CHAPTER 26 FLUID

CHAPTER 26: FLUID & ELECTROLYTE OUTLINE G. LEWIS Be sure to read the chapter carefully. Read the objectives listed below, chapter summary, and do the questions at the end of the chapter. You may wish to use this outline, the website, and the CD IP tutorial to prepare for lecture and tests. Check and review your notes daily. The outline may not follow the lecture/text exactly.Objectives:1.List the factors that determine body water content and describe the effect of each.2.Indicate the relative fluid volume and solute composition of the fluid compartments of thebody.3.Contrast the overall osmotic effects of electrolytes and non-electrolytes.4.Identify some factors that determine fluid shifts in the body.5.Explain how water enters and leaves the body.6.Describe the feedback mechanisms that regulate water intake and hormonal controls of wateroutput in urine.7.Explain the importance of obligatory water loss.8.Describe possible causes and consequence of dehydration, hypotonic hydration, and edema.9.Describe how electrolytes are lost from the body.10.Explain the importance of sodium electrolyte balance and note its relationship tocardiovascular function.11.Describe the mechanisms involved in regulating sodium and water balance.12.Describe how potassium, calcium, and other electrolyte balance of plasma is regulated.13.List important sources of acids in the body. the 3 major chemical buffer systems of the body and describe how they operate toresist pH changes.15.Explain the influence of the respiratory system on acid-base balance.16.Explain how the kidneys regulate hydrogen and bicarbonate ion concentrations in the blood.17.Distinguish between acidosis and alkalosis resulting from respiratory and metabolic factors.18.Describe the importance of respiratory and renal compensations to acid-base balance.19.Discuss reasons for infants and elderly being at risk for fluid and electrolyte imbalances.FLUID, ELECTROLYTE, AND ACID-BASE BALANCEI.Body FluidsA.Body Water Content1.Total body water is a function of –a.Due to their low body fat –b.The body water content of men is about –2.Body water declines throughout life –B.Fluid Compartments –1.Intracellular Fluid -2.Extracellular Fluids -a.Plasma -b.Interstitial fluid -position of Fluids1.Solutesa.Electrolytes -b.Non-electrolytes -c.Electrolytes have greater osmotic –parison of extracellular and intracellular fluids (cations/anions)- see chartD.Movement of fluids between compartments1.Anything that changes solute –2.Hydrostatic pressure forces –3.Movement of water between the interstitial fluid and –4.Ion fluxes between the interstitial and –II.Water BalanceA.For the body to remain properly hydrated -1.Most water enters the body –2. Water output is due to -B.Regulation of water Intake1.The thirst mechanism is –2.Thirst is quenched as the –C.Regulation of Water Output1.Drinking is –2.Beyond obligatory –D.Influence of ADH1.The amount of water reabsorbed –a.When ADH levels are low –b. When ADH levels are high -3.Role of the hypothalamus –E.Disorders of Water Balance1.Dehydration -2.Hypotonic Hydration -3.Edema -III.Electrolyte BalanceA.Central Role of Sodium in Fluid and Electrolyte Balance1.Sodium is the most –2.Since all body fluids are in –B.Regulation of Sodium Balance1.Influence of Aldosterone -2.Renin-Angiotensin mechanism –3.Cardiovascular System Baroreceptors -4.Estrogens -5.Influence and Regulation of Atrial Natriuretic Factor6.Influence of other hormones (glucocorticoids)C.Regulation of Potassium Balance1.Potassium is critical to the maintenance of –2.Regulatory site – cortical collecting duct -3.Influence of plasma potassium -4.Aldosterone levels -D.Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate Balance1.Parathyroid Hormonea.Bones -b.Small intestine -c.Kidneys -2.Influence of Calcitonin –E.Regulation of other anions -IV.Acid-Base BalanceA.Abundance of hydrogen ions -1.Alkalosis -2.Acidosis -B.Chemical Buffer Systems1. A buffer system is –2.Bicarbonate Buffer System –a.When a strong acid is added –b.When a strong base is added –c.Bicarbonate concentration of –3.Phosphate Buffer System -4.Protein Buffer System -C.Respiratory System Regulation of Hydrogen Ion Concentration1.Carbon dioxide from –2.When Hypercapnia –3. When blood pH rises -D.Renal Mechanisms of Acid-Base Balance1.Only the kidneys can rid the body –a.Bicarbonate ions can be conserved from filtrate – (reabsorption)b. Type A intercalated cells, excrete H+, generate new bicarbonate Ionsc. Ammonium ions are weak acids –d.Bicarbonate ion secretion when the body is in alkalosis –E.Abnormalities of Acid-Base Balance1.Respiratory Acidosis -2.Respiratory Alkalosis -3.Metabolic Acidosis -4.Metabolic Alkalosis -5.Effects of Acidosis or Alkalosis -6.Respiratory and Renal Compensation -V.Developmental and Aging Aspects of Fluid, Electrolyte, & Acid-Base BalanceA.Early DevelopmentB. Childhood -C. Aging。