ch07-fog-vis
Meteorology & Oceanography for Seafarers
雾：由大量小水滴、小冰晶或两者的混合物悬
Radiation Fog From the Air
辐射雾的厚度随空气的冷却程度及风力而定。
如 辐射雾的厚度随空气的冷却程度及风力而定。
如
一年四季都能产生，尤以秋季和冬季最
定义：暖湿空气流经冷的下垫面（水面或陆面），受到特点：
Advection Fog
定义：
Steam Fog
Most types of fog form in stable atmospheric conditions. The exception is steam fog, shown in this picture of Maligne Lake, Alberta, Canada, just after sunrise in late summer. The land cools off overnight while the water retains heat from the summer. As the cooled air slips over the lake, heat and moisture are added from below, resulting in a fog that twists and writhes--hence the term "steam fog".
Upslope Fog
Upslope Fog
我国近海是北太平洋多雾区 我国近海是北太平洋多雾区
成因：主要与我国沿海的两支海成因黑潮暖流：世界著名暖流之一。
武汉理工大学水上交通安全环境研究中心(MSEC ，WHUT)
我国近海雾的成因
(2)
中国沿海海流
世界海洋的雾
2. 北美圣劳伦斯至纽芬兰附近海面终年多雾
2. 北美圣劳伦斯至纽芬兰附近海面终年多雾
Ocean Currents & Sea Fog
武汉理工大学水上交通安全环境研究中心(MSEC，WHUT)
夏季（7月）世界海洋雾分布武汉理工大学水上交通安全环境研究中心(MSEC，WHUT)
2. 露点水温图解法：
2. 露点水温图解法：
武汉理工大学水上交通安全环境研究中心(MSEC，WHUT)
入
海
冷
静
止
锋
和
冷
锋
前
部
武汉理工大学水上交通安全环境研究中心(MSEC，WHUT)。
hawach色谱柱
hawach色谱柱
Hawach色谱柱是一种用于色谱分析的重要工具。
色谱柱是色谱仪的核心部件，用于分离和分析混合物中的化合物。
Hawach色谱柱以其优良的性能和稳定的质量而闻名。
它们采用高质量的填料和先进的制造工艺，能够提供高效、准确的分离效果。
Hawach色谱柱具有多种规格和类型，以满足不同分析需求。
常见的类型包括反相色谱柱、离子交换色谱柱、凝胶过滤色谱柱等。
不同类型的色谱柱适用于不同的样品和分离要求，用户可以根据实际需要选择合适的色谱柱进行分析。
Hawach色谱柱的优点之一是其稳定性和重复性良好，能够保证分析结果的准确性和可靠性。
此外，Hawach色谱柱还具有较长的使用寿命，能够在保持良好分离效果的同时降低实验成本。
除此之外，Hawach色谱柱还注重用户体验，提供了专业的售后服务和技术支持。
用户可以获得针对特定应用的建议和指导，帮助他们更好地使用和维护色谱柱。
总的来说，Hawach色谱柱是一种高质量、稳定性好的色谱分析
工具，能够满足不同分析需求，并且提供了良好的售后服务，因此受到了广泛的认可和好评。
【CN109971237A】一种颜料防沉剂【专利】
5 .根据权利要求4所述的颜料防沉剂，其特征在于，所述机械强度增强剂的制备方法：
取醇原料按质量比80~100：2~5加入氢氧化钾，于30~40℃、-0 .095MPa状态下保持，加入醇原 料 质量10~15倍的 环氧乙 烷 ，于110~120℃保温 ，减压蒸馏 ，得减压蒸馏物 ，取减压蒸馏物按 质量比100~150：2~7加入碳酸二甲酯，通入氮气保护，加入减压蒸馏物质量20~30倍的环氧 氯丙烷搅拌混合，减压蒸馏，即得机械强度增强剂。
(10)申请公布号 CN 109971237 A (43)申请公布日 2019.07.05
( 54 )发明 名称 一种颜料防沉剂
( 57 )摘要 本发明公开了一种颜料防沉剂，属于涂料防
沉剂领域 。本发明 制备防 沉添 加剂 ，流层间的 剪 切应力减小 ，导致了粘度下降 ，当剪切力消失 ，又 重新缠绕 ，使其具有较好的 抗剪切能 力 ，而降 低 沉降 可能性 ；制备的 缔合添 加剂 ，使得防 沉剂在 使 用时能 与颜料 油墨中的 油基形成较好的 缔合 胶束，形成桥连，与油墨基形成网络结构，防止其 沉降 ；加入乳化剂，形成致密的的界面膜 ,降低油 水界面张 力 ，从而使得防 沉剂的 体 系保持稳定 ， 防沉剂能较好的渗入油墨颗粒与颗粒之间的间 隙 ，进行颜料油墨颗粒的包裹进行防沉，提高了 乳化防 沉的效率 ，而使防 沉达到理想的效果。本 发明解决了目前防沉剂机械性能和防沉性能差 的问题。
科莱恩重点推荐产品
科莱恩重点推荐产品HLB EPA 组成活性物质含量浊点脂肪醇乙氧基化合物(calc.) (%);外观 (?)ca.80.5 11 910,930 液体乳化剂，增效剂带有8个EO的油醇聚乙二醇醚100;液体糊状 ?Genapol O 080ca.50.0 12 910,930 液体乳化剂，增效剂带有10个EO的油醇聚乙二醇醚100;糊状类似蜡 ?Genapol O 100ca.65.5 11 910,930 液体乳化剂，润湿剂带有6个EO的异13醇聚乙二醇醚100;液体 ?Genapol X 060ca.75.5 13 910,930 液体乳化剂，润湿剂带有8个EO的异13醇聚乙二醇醚100;液体 ?Genapol X 080脂肪醇乙氧基化合物ca.67.0 9 910,930 矿物油乳化剂油醇聚乙二醇醚 ca.100;液体 ?Emulsogen M(低倾点(ca.0?)，在低至ca.12?时仍能保持均一性)三苯乙烯苯酚乙氧基化合物(600#)ca.60.0 13 920 乳化剂带有16个EO的2，4，6-三(1-苯乙基)100;液体 ?Emulsogen TS 160-酚聚乙二醇醚ca.57.5 13.5 920 乳化剂带有20个EO的2，4，6-三(1-苯乙基)100;液体糊状 ?Emulsogen TS 200-酚聚乙二醇醚蓖麻油乙氧基化合物64.0-69.0 13.5 960 乳化剂带有36个EO的蓖麻油乙氧基化合物 100;液体 ?Emulsogen EL360EO/PO 嵌段共聚物ca.56.8 14 960 液体分散剂,乳化剂含有20%EO的EO/PO嵌段共聚物 100;液体 ?Genapol PF 20ca.85.0 11 960 液体分散剂,乳化剂正丁醇烷氧物 100;类似蜡 ?Emulsogen 3510ca.67.8 16 960 液体分散剂,乳化剂含有40%EO的EO/PO嵌段共聚物 100;液体 ?Genapol PF 40ca.40.5 12 920 液体分散剂,乳化剂脂肪醇烷氧化物 100;液体 ?Genapol EP 2584ca.72.9 6 960 液体分散剂,乳化剂 EO/PO嵌段共聚物 100;糊状 ?Emulsogen V1816三丁基苯酚乙氧基化合物ca.67.0 11 液体乳化剂, 润湿剂带有8个EO的三仲丁基酚聚乙二醇醚 100;液体未豁免 ?Sapogenat T 080ca.43.0 13 液体乳化剂, 润湿剂带有11个EO的三仲丁基酚聚乙二醇醚 100;液体未豁免 ?Sapogenat T 110EPA 组成活性物质含量种类水溶性分散剂 (100%);外观固体分散剂甲酚-甲醛钠盐的浓缩产品 ca.80;粉末阴离子溶未豁免 ?Dispersogen 1494SC,WDG,WP 固体分散剂脂肪酸甲基牛磺酸钠盐 ca.60-65;粉末阴离子溶910，?Hostapon TPHCWDG 920，(950)萘磺酸盐分散剂 Coralon OTWP,WDG固体润湿剂WP,WDG Hostapur OSB非离子液体梳状共聚聚丙烯酸酯接枝共聚物 ca.100;糊状非离子溶未豁免 ?Dispersogen PSL 100物 SC阴离子液体梳状共聚Dispersogen ACP 120物 SC磷酸酯酸 Dispersogen LFHSC磷酸酯盐 Dispersogen LFSSC磷酸酯盐 Dispersogen Agent 3618SC钙盐支链钙盐70% Phenylsulfonat CA直链钙盐70% Phenylsulfonat CAL草甘膦助剂牛脂胺 Genamin 267绿色性 Synergen GL 5两性离子 Synergen G2D 溶剂绿色溶剂 Genagen 4166 绿色溶剂 Genagen 4296。
CH系列高性能助剂在油墨中的应用
CH系列高性能助剂在油墨中的应用王正东陈腊琼上海三正高分子材料有限公司（上海 200233）随着科学技术的发展和人民生活水平的提高，人们对印刷品的要求越来越高。
提供多种多样的印刷承印物和与之相适应的油墨，并改善油墨的应用性能是适应这一要求的必然选择。
油墨助剂在保证产品质量、改善产品应用性能方面起着重要的作用，但是，助剂产品花样繁多，性能各异，如选用不当反而会对油墨产品产生负面影响。
上海三正高分子材料有限公司是一家民营科技企业，专业从事聚合物型助剂的研制、生产和销售。
针对油墨生产和应用中出现的颜料分散不良、流动性差以及乳化、结皮等问题，开发了CH系列助剂，在提高油墨生产效率和质量档次、改善油墨印刷适性等方面效果显著。
自产品投放市场以来赢得了不少油墨生产企业的好评。
目前，国内排名前二十位的油墨生产企业中，80%已应用了CH系列助剂。
CH系列助剂分为超分散剂、抗乳化剂、抗结皮剂三类，主要从颜料分散与油墨流变性质、胶印油墨油水平衡与抗乳化能力以及胶印油墨抗氧化抗结皮能力等方面改进油墨性能。
首先，油墨在制造和印刷过程中都必须有满意而严格的流变性，例如油墨应易于从墨斗倒出来，并传递、转移、分配、抵达印版上，直至最后转印到承印物表面。
而且，诸如飞墨、网点清晰度、密度、印刷一致性、渗透性、光泽、堆版等印刷效果也与油墨的流变性有关，而油墨的流变性很大程度上取决于颜料在粘结料中的分散状况。
CH系列产品中的超分散剂针对油墨体系颜料品种和溶剂品种的差异设计了不同分子结构的产品，以保证颜料在粘结料中的均匀分散且长期稳定，不会出现颜料絮凝、结固、返粗或油墨胶化等现象。
其次，胶印油墨的乳化会给印刷带来实地密度降低、网点扩大、油墨流动性变差、转移性变差、堆版、浮脏等毛病，如何控制乳化率、加快油墨油水平衡速度一直是油墨界技术人员普遍关心的问题。
CH系列产品中的抗乳化助剂能以较低的用量（0.2-0.4%）有效提高胶印油墨抗乳化能力，圆满地解决了胶印油墨的抗乳化问题。
亨斯迈 环氧树脂 固化剂 产品选择指南说明书
Advanced Materials先进材料环氧树脂、固化剂产品选择指南环氧树脂 固化剂 加速剂粉末涂料添加剂 低温固化剂 水性系统亨斯迈是特殊化学品的全球制造商及营销商。
亨斯迈公 司为多种全球性产业提供基础产品，这些产业包括化学 品、塑料、汽车、航空、纺织品、鞋类、油漆与涂料、建 筑、技术、农业、保健、洗涤剂、个人护理、家具、电器与 包装。
亨斯迈最初因包装领域的开拓创新而闻名，随后 在石化产品领域实现了快速而全面的发展。
亨斯迈集团 目前拥有超过16,000名员工，遍布世界各地。
环氧树脂 P.1-3固化剂 P.4-5低温固化剂 P.4加速剂 P.6粉末涂料添加剂 P.6水性系统P.7亨斯迈简介环氧树脂®®®ARALDITE ® • 改性双酚A 、A / F 环氧树脂GY 191 4.95-5.25190-208500-1,000≤3≥155用于配制无溶剂涂料、砂浆和裂缝注射修补系统。
GY 253 5.40-5.80172-185800-1,400≤1200用于配制无溶剂涂料、砂浆和裂缝注射修补系统。
GY 257 5.20-5.50182-192500-650≤3≥120低粘度，优良的抗酸性。
用于配制无溶剂涂料、电子浇铸（如：母线）等。
GY 7765.10-5.40185-1962,700-3,800≤2≥190用于无溶剂涂料，水性涂料，胶粘剂。
ARALDITE ® • 增韧和柔性树脂系统GY 298 2.20-2.50400-4552,000-4,000≤2≥188改性长链脂肪族树脂。
高弹性。
LY 3508 4.85-5.20191-20611,000-13,000--液体增韧环氧，用于复合材料和胶粘剂行业。
DY 965- 1.00-1.151)440-1,2802)-≥200聚氨酯多元醇，推荐用于高抗冲击环氧系统。
1) -OH 当量[eq/kg]; 2) 40°C Pa.sARALDITE ® • 活性稀释剂DY-C 6.0-6.5154-16760-90≤2≥130环己烷二甲醇二缩水甘油醚。
纽佩斯树脂型号讲解
脂型号固含量(%)溶剂Viscosity(25°C, 250 s-1 )酸值清漆羟浓度（100%固含量）用途和特点2850 59－61 二甲苯/醋酸丁酯7– 12 2.0 – 5.0 2.3 适用于汽车漆，汽车修补漆，塑胶漆，摩托车漆。
重涂施工性好,耐候性好，耐盐雾好，对颜料润湿好，光泽高,特别适合做双组分的塑胶漆。
返工不咬底。
1182 54－56 二甲苯/醋酸丁酯0.59 - 2.0 1.6 - 3.4 1.80% 适用于汽车修补漆，塑胶漆，摩托车漆。
银粉排列好，对塑胶，金属等底材和光油的附着力好，适合做双组分的底漆。
1753 69－71 醋酸丁酯 2.4 - 7.6 8.9 - 12.1 4.20% 适用于汽车漆，汽车修补漆罩光清漆，塑胶漆，摩托车漆罩光。
羟基丙烯酸树脂，高光泽，丰满度，很好的耐候性，QUV保光性和耐黄变性；与聚异氰酸脂搭配如TKA-90SB：双组分汽车修补以及大巴清漆。
1184 51－53 醋酸丁酯 4.3 - 14 2.5 - 4.7 2.00% 适用于汽车漆，汽车修补漆底漆，塑胶漆，摩托车漆罩光。
银粉排列好，快干，流平好，对塑胶底材和光油的附着力好，适合做双组分的底漆。
在高羟高固含体系中能加快干燥速度。
1255 69－71 100#溶剂/醋酸丁酯 5.0–10.0 6.0 – 10.0 3.00% 适用于汽车漆，汽车修补漆罩光清漆，塑胶漆，摩托车漆罩光。
4747 59-61 二甲苯Z2 – Z4 11.0–15.0 2.20% 适用于汽车修补漆，工业漆。
光泽高，硬度高，对底材附着力好，尤其是尼龙等塑胶附着好。
1179 56 – 58 醋酸丁酯3－7 6.0–12.0 3.00% 适用于汽车修补漆，工业漆。
流平性好，反应活性好，耐化学性和耐黄变性好，很好的外观。
1211 BA-65 64 – 66 醋酸丁酯0.9 -3.2 5.0–8.0 3.00% 适用于汽车漆，汽车修补漆，塑胶漆，摩托车漆。
涂料油墨水染色用进口蓝色染料溶剂蓝70
涂料油墨水染料用进口蓝色染料溶剂蓝70染色用进口蓝色溶剂染料蓝70为金属络合染料，颜色鲜艳、易溶解使用。
有高着色、高浓度、高耐候、耐温耐光、耐酸碱等特点，耐渗色为4-5级，使用的过程中不易出现褪色、不易出现麻点等情况。
染料类别：酞菁类染料。
铝箔纸、烫金、喷墨、马克笔文具墨水、真空电镀膜等染色用色泽鲜艳的蓝色染料SB70具体指标如下：C. I. Generic Name ：Solvent Blue 70Appearance ------ Bright Blue PowderHue ------ BlueMelting Point ------ 175 ～ 180 ℃Moisture ------ 5.0 % maxpH of Water Extraction ------ 5.5 ～ 7.5Solubility ------Insoluble in Water. Soluble in Organic solvent.Application ：Gravure Ink and the other Solvent Type Ink. Wood stain. Printing Ink for Aluminum Foil and Metalized Film. Writing and Marking Ink. etc.Packing Unit ------ 5 ㎏/Carton Box, 20kgs/Carton Box.Storage ------ Stored in cool and dry place, keep container tightlyclosed, store away from heat, spark and flame.以上为进口金属络合染料溶剂蓝70天蓝色透明染料蓝基本数据参考。
注：以上数据仅供使用时参考，批量使用前，应对产品进行测试后方可使用。
高透明度进口染料蓝70的适合应用领域上端作者与您共同学习:木器着色、烫印材料、玻璃漆、皮革染色、鞋油染色、塑料喷涂、印刷油墨、文具油墨、金属喷涂、包装纸张盒、铝箔纸，真空电镀之PET及OPP塑胶薄膜等着色。
气象报告及气象传真图的识读和应用
第二十章气象报告和气象传真图的识读与应用第一节海上天气报告和警报一、海岸电台的播报范围海岸无线电台：例如，我国大陆的大连、上海、广州台，香港台，台湾的基隆、花莲和高雄台等，每天定时用中、英文明码电报向国内外商船转发海上天气报告和警报。
大连台负责播报的海域：渤海、渤海海峡、黄海北部、黄海中部。
上海台负责播报的海域：渤海、渤海海峡、黄海北部、黄海中部、黄海南部、东海北部、东海南部、台湾省北部、台湾海峡、济州、长崎、鹿儿岛、琉球、台湾省东部。
广州台负责播报的海域：台湾海峡、广东东部、广东西部、北部湾、巴士、东沙、西沙、海南岛西南部、华列拉、头顿、中沙、南沙、曾母暗沙。
香港台的预报区域：香港、广东、东沙群岛、台湾海峡、台湾省北部、台湾省东部、琉球群岛、舟山、西沙群岛、巴士海峡、巴林塘海峡、黄岩岛、民都洛、南沙群岛、华烈拉、岘港、北部湾。
基隆、花莲、高雄的预报范围为台湾省近海。
日本东京气象厅JMC天气报告的范围，范围A为一般警报，范围B为紧急警报。
二、天气报告的内容和阅读注意事项1、天气报告的内容各岸台均按统一规定的格式和内容编发报文，完整的报文由10部分组成，通常船舶只抄收前面第一到第三部分内容：第一部分――警报（如大风、风暴、热带气旋、浓雾警报等）；第二部分――天气形势摘要（高压、低压、锋、热带气旋等天气系统的位置、强度、移向、移速等）；第三部分――海区天气预报（天空状况、天气现象、风力、风向、浪级等）。
四、天气报告的应用阅读天气报告后应明确的两个问题：1）目前船舶所在海域处于何天气系统及该系统的何部位操纵。
目前天气状况是该系统操纵下的一般天气依旧包括地点性专门天气；该系统是新生的依旧趋于加强或减弱，依旧稳定少变等。
2）以后的天气形势和天气状况。
在以后24h内，推算船位附近海域将处于何系统及该系统的何部位操纵，在该系统操纵下将出现什么样天气。
第二节气象传真图概述一、世界气象传真广播台概况各气象传真广播台使用的呼号、频率、广播时刻和节目内容等在每年印发的《无线电信号表》第三卷（《Admiralty List of Radio Signals》Vol.3）查到。
标准红外光谱图谱
Go to: home • ir • proton nmr • carbon nmr• mass specTable of Contents - IRI. HydrocarbonsII. Halogenated HydrocarbonsIII. Nitrogen Containing CompoundsIV. Silicon Containing Compounds (Except Si-O)V. Phosphorus Containing Compounds (Except P-O And P(=O)-O) VI. Sulfur Containing CompoundsVII. Oxygen Containing Compounds (Except -C(=O)-)VIII. Compounds Containing Carbon To Oxygen Double BondsI. HydrocarbonsA. Saturated Hydrocarbons1. Normal Alkanes2. Branched Alkanes3. Cyclic AlkanesB. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons1. Acyclic Alkenes2. Cyclic Alkenes3. AlkynesC. Aromatic Hydrocarbons1. Monocyclic (Benzenes)2. PolycyclicII. Halogenated HydrocarbonsA. Fluorinated Hydrocarbons1. Aliphatic2. AromaticB. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons1. Aliphatic2. Olefinic3. AromaticC. Brominated Hydrocarbons1. Aliphatic2. Olefinic3. AromaticD. Iodinated Hydrocarbons1. Aliphatic and Olefinic2. AromaticIII. Nitrogen Containing CompoundsA. Amines1. Primarya. Aliphatic and Olefinicb. Aromatic2. Secondarya. Aliphatic and Olefinicb. Aromatic3. Tertiarya. Aliphatic and Olefinicb. AromaticB. PyridinesC. QuinolinesD. Miscellaneous Nitrogen HeteroaromaticsE. HydrazinesF. Amine SaltsG. Oximes (-CH=N-OH)H. Hydrazones (-CH=N-NH2)I. Azines (-CH=N-N=CH-)J. Amidines (-N=CH-N)K. Hydroxamic AcidsL. Azo Compounds (-N=N-)M. Triazenes (-N=N-NH-)N. Isocyanates (-N=C=O)O. Carbodiimides (-N=C=N-)P. Isothiocyanates (-N=C=S)Q. Nitriles (-C≡N)1. Aliphatic2. Olefinic3. AromaticR. Cyanamides (=N-C≡N)S. Thiocyanates (-S-C≡N)T. Nitroso Compounds (-N=O)U. N-Nitroso Compounds (=N-N=O)V. Nitrites (-O-N=O)W. Nitro Compounds (-NO2)1. Aliphatic2. AromaticX. N-Nitro-Compounds (=N-NO2)IV. Silicon Containing Compounds (Except Si-O)V. Phosphorus Containing Compounds (Except P-O and P(=O)-O) VI. Sulfur Containing CompoundsA. Sulfides (R-S-R)1. Aliphatic2. Heterocyclic3. AromaticB. Disulfides (R-S-S-R)C. Thiols1. Aliphatic2. AromaticD. Sulfoxides (R-S(=O)-R)E. Sulfones (R-SO2-R)F. Sulfonyl Halides (R-SO2-X)G. Sulfonic Acids (R-SO2-OH)1. Sulfonic Acid Salts (R-SO2-O-M)2. Sulfonic Acid Esters (R-SO2-O-R)3. Sulfuric Acid Esters (R-O-S(=O)-O-R)H. Thioamides (R-C(=S)-NH2)I. Thioureas (R-NH-C(=S)-NH2)J. Sulfonamides (R-SO2-NH2)K. Sulfamides (R-NH-SO2-NH-R)VII. Oxygen Containing Compounds (Except -C(=O)-)A. Ethers1. Aliphatic Ethers (R-O-R)2. Acetals (R-CH-(-O-R)2)3. Alicyclic Ethers4. Aromatic Ethers5. Furans6. Silicon Ethers (R3-Si-O-R)7. Phosphorus Ethers ((R-O)3-P)8. Peroxides (R-O-O-R)B. Alcohols (R-OH)1. Primarya. Aliphatic and Alicyclicb. Olefinicc. Aromaticd. Heterocyclic2. Secondarya. Aliphatic and Alicyclicb. Olefinicc. Aromatic3. Tertiarya. Aliphaticb. Olefinicc. Aromatic4. Diols5. Carbohydrates6. PhenolsVIII. Compounds Containing Carbon To Oxygen Double BondsA. Ketones (R-C(=O)-R)1. Aliphatic and Alicyclic2. Olefinic3. Aromatic4. α-Diketones and β-DiketonesB. Aldehydes (R-C(=O)-H)C. Acid Halides (R-C(=O)-X)D. Anhydrides (R-C(=O)-O-C(=O)-R)E. Amides1. Primary (R-C(=O)-NH2)2. Secondary (R-C(=O)-NH-R)3. Tertiary (R-C(=O)-N-R2)F. Imides (R-C(=O)-NH-C(=O)-R)G. Hydrazides (R-C(=O)-NH-NH2)H. Ureas (R-NH-C(=O)-NH2)I. Hydantoins, Uracils, BarbituratesJ. Carboxylic Acids (R-C(=O)-OH)1. Aliphatic and Alicyclic2. Olefinic3. Aromatic4. Amino Acids5. Salts of Carboxylic AcidsK. Esters1. Aliphatic Esters of Aliphatic Acids2. Olefinic Esters of Aliphatic Acids3. Aliphatic Esters of Olefinic Acids4. Aromatic Esters of Aliphatic Acids5. Esters of Aromatic Acids6. Cyclic Esters (Lactones)7. Chloroformates8. Esters of Thio-Acids9. Carbamates10. Esters of Phosphorus AcidsPublished by Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Informatics Division. © 1978-2004 Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Go to: home • ir • proton nmr • carbon nmr• mass specTable of Contents - Proton NMRI. HydrocarbonsII. Halogenated HydrocarbonsIII. Nitrogen Containing CompoundsIV. Silicon Containing Compounds (Except Si-O)V. Phosphorus Containing Compounds (Except P-O and P(=O)-O) VI. Sulfur Containing CompoundsVII. Oxygen Containing Compounds (Except -C(=O)-)VIII. Compounds Containing Carbon To Oxygen Double BondsI. HydrocarbonsA. Saturated Hydrocarbons1. Normal Alkanes2. Branched Alkanes3. Cyclic AlkanesB. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons1. Acyclic Alkenes2. Cyclic Alkenes3. AlkynesC. Aromatic Hydrocarbons1. Monocyclic (Benzenes)2. PolycyclicII. Halogenated HydrocarbonsA. Fluorinated Hydrocarbons1. Aliphatic2. AromaticB. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons1. Aliphatic2. AromaticC. Brominated Hydrocarbons1. Aliphatic2. AromaticD. Iodinated Hydrocarbons1. Aliphatic2. AromaticIII. Nitrogen Containing CompoundsA. Amines1. Primarya. Aliphaticb. Aromatic2. Secondarya. Aliphaticb. Aromatic3. Tertiarya. Aliphaticb. AromaticB. PyridinesC. Quaternary Ammonium SaltsD. HydrazinesE. Amine SaltsF. Ylidene Compounds (-CH=N-)G. Oximes (-CH=N-OH)H. Hydrazones (-CH=N-NH2)I. Azines (-CH=N-N=CH-)J. Amidines (-N=CH-N)K. Hydroxamic AcidsL. Azo Compounds (-N=N-)M. Isocyanates (-N=C=O)N. Carbodiimides (-N=C=N-)O. Isothiocyanates (-N=C=S)P. Nitriles (-C≡N)1. Aliphatic2. Olefinic3. AromaticQ. Cyanamides (=N-C≡N)R. Isocyanides (-N≡C )S. Thiocyanates (-S-C≡N)T. Nitroso Compounds (-N=O)U. N-Nitroso Compounds (=N-N=O)V. Nitrates (-O-NO2)W. Nitrites (-O-N=O)X. Nitro Compounds (-NO2)1. Aliphatic2. AromaticY. N-Nitro-Compounds (=N-NO2)IV. Silicon Containing Compounds (Except Si-O)V. Phosphorus Containing Compounds (Except P-O and P(=O)-O) VI. Sulfur Containing CompoundsA. Sulfides (R-S-R)1. Aliphatic2. AromaticB. Disulfides (R-S-S-R)C. Thiols1. Aliphatic2. AromaticD. Sulfoxides (R-S(=O)-R)E. Sulfones (R-SO2-R)F. Sulfonyl Halides (R-SO2-X)G. Sulfonic Acids (R-SO2-OH)1. Sulfonic Acid Salts (R-SO2-O-M)2. Sulfonic Acid Esters (R-SO2-O-R)3. Sulfuric Acid Esters (R-O-S(=O)-O-R)4. Sulfuric Acid Salts (R-O-SO2-O-M)H. Thioamides (R-C(=S)-NH2)I. Thioureas (R-NH-C(=S)-NH2)J. Sulfonamides (R-SO2-NH2)VII. Oxygen Containing Compounds (Except -C(=O)-)A. Ethers1. Aliphatic Ethers (R-O-R)2. Alicyclic Ethers3. Aromatic Ethers4. Furans5. Silicon Ethers (R3-Si-O-R)6. Phosphorus Ethers ((R-O)3-P)B. Alcohols (R-OH)1. Primarya. Aliphaticb. Olefinicc. Aromatic2. Secondarya. Aliphaticb. Aromatic3. Tertiarya. Aliphaticb. Aromatic4. Diols and Polyols5. Carbohydrates6. PhenolsVIII. Compounds Containing Carbon To Oxygen Double BondsA. Ketones (R-C(=O)-R)1. Aliphatic and Alicyclic2. Olefinic3. Aromatic4. a-Diketones and b-DiketonesB. Aldehydes (R-C(=O)-H)C. Acid Halides (R-C(=O)-X)D. Anhydrides (R-C(=O)-O-C(=O)-R)E. Amides1. Primary (R-C(=O)-NH2)2. Secondary (R-C(=O)-NH-R)3. Tertiary (R-C(=O)-N-R2)F. Imides (R-C(=O)-NH-C(=O)-R)G. Hydrazides (R-C(=O)-NH-NH2)H. Ureas (R-NH-C(=O)-NH2)I. Hydantoins, Uracils, BarbituratesJ. Carboxylic Acids (R-C(=O)-OH)1. Aliphatic and Alicyclic2. Olefinic3. Aromatic4. Amino Acids5. Salts of Carboxylic AcidsK. Esters1. Aliphatic Esters of Aliphatic Acids2. Olefinic Esters of Aliphatic Acids3. Aromatic Esters of Aliphatic Acids4. Cyclic Esters (Lactones)5. Chloroformates6. Carbamates7. Esters of Phosphorus AcidsPublished by Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Informatics Division. © 1978-2004 Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Go to: home • ir • proton nmr • carbon nmr• mass specTable of Contents - Carbon NMRI. HydrocarbonsII. Halogenated HydrocarbonsIII. Nitrogen Containing CompoundsIV. Silicon Containing Compounds (Except Si-O)V. Phosphorus Containing Compounds (Except P-O And P(=O)-O) VI. Sulfur Containing CompoundsVII. Oxygen Containing Compounds (Except -C(=O)-)VIII. Compounds Containing Carbon To Oxygen Double BondsI. HydrocarbonsA. Saturated Hydrocarbons1. Normal Alkanes2. Branched Alkanes3. Cyclic AlkanesB. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons1. Acyclic Alkenes2. AlkynesC. Aromatic Hydrocarbons1. Monocyclic (Benzenes) and PolycyclicII. Halogenated HydrocarbonsA. Fluorinated Hydrocarbons1. Aliphatic2. AromaticB. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons1. Aliphatic2. AromaticC. Brominated Hydrocarbons1. Aliphatic2. AromaticD. Iodinated Hydrocarbons1. Aliphatic2. AromaticIII. Nitrogen Containing CompoundsA. Amines1. Primarya. Aliphaticb. Aromatic2. Secondarya. Aliphaticb. Aromatic3. Tertiarya. Aliphaticb. AromaticB. PyridinesC. Amine SaltsD. Oximes (-CH=N-OH)E. Quaternary Ammonium SaltsF. Nitriles (-C≡N)1. Aliphatic2. Olefinic3. AromaticG. Thiocyanates (-S-C≡N)H. Nitro Compounds (-NO2)1. Aliphatic2. AromaticIV. Silicon Containing Compounds (Except Si-O)V. Phosphorus Containing Compounds (Except P-O and P(=O)-O) VI. Sulfur Containing CompoundsA. Sulfides (R-S-R)1. Aliphatic2. AromaticB. Disulfides (R-S-S-R)C. Thiols1. Aliphatic2. AromaticD. Sulfones (R-SO2-R)VII. Oxygen Containing Compounds (Except -C(=O)-)A. Ethers1. Aliphatic Ethers (R-O-R)2. Alicyclic Ethers3. Aromatic EthersB. Alcohols (R-OH)1. Primarya. Aliphatic and Alicyclicb. Aromatic2. Secondarya. Aliphatic and Alicyclic3. Tertiarya. Aliphatic4. PhenolsVIII. Compounds Containing Carbon To Oxygen Double BondsA. Ketones (R-C(=O)-R)1. Aliphatic and Alicyclic2. AromaticB. Aldehydes (R-C(=O)-H)C. Acid Halides (R-C(=O)-X)D. Anhydrides (R-C(=O)-O-C(=O)-R)E. Amides1. Primary (R-C(=O)-NH2)2. Secondary (R-C(=O)-NH-R)3. Tertiary (R-C(=O)-N-R2)F. Carboxylic Acids (R-C(=O)-OH)1. Aliphatic and Alicyclic2. AromaticG. Esters1. Aliphatic Esters of Aliphatic Acids2. Olefinic Esters of Aliphatic Acids3. Aromatic Esters of Aliphatic AcidsPublished by Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Informatics Division. © 1978-2004 Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Go to: home • ir • proton nmr • carbon nmr• mass specTable of Contents - MSComing SoonI. HydrocarbonsII. Halogenated HydrocarbonsIII. Nitrogen Containing CompoundsIV. Silicon Containing Compounds (Except Si-O)V. Phosphorus Containing Compounds (Except P-O And P(=O)-O) VI. Sulfur Containing CompoundsVII. Oxygen Containing Compounds (Except -C(=O)-)VIII. Compounds Containing Carbon To Oxygen Double BondsI. HydrocarbonsA. Saturated Hydrocarbons1. Normal Alkanes2. Branched Alkanes3. Cyclic AlkanesB. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons1. Acyclic Alkenes2. Cyclic Alkenes3. AlkynesC. Aromatic Hydrocarbons1. Monocyclic (Benzenes)2. PolycyclicII. Halogenated HydrocarbonsA. Fluorinated Hydrocarbons1. Aliphatic2. AromaticB. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons1. Aliphatic2. Olefinic3. AromaticC. Brominated Hydrocarbons1. Aliphatic2. Olefinic3. AromaticD. Iodinated Hydrocarbons1. Aliphatic and Olefinic2. AromaticIII. Nitrogen Containing CompoundsA. Amines1. Primarya. Aliphatic and Olefinicb. Aromatic2. Secondarya. Aliphatic and Olefinicb. Aromatic3. Tertiarya. Aliphatic and Olefinicb. AromaticB. PyridinesC. QuinolinesD. Miscellaneous Nitrogen HeteroaromaticsE. HydrazinesF. Amine SaltsG. Oximes (-CH=N-OH)H. Hydrazones (-CH=N-NH2)I. Azines (-CH=N-N=CH-)J. Amidines (-N=CH-N)K. Hydroxamic AcidsL. Azo Compounds (-N=N-)M. Triazenes (-N=N-NH-)N. Isocyanates (-N=C=O)O. Carbodiimides (-N=C=N-)P. Isothiocyanates (-N=C=S)Q. Nitriles (-C≡N)1. Aliphatic2. Olefinic3. AromaticR. Cyanamides (=N-C≡N)S. Thiocyanates (-S-C≡N)T. Nitroso Compounds (-N=O)U. N-Nitroso Compounds (=N-N=O)V. Nitrites (-O-N=O)W. Nitro Compounds (-NO2)1. Aliphatic2. AromaticX. N-Nitro-Compounds (=N-NO2)IV. Silicon Containing Compounds (Except Si-O)V. Phosphorus Containing Compounds (Except P-O and P(=O)-O) VI. Sulfur Containing CompoundsA. Sulfides (R-S-R)1. Aliphatic2. Heterocyclic3. AromaticB. Disulfides (R-S-S-R)C. Thiols1. Aliphatic2. AromaticD. Sulfoxides (R-S(=O)-R)E. Sulfones (R-SO2-R)F. Sulfonyl Halides (R-SO2-X)G. Sulfonic Acids (R-SO2-OH)1. Sulfonic Acid Salts (R-SO2-O-M)2. Sulfonic Acid Esters (R-SO2-O-R)3. Sulfuric Acid Esters (R-O-S(=O)-O-R)H. Thioamides (R-C(=S)-NH2)I. Thioureas (R-NH-C(=S)-NH2)J. Sulfonamides (R-SO2-NH2)K. Sulfamides (R-NH-SO2-NH-R)VII. Oxygen Containing Compounds (Except -C(=O)-)A. Ethers1. Aliphatic Ethers (R-O-R)2. Acetals (R-CH-(-O-R)2)3. Alicyclic Ethers4. Aromatic Ethers5. Furans6. Silicon Ethers (R3-Si-O-R)7. Phosphorus Ethers ((R-O)3-P)8. Peroxides (R-O-O-R)B. Alcohols (R-OH)1. Primarya. Aliphatic and Alicyclicb. Olefinicc. Aromaticd. Heterocyclic2. Secondarya. Aliphatic and Alicyclicb. Olefinicc. Aromatic3. Tertiarya. Aliphaticb. Olefinicc. Aromatic4. Diols5. Carbohydrates6. PhenolsVIII. Compounds Containing Carbon To Oxygen Double BondsA. Ketones (R-C(=O)-R)1. Aliphatic and Alicyclic2. Olefinic3. Aromatic4. α-Diketones and β-DiketonesB. Aldehydes (R-C(=O)-H)C. Acid Halides (R-C(=O)-X)D. Anhydrides (R-C(=O)-O-C(=O)-R)E. Amides1. Primary (R-C(=O)-NH2)2. Secondary (R-C(=O)-NH-R)3. Tertiary (R-C(=O)-N-R2)F. Imides (R-C(=O)-NH-C(=O)-R)G. Hydrazides (R-C(=O)-NH-NH2)H. Ureas (R-NH-C(=O)-NH2)I. Hydantoins, Uracils, BarbituratesJ. Carboxylic Acids (R-C(=O)-OH)1. Aliphatic and Alicyclic2. Olefinic3. Aromatic4. Amino Acids5. Salts of Carboxylic AcidsK. Esters1. Aliphatic Esters of Aliphatic Acids2. Olefinic Esters of Aliphatic Acids3. Aliphatic Esters of Olefinic Acids4. Aromatic Esters of Aliphatic Acids5. Esters of Aromatic Acids6. Cyclic Esters (Lactones)7. Chloroformates8. Esters of Thio-Acids9. Carbamates10. Esters of Phosphorus AcidsPublished by Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Informatics Division. © 1978-2004 Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Go to: home • ir • proton nmr • carbon nmr• mass specSaturated HydrocarbonsNormal Alkanes1. C-H stretching vibration:CH3 asymmetric stretching, 2972-2952 cm-1CH3 symmetric stretching, 2882-2862 cm-1CH2 asymmetric stretching, 2936-2916 cm-1CH2 symmetric stretching, 2863-2843 cm-12. C-H bending vibration:CH3 asymmetric bending, 1470-1430 cm-1CH2 asymmetric bending, 1485-1445 cm-1(overlaps band due to CH3 asymmetricbending)3. C-H bending vibration:CH3 symmetric bending, 1380-1365 cm-1(when CH3 is attached to a C atom)4. C-H wagging vibration:CH2 out-of-plane deformations wagging, 1307-1303 cm-1 (weak) 5. CH2 rocking vibration:(CH2)2 in-plane deformations rocking, 750-740 cm-1(CH2)3 in-plane deformations rocking, 740-730 cm-1(CH2)4 in-plane deformations rocking, 730-725 cm-1(CH2) ≥ 6 in-plane deformations rocking, 722 cm-1Splitting of the absorption band occurs in most cases (730 and 720 cm-1) when the long carbon-chain alkane is in the crystalline state (orthorombic or monoclinic form).Coming Soon!Click on a vibrational mode link in the table to the leftor the spectrum above to visualize the vibrational mode here.Published by Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Informatics Division. © 1978-2004 Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Saturated HydrocarbonsBranched Alkanes1. C-H stretching vibration:CH3 asymmetric stretching, 2972-2952 cm-1CH3 symmetric stretching, 2882-2862 cm-1CH2 asymmetric stretching, 2936-2916 cm-1CH2 symmetric stretching, 2863-2843 cm-12. C-H bending vibration:CH3 asymmetric bending, 1470-1430 cm-1CH2 asymmetric bending, 1485-1445 cm-1(overlaps band due to CH3 symmetric bending)3. C-H bending vibration:-C-C(CH3)-C-C- symmetric bending, 1380-1365 cm-1(when CH3 is attached to a C atom)-C-C(CH3)-C(CH3)-C-C- symmetric bending, 1380-1365 cm-1(when CH3 is attached to a C atom)(CH3)2CH- symmetric bending, 1385-1380 cm-1and 1365 cm-1(two bands of about equal intensity)-C-C(CH3)2-C- symmetric bending,1385-1380 cm-1and 1365 cm-1 (two bands of about equal intensity).(CH3)3C- symmetric bending, 1395-1385 cm-1and 1365 cm-1(two bands of unequal intensity with the 1365 cm-1 band as the much stronger component of the doublet).4. Skeletal vibration:-C-C(CH3)-C-C-,1159-1151cm-1-C-C(CH3)-C(CH3)-C-C-,1130-1116 cm-1(CH3)CH-,1175-1165 cm-1 and 1170-1140 cm-1-C-C(CH3)2-C-,1192-1185 cm-1(CH3)3C-, 1255-1245 cm-1 and 1250-1200 cm-15. C-H rocking vibration:(CH2)2 in-plane deformations rocking, 750-740 cm-1(CH2)3 in-plane deformations rocking, 740-730 cm-1(CH2)4 in-plane deformations rocking, 730-725 cm-1(CH2) ≥ 6 in-plane deformations rocking, 722 cm-1Coming Soon!Click on a vibrational mode link in the table to the left or the spectrum above to visualize the vibrational modehere.Published by Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Informatics Division. © 1978-2004 Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Saturated Hydrocarbons Cyclic AlkanesCyclopropanes1. C-H stretching vibration:ring CH 2 asymmetric stretching, 3100-3072 cm -1 ring CH 2 symmetric stretching, 3030-2995 cm -12. Ring deformation vibration:ring deformation, 1050-1000 cm -13. C-H deformation vibration: CH 2 wagging, 860-790 cm -1Cyclobutanes1. C-H stretching vibration:ring CH 2 asymmetric stretching, 3000-2974 cm -1 ring CH 2 symmetric stretching, 2925-2875 cm -12. C-H deformation vibration:ring CH 2 asymmetric bending, ca 1444 cm -13. Ring deformation vibration:ring deformation, 1000-960 cm -1 888-838 cm -14. C-H deformation vibration:ring CH 2 rocking, 950-900 cm -1Cyclopentanes1. C-H stretching vibration:ring CH 2 asymmetric stretching, 2960-2952 cm -1 ring CH 2 symmetric stretching, 2866-2853 cm -1 2. C-H deformation vibration:ring CH 2 asymmetric bending, ca 1455 cm -1 3. Ring deformation vibration:ring deformation, 1000-960 cm -1 4. C-H deformation vibration:ring CH 2rocking, 930-890 cm -1Cyclohexanes1. C-H stretching vibration:ring CH 2 asymmetric stretching, ca 2927 cm -1ring CH 2 symmetric stretching, ca 2854 cm -1 2. C-H deformation vibration:ring CH 2 asymmetric bending, ca 1462 cm -1 3. C-H deformation vibration:ring CH 2 wagging, ca 1260 cm -1 4. Ring deformation vibration:ring deformation, 1055-1000 cm -1 1000- 952 cm -1 5. C-H deformation vibration:ring CH 2 rocking, 890-860 cm -16. The spectra of cyclic alkanes of five or more ring carbons show ring CH 2 stretching frequencies which overlap those of CH 3 and CH 2 groups of their alkyl substituents. These frequencies also overlap thoseof the CH 3 and CH 2 stretching frequencies of acylic alkanes. When samples of unknown composition are examined for the presence of such ring structures, the absorption bands of their spectra at the C-H stretching region should havethe best possible resolution.Coming Soon!Click on a vibrational mode link in the table to the left or the spectrum above to visualize the vibrational modehere.Numerous references cite the spectral region of 2800-2600 cm-1 for obtainingconfirmatory evidence of the presence of saturated simple ring structures. Absorptionat this region consists of a weak band or bands whose pattern and band locations arehelpful in confirming or indicating the presence of these rings. Although such absorptionfeatures have a limited diagnostic value, it is most reliable when the absorption occursin the spectra of simple saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons.Cycloalkanes (8, 9, and 10 C atoms)1 C-H stretching vibration:ring CH2 asymmetric stretching, ca 2930 cm-1ring CH2 symmetric stretching, ca 2850 cm-12. C-H deformation vibration:ring CH2 asymmetric bending, 2 or 3 absorption bands,1487-1443 cm-1Published by Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Informatics Division. © 1978-2004 Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Go to: home • ir • proton nmr • carbon nmr• mass specUnsaturated HydrocarbonsAcyclic AlkenesMonosubstituted Alkenes (vinyl)1. C=C stretching vibration:C=C stretching, 1648-1638 cm-12. C-H deformation vibration:trans CH wagging, 995-985 cm-1CH2 wagging, 910-905 cm-13. C-H stretching vibration:CH2 asymmetric stretching, 3092-3077 cm-1CH2 symmetric stretching and CH stretching, 3025-3012 cm-1 4. C-H deformation vibration:CH2 asymmetric bending, 1420-1412 cm-15. C-H deformation vibration overtone:overtone of CH2 wagging, 1840-1805 cm-1Asymmetric Disubstituted Alkenes (vinylidine)1. C=C stretching vibration:C=C stretching, 1661-1639 cm-12. C-H deformation vibration:CH2 wagging, 895-885 cm-13. C-H stretching vibration:CH2 stretching asymmetric, 3100-3077 cm-14. C-H deformation vibration overtone:overtone of CH2 wagging, 1792- 1775 cm-1Symmetric Disubstituted Alkenes (cis)1. C=C stretching vibration:C=C stretching, 1662- 1631 cm-12. C-H deformation vibration:cis CH wagging, 730- 650 cm-13. C-H stretching vibration:CH stretching, 3050-3000 cm-1Symmetric Disubstituted Alkenes (trans)1. C=C stretching vibration:C=C stretching, ca 1673 cm-1, very weak or absent2. C-H deformation vibration:trans CH wagging, 980-965 cm-13. C-H stretching vibration:CH stretching, 3050-3000 cm-1Trisubstituted Alkenes1. C=C stretching vibration:C=C stretching, 1692-1667 cm-12. C—H deformation vibration:C-H wagging, 840-790 cm-13. C-H stretching vibration:C-H stretching, 3050-2990 cm-1Coming Soon!Click on a vibrational mode link in the table to the left or the spectrum above to visualize the vibrational modehere.Tetrasubstituted Alkenes1. C=C stretching vibration:C=C stretching, 1680-1665 cm-1, very weak or absentNOTES: The C=C stretching vibration of molecules which maintain acenter of symmetry absorbs very weakly, if at all, in the infrared region and,usually, is difficult to detect. This is true of the trans isomers and thetetrasubstitutedC=C linkages.When two or more olefinic groups occur in the hydrocarbon molecule, the infraredabsorption spectrum shows the additive and combined absorption of theunsaturatedgroups. However, if the unsaturated groups are subject to conjugation, the C=Cstretchingfrequency, usually, is lowered and a splitting of the C=C stretching frequencyband occurs.Conjugation also intensifies the C=C stretching frequency of trans unsaturatedgroups.Published by Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Informatics Division. © 1978-2004 Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Go to: home • ir • proton nmr • carbon nmr• mass specUnsaturated Hydrocarbons Cyclic AlkenesEndocyclic C=CEndocyclic C=C corresponds to cis symmetrically disubstituted C=C of acyclic alkenes.1. C=C stretching, vibration:C=C stretching, near 1650 cm -1(except cyclobutene, 1560 cm -1 and cyclopentene, 1611 cm -1)2. C-H deformation vibration: CH wagging, 730- 650 cm -13. C-H stretching vibration:CH stretching, 3075- 3010 cm -1(usually two bands, asymmetric stretching and symmetric stretching for 4, 6, 7, and 8 membered rings)1- substituted endocyclic C=C1- substituted endocyclic C=C corresponds to trisubstituted acyclic alkenes.1. C=C stretching vibration:C=C stretching, near 1650 cm -1 (frequency raised)2. C-H deformation vibration: CH wagging, 840-790 cm -13. C-H stretching vibration:CH stretching, near 3000 cm -11.2- disubstituted endocyclic C=C1. C=C stretching vibration:C=C stretching, 1690-1670 cm -1 (4, 5, and 6 membered rings)Exocyclic C=CH 2Exocyclic C=CH 2 corresponds to the asymmetrically disubstituted C=C of acyclic alkenes (vinylidine).1. C=C stretching,1678-1650 cm -1 (4, 5, and 6 membered rings)2. C-H deformation vibration:=CH 2 wagging, 895-885 cm -13. C-H stretching vibration:=CH 2 stretching, near 3050 cm -1NOTES: The C=C stretching frequency of both the endocyclic HC=CH and the exocyclic C=CH 2 is sensitive to ring strain. As the ring size decreases from 6 to 4 members, the C=C stretching frequency of the endocyclic HC=CH is lowered. However, for the C=C stretching frequency of exocyclic C=CH 2, a gradual increase in the C=C stretching frequency occurs as the ring gets smaller. Substitution of methyl groups for the hydrogens of the endocyclic HC=CH and the exocyclic C=CH 2 cause an increase in the C=C stretching frequency.When two or more C=C groups occur in the hydrocarbon molecule, the infrared absorption spectrum shows the additive and combined absorption effects of the unsaturated groups. If such groups are subject to conjugation, the C=C stretching frequency is lowered and asplitting of the C=C stretching frequency band occurs.Coming Soon!Click on a vibrational mode link in the table to the left or the spectrum above to visualize the vibrational modehere.Published by Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Informatics Division. © 1978-2004 Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Unsaturated Hydrocarbons AlkynesMonosubstituted Alkynes (RC ≡CH)1. C ≡C stretching vibration:C ≡C stretching, 2140-2100 cm -12. C-H stretching vibration:≡CH bending, ca 3300 cm -13. C-H deformation vibration: ≡CH bending, 642-615 cm -14. C-H deformation vibration overtone:overtone of ≡CH deformation, 1260-1245 cm -1Disubstituted Alkynes (RC ≡CR')1. C ≡C stretching vibration:C ≡C stretching, 2260-2190 cm -1 (unconjugated)NOTES: Although the intensity of the absorption band caused bythe C ≡C stretching vibration is variable, it is strongest when the alkyne group is monosubstituted. When this group is disubstituted in open chain compounds, the intensity of the C ≡C stretching vibration band diminishesas its position in the molecule tends to establish a pseudo center of symmetry. In some instances this band is too weak to be detected and, thus, its absence in the spectrum does not, necessarily, establish proof of the absence of this linkage.Occasionally, the spectra of disubstituted alkynes show two or more bands at the C ≡C stretching region.Conjugation with olefinic double bonds or aromatic rings tend to slightly increase the intensity of the C ≡C stretching vibration band and shift it toa lower frequency.Coming Soon!Click on a vibrational mode link in the table to the left or the spectrum above to visualize the vibrational modehere.Published by Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Informatics Division . © 1978-2004 Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. All Rights Reserved.。
田宫系列色表
田宫X 系列色表（中文版）X-1 亮光黑X-2 亮光白X-3亮光品蓝、r, . L亠L-Ht -f~H X-4 亮光蓝X-5 亮光绿X f jt t-A1 _iX-6 亮光橙X-7 亮光红X-8 亮光柠檬黄X-9 亮光棕X-10 枪金属X-11 银X-12 金X-13 金属蓝X-14 亮光天蓝X-15 亮光浅绿X-16 亮光紫X-17 亮光粉X-18 半光泽黑X-19 亮光烟色X-20A 水性溶剂X-20A 水性溶剂X-21 消光剂X-22 亮光透明蓝X-23 亮光透明蓝X-24 亮光透明黄（大瓶）X-25 亮光透明绿X-26 亮光透明橙X-27 亮光透明红X-28 亮光园林绿X-31钛金色★X-32钛银色★X-33 青铜色★X-34 金属棕★XF-1 消光黑XF-2 消光白XF-3 消光黄XF-4 消光黄绿XF-5 消光绿XF-6 金属铜XF-7 消光红XF-8 消光蓝XF-9 消光船底红XF-10 消光棕色XF-11 日海军军XF-12 日海军军XF-13 日陆军军XF-14 日陆军军XF-15 肌肤色机暗绿（海军战机机灰（明灰白）（海机浓绿（陆军战机机灰（明灰緑）（陆上面色）军战机下面色）上面色）军战机下面色）XF-16 金属铝XF-17 消光海蓝XF-18 消光中度XF-19 消光天灰XF-20 消光中度美国海军迷彩涂蓝美国海军迷彩美国海军低可视灰英国军机下部装涂装度涂装涂装XF-21 消光天色XF-22消光RLM灰XF-23 消光浅蓝XF-24 消光暗灰XF-25 消光浅海英国军机下部涂国军机机体内部德国军机机体下德国军机迷彩涂灰装涂装部涂装装英海军舰体涂装田宫X 系列色表中文版）XF-26 消光深绿德国军机迷彩涂装XF-27 消光墨绿德国军机迷彩涂装XF-28 消光暗铜★XF-49 消光卡其XF-50 消光原野蓝德国空军制服色XF-51 消光卡其褐美国陆军XF-52色消光泥土XF-53 消光灰美国陆军军机下部涂装XF-54 消光暗海灰英国军机秘彩涂装XF-55 消光甲板XF-56 消光金属灰XF-57软皮色浅黄色, XF-58 橄榄绿美军战车涂装XF-59 消光沙漠黄英国战车沙漠涂装XF-60 消光暗黄德国战车涂装XF-61 消光暗绿德国战车涂装XF-62 国现代战车草绿色美XF-63 消光德国灰德国战车涂装XF-64 消光红褐德国战车涂装XF-65 消光原野灰德国国防军制服色XF-66 浅灰德国空军涂装XF-70 暗绿日本海军军机色。