Mansions 副语言与文学翻译--对《红楼梦》译本的思考","翻译""Methods of Translating Color Words Based on Cultural Differences between Chinese and English","翻译""Culture-gap Words and the Translation文化空缺词及其翻译","翻译""Understanding-the Key to Translation理解是翻译的关键","翻译""A Brief Talk about Two Approaches to the Translation of Metaphor浅谈隐喻翻译的两种方法","翻译" "A Glimpse of English Film Title Translation 英语电影名翻译一瞥","翻译"" THE SYMBOLISM IN WOMEN IN LOVE论恋爱中的女人》中的象征手法","文学""Humanity in Great Expectations《远大前程》中的"仁爱" ","文学""The Tragic Colour of Tess of the D'Urbervills 论《德伯家的苔丝》的悲剧色彩","文学""The Similarities between Jane Austen and Elizabeth in Her Novel Pride and Prejudice 简.奥斯丁和其小说《傲慢与偏见》中伊丽莎白的相似点","文学""To Development of Jane Eyre's Characters 论简爱性格的形成","文学""The Revenge in Wuthering Heights 论《呼啸山庄》中的复仇","文学""Study on the Pursuit of Harmonious Male-female Relationship in Sons and Lovers 《儿子和情人》中追求和谐的两性关系的研究","文学""Symbolism in Faulkner's A Rose for Emily《献给爱米丽的一朵玫瑰花》中象征手法的运用","文学" "Marriage in Pride and Prejudice 《傲慢与偏见》中的婚姻面面观","文学""Writing Techniques in Martin Eden 论《马丁.伊登》的写作手法","文学""Love Hatred and Revenge in Wuthering Heights《呼啸山庄》中的爱,恨与复仇","文学"" Analysis of the Protagonist's Character of Emma《爱玛》中女主角性格分析","文学""Symbolism in The Scarlet Letter《红字》中的象征意义","文学""Humanistic Spirit in Dickens's Works人文主义思想再狄更斯作品中的体现","文学""Social-cultural Differences and the Translator's Choice of Words社会文化差异与译者的选词","翻译" "The Application of Domestication and Foreignization in the Translation of Culture 文化翻译中归化与异化的应用","翻译""Cultural Differences and Untranslatability文化差异与不可译性","翻译""The Context in Relation to Translation语境与翻译","翻译"。

内在认知负载

Dealing with Expertise Development: toward adaptive e-learning
Expertise reversal effect This suggests that a good instructional strategy for teaching problem solving starts with the presentation of worked examples and smoothly proceeds to independent problem solving if learners acquire more expertise. The contribution to this special issue:
Different types of cognitive load (cont.)
Germane cognitive load 增生認真負載
It is associated with process that are directly relevant to learning, such as schema construction and automation.
“The Impact of Sequencing and Prior Knowledge on Learning Mathematic Through Spreadsheet Applications”
Dealing with learners’ motivation to learn: Germane cognitive load
Increasing the variability of practice is one effective way to provoke students to generalize and discriminate cognitive schemas, which is a schema construction process associated with germane cognitive load. Several other instructional manipulations that stimulate students’ effortful schema construction processes

阴阳鱼太极图:阐释中国古代礼刑关系的新视角

On Tai Ji Diagram: A New Perspective to Explain the Relation Between Chinese Ancient 'Li' and Criminal
Law
作者：汪涵治[1]
作者机构： [1]华东政法大学法律学院,上海201620
出版物刊名：合肥学院学报(综合版)
页码： 64-69页
年卷期： 2019年第3期
主题词：古代礼刑关系;阴阳鱼太极图;中国法文化;阴阳思想
摘要：中国古代法一直深受阴阳思想的影响,太极图是阴阳思想和太极思维的直观表现,因而
以阴阳鱼太极图为视角对古代礼刑关系进行创新阐释极具合理性.阴阳鱼太极图由黑白两色的鱼
形相互缠绕而成,呈现出两者之间相互依存并相互斗争的关系.“阴阳二极,一静一动”,把礼比作
阳极,把刑比作阴极,并结合太极“阴中有阳,阳中有阴”的特点,阐释“刑中有礼,礼中有刑”这一
关系.以阴阳鱼太极理论阐释影响中国古代法变化的各种因素:在构图上,左边的阳鱼呈上浮趋势,
右边的阴鱼呈下沉趋势,根据这一位置特点,阐释“礼不下庶人,刑不上大夫”这一礼刑阴阳关系变化的典型例证.中国古代礼刑关系是中国古代法律最重要的部分,而作为阐释礼刑关系的新视角,太极图具有独特的中国古代法文化特色.。

My View on the Relation between Humans and Nature

My View on the Relation between Humans and NatureThe relation between humans and nature is an important issue to the evolution of culture and civilization. How to deal with the relation between ourselves and nature is quite significant to our daily life and the future of humans. The comments on this topic are various from different aspects.For a long time, there has been a general belief that human being is the master of nature, thus man can triumph over nature. Our ancestors managed to make a living on the earth regardless of countless disasters caused by the harsh nature. In this perspective, humans are the great master of nature. On the contrary, we have to adapt to the environment around us. A great deal of evidence show that, more than once, no matter how advanced our modern technology is, nature is far beyond our control. When we meet disaster, such as earthquake, drought or tsunami, we can do nothing but to take measures to reduce the loss, because the destructive power of nature is not under control.As far as I am concerned, however, the two kinds of views are not contradictory at all. We human beings are only part of the nature. In my view, we ought to hold the viewpoint that the relationship between humans and nature should be tender and interpersonal. In any case, only if we follow the law of nature can we benefit form nature; otherwise, we will be punished by it seriously. All in all, we should try our endeavor to construct the harmonious society and to protect the ecological balance.A。

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(Dated: June 24, 2008)
The eﬀect of quintessence perturbations on the ISW eﬀect is studied for a mixed dynamical scalar ﬁeld dark energy (DDE) and pressureless perfect ﬂuid dark matter. A new general methodology is developed involving the total “sound speed” c2 ≡ δp/δρ and the total equation of state w ≡ p/ρ. It is shown that for adiabatic perturbations, the impact on the gravitational potential (and hence on the Integrated Sachs-Wolfe (ISW) eﬀect) depends crucially on the evolution (in z) of the equation of state parameter wφ(z) of the DDE. The eﬀect can diﬀer from the ISW signal expected in a ΛCDM cosmology by as much as +10% to -60% for parameterizations of wφ consistent with SNIa data, and about 20% to -50% for parameterizations of wφ consistent with CMB+BAO data, both at 95.4% conﬁdence. More general DDE perturbations (not necessarily adiabatic) are also examined, and found to have a stronger impact on the ISW signal, dependent on the sound speed. Our results indicate that, at least in principle, the ISW eﬀect can be used to phenomenologically distinguish a cosmological constant from DDE.
In accord with standard practice, we deﬁne a DDE “sound speed” c2φ ≡ δpφ/δρφ. The name “sound speed” is a misnomer for a non-thermal component, and so c2φ(z) is to be thought of as shorthand for δpφ/δρφ1 In partic-
The dynamical evolution of the ﬁeld can aﬀect a number of physical observables, including the spectrum and growth of large scale structure, weak gravitational lensing, SNIa apparent luminosities, and CMB anisotropies. These avenues have been explored in various works [14– 18]. One particular manifestation occurs in the late-time Integrated Sachs-Wolfe (ISW) eﬀect, which measures the evolution over z 2 of the gravitational potential, as the Universe enters a phase of dark energy domination. This eﬀect is only signiﬁcant on large scales (low multipoles), since small-scale ﬂuctuations in the gravitational potential smooth out along the line of sight. And it is only signiﬁcant at late times since potentials evolve the same as the background during matter domination. The latetime ISW eﬀect has been detected in cross-correlations between CMB temperature anisotropies and surveys of large scale structure [19–34].
ular, it may be negative as well as positive. Sound speed has been a less studied source of insight into the nature of dynamical dark energy than has the EoS, but its effects have been investigated recently in [13–15]. In homogeneous dark energy models, the sound speed is determined through the ﬁeld dependence of the ﬁeld’s kinetic term. Thus, the sound speed in homogeneous models can distinguish between k-essence with its non-canonical kinetic term leading to a time-varying sound speed, or quintessence with its canonical kinetic term and a constant sound speed equal to unity. For inhomogeneous dark energy models, the situation is far more complex, and both the sound speed and the equation of state parameter can have spatial inhomogeneities. In lieu of a full solution to the ﬁeld equations of the dynamical ﬁeld, the sound speed may be utilized as a parameter in the system, which is the tact taken in the present work.
A new perspective on the relation between dark energy perturbations and the late-time ISW eﬀect
James B. Dent, Sourish Dutta, and Thomas J. Weiler Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, 1 [astro-ph] 23 Jun 2008
I. INTRODUCTION
It has been known for almost a decade that the universe is accelerating [1–4], and considerable evidence has accumulated which indicates that the acceleration is due to a negative energy component constituting 70% of the energy density of the Universe [5–7]. Determining the nature of this dark energy has become a central challenge of cosmology.
A ﬁrst step in this direction would be to determine whether the dark energy is sourced by a cosmological constant (for reviews, see [8]) or a dynamical ﬁeld (for reviews, see [9]). In terms of physical properties, a dynamical ﬁeld may be distinguished from a cosmological constant by a time varying equation of state (EoS) w(z) ≡ p(z)/ρ(z), and a non-zero (squared) sound speed c2(z) ≡ δp(z)/δρ(z). As we discuss below, both of these quantities could result in an observable signature diﬀerent from a cosmological constant.
1 The thermodynamic squared sound speed is c2s = (δp/δρ)S. For an adiabatic system, by deﬁnition the entropy S is constant, and so thermodynamic c2s = δp/δρ. For non-adiabatic systems, thermodynamic c2s is more complicated.