有机物命名

Rule-1 Saturated unbranched acyclic hydrocarbons
饱和直链非环状烃 The first four saturated unbranched acyclic hydrocarbons are called methane, ethane, propane and butane. Names of the higher members of this series consist of a numerical term, followed by “term ane” with elision of terminal “a” from the ane numerical term.
One Double bond -ene Triple bond -yne Two -adiene adi -adiyne adi Three -atriene atri -atriyne atri
Rule-1、Rule-2
The chain is so named as to give the lowest possible numbers to the double/triple bonds. bonds Only the lower location of a double/triple bond is cited in the name of a compound.
•
Alkanes 烃
• Alkanes are acyclic hydrocarbons of general formula CnH2n+2
• The carbon atoms are arranged in chains that are eianched
H3C H3C
CH3
3-ethylheptane
2,4,8-trimethylnonane
The following names are retained for unsubstituted hydrocarbons only:
下列未取代的碳氢化合物的名称保留
CH 3 − CH 2 − CH 2 − CH 2 − CH 3
V.
If two or more side chains of different nature are present, they are cited in alphabetical order. (e.g., 3-ethyl-4-methyloctane).
Training
2-methylbutane 2-甲基丁烷 2-甲基-3-乙基庚烷 3-ethyl-2-methylhexane 2,3-dimethylpentane
二十烷: (e)icosane; 二十一烷: heneicosane; 二十二烷: docosane; 三十烷: triacontane; 四十烷: tetracontane; 五十烷: pentacontane; 六十烷: hexacontane; 七十烷: heptacontane; 八十烷: octacontane; 九十烷: nonacontane; 一百烷: empirecontane.
癸烷 十一烷 十二烷 十三烷 十四烷 十五烷 十六烷 十七烷 十八烷 十九烷
decane undecane dodecane tridecane tetradecane pentadecane hexadecane heptadecane octadecane nonadecane
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
CH 3 − CH 2 − CH = CH − CH 3 CH 3 − CH 2 − CH ≡ CH − CH 3
CH 3 = CH 2 − CH = CH − CH 3
pent-2-ene or 2-pentene pent-2-yne or 2-pentyne penta-1,3-diene
Training
C H 3
正n异iso-
n-pentane iso-pentane
C H
3
C H
2
C H C H 3
2-methylbutane
C H 3 3 3
C H
3
C
C H C H
新neo-
neo-pentane
2,2-dimethylpropane
isobutane、isohexane
The following names are retained for unsubstituted radicals only:
Training
3,3-dimethylpentane 4-ethyl-2-methylhexane 4-ethyl-2,2-dimethylhexane 4,4-diisopropylheptane
3,3-二甲基戊烷 2-甲基-4-乙基已烷 2,2-二甲基-4-乙基已烷
4,4-二异丙基庚烷
5,5-bis(l,2-dimethylpropyl)nonane
常见基团
基团中文名 甲基 乙基 丙基 丁基 戊基 基团英文名 methyl ethyl propyl butyl pentyl 构造式 -CH3 -CH2CH3 -CH2CH2CH3 -CH2(CH2)2CH3 -CH2(CH2)3CH3
IUPAC rules for naming alkanes
alkane= “Numerical term” + ane
碳数
中文 甲烷 乙烷 丙烷 丁烷 戊烷 己烷 庚烷 辛烷 壬烷
英文 methane ethane propane butane pentane hexane heptane octane nonane
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
5,5-二（1,2-二甲基丙基）壬烷
Different or modified prefixes are used with complex substituents: bis-, tris-, tetrakis-; kis
Nomenclature of unsaturated compounds and univalent radicals 不饱和化合物及一价基团的命名
Alkenes and Alkynes
Unsaturated unbranched acyclic hydrocarbons having one double(triple) bond are named by replacing the ending “-ane” of the name of the corresponding saturated hydrocarbon with the ending “-ene”. “-yne”. If there are two or more double bonds, the ending will be “-adiene”, “-atriene”. “-adiyne”, “-atriyne”.
I. Select the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms as the parent compound, and consider compound all alkyl attached to it as branch chains that have replaced hydrogen atoms of the parent hydrocarbon. Number the carbon atoms in the parent carbon chain from the end that gives the lowest numbers to the branch chains Name each branch chain alkyl group and designate its position on the parent carbon chain by a number.
II.
II.
IUPAC rules for naming alkanes
IV. When the same alkyl group branch chain occurs more than once, indicate this by a prefix, di-, once tri-, tetra-, and so forth, written in front of the forth alkyl group name. The numbers indicating the positions of these alkyl groups are placed in front of the name.
Alkenes and Alkynes
The presence of one or more double or triple bonds in an otherwise saturated parent hydride is denoted by changing the “-ane” ending of the name of a saturated parent hydride to one of the followings.
• Several series of hydrocarbons are known. These include the alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alkanes alkenes alkynes and aromatic hydrocarbons. hydrocarbons It is necessary to learn the names of the first 10 members of the alkane series as these names are used, with slight modifications, for modifications corresponding compounds belonging to other classes. classes