高级英语(上)试卷B试题卷

绍兴文理学院元培学院学年学期英语专业级《高级英语(上)》试卷(B)（考试形式：闭卷）I. Matching (15%)Directions: Match the phrases in Column A with the appropriate Chinese explanations in Column B. Write down the letters with corresponding numbers on your answer sheet.Column A Column B1. be committed to A. 考虑到2. pure and simple B. 根深蒂固3. within the bounds of C. 协调一致4. endow with D. 归根结底5. be ingrained in E. 委托；承诺；从事6. by rights` F. 争吵；不一致7. in step with G. 嘲笑8. interpose between H. 在……的范围内9. scoff at I. 纯粹的；完全的10. in the final analysis J. 最大份额11. at odds with K. 有...的资格; 有...的权利12. lion’s share L. 被耗费掉；落空；破产13. be entitled to M. 捐赠；赋予；具有14. go down the drain N. 按理说15. allow for O. 介入II. Directions: Explain in English the meaning of the underlined words or expressions in each sentence (20%)1. But a three-year study recently completed found that this is not true; vocally, boys clearly dominate the classroom.2. Sixty teachers in our study received four days of training to establish equity in classroom interactions.3. Too often, girls remain in the dark about the quality of their answers.4. The drill had been thorough, and its effects had become embodied in the man’s nervous structure.5. A menagerie-tiger whose cage had broken open is said to have emerged, but presently crept back again, as if too much bewildered by his new responsibilities6. In every lesson it must be regarded as preliminary to actually trying out what is being learned7. In an earlier period, for instance, with a more docile student population, it seemed possible to subordinate individual students to the efficient system for their own good.8. The teacher will find that the general attitudes of students fluctuate from generation to generation.9. Why should they not be in the vanguard in meeting new challenges and seeking new opportunities?10. Even if you have by some incredible stroke of providence been spared an atomic Armageddon, you will see our handiwork in all the other gruesome legacies we have left you.11. We’ve gotten very cynical, and expect fraud, malfeasance, and liars in public places.12. For human life in its entirety to endure, we are going to have to shed some of our deeply rooted cultural biases and pretensions.13. T o founder in it, confessing one’s impotence, is taken to be profound.14. One habit of those unable to express themselves is to take cover under a long word which happens to be in vogue.15. I suggest in return that this attitude betrays either laziness or affectation. It is the abdication of authorship. 16. Producers and actors of Existentialist plays are completely flummoxed if asked to cut the cackle and say exactly what they mean.17. The vi ctim’s justification for living is money, and all it can buy.18. The probability exists that there is an inverse relationship between those who struggle incessantly for wealth and the strength of psychological fiber.19. People strive aggressively for the accumulation of wealth in order to reach the promised goals of serenity and happiness.20. In the meantime, family, friends, and health are flushed down as well.III. Directions: The following passage contains TEN errors. Each line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way. For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line. For a missing wor d, mark the position of the missing word with a “∧” sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line. For an unnecessary word cross out the unnecessary word with a slash “/’ and put the word in the blank provi ded at the end of the line. (10%)Culture refers to the social heritage of a people--the learnedpattern for thinking, feeling and acting that characterize apopulation or society, include the expression of these palms (1) ______in material things. Culture is compose of nonmaterial culture-- (2) ______abstract creations like values, beliefs, customs and institutionalarrangements--and material culture--physical object like (3) ______cooking pots, computers and bathtubs. In sum, culture reflectsboth the ideas we share or everything we make. In ordinary (4) ______speech, a person of culture is the individual can speak another (5) ______language--the person who is unfamiliar with the arts, music, (6) ______literature, philosophy, or history. But to sociologist, to behuman is to be cultured, because of culture is the common (7) ______world of experience we share with other members of our group.Culture is essentially to our humanness. It provides a kind of map (8) ______for relating to others. Consider how you find your way about sociallife. How do you know how to act in a classroom, or a departmentstore, or toward a person who smiles or laugh at you? Your culture (9) ______supplies you by broad, standardized, ready-made answers for (10) ______dealing with each of these situations. Therefore, if we know aperson's culture, we can understand and even predict a gooddeal of his behavior.IV. Reading Comprehension (15%)In this section there are three passages followed by a total of 15 multiple-choice questions. Read the passages carefully and then mark your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1When you are small, all ambitions fall into one grand category: when I'm grown up. When I'm grown up, you say, I'll go up in space. I'm going to be an author. I'll kill them all and then they'll be sorry. I'll be married in a cathedral with sixteen bridesmaids in pink lace. I' ll have a puppy of my own and no one will be able to take him away.None of it ever happens, of course--or dam little, but the fantasies give you the idea that there is some thing to grow up for. Indeed one of the saddest things about gilded adolescence is the feeling that from eighteen on, it's all downhill; I read with horror of an American hippie wedding where someone said to the groom (aged twenty) "you seem so kind a grown-up somehow", and the lad had to go round seeking assurance that he wasn't. No, really he wasn’t. A determinatio n to be better adults than the present incumbents is fine, but to refuse to grow up at all is just plain unrealism.Right, so then you get some of what you want, or something like it, or something that will do all right; and for years you are too busy to do more than live in the present and put one foot in front of the other, your goals stretching little beyond the day when the boss has a stroke or the moment when the children can bring you tea in bed--and the later moment when they actually bring you hot tea, not mostly slopped in the saucer. However, I have now discovered an even sweeter category of ambition. When my children are grown up...When my children are grown up, I'll learn to fly an airplane. I will career round the sky, knowing that if I do "go pop", there will be no little ones to suffer shock and maladjustment; that even ff the worst does come to the worst, I will at least dodge the geriatric ward and all that look for your glasses in order to see where you've left your teeth. When my children are grown up, I'll have fragile lovely things on low tables; I'll have a white carpet; I'U go to the pictures in the afternoons. When the children are grown up, I'll actually be able to do a day's work in a day, and go away for a weekend without planning as if for a trip to the Moon. When I'm grown up--I mean when they're grown up--I'll be free.Of course, I know it's got to get worse before it gets better. Twelve-year-old, I'm told, don’t go to bed at seven, so you don’t even get your evenings. Once they're past ten you have to start worrying about their friends instead of simply shooing the intruders off the doorstep, and to settle down to a steady ten years of criticism of everything you've ever thought or done or worn. Boys, it seems, may be less of a trial than girls, since they can’t get pregnant and they don’t borrow your clothes--if they do borrow your clothes, of course, you' ye got even more to worry about.The young don’t respect their parents any more, that’s what. Goodness, how s ad. Still, like eating snails, it might be all right once you've got over the idea; it might let us off having to bother quite so much with them when the lime comes. But one is simply not going to be able to drone away one's days, toothless by the fire, brooding on the past.1. What interests the author about young children is that they______.[A] have so many unselfish ambitions [B] have such long term ambitions[C] don’t all want to be spacemen [D] all long for adult comforts2. The author maintains that fantasies ______.[A] satisfy ambition [B] lessen ambition[C] stimulate ambition [D] frustrate ambition3. Young people often feel that the age of eighteen is the ______.[A] right age to get married [B] gateway to happiness[C] hardest part of life [D] best time of life4. The author feels that as an adult one must ______.[A] achieve one's ambitions at all costs[B] continue to be ambitious[C] find a compromise between ambition and reality[D] give up all one's earlier ambitionsPassage 2What primarily lies behind plea bargain is the push by both prosecutors and judges to dispose of cases. With the relentless upsurge of crime in the last two decades, city courts and prosec utors’ offices have been burdened with au ever-mounting case load. The simple fact is that cases somehow have to be cleared. And because the judicial system would grind to a halt if the bulk of defendants were to insist on their constitutional right to a trial, the quickest and easiest way to clear those cases is by obtaining a guilty plea. But, in their rush to dispose of cases, prosecutors can end up “giving away the courthouse”.The same pressure influences judges, who are often more lenient with defendants who plead guilty than with those convicted after trial. Legal purists find this discrimination intolerable, for no one should be penalized for exercising his constitutional right to a trial. Yet the practice occurs in many courts, and the consequence is that an innocent defendant can be victimized. The report of the National Advisory Commission observed, “An innocent defendant might be persuaded that the harsher sentence he must face if he is tumble to prove his innocence at trial. It means that it is to his best interests to plead guilty, despite his innocence.”Another problem with plea bargain is that in the rush of a big-city criminal-justice system, a defendant is likely to see a lawyer from the public defender’s or legal ai d office for only a few mutes before appearing in court. With such brief contact, the lawyer may have little notion of whether the client is guilty or not, and is quite likely to present the plea bargain as the most desirable alternative. A survey in 1972 of 3,400 criminal justice practitioners in four states showed that 38 percent thought it probable that defense lawyers pressure clients into entering pleas which the clients regard as unsatisfactory.Plea bargaining also encourages widespread cynicism toward the entire criminal-justice system, among defendants, the public and crime victims. Moreover, the plea-bargaining system encourages prosecutors to “overcharge”--leveling more serious charges than the crimes warrant--in order to enhance their bargaining power.5. Which of the following is the passage mainly concerned with?[A] The cause for the recent upsurge in crime rate.[B] The ill effects of certain bad judicial practice.[C] The corruption of judges and prosecutors.[D] The measures for cleaning up the “dirty” courthouse.6. Which of the following gives rise to the problem?[A] The accumulation of lawsuits.[B] The bribery of judges and prosecutor by defendants.[C] Tile constitutional fight to a trial for each defendant.[D] The ignorance of judges and prosecutors.7. Which of the following is a possible consequence of plea bargain?[A] Criminals are abused by prison officers. [B] Innocent defendants are found guilty.[C] Lawsuits pile up. [D] Laws are often misinterpreted by judges.8. It can be inferred from the passage that in a guilty plea ______.[A] the defendant admits that he has committed some crime[B] the defendant begs the judge for mercy[C] the defendant denies the charge against him[D] the defendant is pardoned for the crime he committedPassage 3The importance and focus of the interview in the work of the print and broadcast journalist is reflected in several books that have been written on the topic. Most of these books, as well as several chapters, mainly in, but not limited to, journalism and broadcasting handbooks and reporting texts, stress the "how to" aspects of journalistic interviewing rather than the conceptual aspects of the interview, its context, and implications. Much of the "how to" material is based on personal experiences and general impressions. As we know, in journalism as in other fields, much can be learned from the systematic study of professional practice. Such study brings together evidence from which broad generalized principles can be developed.There is, as has been suggests, a growing body of research literature in journalism and broadcasting, but very little significant attention has been devoted to the study of the interview itself. On the other hand, many general texts as well as numerous research arties on interviewing in fields other than journalism have been written. Many of these books and articles present the theoretical and empirical aspects of the interview as well as the training of the interviewers. Unhappily, this plentiful general literature about interviewing pays little attention to the journalistic interview. The fact that the general literature on interviewing does not deal with the journalistic interview seems to be surprising for two reasons. First, it seems likely that most people in modem Western societies are more familiar, at least in a positive manner, with journalistic interviewing than with arty other form of interviewing. Most of us are probably somewhat familiar with the clinical interview, such as that conducted by physicians and psychologists. In these situations the professional person or interviewer is interested in getting information necessary for the diagnosis and treatment of the person seeking help. Another familiar situation is the job interview. However, very few of us have actually been interviewed personally by the mass media, particularly by television. And yet, we have a vivid acquaintance with the journalistic interview by virtue of our roles as readers, listeners, and viewers. Even so, true underling of the journalistic interview, especially television interviews, requires thoughtful analyses and even study, as this book indicates.9. The main idea of the first paragraph is that _____.[A] generalized principles for journalistic interviews are the chief concern for writers on journalism.[B] importance should be attached to the systematic study of journalistic interviewing[C] concepts and contextual implications are of secondary importance to journalistic interviewing[D] personal experiences and general impressions should be excluded from journalistic interviews10. Much research has been done on interviews in general _____.[A] so the training of journalistic interviewers has likewise been strengthened[B] though the study of the interviewing techniques hasn't received much attention[C] but journalistic interviewing as a specific field has unfortunately been neglected[D] and there has also been a dramatic growth in the study of journalistic interviewing11. Westerners arc familiar with the journalistic interview,_____.[A] but most of them wish to stay away from it[B] and many of them hope to be interviewed some day[C] and many of them would like to acquire a true understanding of it[D] but most of them may not have been interviewed in person12. The passage is most likely a part of _____.[A] a news article [B] a journalistic interview[C]a research report [D] a prefacePassage 4It might be supposed that greater efficiency should be achieved if several people collaborate to solve a problem than if only one individual works on it. The assumption is by no means invariably role.Although groups often may increase the motivation of their members to deal with problems, there is a counterbalancing need to contend with conflicts arising among members of a group and to give it coherent directions. Problem solving is facilitated by the presence of an effective leader who not only provides direction but permits the orderly, constructive expression of a variety of opinions; much of the leader's effort may be devoted to resolving differences. Success in problem solving also depends on the distribution of ability within a group. Solutions simply may reflect the presence of anoutstandingindividual who might perform even better by himself.Although groups may reach a greater number of correct solutions, or may require less time to discover an answer, their net man-hour efficiency is typically lower than that achieved by skilled individuals working alone.A process called brainstorming has been offered as a method of facilitating the production of new solutions to problems. In brainstorming, a problem is presented to a group of people who then proceed to offer whatever they can think of, regardless of quality and with as few inhibitions as possible. Theoretically these unrestricted suggestions increase the probability that at least some superior solutions will emerge. Nevertheless, studies show that when individuals work alone under similar conditions, performance tends to proceed more efficiently than it does in groups.Under special circumstances, however, a group may solve problems more effectively than does a reasonably competent individual. Group members may contribute different (and essential) resources to a solution that no individual can readily achieve alone; such pooling of information and skills can make group achievements superior in dealing with selected problems. Sometimes social demands may require group agreement on a single alternative, as in formulating national economic or military policies under democratic governments. When only one among several alternative solutions is correct, even if a group requires more time, it has a higher probability of identifying the right one than does an individual alone.13. In this passage, the author argues that thinking in groups ______.[A] is the best way to solve any problem[B] is by no means useful in problem-solving[C] may result in effective problem-solving under certain circumstances[D] will inevitably produce greater efficiency in problem solving than individual thinking14. The underlined phrase “contend with” (Para. 2) most probably means ______.[A] handle [B] argue with[C] satisfy [D] compete with15. According to the author, compared with an individual, a group ______.[A] may need more time to discover an answer[B] needs an effective leader to provide direction[C] often fails to resolve conflicts among its members[D] will always produce better suggestionsV. General Knowledge (10%)There are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answer to each question. Mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET.1. ______ is the capital city of Canada.[A] Vancouver [B] Ottawa[C] Montreal [D] Toronto2. ______ was the first country to give women the vote.[A] The United States [B] Canada[C] Australia [D] New Zealand3. In Britain the last stage for a bill to become law as Acts of Parliament is called ______.[A] First and Second Readings [B] Royal Assent[C] Third Reading [D] Committee stage4. ______ of the U.S. Senate stand for reelection every two years.[A] 4/5 [B] 3/4[C] 2/3 [D] 1/35. The novel Emma is written by ______.[A] Mary Shelley [B] Charlotte Bront[C] Elizabeth C. Gaskell [D] Jane Austen6. ______ is regarded as the most meaningful intellectual movement of the Renaissance.[A] The Italian revival [B] The Reformation[C] Geographical expansion [D] Humanism7. John Milton's Paradise Lost was based on ______.[A]a Roman myth [B] the Bible[C] a Greek myth [D] one of Shakespea re’s plays8. The study of the way in which sound symbols are arranged to form words is ______.[A] psycholinguistics [B] historical linguistics[C] morphology [D] semantics9. Which of the following is a CORRECT definition of a phone?[A] It is a phonological unit. [B] It is a speech sound.[C] It is an abstract sound feature. [D] It is an actual realization of a phoneme.10. ______ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and simple grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.[A] Creole [B] Lingua Franca[C] Dialect [D] PidginVI. Translate the following passage into Chinese. (15%)If the period between twenty and thirty is the critical one in the formation of intellectual and professional habits, the period below twenty is more important still for the fixing of personal habits, properly so called, such as vocalization and pronunciation, gesture, motion, and address. Hardly ever is a language learned after twenty spoken without a foreign accent; hardly ever can a youth transferred to the society of his betters unlearn the nasality and other vices of speech bred in him by the associations of his growing years. Hardly ever, indeed, no matter how much money there be in his pocket, can he even learn to dress like a gentleman-born. The merchants offer their wares as eagerly to him as to the veriest "swell," but he simply cannot buy the right things. An invisible law, as strong as gravitation, keeps him within his orbit, arrayed this year as he was the last; and how his better-clad acquaintances contrive to get the things they wear will be for him a mystery till his dying day.VII. Translate the following passage into English. (15%)我以为世间最可宝贵的就是“今”，最易丧失的也是“今”。