2021年6月英语试卷和答案
2021年6月大学英语四级真题及答案(全套详解)
2021年6月大学英语四级真题及答案（全套详解）2021年6月大学英语四级真题及答案(多套题及翻译）CET4Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the following topic. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.题目一：Suppose a foreign friend of yours is coming to visit your campus, what is the most interesting place you would like to take him/her to see and why?假设你的一位外国朋友来参观你的校园，你最感兴趣的地方想带他/她去看?为什么?题目二：Suppose a foreign friend of yours is coming to visit your hometown, what is the most interesting place you would like to take him/her to see and why?假设你的一位外国朋友来参观你的家乡，你最感兴趣的地方想带他/她去看?为什么?题目三：Suppose a foreign friend of yours is coming to visit China, whatis the most interesting place you would like to take him/her to see and why?假设你的一位外国朋友来参观中国，你最感兴趣的地方想带他/她去看?为什么?Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes) Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questionswill be asked about what was said. Both theconversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
2021年6月英语四级真题及参考答案完整版
2021年6月英语四级真题及参考答案完整版四六级试卷采用多题多卷形式,大家核对答案時,请找具体选项内容,忽略套数。
注:对题目和选项内容,不要纠结套数、 ABCD顺序得问题无忧考网搜集整理了各个版本(有文字也有图片,图片可以自由拉伸),仅供大家参考。
网络综合版:听力NEWS 1And finally in tonight's news, a nine-year-old boy named Joe told not to draw in class wins a job decorating a restaurant with his drawings rather than shutting down the habit of drawing in his school's workbook.(1) Joe's parents decided to encourage his creativity by sending their son to an after-school art class. His teacher recognized Joe's talent and posted all his work online, which led to something pretty wonderful. (2) A restaurant named Number 4 in Newcastle contacted Joe's teachers to ask if the nine-year-old could come and decorated the dining room with his drawings.Every day after school, Joe's dad drives him to theOY restaurant, so he can put his ideas straight on the wall.Once he's all done, the work will remain there permanently. Joe's dad says, Joe is a really talented little boy. He's excellent at school. He's great at football, but drawing is definitely what he is most passionate about.Q1. What did Joe's parents decide to do?Q2. what did the restaurant, Number 4, do?NEWS 2Christine Marshall, a-34-year-old mum of one posted a tearful video on social media, Wednesday, begging for the safe return of her beloved pet dog. Aftercombing through the security video outside a global’s shop, (3) Christine has now posted an image of a man suspected of stealing the dog. The image appears to show a man carrying the dog in his arms.Christine also believes the video obtained from the shop shows the dog being stolen by a man before driving off in a car, which had been waiting nearby.(4) The family is now offering a 5,000 pound reward for the safe return of the dog after launching a social media campaign to find the thief, the dog is six and a half years old and was last seen wearing a red collar. Christine said “We will pay that to anyone who brings him home, as long as they are not responsible for his disappearance, please on investigating the incident”.Q3 What is Christine Marshall trying to do?Q4 What does the news report say about Christine Marshall's family?NEWS 3London's eggs and bread cafe offers a boiled eggs, toast, jam, and bacon, as well as tea, coffee, and orange juice. But at the end of the meal, customers don't have to worry about the bill. Hungry customers can pay whatever amount they can afford to eat at the cafe or nothing at all. (5) Owner Guy Wilson says his cafe aims to build community rather than profits. He wants to provide a bridge for people to connectWANGYI in an area that has been divided by class and wealth, by providing affordable breakfast. (6) The cafe is open in the mornings every day of the year. And has two members of staff or supervisors on shift every day. The cafe doesn't use volunteers, but pays its staff to ensure consistency in its service. It doesn't take donations and doesn't want to be seen as a charity. Mr. Wilson says when people start to know other people around them, (7) they realize they're not that different and whatever their financial background or their educational background, most people will havesomething in common with each other. He says it's important that his cafe can offer his customers security and permanenceQ5 What does Guy Wilson say his cafe aims to do?Q6 What does the news report say about eggs and bread cafe?Q7 What happens when people start to know each other according to Guy Wilson?CONVERSATION 1M: So what time do you think we should have the party on Saturday?W: How about inviting people to come at 6:00 PM then we'll have the afternoon to prepare food and drink and stuff like that?M: Yes. I was thinking that around six would be good too. What food should we provide?W: Well, I had thought about baking a cake and some biscuits, and now I think we should prepare some sandwiches and snacks and some other kinds of food so that people can just help themselves rather than getting everyone to sit down at the table to eat a meal. I think that's a bit too formal. It's better to let people walk around and talk to each other or sit where they like.M: Yes, that sounds good. I'll go to the supermarket to get some drinks. I think I might try that big new supermarket on the other side of town, see what they have. I've not been there before. I think we should get some beer and wine and some fruit juice and other soft drinks. What do you think?W: Sounds great. I think those drinks will be enough. And I heard that the new supermarket offers some big discounts to attract customers, so going there should be a great idea. What should we do about music?M:Maybe we should also ask Pual to bring his computer and speakers so that we can play some music. He has a great collection of different stuff. Yes. All right.Q8. What are the speakers mainly talking about?Q9. Why does the woman say it is a good idea to serve foods that guests can help themselves too?Q10. What does the woman say about the new supermarket?CONVERSATION 2W: I’m thinking of buying a car. I wouldn't need to use it every day, but I think it would be very convenient to have one for the weekends.M: That's exciting. Would this be your first car?W: Nope.M: I actually owned a car for a little while when I lived in Miami. You see, in America, many cities don't have good public transport.So most people need their ownOY car to get around.W: I see.M: So have you got your mindset on a specific model?W: No, not really.(13) I've heard that German cars are very reliable, but I haven't decided on a specific model yet.I'd also like it to be small so that it's easy to drive in the city.M: I have a friend who sells secondhand cars. In fact, I think his family owns the business.He's a really nice guy and he knows a lot about cars. I could give you his phone number if you want, and you could call him and ask him questions.W: Hmm. That's nice of you, but I don't want to feel obliged to buy one of his car.M: Oh no. He's not like that. He's a good friend of mine and he would never try to pressure you.W: Well, if you trust him, then I guess it should be okay. To be honest, I could use some help in deciding what type of vehicle would best suit my needs. Speaking to an expert would be a good idea.M: Exactly. You have nothing to worry about. He's a lovely guy and he'll be happy to help.Q13. What does the woman say about German cars?Q14. What does the man recommend the woman do?Q15. What do we learn about the Loinbo's friend from the conversation?PASSAGE 1Passage one.Pigs are not native to north America. They were first introduced to California by Spanish and Russian explorers and settlers many centuries ago. In the early times, pigs were allowed to wander freely and search a food. This practice also allowed many pigs to escape from farms and live in the wild, which became a problem.In fact, as one of the most damaging invasive species on the continent, wild pigs caused millions of dollars in crop damage yearly. TheyOY also harbored dozens of diseases that threaten both humans and farm animals. Forest patcheswith wild pigs have been found to have considerably reduced plant and animal diversity.In addition to either eating other animals or their food supply, wild pigs damaged native habitats by reaching up crosses and rubbing on trees. Their activities may also create opportunities for invasive plants to colonize these areas. Wild pigs will eat almost anything containing calories. Mice, deer, birds, snakes and frogs are among their victims.They can also harm other wild species through indirect competition rather than eating them or shrinking their food supply. On one particular United States island, wild pigs themselves became an attractive food source for a species of mainland eagle. Eagles began breeding on the island and also feeding on a species of native fox. The foxes were almost wiped out completely.Q16. What do we learn about early pigs in north America?Q17. Why are wild pigs a threat to humans?Q18. What does the passage say about the native foxes on a U.S. island? PASSAGE 2(19) A pair of entrepreneurs are planning to build and launch a spacecraft that would carry and roast coffee beans in outer space. The craft will use the heat of re-entry to roast coffee beans, as they float inside it in a pressurized tank. The effect would be to roast the beans all over and produce perfect coffee. (20) The businessmen say that on earth, beans can easily break apart and get burned in the roaster. But if gravity is removed, the beans float around and heated oven, received 360 degrees of evenly distributed heat and roast to near perfection. The spacecraft will reach a height of around200 kilometers. The beans would WANGYI then be roasted and the heat generated by the crafts 20 minute re-entry into earth's atmosphere. Temperatures and the pressurized tank will be kept to around 200 degrees Celsius. Once back on earth, the planet's first space roasted beans would be used to make coffee that would be sold for the first time in Dubai. This is where the Pairs company is based. It is not clear how much they would charge for a cup. Surprisingly, the space roaster concept should it go ahead will not be the first attempt to take coffee into space. (21) In 2015, two Italian companies collaborated on the construction of a similar type of spacecraft, which was the first coffee machine designed for use in space.Q19. What are a pair of entrepreneurs planning to do?Q20 . What does the passage say about coffee beans roasted on earth?Q21. What did the two Italian companies do in 2015?PASSAGE 3Passage threeIn cold and snowy Alaska, there’s a village called Takotna. It has a population of a mere 49 adults. Each March, this tiny village swells up in numbers because it is located in the middle of a race that takes place every year. It is a seven-day race called “The Iditarod Trail”. And participants stop at Takotna for the obligatory 24 hour rest.Lucky for them, Takotna is famous OY for its delicious fruit pies. Weeks before the competitors arrive, the residents of Takotna start preparing what is without question their biggest event of the year. The whole village chips in to help, including the kids, who end up developing their baking skills at an early age. Exhausted and hungry racers are greeted with delightful pies of all kinds, such as apple, orange, lemon, or banana.They consume the pies and a stomach warming race fuel. The toughness of the race allows for racers to eat pretty much whatever they want. The more calories, the better. Takotna has gained a reputation for its dessert-based hospitality since the 1970s. It started with one person, Jane Newton. Jane moved from Iditarod with her husband in 1972 and opened a restaurant. A rich and filling fruit pies quickly got the races attention, and the village gained some fame as a result. Proud residents then started to refer to Jane as queen of Takotna.Questions 22 to 25, or based on the passage, you have just heardQ22. Why do a lot of people come to the village of Takotna every March?Q23. What is the village of Takotna famous for?Q24. Who comes to help with the event of the year?Q25. What does the passage say about Jane Newton?第一套答案:SectionA1.C) Send him to an after-school art class.2.D) Contacted Joe to decorate its dining-room.3.A) Get her pet dog back.4.B) It is offering a big reward to anyone who helps.5.D) Help people connect with each other.6.B) It does not use volunteers7.A)They will find they have something in commonSectionB8.D) Preparations for Saturday's get-together.9.A) It enables guests to walk around and chat freely.10.B) It offers some big discounts.11.D)Bring his computerand speakers12.C) For convenience at weekends.13.B) They are reliable.14.C) Seek advice from his friend15.A)He can be trusted.SectionC16.D) Many escaped from farms and became wild.17.A)They carry a great many diseases.18.B) They fell victim to eagles.19.C) Roast coffee beans in outer space.20.A) They can easily get burned.21.B) They collaborated on building the first space coffee machine.22.C)A race passes through it annually.23.D)It’s tasty fruit pies.24.A) The entire village.25.C) She helped the village to become famous.第二套答案SectionA1. A) See the Pope.2.D) He ended up in the wrong place.3. C) Glasgow has pledged to take the lead in reducing carbon emissions in the UK.4.A)Glasgow needs to invest in new technologies to reach its goal.5.B)It permits employees to bring cats into their offices.6. B) Rescue homeless cats.7. C) It has let some other companies to follow suit.SectionB8. A) Find out where is Jimmy.9.B)He was working on a project with Jimmy.10. C) He was involved a traffic accident.11.D)He wanted to conceal something from his parents.12. B) Shopping online.13. D) Getting one's car parked.14. C) The quality of food products.15.A)It saves moneySectionC16. D)They have strong negative emotions towards math.17.B) It affects low performing children only.18.A) Most of them have average to strong math ability.19. C) Addiction to computer games is a disease.20. A)They prioritize their favored activity over what they should do.21.D)There is not enough evidence to classify it as a disease.22.C) They are a shade of red bordering on brown.23.D) They must follow some common standards.24. B) They look more official.25. D) For security.快速阅读1What happens when a language has no words for numbers?36.[E]It is worth stressing that these anumeric people are cognitively(在认知方面)normal,well-adapted to the surroundings they have dominated for centuries.37.[H] Compared with other mammals, our numerical instincts are not as remarkable as many assume.38.[E] It is worth stressing that these anumeric people are cognitively(在认知方面)normal,well-adapted to the surroundings they have dominated for centuries.39.[B]But, in a historical sense,number-conscious people like us are the unusual ones.40.[K]Research on the language of numbers shows, more and more, that one of our species' key characteristics is tremendous linguistic(语言得)and cognitive diversity. 41.[D]This and many other experiments have led to a simple conclusion:When people do not have number words,they struggle to make quantitative distinctions that probably seem natural to someone like you or me.42.[G] None of us, then, is really a"numbers person."We are not born to handle quantitative distinctions skillfully.43.[A]Numbers do not exist in all cultures44. [I] So,how did we ever invent "unnatural"numbers in the first place? The answer is,literally,at your fingertips.45. 45.[F]This conclusion is echoed by work with anumeric children in industrialized societies.快读阅读2The start of high school doesn't have to be stressful36.[E] ln addition, studies find the first year of high school typically shows one of the greatest increases in depression of any year over the lifespan.37.[G] ln one recent study, we examined 360 adolescents' beliefs about the nature of "smartness"- that is, their fixed mindsets about intelligence.38.[J]These findings lead to several possibilities that we are investigating further.39.[C]In the new global economy,students who fail to finish the ninth grade with passing grades in college preparatory coursework are very unlikely to graduate on time and go on to get jobs.40.[H]We also investigated the social side of the high school transition.41.[E]n addition, studies find the first year of high school typically shows one of the greatest increases in depression of any year over the lifespan.42.[D]The consequences of doing poorly in the ninth grade can impact more than students' ability to find a good job.43.[A]This month, more than 4 million students across the nation will begin high school.44.[I]Experiment results showed that students who were not taught that people can change showed poor stress responses.45.[F]Given all that's riding on having a successful ninth grade experience, it pays to explore what can be done to meet the academic, social and emotional challenges of the transition to high school.快读阅读3Science of setbacks:How failure can improve career prospects36.[G]One straightforward reason close losers might outper- form narrow winners is that the two groups have comparable ability.37.[D]Others in the US have found similar effects with National Institutes of Health early-career fellowships launching narrow winners far ahead of close losers.38.[K]ln sports and many areas of life,we think of failures as evidence of something we could have done better.39.[B]one way social scientists have probed the effects of career setbacks is to look at scientists of very similar qualifications.40.[I]He said the people who should be paying regard to the Wang paper are the funding agents who distribute government grant money.41.[F]In a study published in Nature Communications,North- western University sociologist Dashun Wang tracked more than 1,100 scientists who were on the border between getting a grant and missing out between 1990 and 2005.42.[J] For his part,Wang said that in his own experience,losing did light a motivating fire.43.[C]A 2018 study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, for example, followed researchers in the Netherlands.44.[I]He said the people who should be paying regard to the Wang paper are the funding agents who distribute government grant money.45.[E]This is bad news for the losers.仔细阅读1-题源What happens when a language has no words for numbers?Numbers do not exist in all cultures. There are numberless hunter-gatherers embedded deep in Amazonia, living along branches of the world’s largest river tree. Instead of using words for precise quantities, these people rely exclusively on terms analogous to “a few”or “some.”In contrast, our own lives are governed by numbers. As you read this, you are likely aware of what time it is, how old you are, your checking account balance, your weight and so on. The exact (and exacting) numbers we think with impact everything from our schedules to our self-esteem.But, in a historical sense, numerically fixated people like us are the unusual ones. For the bulk of our species’approximately 200,000-year lifespan, we had no means of precisely representing quantities. What’s more, the 7,000 or so languages that exist today vary dramatically in how they utilize numbers.Speakers of anumeric, or numberless, languages offer a window into how the invention of numbers reshaped the human experience. In a 2017 book, I explored the ways in which humans invented numbers, and how numbers subsequently played a critical role in other milestones, from the advent of agriculture to the genesis of writing.Cultures without numbers, or with only one or two precise numbers, include the Munduruku and Pirahã in Amazonia. Researchers have also studied some adults in Nicaragua who were never taught number words.Without numbers, healthy human adults struggle to precisely differentiate and recall quantities as low as four. In an experiment, a researcher will place nuts into a can one at a time, then remove them one by one. The person watchingis asked to signal when all the nuts have been removed. Responses suggest that anumeric people have some trouble keeping track of how many nuts remain in the can, even if there are only four or five in total.This and many other experiments have converged upon a simple conclusion: When people do not have number words, they struggle to make quantitative distinctions that probably seem natural to someone like you or me. While only a small portion of the world’s languages are anumeric or nearly anumeric, they demonstrate that number words are not a human universal.It is worth stressing that these anumeric people are cognitively normal, well-adapted to the environs they have dominated for centuries. As the child of missionaries, I spent some of my youth living with anumeric indigenous people, the aforementioned Pirahã who live along the sinuous banks of the black Maici River. Like other outsiders, I was continually impressed by their superior understanding of the riverine ecology we shared.Yet numberless people struggle with tasks that require precise discrimination between quantities. Perhaps this should be unsurprising. After all, without counting, how can someone tell whether there are, say, seven or eight coconuts in a tree? Such seemingly straightforward distinctions become blurry through numberless eyes.This conclusion is echoed by work with anumeric children in industrialized societies.Prior to being spoon-fed number words, children can only approximately discriminate quantities beyond three. We must be handed the cognitive tools of numbers before we can consistently and easily recognize higher quantities.In fact, acquiring the exact meaning of number words is a painstaking process that takes children years. Initially, kids learn numbers much like they learn letters. They recognize that numbers are organized sequentially, but have little awareness of what each individual number means. With time, they start to understand that a given number represents a quantity greater by one than the preceding number. This “successor principle”is part of the foundation of our numerical cognition, but requires extensive practice to understand.None of us, then, is really a “numbers person.”We are not predisposed to handle quantitative distinctions adroitly. In the absence of the cultural traditions that infuse our lives with numbers from infancy, we would all struggle with even basic quantitative distinctions.Number words and written numerals transform our quantitative reasoning as they are coaxed into our cognitive experience by our parents, peers and school teachers. The process seems so normal that we sometimes think of it as a natural part of growing up, but it is not. Human brains come equipped with certain quantitative instincts that are refined with age, but these instincts are very limited. For instance, even at birth we are capable of distinguishing between two markedly different quantities –for instance, eight from 16 things. But we are not the only species capable of such abstractions. Compared to chimps and other primates, our numerical instincts are not as remarkable as many presume. We even share some basic instinctual quantitative reasoning with distant nonmammalian relatives like birds. Indeed, work with some other species, including parrots, suggests they too can refine their quantitative thought if they are introduced to the cognitive power tools we call numbers.The birth of numbersSo, how did we ever invent “unnatural”numbers in the first place?The answer is, literally, at your fingertips. The bulk of the world’s languages use base-10, base-20 or base-5 number systems. That is, these smaller numbers are the basis of larger numbers. English is a base-10 or decimal language, as evidenced by words like 14 (“four”+ “10”) and 31 (“three”x “10”+ “one”).We speak a decimal language because an ancestral tongue, proto-Indo-European, was decimally based. Proto-Indo-European was decimally oriented because, as in so many cultures, our linguistic ancestors’hands served as the gateway to realizations like “five fingers on this hand is the same as five fingers on that hand.”Such transient thoughts were manifested into words and passed down across generations. This is why the word “five”in many languages is derived from the word for “hand.”Most number systems, then, are the by-product of two key factors: the human capacity for language and our propensity for focusing on our hands and fingers. This manual fixation –an indirect by-product of walking upright on two legs –has helped yield numbers in most cultures, but not all.Cultures without numbers also offer insight into the cognitive influence of particular numeric traditions. Consider what time it is. Your day is ruled by minutes and seconds, but these entities are not real in any physical sense and are nonexistent to numberless people. Minutes and seconds are the verbal and written vestiges of an uncommon base-60 number system used in Mesopotamia millennia ago. They reside in our minds, numerical artifacts that not all humans inherit conceptually.Research on the language of numbers shows, more and more, that one of our species’key characteristics is tremendous linguistic and cognitive diversity. While there are undoubtedly cognitive commonalities across allhuman populations, our radically varied cultures foster profoundly different cognitive experiences. If we are to truly understand how much our cognitive lives differ cross-culturally, we must continually sound the depths of our species’linguistic diversity.答案Educators and business leaders have more in common than it may seem46.C)They help students acquire the skills needed for their future success.47.A)By blending them with traditional, stimulating activities.48.B) By playing with things to solve problems on their Own.49. C) Encourage them to make things with hands.50.B)Develop students′ creative sk ills with the resources available. Being an information technology,or IT,worker is not a job I envy.51.B) It does not appeal to him.52. C) Many employees are deeply frustrated by IT.53.D) Employees become more confident in their work.54.D) Think about the possible effects on their employees.55.A)By designing systems that suit their needs.仔细阅读2-题源Sugar shocked.That describes the reaction of many Americans this week following revelations that, 50 years ago, the sugar industry paid Harvard scientists for research that downplayed sugar's role in heart disease —and put the spotlight squarely on dietary fat.What might surprise consumers is just how many present-day nutrition studies are still funded by the food industry.Nutrition scholar Marion Nestle of New York University spent a year informally tracking industry-funded studies on food. "Roughly 90% of nearly 170 studiesfavored the sponsor's interest," Nestle tells us via email. Other, systematic reviews support her conclusions.For instance, studies funded by Welch Foods —the brand behind Welch's 100% Grape Juice —found that drinking Concord grape juice daily may boost brain function. Another, funded by Quaker Oats, concluded, as a Daily Mail story put it, that "hot oatmeal breakfast keeps you full for longer."While these examples might induce chuckles, the past year has seen several exposes that have raised serious concerns about the extent of industry's influence on food and nutrition research outcomes.Last year, The New York Times revealed how Coca-Cola was funding high-profile scientists and organizations promoting a message that, in the battle against weight gain, people should pay more attention to exercise and less to what they eat and drink. In the aftermath of that investigation, Coca-Cola released data detailing its funding of several medical institutions and associations between 2010 and 2015, from the Academy of Family Physicians to the American Academy of Pediatrics. All told, Coca-Cola says it gave $132.8 million toward scientific research and partnerships.And earlier this summer, the Associated Press released an investigation that looked at research funded by the National Confectioners Association, a trade group whose members include the makers of Tootsie Rolls, Hershey's kisses and Snickers bars. One study the group funded concluded that kids who eat candy tend to weigh less than those who don't. In an email to her co-author, the AP reported, one of the scientists behind that study wrote that the finding was "thin and clearly padded." Nonetheless, the paper was published in a journal called Food & Nutrition Research."It's definitely a problem that so much research in nutrition and health is funded by industry," says Bonnie Liebman, director of nutrition at the Center for Science in the Public Interest, a nonprofit advocacy group. "When the food industry pays for research, it often gets what it pays for." And what it pays for is often a pro-industry finding.。
2021年6月英语六级考试真题试卷附答案(完整版 第3套)
2021年6月英语六级考试真题试卷附答案(完整版第3套)Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the importance of motivation and methods in learning. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes) 说明：由于2021年6月六级考试全国共考了两套听力，本套真题听力与前2套内容相同，只是选项顺序不同，因此在本套真题中不再重复出现。
Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes) Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please markthe corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Steel is valued for its reliability, but not when it gets cold. Most forms of steel __26__ become brittle （脆的）at temperatures below about -25℃ unless they are mixed with other metals. Now, though, a novel type of steel has been developed that resists __27__ at much lower temperatures, while retaining its strength and toughness—without the need for expensive __28__.Steel's fragility at low temperatures first became a major concern during the Second World War. After German U-boats torpedoed （用鱼雷攻击）numerous British ships, a 2,700-strong fleet of cheap- and-cheerful "Liberty ships" was introduced to replace the lost vessels, providing a lifeline for the __29__ British. But the steel shells of hundreds of the ships __30__ in the icy north Atlantic, and 12 broke in half and sank.Brittleness remains a problem when building steel structures in cold conditions, such as oil rigs in the Arctic. So scientists have __31__ to find a solution by mixing it with expensive metals such as nickel.Yuuji Kimura and colleagues in Japan tried a more physical__32__. Rather than adding other metals, they developed a complex mechanical process involving repeated heating and very severe mechanical deformation, known as tempforming.The resulting steel appears to achieve a combination of strength and toughness that is __33__ to that of modem steels that are very rich in alloy content and, therefore, very expensive.Kimura's team intends to use its tempformed steel to make ultra-high strength parts, such as bolts. They hope to reduce both the number of __34__ needed in a construction job and their weight—by replacing solid supports with __35__ tubes, for example. This could reduce the amount of steel needed to make everything from automobiles to buildings and bridges.A）abruptlyB）additivesC）approachD）ardentlyE）besiegedF）channelG）comparableH）componentsI）crackedJ）fracturesK）hollowL）relevantM）reshuffledN）strivedO）violentSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.The future of personal satellite technology is here—are we ready for it?A）Satellites used to be the exclusive playthings of rich governments and wealthy corporations. But increasingly, as space becomes more democratized, they are coming within reach of ordinary people. Just like drones （无人机）before them, miniature satellites are beginning to fundamentally transform our conceptions of who gets to do what up above our heads.B）As a recent report from the National Academy of Sciences highlights, these satellites hold tremendous potential for making satellite-based science more accessible than ever before. However, as the cost of getting your own satellite in orbit drops sharply, the risks of irresponsible use grow. The question here is no longer "Can we?" but "Should we?" What are the potential downsides of having a slice of space densely populated by equipment built by people not traditionally labeled as "professionals" ? And what would the responsible and beneficial development and use of this technology actually look like? Some of the answers may come from a nonprofit organization that has been building and launching amateur satellites for nearly 50 years.C）Having your personal satellite launched into orbit might sound like an idea straight out of science fiction. But over the past few decades a unique class of satellites has been created that fits the bill: CubeSats. The "Cube" here simply refers to the satellite's shape. The most common CubeSat is a 10cm cube, so small that a single CubeSat could easily be mistaken for a paperweight on your desk. These mini-satellites can fit in a launch vehicle's formerly "wasted space. " Multiples can be deployed in combination for more complexmissions than could be achieved by one CubeSat alone.D）Within their compact bodies these minute satellites are able to house sensors and communications receivers/transmitters that enable operators to study Earth from space, as well as space around Earth. They're primarily designed for Low Earth Orbit （LEO）—an easily accessible region of space from around 200 to 800 miles above Earth, where human-tended missions like the Hubble Space Telescope and the International Space Station （ISS） hang out. But they can attain more distant orbits; NASA plans for most of its future Earth-escaping payloads （to the moon and Mars especially） to carry CubeSats.E）Because they're so small and light, it costs much less to get a CubSat into Earth's orbit than a traditional communications or GPS satellite. For instance,a research group here at Arizona State University recently claimed their developmental small CubeSats could cost as little as $3,000 to put in orbit. This decrease in cost allows researchers, hobbyists and even elementary school groups to put simple instruments into LEO or even having them deployed from the ISS.F）The first CubeSat was created in the early 2000s,as a way of enabling Stanford graduate students to design, build,test and operate a spacecraft with similar capabilities to the USSR's Sputnik （前苏联的人造卫星）.Since then, NASA, the National Reconnaissance Office and even Boeing have all launched and operated CubeSats. There are more than 130 currently in operation. The NASA Educational Launch of Nano Satellite program, which offers free launches for educational groups and science missions, is now open to U. S. nonprofit corporations as well. Clearly, satellites are not just for rocket scientists anymore.G）The National Academy of Sciences report emphasizes CubeSats' importance in scientific discovery and the training of future space scientists and engineers. Yet it also acknowledges that widespread deployment of LEO CubeSats isn't risk-free. The greatest concern the authors raise is space debris—pieces of "junk" that orbit the earth, with the potential to cause serious damage if they collide with operational units, including the ISS.H）Currently, there aren't many CubeSats and they're tracked closely. Yet as LEO opens up to more amateur satellites, they may pose an increasing threat. As the report authors point out, even near-misses might lead to the "creation of a burdensome regulatory framework and affect the futuredisposition of science CubeSats."I）CubeSat researchers suggest that now's the time to ponder unexpected and unintended possible consequences of more people than ever having access to their own small slice of space. In an era when you can simply buy a CubeSat kit off the shelf, how can we trust the satellites over our heads were developed with good intentions by people who knew what they were doing? Some "expert amateurs" in the satellite game could provide some inspiration for how to proceed responsibly.J）In 1969.the Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation （AMSAT）was created in order to foster ham radio enthusiasts' （业余无线电爱好者）participation in space research and communication. It continued the efforts, begun in 1961, by Project OSCAR—a U. S. -based group that built and launched the very first nongovernmental satellite just four years after Sputnik. As an organization of volunteers, AMSAT was putting "amateur" satellites in orbit decades before the current CubeSat craze. And over time, its members have learned a thing or two about responsibility. Here, open-source development has been a central principle. Within the organization, AMSAT has a philosophy of open sourcing everything—making technical data on all aspects of their satellites fully available toeveryone in the organization, and when possible, the public. According to a member of the team responsible for FOX 1-A, AMSAT's first CubeSat, this means that there's no way to sneak something like explosives or an energy emitter into an amateur satellite when everyone has access to the designs and implementation.K）However, they're more cautious about sharing information with nonmembers, as the organization guards against others developing the ability to hijack and take control of their satellites. This form of "self-governance" is possible within long-standing amateur organizations that, over time, are able to build a sense of responsibility to community members,as well as society in general. But what happens when new players emerge, who don't have deep roots within the existing culture?L）Hobbyists and students are gaining access to technologies without being part of a long-standing amateur establishment. They're still constrained by fimders, launch providers and a series of regulations—all of which rein in what CubeSat developers can and cannot do. But there's a danger they're ill-equipped to think through potential unintended consequences. What these unintended consequences might be is admittedly far from clear. Yet we know innovators can beremarkably creative with taking technologies in unexpected directions. Think of something as seemingly benign as the cellphone—we have microfinance and text-based social networking at one end of the spectrum, and improvised （临时制作的）explosive devices at the other.M）This is where a culture of social responsibility around CubeSats becomes important-not simply to ensure that physical risks are minimized, but to engage with a much larger community in anticipating and managing less obvious consequences of the technology. This is not an easy task. Yet the evidence from AMSAT and other areas of technology development suggests that responsible amateur communities can and do emerge around novel technologies. The challenge here, of course, is ensuring that what an amateur community considers to be responsible, actually is. Here's where there needs to be a much wider public conversation that extends beyond government agencies and scientific communities to include students, hobbyists，and anyone who may potentially stand to be affected by the use of CubeSat technology.36. Given the easier accessibility to space, it is time to think about how to prevent misuse of satellites.37. A group of mini-satellites can work together toaccomplish more complex tasks.38. The greater accessibility of mini-satellites increases the risks of their irresponsible use.39. Even school pupils can have their CubeSats put in orbit owing to the lowered launching cost.40. is careful about sharing information with outsiders to prevent hijacking of their satellites.41. NASA offers to launch CubeSats free of charge for educational and research purposes.42. Even with constraints, it is possible for some creative developers to take the CubeSat technology in directions that result in harmful outcomes.43. While making significant contributions to space science, CubeSats may pose hazards to other space vehicles.44. Mini-satellites enable operators to study Earth from LEO and space around it.45. AMSAT operates on the principle of having all its technical data accessible to its members, preventing the abuse of amateur satellites.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.When I re-entered the full-time workforce a few years ago after a decade of solitary self-employment, there was one thing I was looking forward to the most: the opportunity to have work friends once again. It wasn't until I entered the corporate world that I realized, for me at least, being friends with colleagues didn't emerge as a priority at all. This is surprising when you consider the prevailing emphasis by scholars and trainers and managers on the importance of cultivating close interpersonal relationships at work. So much research has explored the way in which collegial （同事的）ties can help overcome a range of workplace issues affecting productivity and the quality of work output such as team-based conflict, jealousy, undermining, anger, and more.Perhaps my expectations of lunches, water-cooler gossip and caring, deep-and-meaningful conversations were a legacy of the last time I was in that kind of office environment. Whereasnow, as I near the end of my fourth decade, I realize work can be fully functional and entirely fulfilling without needing to be best mates with the people sitting next to you.In an academic analysis just published in the profoundly-respected Journal of Management, researchers have looked at the concept of "indifferent relationships". It's a simple term that encapsulates （概括）the fact that relationships at work can reasonably be non-intimate, inconsequential, unimportant and even, dare I say it, disposable or substitutable.Indifferent relationships are neither positive nor negative. The limited research conducted thus far indicates they're especially dominant among those who value independence over cooperation, and harmony over confrontation. Indifference is also the preferred option among those who are socially lazy. Maintaining relationships over the long term takes effort. For some of us, too much effort .As noted above, indifferent relationships may not always be the most helpful approach in resolving some of the issues that pop up at work. But there are nonetheless several empirically proven benefits. One of those is efficiency. Less time chatting and socializing means more time working and（产出）.The other is self-esteem. As human beings, we're primed to compare ourselves to each other in what is an anxiety-inducing phenomenon. Apparently, we look down on acquaintances more so than Mends. Since the former is most common among those inclined towards indifferent relationships, their predominance can bolster individuals' sense of self-worth.Ego aside, a third advantage is that the emotional neutrality of indifferent relationships has been found to enhance critical evaluation, to strengthen one's focus on task resolution, and to gain greater access to valuable information. None of that might be as fun as after-work socializing but, hey, I'll take it anyway.46. What did the author realize when he re-entered the corporate world?A） Making new Mends with his workmates was not as easy as he had anticipated.B）Cultivating positive interpersonal relationships helped him expel solitary feelings.C）Working in the corporate world requires more interpersonal skills than self-employment.D） Building close relationships with his colleagues wasnot as important as he had ejected.47. What do we learn from many studies about collegial relationships?A） Inharmonious relationships have an adverse effect on productivity.B） Harmonious relationships are what many companies aim to cultivate.C） Close collegial relationships contribute very little to product quality.D） Conflicting relationships in the workplace exist almost everywhere.48. What can be inferred about relationships at work from an academic analysis?A） They should be cultivated.B） They are virtually irrelevant.C） They are vital to corporate culture.D） They should be reasonably intimate.49. What does the author say about people who are socially lazy?A）They feel uncomfortable when engaging in social interactions.B） They often find themselves in confrontation with theircolleagues.C） They are unwilling to make efforts to maintain workplace relationships.D） They lack basic communication skills in dealing with interpersonal issues.60. What is one of the benefits of indifferent relationships?A） They provide fun at work.B） They help control emotions.C） They help resolve differences.D） They improve work efficiency.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.In a few decades, artificial intelligence (AI) will surpass many of the abilities that we believe make us special. This is a grand challenge for our age and it may require an "irrational" response.One of the most significant pieces of news from the US in early 2021 was the efforts of Google to make autonomous driving a reality. According to a report, Google's self-driving cars clocked 1,023,330 km, and required human intervention 124 times. That is one intervention about every 8,047 km of autonomousdriving. But even more impressive is the progress in just a single year: human interventions fell from 0.8 times per thousand miles to 0.2, a 400% improvement. With such progress, Google's cars will easily surpass my own driving ability later this year.Driving once seemed to be a very human skill. But we said that about chess, too. Then a computer beat the human world champion, repeatedly. The board game Go（围棋）took over from chess as a new test for human thinking in 2021, when a computer beat one of the world's leading professional Go players. With computers conquering what used to be deeply human tasks, what will it mean in the future to be human? I worry about my six-year-old son. What will his place bе in a world where machines beat us in one area after another? He'll never calculate faster, never drive better, or even fly more safely. Actually, it all comes down to a fairly simple question： What's so special about us? It can't be skills like arithmetic, which machines already excel in. So far, machines have a pretty hard time emulating creativity, arbitrary enough not to be predicted by a computer, and yet more than simple randomness.Perhaps, if we continue to improve information-processing machines, well soon have helpful rational assistants. So wemust aim to complement the rationality of the machine, rather than to compete with it. If I'm right, we should foster a creative spirit because a dose of illogical creativity will complement the rationality of the machine. Unfortunately, however, our education system has not caught up to the approaching reality. Indeed, our schools and universities are structured to mould pupils to be mostly obedient servants of rationality, and to develop outdated skills in interacting with outdated machines. We need to help our children learn how to best work with smart computers to improve human decision-making. But most of all we need to keep the long-term perspective in mind: that even if computers will outsmart us, we can still be the most creative. Because if we aren't, we won't be providing much value in future ecosystems，and that may put in question the foundation for our existence.51. What is the author's greatest concern about the use of AI?A） Computers are performing lots of creative tasks.B） Many abilities will cease to be unique to human beings.C） Computers may become more rational than humans.D） Many human skills are fast becoming outdated.52. What impresses the author most in the field of AI?A） Google's experimental driverless cars require little human intervention.B） Google's cars have surpassed his driving ability in just a single year.C） Google has made huge progress in autonomous driving in a short time.D） Google has become a world leader in the field of autonomous driving.53. What do we learn from the passage about creativity?A） It is rational.B） It is predictable.C） It is human specific.D） It is yet to be emulated by AI.54. What should schools help children do in the era of AI?A） Cultivate original thinking.B） Learn to work independently.C） Compete with smart machines.D） Understand how AI works.55. How can we humans justify our future existence?A） By constantly outsmarting computers.B） By adopting a long-term perspective.C） By rationally compromising with AI.D） By providing value with our creativity.Part IV Translation (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.成语（Chinese idioms）是汉语中的一种独特的表达方式，大多由四个汉字组成。
2021年6月英语六级真题答案(完整版+解析)
2021年6月英语六级真题答案（完整版+解析）2021年6月英语六级答案(完整版)Part Ⅰ Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled The Impact of the Internet on Interpersonal Communication. Your essay should start with a brief description of the picture. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words. 作文标准版The Impact of the Internet on Interpersonal Communication As is described in the picture, a father asks her daughter how her school today goes on. Instead of answering directly, the daughter tells her father to read her blog. It is common that youngsters nowadays incline to communicate with others on internet increasingly, and lack communication with people around them. With the development of Internet, it has influenced our society to a large extent, especially interpersonal communication.To begin with, we can communicate with others anytime via internet. Otherwise, we would have to arrange our schedules strictly in advance. Also, interpersonal communication through the internet is not restricted by space. For example, in most multinational corporations, instant messages and video conferences help colleagues solve problems timely and efficiently. Last but not least, the internet can greatly speed up our interpersonal communication. Whereas, there are also disadvantages that the internet brings to us. More and more people complained that they have lost face-to-face communicating skills. As a result, people become more and more indifferent to each other in real life. Some netizens who are immersed in virtual world even have difficulty in making friends in reality.In conclusion, communication through the internet could bring us both convenience and inconvenience. We should strike a balance between them and make the best of the internet. 【解析】这次的六级写作是请考生谈谈网络对人际交流的影响。
2021年6月《大学英语四级》第1套 考试真题与参考答案
2021年6月《大学英语四级》考试真题Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay titled “Is technology making people lazy?". The statement given below is for your reference. You should write at least 120 words bu no more than 180 words.Many studies claim that computers distract people, make them lazy thinkers and even lower their work efficiency.PartⅡ Listening Comprehension (30 minutes) Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1with a single line through the centre.Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard.1. A)Enrol him in a Newcastle football club.B)Send him to an after-school art class.C) Forbid him to draw in his workbook.D) Help him post his drawings online.2. A) Contacted Joe to decorate its dining-room.B) Hired Joe to paint all the walls of is buildings.C) Renovated its kitchen and all the dining-rooms.D) Asked Joe for permission to use his online drawings.Questions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just heard.3. A) Get her pet dog back.B) Beg for help from the police.C) Identify the suspect on the security video.D) Post pictures of her pet dog on social media.4. A) It is suffering a great deal from the incident.B) It is helping the police with the investigation.C) It is bringing the case to the local district court.D) It is offering a big reward to anyone who helps.Questions 5 and 7 are based on the news report you have just heard.5. A) Provide free meals to the local poor.B) Help people connect with each other.C) Help eliminate class difference in his area,D) Provide customers with first-class service.6. A) It does not supervise its employees.B) It donates regularly to a local charity.C) It does not use volunteers.D) It is open round the clock.7. A) They will realise the importance of communication.B) They will come to the cafe even more frequently.C) They will care less about their own background.D)They will find they have something in common.Section BDirections:In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1with a single line through the centre.Questions 8 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.8.A) A surprise party for Paul’s birthday. .B) Travel plans for the coming weekend.C) Preparations for Saturday’s get-together.D) The new market on the other side of town.9. A) It makes the hostess’s job a whole lot easier.B) It enables guests to walk around and chat freely.C) It saves considerable time and labor.D) It requires fewer tables and chairs.10. A) It offers some big discounts.B) It is quite close to her house.C) It is more spacious and less crowded.D) It sells local wines and soft drinks.11. A) Cook a dish for the party.B) Arrive 10 minutes earlier.C) Prepare a few opening remarks.D) Bring his computer and speakers.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.12. A) For commuting to work.B) For long-distance travel,C) For getting around in Miami.D) For convenience at weekends.13. A) They are reliable.B) They are compact.C) They are spacious.D) They are easy to drive.14. A) Buy a second-hand car.B) Trust her own judgment.C) Seek advice from his friend.D) Look around before deciding.15. A) He sells new cars,B) He can be trusted.C) He is starting a business.D) He is a successful car dealer.Section CDirections:In this section, you will hear three passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 16 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard.16. A) Many escaped from farms and became wild.B) They were actually native to North America.C) Many got kill in the wild when searching for food.D) They were hunted by Spanish and Russian explorers.17. A) They often make sudden attacks on people.B) They break up nature’s food supply chain.C) They cause much environmental pollution.D) They carry a great many diseases.18. A) They lived peacefully with wild pigs.B) They ran out of food completely.C) They fell victim to eagles.D) They reproduced quickly.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard.19. A) Taste coffee while in outer space.B) Roast coffee beans in outer space.C) Develop a new strain of coffee bean.D) Use a pressurised tank to brew coffee.20. A) They can easily get burned.B) They float around in the oven.C) They have to be heated to 360°C.D) They receive evenly distributed heat.21. A) They charged a high price for their space-roasted coffee beans.B) They set up a branch in Dubai to manufacture coffee roasters.C) They collaborated on building the first space coffee machine.D) They abandoned the attempt to roast coffee beans in space. Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.22. A) It is the best time for sightseeing.B) A race passes through it annually.C) They come to clean the Iditarod Trail,D) It is when the villagers choose a queen.23. A) Its children’s baking skills.B) Its unique winter scenery.C) Its tasty fruit pies.D) Its great food variety.24. A) The contestants.B) The entire village.C) Jan Newton and her friends.D) People from the state of Idaho.25. A) She owned a restaurant in Idaho.B) She married her husband in 1972.C) She went to Alaska to compete in race.D) She helped the village to become famous.Part ⅢReading Comprehension (40 minutes) Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Most animals seek shade when temperatures in the Sahara Desert soar to 120 degrees Fahrenheit, But for the Saharan silver ant, 26 from their underground nests into the sun’s Brutal to 27 for food, this is the perfect time to seek lunch. In 2015 these ants were joined in the desert by scientists from two Belgian universities, who spent a month in the 28 heat tracking the ants and digging out their nests. The goal was simple, to discover how the 29 adapted to the kind of heat that can 30 melt the bottom of shoes.Back in Belgium, the scientists looked at the ants under an electronic microscope and found that their 31 triangular hair reflects light like a prism (棱镜), giving them a metallic reflection and protecting them from the sun’s awful heat. When Ph.D. student Quentin Willot 32 the hair from an ant with 33 knife and put it under a heat lamp, its temperature jumped.The ants’ method of staying cool is 34 among animals. Could this reflective type of hair protect people? Willot says companies are interested in 35 these ants' method of heat protection for human use, including everything from helping to protect the lives of firefighters to keeping homes cool in summer.A) adaptingB) consciouslyC) crawlingD) crowdedE) extremeF) huntG) literallyH) moderate D) remote J) removed K) species L) specimens M) thick N) tiny0) uniqueSection BDirections:In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.The start of high school doesn’t have to be stressful[A] This month, more than 4 million students across the nation will begin high school. Many will do well. But many will not. Consider that nearly two-thirds of students will experience the “ninth- grade shock,” which refers to a dramatic drop in a student’s academic performance. Some students cope with this shock by avoiding challenges. For instance, they may drop difficult coursework. Others may experience a hopelessness that results in failing their core classes, such as English, science and math.[B] This should matter a great deal to parents, teachers and policymakers. Ultimately it should matter to the students themselves and society at large, because students’ experience of transitioning (过渡) to the ninth grade can have long-term consequences not only for the students themselves but for their home communities. We make these observations as research psychologists who have studied how schools and families can help young people thrive.[C] In the new global economy, students who fail to finish the ninth grade with passing grades in college preparatory coursework are very unlikely to graduate on time and go on to get jobs. One study has calculated that the lifetime benefit to the local economy for a single additional student who completes high school is half a million dollars or more. This is based on higher earnings and avoided costs in health care, crime, welfare dependence and other things.[D] The consequences of doing poorly in the ninth grade can impact more than students’ ability to find a good job. It can also impact the extent to which they enjoy life. Students lose many of the friends they turned to for support when they move from the eighth to the ninth grade. One study of ninth-grade students found that 50 percent of friendships among ninth graders changed from one month to the next, signaling striking instability in friendships.[E] In addition, studies find the first year of high school typically shows one of the greatest increases in depression of any year over the lifespan. Researchers think that one explanation is that ties to friends are broken while academic demands are rising. Furthermore, most adult cases of clinical depression first emerge in adolescence (青春期). The World Health Organization reports that depression has the greatest burden of disease worldwide, in terms of the total cost of treatment and the loss of productivity.[F]Given all that’s riding on having a successful ninth grade experience, it pays to explore what can be done to meet the academic, social and emotional challenges of the transition to high school. So far, our studies have yielded one main insight: Students' beliefs about change--their beliefs about whether people are stuck one way forever, or whether people can change their personalities and abilities--are related to their ability to cope, succeed academically and maintain good mental health. Past research has called these beliefs “mindsets (思维模式),” with a “fixed mindset” referring to the belief that people cannot change and a “growth mindset” referring to the belief that people can change.[G]In one recent study, we examined 360 adolescents’ beliefs about the nature of“smartness”--that is, their fixed mindsets about intelligence.. We then assessed biological stress responses for students whose grades were dropping by examining their stress hormones(荷尔蒙).Students who believed that intelligence is fixed--that you are stuck being“not smart” if you struggle in school--showed higher levels of stress hormones when their grades were declining at the beginning of the ninth grade. If students believed that intelligence could improve -- that is to say, when they held more of a growth mindset of intelligence--they showed lower levels of stress hormones when their grades were declining. This was an exiting result because it showed that the body’s stress responses are not determined solely by one’s grades. Instead, declining grades only predicted worse stress hormones among students who believed that worsening grades were a permanent and hopeless state of affairs.[H]We also investigated the social side of the high school transition. In this study, instead of teaching students that their smartness can change, we taught them that their social standing--that is, whether they are bullied or excluded or left out - can change over time. We then looked at high school students’ stress responses to daily social difficulties. That is, we taught them a growth mindset about their social lives. In this study, students came into the laboratory and were asked to give a public speech in font of upper-year students. The topic of the speech was what makes one popular in high school. Following this, students had to complete a difficult mental math task in front of the same upper-year students.[I]Experiment results showed that students who were not taught that people can change showed poor stress responses. When these students gave the speech, their blood vessels contracted and their hearts pumped less blood through the body -- both responses that the body shows when it is preparing for damage or defeat after a physical threat. Then they gave worse speeches and made more mistakes in math. But when students were taught that people can change, they had better responses to stress, in part because they felt like they had the resources to deal with the demanding situation. Students who got the growth mindset intervention (干预) showed less-contracted blood vessels and their hearts pumped more blood- both of which contributed to more oxygen getting to the brain, and, ultimately, better performance on the speech and mental math tasks.[J]These findings lead to several possibilities that we are investigating further. First, we are working to replicate (复制) these findings in more diverse school communities. We want to know in which types of schools and for which kinds of students these growth mindset ideas help young people adapt to the challenges of high school. We also hope to learn how teachers, parents or school counselors can help students keep their ongoing academic or social difficulties in perspective. We wonder what would happen if schools helped to make beliefs about the potential for change and improvement a larger feature of the overall school culture, especially for students staring the ninth grade.36. The number of people experiencing depression shows a sharp increase in the first year of high school.37. According to one study, students’ academic performance is not the only decisive factor of their stress responses.38. Researchers would like to explore further how parents and schools can help ninth graders by changing their mindset.39. According to one study, each high school graduate contributes at least 500,000 dollars to the local economy.，40. In one study, students were told their social position in school is not unchangeable.41. It is reported that depression results in enormous economic losses worldwide.42. One study showed that friendships among ninth graders were far from stable.43. More than half of students will find their academic performance declining sharply when they enter the ninth grade.44. Researchers found through experiments that students could be taught to respond to stress in more positive way.45. It is beneficial to explore ways to cope with the challenges facing students entering high school.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Educators and business leaders have more in common than it may seem. Teachers want to prepare students for a successful future. Technology companies have an interest in developing a workforce with the STEM (science, technology, engineering and math) sills needed to grow the company and advance the industry. How can they wok together to achieve these goals? Play may be the answer.Focusing on STEM skills is important, but the reality is that STEM sills are enhanced and more relevant when combined with traditional, hands-on creative activities. This combination is proving to be the best way to prepare today’s children to be the makers and builders of tomorrow. That is why technology companies are partnering with educators to bring back good, old-fashioned play.In fact many experts argue that the most important 2lst-century skills aren’t related to specific technologies or subject matter, but to creativity; skills like imagination, problem-finding and problem-solving, teamwork, optimism, patience and the ability to experiment and take risks. These are skills acquired when kids tinker (鼓捣小玩意), High-tech industries such as NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory have found that their best overall problem solvers were master tinkerers in their youth.There are cognitive (认知的) benefits of doing things the way we did as children—building something, tearing it down, then building, it up again. Research shows that given 15 minutes of free pay, four- and five-year-olds will spend a hid of this time engaged in spatial, mathematical，and architectural activities. This type of play—especial with building blocks--helps children discover and develop key principles in math and geometry.If play and building are critical 1o 2lst century skill development, that’s really good news for two reasons: Children are born builders, makers, and creators, so fostering(培养) 2lst-centary skills may be as simple as giving kids room to play, tinker and try thing out,even as they growolder, Secondly, it doesn't take 21st-century technology to foster 2lst-century skills. This is especially important for under-resourced schools and communities. Taking whatever materials are handy and tinkering with them is a simple way to engage those important “maker” skills. And anyone, anywhere. can do it.46. What docs the author say about educators?A) They seek advice from technology companies to achieve teaching goals.B) They have been successful in preparing the workforce for companies.C) They help students acquire the skills needed for their future success.D) They partner with technology companies to enhance teaching efficiency.47. How can educators better develop students’ STEM skills, according to the author?A) By blending them with traditional, stimulating activities.B) By inviting business leaders to help design curriculums.C) By enhancing students’ ability to think in a critical way.D) By showing students the best way to learn is through play.48. How do children acquire the skills needed for the 21st century?A) By engaging in activities involving specific technologies.B) By playing with things to solve problems on their own.C) By familiarizing themselves with high-tech gadgets.D) By mastering basic principles through teamwork.49. What can we do to help children learn the basics of math and geometry?A) Stimulate their interest as early as possible.B) Spend more time playing games with them.C) Encourage them to make things with hands.D) Allow them to tinker freely with calculators.50. What does the author advise disadvantaged schools and communities to do?A) Train students to be makers to meet future market demands.B) Develop students’ creative skills with the resources available.C) Engage students with challenging tasks to foster their creativity.D) Work together with companies to improve their teaching facilities.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Being an information technology, or IT, worker is not a job I envy. They are the ones who, right in the middle of a critical meeting, are expected to instantly fix the projector that’s no longer working. They have to tolerate the bad tempers of colleagues frustrated at the number of times they've had to call the help desk for the same issue. They are also the ones who know there are systems that are more powerful, reliable and faster, but their employer simply will not put up the funds to buy them.According to a recent survey, employees who have a job reliant on IT support consider IT a major source of job dissatisfaction. Through no fault of they own, they can suddenly find their productivity deteriorating or quality control non-existent. And there’s little they can do about it.The experience of using IT penetrates almost the entire work field. It has become a crucial part of employees’ overall work experience. When IT is operating as it should, employee self-confidence swells. Their job satisfaction, too, can surge when well-functioning machines relieve them of dull tasks or repetitive processes. But if there’s one thing that triggers widespread employee frustration, it’s an IT transformation project gone wrong, where swollen expectations have been popped and a long list of promised efficiencies have been reversed.This occurs when business leaders implement IT initiatives with little consideration of how those changes will impact the end user.Which is why managers should appreciate just how influential the IT user experience is to their employees, and exert substantial effort in ensuring their IT team eliminates programming errors and application crashes. Adequate and timely IT support should also be available to enable users to cope with technological issues at work. More importantly, IT practitioners need to understand what employees experience mentally when hey use IT.Therefore, businesses need to set up their IT infrastructure so that it is designed to fit in with their employees’ work, rather than adjust their wok to fit in with the company’s IT limitations.51. What does the author say about working in IT?A)It is envied by many.B) It does not appeal to him.C It is financially rewarding.D) It does not match his abilities.52. What is the finding of a recent survey on employees who have a job reliant on IT support?A) IT helps boost productivity.B) IT helps improve quality control.C) Many employees are deeply frustrated by IT.D) Most employees rely heavily on IT in their work.53. What is said to happen when IT is functioning properly?A) There is a big boost in employees’ work efficiency.B) Employees become more dependent on machines.C) There are no longer any boring or repetitive tasks.D) Employees become more confident in their work.54. What should business leaders do before implementing new IT initiatives?A) Consider the various expectations of their customers.B) Draw up a list of the efficiencies to be promised.C) Assess the swollen cost of training the employees.D) Think about the possible effects on their employees.55. How can a business help improve its employees' experience in using IT?A) By designing systems that suit their needs.B) By ensuring that their mental health is sound.C) By adjusting their work to suit the 1T system.D) By offering them regular in-service training.Part Ⅳ Translation (30 minutes) Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.普洱(Pu’er)茶深受中国人喜爱。
2021年06月英语四级考试真题与答案解析：完整版
2021年06月英语四级考试真题与答案解析：完整版————————————————————————————————————————听力W: How about inviting people to come at 6:00 PM then we'll have the afternoon to prepare food and drink and stuff like that?M: Yes. I was thinking that around six would be good too. What food should we provide?W: Well, I had thought about baking a cake and some biscuits, and now I think we should prepare some sandwiches and snacks and some other kinds of food so that people can just help themselves rather than getting everyone to sit down at the table to eat a meal. I think that's a bit too formal. It's better to let people walk around and talk to each other or sit where they like.M: Yes, that sounds good. I'll go to the supermarket to get some drinks. I think I might try that big new supermarket on the other side of town, see what they have. I've not been there before. I think we should get some beer and wine and some fruit juice and other soft drinks. What do you think?W: Sounds great. I think those drinks will be enough. And I heard that the new supermarket offers some big discounts to attract customers, so going there should be a great idea. What should we do about music?M：Maybe we should also ask Pual to bring his computer and speakers so that we can play some music. He has a great collection of different stuff. Yes. All right.Q8. What are the speakers mainly talking about?Q9. Why does the woman say it is a good idea to serve foods that guests can help themselves too?Q10. What does the woman say about the new supermarket?CONVERSATION 2W: I’m thinking of buying a car. I wouldn't need to use it every day, but I think it would be very convenient to have one for the weekends.M: That's exciting. Would this be your first car?W: Nope.M: I actually owned a car for a little while when I lived in Miami. You see, in America, many cities don't have good public transport.So most people need their ownOY car to get around.W: I see.M: So have you got your mindset on a specific model?W: No, not really.Q13. What does the woman say about German cars?Q14. What does the man recommend the woman do?Q15. What do we learn about the Loinbo's friend from the conversation?PASSAGE 1Passage one.Pigs are not native to north America. They were first introduced to California by Spanish and Russian explorers and settlers many centuries ago. In the early times, pigs were allowed to wander freely and search a food. This practice also allowed many pigs to escape from farms and live in the wild, which became a problem.In fact, as one of the most damaging invasive species on the continent, wild pigs caused millions of dollars in crop damage yearly. TheyOY also harbored dozens of diseases that threaten both humans and farm animals. Forest patches with wild pigs have been found to have considerably reduced plant and animal diversity.In addition to either eating other animals or their food supply, wild pigs damaged native habitats by reaching up crosses and rubbing on trees. Their activities may also create opportunities for invasive plants to colonize theseseven-day race called “The Iditarod Trail”. And participants stop at Takotna for the obligatory 24 hour rest.Lucky for them, Takotna is famous OY for its delicious fruit pies. Weeks before the competitors arrive, the residents of Takotna start preparing what is without question their biggest event of the year. The whole village chips in to help, including the kids, who end up developing their baking skills at an early age. Exhausted and hungry racers are greeted with delightful pies of all kinds, such as apple, orange, lemon, or banana.They consume the pies and a stomach warming race fuel. The toughness of the race allows for racers to eat pretty much whatever they want. The more calories, the better. Takotna has gained a reputation for its dessert-based hospitality since the 1970s. It started with one person, Jane Newton. Jane moved from Iditarod with her husband in 1972 and opened a restaurant. A rich and filling fruit pies quickly got the races attention, and the village gained some fame as a result. Proud residents then started to refer to Jane as queen of Takotna.Questions 22 to 25, or based on the passage, you have just heardQ22. Why do a lot of people come to the village of Takotna every March?Q23. What is the village of Takotna famous for?Q24. Who comes to help with the event of the year?Q25. What does the passage say about Jane Newton?第一套答案：SectionA 1.C) Send him to an after-school art class. 2.D) Contacted Joe to decorate its dining-room. 3.A) Get her pet dog back. 4.B) It is offering a big reward to anyone who helps. 5.D) Help people connect with each other. 6.B) It does not use volunteers 7.A)They will find they have something in commonSectionB 8.D) Preparations for Saturday's get-together. 9.A) It enables guests to walk around and chat freely. 10.B) It offers some big discounts. 11.D)Bring his computerand speakers 12.C) For convenience at weekends. 13.B) They are reliable. 14.C) Seek advice from his friend 15.A)He can be trusted.SectionC 16.D) Many escaped from farms and became wild. 17.A)They carry a great many diseases. 18.B) They fell victim to eagles. 19.C) Roast coffee beans in outer space. 20.A) They can easily get burned. 21.B) They collaborated on building the first space coffee machine. 22.C)A race passes through it annually. 23.D)It’s tasty fruit pies. 24.A) The entire village.25.C) She helped the village to become famous.第二套答案SectionA1. A) See the Pope.2.D) He ended up in the wrong place.3. C) Glasgow has pledged to take the lead in reducing carbon emissions in the UK.4.A)Glasgow needs to invest in new technologies to reach its goal.5.B)It permits employees to bring cats into their offices.6. B) Rescue homeless cats.7. C) It has let some other companies to follow suit.SectionB8. A) Find out where is Jimmy.9.B)He was working on a project with Jimmy.10. C) He was involved a traffic accident.11.D)He wanted to conceal something from his parents.12. B) Shopping online.13. D) Getting one's car parked.14. C) The quality of food products.15.A)It saves moneySectionC16. D)They have strong negative emotions towards math.17.B) It affects low performing children only.18.A) Most of them have average to strong math ability.19. C) Addiction to computer games is a disease.20. A)They prioritize their favored activity over what they should do.21.D)There is not enough evidence to classify it as a disease.22.C) They are a shade of red bordering on brown.23.D) They must follow some common standards.24. B) They look more official.25. D) For security.快速阅读1What happens when a language has no words for numbers?36.[E]It is worth stressing that these anumeric people are cognitively（在认知方面）normal，well-adapted to the surroundings they have dominated for centuries.37.[H] Compared with other mammals, our numerical instincts are not as remarkable as many assume.38.[E] It is worth stressing that these anumeric people are cognitively（在认知方面）normal，well-adapted to the surroundings they have dominated for centuries.39.[B]But, in a historical sense,number-conscious people like us are the unusual ones.40.[K]Research on the language of numbers shows, more and more, that one of our species' key characteristics is tremendous linguistic（语言的）and cognitive diversity. 41.[D]This and many other experiments have led to a simple conclusion:When people do not have number words,they struggle to make quantitative distinctions that probably seem natural to someone like you or me.42.[G] None of us, then, is really a"numbers person."We are not born to handle quantitative distinctions skillfully.43.[A]Numbers do not exist in all cultures44. [I] So,how did we ever invent "unnatural"numbers in the first place? The answer is,literally,at your fingertips.45. 45.[F]This conclusion is echoed by work with anumeric children in industrialized societies.快读阅读2The start of high school doesn't have to be stressful36.[E] ln addition, studies find the first year of high school typically shows one of the greatest increases in depression of any year over the lifespan.37.[G] ln one recent study, we examined 360 adolescents' beliefs about the nature of "smartness"- that is, their fixed mindsets about intelligence.38.[J]These findings lead to several possibilities that we are investigating further.39.[C]In the new global economy,students who fail to finish the ninth grade with passing grades in college preparatory coursework are very unlikely to graduate on time and go on to get jobs.40.[H]We also investigated the social side of the high school transition.41.[E]n addition, studies find the first year of high school typically shows one of the greatest increases in depression of any year over the lifespan.42.[D]The consequences of doing poorly in the ninth grade can impact more than students' ability to find a good job.43.[A]This month, more than 4 million students across the nation will begin high school.44.[I]Experiment results showed that students who were not taught that people can change showed poor stress responses.45.[F]Given all that's riding on having a successful ninth grade experience, it pays to explore what can be done to meet the academic, social and emotional challenges of the transition to high school.快读阅读3Science of setbacks:How failure can improve career prospects36.[G]One straightforward reason close losers might outper- form narrow winners is that the two groups have comparable ability.37.[D]Others in the US have found similar effects with National Institutes of Health early-career fellowships launching narrow winners far ahead of close losers.38.[K]ln sports and many areas of life,we think of failures as evidence of something we could have done better.39.[B]one way social scientists have probed the effects of career setbacks is to look at scientists of very similar qualifications.40.[I]He said the people who should be paying regard to the Wang paper are the funding agents who distribute government grant money.41.[F]In a study published in Nature Communications,North- western University sociologist Dashun Wang tracked more than 1,100 scientists who were on the border between getting a grant and missing out between 1990 and 2005.42.[J] For his part,Wang said that in his own experience,losing did light a motivating fire.43.[C]A 2018 study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, for example, followed researchers in the Netherlands.44.[I]He said the people who should be paying regard to the Wang paper are the funding agents who distribute government grant money.45.[E]This is bad news for the losers.仔细阅读1-题源What happens when a language has no words for numbers?Numbers do not exist in all cultures. There are numberless hunter-gatherers embedded deep in Amazonia, living along branches of the world’s largest river tree. Instead of using words for precise quantities, these people rely exclusively on terms analogous to “a few” or “some.”In contrast, our own lives are governed by numbers. As you read this, you are likely aware of what time it is, how old you are, your checking account balance, your weight and so on. The exact (and exacting) numbers we think with impact everything from our schedules to our self-esteem.But, in a historical sense, numerically fixated people like us are the unusual ones. For the bulk of our species’ approximately 200,000-year lifespan, we had no means of precisely representing quantities. What’s more, the 7,000 or so languages that exist today vary dramatically in how they utilize numbers.Speakers of anumeric, or numberless, languages offer a window into how the invention of numbers reshaped the human experience. In a 2017 book, I explored the ways in which humans invented numbers, and how numbers subsequently played a critical role in other milestones, from the advent of agriculture to the genesis of writing.Cultures without numbers, or with only one or two precise numbers, include the Munduruku and Pirahã in Amazonia. Researchers have also studied some adults in Nicaragua who were never taught number words.Without numbers, healthy human adults struggle to precisely differentiate and recall quantities as low as four. In an experiment, a researcher will place nuts into a can one at a time, then remove them one by one. The person watching is asked to signal when all the nuts have been removed. Responses suggest that anumeric people have some trouble keeping track of how many nuts remain in the can, even if there are only four or five in total.This and many other experiments have converged upon a simple conclusion: When people do not have number words, they struggle to make quantitative distinctions that probably seem natural to someone like you or me. While only a small portion of the world’s languages are anumeric or nearly anumeric, they demonstrate that number words are not a human universal.It is worth stressing that these anumeric people are cognitively normal, well-adapted to the environs they have dominated for centuries. As the child of missionaries, I spent some of my youth living with anumeric indigenous people, the aforementioned Pirahã who live along the sinuous banks of the black Maici River. Like other outsiders, I was continually impressed by their superior understanding of the riverine ecology we shared.Yet numberless people struggle with tasks that require precise discrimination between quantities. Perhaps this should be unsurprising. After all, without counting, how can someone tell whether there are, say, seven or eight coconuts in a tree? Such seemingly straightforward distinctions become blurry through numberless eyes.This conclusion is echoed by work with anumeric children in industrialized societies.Prior to being spoon-fed number words, children can only approximately discriminate quantities beyond three. We must be handed the cognitive tools of numbers before we can consistently and easily recognize higher quantities.In fact, acquiring the exact meaning of number words is a painstaking process that takes children years. Initially, kids learn numbers much like they learn letters. They recognize that numbers are organized sequentially, but have little awareness of what each individual number means. With time, they start to understand that a given number represents a quantity greater by one than the preceding number. This “successor principle” is part of the foundation of our numerical cognition, but requires extensive practice to understand.None of us, then, is really a “numbers person.” We are not predisposed to handle quantitative distinctions adroitly. In the absence of the cultural traditions that infuse our lives with numbers from infancy, we would all struggle with even basic quantitative distinctions.Number words and written numerals transform our quantitative reasoning as they are coaxed into our cognitive experience by our parents, peers and school teachers. The process seems so normal that we sometimes think of it as a natural part of growing up, but it is not. Human brains come equipped with certain quantitative instincts that are refined with age, but these instincts arevery limited. For instance, even at birth we are capable of distinguishing between two markedly different quantities – for instance, eight from 16 things. But we are not the only species capable of such abstractions. Compared to chimps and other primates, our numerical instincts are not as remarkable as many presume. We even share some basic instinctual quantitative reasoning with distant nonmammalian relatives like birds. Indeed, work with some other species, including parrots, suggests they too can refine their quantitative thought if they are introduced to the cognitive power tools we call numbers.The birth of numbersSo, how did we ever invent “unnatural” numbers in the first place?The answer is, literally, at your fingertips. The bulk of the world’s languages use base-10, base-20 or base-5 number systems. That is, these smaller numbers are the basis of larger numbers. English is a base-10 or decimal language, as evidenced by words like 14 (“four” + “10”) and 31 (“three” x “10” + “one”).We speak a decimal language because an ancestral tongue, proto-Indo-European, was decimally based. Proto-Indo-European was decimally oriented because, as in so many cultures, our linguistic ancestors’ hands served as the gateway to realizations like “five fingers on this hand isthe same as five fingers on that hand.” Such transient thoughts were manifested into words and passed down across generations. This is why the word “five” in many languages is derived from the word for “hand.”Most number systems, then, are the by-product of two key factors: the human capacity for language and our propensity for focusing on our hands and fingers. This manual fixation – an indirect by-product of walking upright on two legs – has helped yield numbers in most cultures, but not all.Cultures without numbers also offer insight into the cognitive influence of particular numeric traditions. Consider what time it is. Your day is ruled by minutes and seconds, but these entities are not real in any physical sense and are nonexistent to numberless people. Minutes and seconds are the verbal and written vestiges of an uncommon base-60 number system used in Mesopotamia millennia ago. They reside in our minds, numerical artifacts that not all humans inherit conceptually.Research on the language of numbers shows, more and more, that one of our species’ key characteristics is tremendous linguistic and cognitive diversity. While there are undoubtedly cognitive commonalities across all human populations, our radically varied cultures foster profoundly different cognitive experiences. If we are to truly understand how much our cognitive lives differcross-culturally, we must continually sound the depths of our species’ linguistic diversity.答案Educators and business leaders have more in common than it may seem46.C)They help students acquire the skills needed for their future success.47.A)By blending them with traditional, stimulating activities.48.B) By playing with things to solve problems on their Own.49. C) Encourage them to make things with hands.50.B)Develop students′ creative skills with the resources available.Being an information technology,or IT,worker is not a job I envy.51.B) It does not appeal to him.52. C) Many employees are deeply frustrated by IT.53.D) Employees become more confident in their work.54.D) Think about the possible effects on their employees.55.A)By designing systems that suit their needs.仔细阅读2-题源Sugar shocked.That describes the reaction of many Americans this week following revelations that, 50 years ago, the sugar industry paid Harvard scientists for research thatdownplayed sugar's role in heart disease — and put the spotlight squarely on dietary fat.What might surprise consumers is just how many present-day nutrition studies are still funded by the food industry.Nutrition scholar Marion Nestle of New York University spent a year informally tracking industry-funded studies on food. "Roughly 90% of nearly 170 studies favored the sponsor's interest," Nestle tells us via email. Other, systematic reviews support her conclusions.For instance, studies funded by Welch Foods — the brand behind Welch's 100% Grape Juice — found that drinking Concord grape juice daily may boost brain function. Another, funded by Quaker Oats, concluded, as a Daily Mail story put it, that "hot oatmeal breakfast keeps you full for longer."While these examples might induce chuckles, the past year has seen several exposes that have raised serious concerns about the extent of industry's influence on food and nutrition research outcomes.Last year, The New York Times revealed how Coca-Cola was funding high-profile scientists and organizations promoting a message that, in the battle against weight gain, people should pay more attention to exercise and less to what they eat and drink. In the aftermath of that investigation, Coca-Cola released data detailing its funding of several medical institutions and associations between 2010 and 2015, from the Academy of FamilyPhysicians to the American Academy of Pediatrics. All told, Coca-Cola says it gave $132.8 million toward scientific research and partnerships.And earlier this summer, the Associated Press released an investigation that looked at research funded by the National Confectioners Association, a trade group whose members include the makers of Tootsie Rolls, Hershey's kisses and Snickers bars. One study the group funded concluded that kids who eat candy tend to weigh less than those who don't. In an email to her co-author, the AP reported, one of the scientists behind that study wrote that the finding was "thin and clearly padded." Nonetheless, the paper was published in a journal called Food & Nutrition Research."It's definitely a problem that so much research in nutrition and health is funded by industry," says Bonnie Liebman, director of nutrition at the Center for Science in the Public Interest, a nonprofit advocacy group. "When the food industry pays for research, it often gets what it pays for." And what it pays for is often a pro-industry finding.Michael Moss is an investigative journalist who focuses on the food industry and author of the expose Salt, Sugar, Fat: How The Food Giants Hooked Us. He says a lot of times, food firms are funding research that they know is going to go their way — a finding they can tout on their packaging to sway consumers to buy their products. The problem is, the findings that get published may be incomplete, highlighting positive outcomes while leaving out negative ones. And then, there are studies that are simply poorly designed.As a researcher, notes Moss, one can tweak the experimental design "in subtle ways that can lead to a desired conclusion — whether you're taking money from industry or you yourself have a passion or conclusion you want" to see, he says. "There's just a lot of bad research out there."And yet, as we've reported before, this junk nutrition science frequently gets touted in press releases written to drum up interest, then picked up and disseminated by journalists who lack the wherewithal to spot the bad research methodology. In May 2015, science journalist John Bohannon highlighted exactly how this process plays out: He conducted a real — but really poorly designed — study that concluded eating chocolate can help you lose weight, then watched as media outlets ran with the study.While Bohannon's study was a deliberate hoax designed to expose the flaws in nutrition science journalism, similarly bad studies get reported on all the time. As Gary Schwitzer of Health News Review, a watchdog group for the media's coverage of health, told us last year, the problem is extensive. "We have examples of journalists reporting on a study that was never done," he told us in 2015. "We have news releases from medical journals, academic institutions and industry that mislead journalists, who then mislead the public."Given this environment, where bad science on what to eat or drink is pervasive, what's a consumer to do?Be skeptical when reading about the latest finding in nutrition science, says Moss.Ignore the latest study that pops up on your news feed, adds Liebman. "Rely on health experts who've reviewed all the evidence," she says. She points to the official government Dietary Guidelines, which are based on reviews of dozens or hundreds of studies. "Experts are able to sift through the evidence and separate the good from bad," she says.And that expert advice remains pretty simple, says Nestle. "We know what healthy diets are — lots of vegetables, not too much junk food, balanced calories. Everything else is really difficult to do experimentally."答案Sugar shocked. That describes the reaction of many Americans this week following revalations46.B)They turned public attention away from the health risksof sugar to fat47. D)Nearly all of them serve the purpose of the funders48. A) Exercise is more important to good health than diet49. C)It rarely results in objective findings50.D)Think twice about new nutrition research findings51. C)How people viewed success in his fathers time52. B)It was a way to advance in their career53. A)They are often regarded as most treasured talents54.C)What kind of people can contribute more to them55.D)It will bring about radical economic and social changes.仔细阅读3-题源Boredom has become trendy. Studies point to how boredom is good for creativity and innovation, as well as mental health. For example, a 2014 study published in the Creativity Research Journal found that people were more creative following the completion of a tedious task. Another piece of research published in the same year by the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology found that when people were bored, they had an increase in “associative thought”—the process of making new connections between ideas, which islinked to innovative thinking. These studies are impressive, but in reality, the benefits of boredom may be related to having time to clear your mind, be quiet, or daydream.The truth is, pure boredom isn’t pleasant. One study published in Science found that participants (67% of men and 25% of women) chose to administer an electric shock to themselves rather than to sit and think quietly for 6 to 15 minutes. In addition, a Washington State University study shows boredom is on the rise, especially in adolescent girls. This is a problem, since boredom can have negative consequences that lead to everything from overeating to issues with drugs, drinking, or gambling.In our stimulation-rich world, it seems unrealistic that boredom could occur at all. Yet, there are legitimate reasons boredom may feel so painful. As it turns out, boredom might signal the fact that you have a need that isn’t being met. Our always-on world of social media may result in more connections, but they are superficial and can get in the way of building a real sense of belonging. Feeling bored may signal the desire for a greater sense of community and the feeling that you fit in with others around you. So take the step of joining a club, organization, or association to build face-to-face relationships and create new friendships. You’ll find depth that you won’t get from your screen no matter how many likes you get on your post.Similar to the need for belonging, bored people often report that they feel a limited sense of meaning. It’s a fundamental human need to have a largerpurpose and to feel like we’re part of something bigger than ourselves. A 2007 University of Mississippi study found that when people are bored, they’re more likely to feel less meaning in their lives and vice versa. Conversely, a 2016 study by the University of Southampton found that when people volunteered, their happiness increased. If you want to reduce boredom and increase your sense of meaning, seek work that matters to you where you can make a unique contribution, or find a cause you can support with your time and talents.People have varying needs for stimulation and adrenaline rushes, but in general, boredom may be a signal that you need to push yourself a bit. This could be a stretch at work or in your leisure activities. After all, happiness is correlated with being challenged and developing new skills, and scrolling through your social media accounts doesn’t meet this requirement. So find opportunities to try new things, whether it’s skydiving, taking on a tough project at work, or starting a hobby that provides a fun outlet.One of the aspects of boredom is feeling like things are the same from day to day and week to week. Some predictability is good for mental health, but you may also need some variety in your life. Invite people of different backgrounds into your friend group, join the unexpected interest group at work, or read more widely on unusual topics. The key is to broaden your perspective and change what you’re exposed to regularly.In The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains, journalist Nicholas Carr makes a strong case for the ways our brains have been rewired to glaze the。
2021年6月大学英语六级考试真题及答案全套
2021年6月大学英语六级考试真题及答案全套（可编辑）2021年6月大学英语六级考试真题及答案(第1套)Part I W riting (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay based on the graph below. You should start your essay with a brief description of thegraph and comment on China 's achievements in urbanization. You shouldwrite at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.【参考范文】As is clearly illustrated in the chart, the share of urbanization in China increased dramatically from 19.39% in 1980 to 60.50% in 2019. Apparently, the figures reveal that the urbanization strategy in China is highly successful, and China has Experienced sustainable urbanization in the past 40 years.This graph does mirror a not uncommon social phenomenon: vast rural populations flood into big cities. A number of factors might contribute to this tendency,but the following one might be the critical one. First and foremost, along with the development of big cities, an increasing number of rural dwellers would like to work and live in big cities. In addition, the government has worked outa serie of effective policies to attract rural citizens to migrate to cities. For example, more highly paid jobs have been offered to them in big cities.Consequently, people in the countryside flood into modern cities.In a word, this chart is a perfect index of China's fast-expanding economy, especially the rising living quality in metropolises, which has attracted a large number of rural workers in the recent decade. Meanwhile, it is reasonable for us to believethat the greater integration of migrants into urban life will definitely contribute to our nation 's development.【解析】本篇属于图表作文。
2021年6月大学英语六级考试真题与答案
6月16日大学英语六级考试CET6真题Part Ⅰ Writing (30 minutes)Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic The Impact of the Internet on Interpersonal Communication. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.The Impact of the Internet on Interpersonal CommunicationPart Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)(15minutes)Directions：In this part. You will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7，choose the bestanswer from the four choices marked A)、B)、C)and D). For questions 8-10，complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.The Three-Year SolutionHartwick College，a small liberal-arts school in upstate New York，makes New York，makes this offer to well prepared students：earn your undergraduate degree in three years instead of four，and save about 543,000—the amount of one year’s tuition and fees. A number of innovative colleges are making the same offer to students anxious about saving time and money. That’s both an opportunity and a warning for the best higher-education system in the world.T he United States has almost all of the world’s best universities. A recent Chinese survey ranks 35 American universities among the top 50，eight among the top 10. Our research universities have been the key to developing the competitive advantages that help Americans produce 25% of all the world’s wealth. In ，623,805 of the world’s brightest students were attracted to American universities.Yet，there are signs of peril (危险)within American higher education. U.S. colleges have to compete in the marketplace. Students may choose among 6,000 public，private，nonprofit，for profit，or religious institutions of higher learning. In addition，almost all of the 532 billion the federal government provides for university research is awarded competitively.But many colleges and universities are stuck in the past. For instance，the idea of the fall-to-spring“school year”hasn’t changed much since before the American Revolution，when we were a summer stretch no longer makes sense. Former George Washington University president Stephen Trachtenberg estimates that a typicalcollege uses its facilities for academic purposes a little more than half the calendar year.“While college facilities sit idle，they continue to generate maintenance expenses that contribute to the high cost of ru nning a college,” he has written.Within academic departments，tenure(终身职位)，combined withage-discrimination laws，makes faculty turnover—critical for a university to remain current in changing times—difficult. Instead of protecting speech and encouraging diversity and innovative thinking，the tenure system often stifles(压制)them：younger professors must win the approval of established colleagues for tenure，encouraging like-mindedness and sometimes inhibiting the free flow of ideas.Meanwhile，tuition has soared，leaving graduating students with unprecedented loan debt. Strong campus presidents to manage these problems are becoming harderto find，and to keep. In fact，students now stay on campus almost as long as their presidents. The average amount of time students now take to complete an undergraduate degree has stretched to six years and seven months as students interrupted by work，inconvenienced by unavailable classes，or lured by one more football season find it hard to graduate.Congress has tried to help students with college costs through Pell Grants and other forms of tuition support. But some of their fixes have made the problem worse. The stack of congressional regulations governing federal student grants and loans now stands twice as tall as I do. Filling out these forms consumes 7% of every tuition dollar.For all of these reasons，some colleges like Hartwick are rethinking the old way of doing things and questioning decades-old assumptions about what a college degree means. For instance，why does it have to take four years to earn a diploma?This fall，16 first-year students and four second-year students at Hartwick enrolled in the school’s new three year degree program. According to the college，the plan is designed for high-ability，highly motivated student who wish to save money or to move along more rapidly toward advanced degrees.By eliminating that extra year，there year degree students save 25% in costs. Instead of taking 30 credits a year，these students take 40. During January，Hartwick runs a four week course during which students may earn three to four credits on or off campus，including a number of international sites. Summer courses are not required，but a student may enroll in them—and pay extra. Three year students get first crack at course registration. There are no changes in the number of courses professors teach or in their pay.The three-year degree isn’t a new idea. Geniuses have always breezed through. Judson College，a 350-student institution in Alabama，has offered students athree-year option for 40 years. Students attend “short terms” in May and June to earn the credits required for graduation. Bates College in Maine and Ball State University in Indiana are among other colleges offering three-year options.Changes at the high-school level are also helping to make it easier for many students to earn their undergraduate degrees in less time. One of five students arrives at college today with Advanced Placement (AP) credits amounting to a semester or more of college level work. Many universities，including large schools like the University of Texas，make it easy for these AP students to graduate faster.For students who don’t plan to stop with an undergraduate degree，the three-year plan may have an even greater appeal. Dr. John Sergent，head of Vanderbilt University Medical School’s residency (住院医生) program，enrolled in Vanderbilt’sundergraduate college in 1959. He entered medical school after only three years as did four or five of his classmates.” My first year of medical school counted a s my senior year，which meant I had to take three to four labs a week to get all my sciences in. I basically skipped my senior year,” says Sergent. He still had time to be a student senator and meet his wife.There are，however，drawbacks to moving through school at such a brisk pace. For one，it deprives students of the luxury of time to roam (遨游) intellectually. Compressing everything into three years also leaves less time for growing up，engaging in extracurricular activities，and studying abroad. On crowded campuses it could mean fewer opportunities to get into a prized professor’s class. Iowa’s Waldorf College has graduated several hundred students in its three-year degree program，but it now phasing out the option. Most Waldorf students wanted the full four-year experience—academically，socially，and athletically. And faculty members will be wary of any change that threatens the core curriculum in the name of moving students into the workforce.“Most high governmental officials seem to conceive of education in this light—as a way to ensure economic competitiveness and continued economic growth,” Derek Bok，former president of Harvard，told The Washington Post. “I strongly disagree with this approach.” Another risk：the new campus schedules might eventually produce less revenue for the institution and longer working hours for faculty members.Adopting a three-year option will not come easily to most school. Those that wish to tackle tradition and make American campus more cost-conscious may find it easier to tak e Trachtenberg’s advice：open campuses year-round.“You could run twocomplete colleges，with two complete faculties,”he says.“That’s without cutting the length of students’ vacations，increasing class sizes，or requiring faculty to teach more.”Whether they experiment with three-year degrees，offer year-round classes，challenge the tenure system—or all of the above—universities are slowly realizing that to stay competitive and relevant they must adapt to a rapidly changing world.Expanding the three-year option may be difficult，but it may be less difficult than asking Congress for additional financial help，asking legislators for more state support，or asking students even higher tuition payments. Campuses willing to adopt convenient schedules along with more focused，less-expensive degrees may find that they have a competitive advantage in attracting bright，motivated students. These sorts of innovations can help American universities avoid the perils of success.注意：此某些试题请在答题卡1上作答。
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2021年6月英语试卷和答案Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension (15 minutes)Directions: This part is to test your listening ability. It consists of 3 sections. Section ADirections: This section is to test your ability to give proper responses. There are 5 recorded questions in it. After each question, there is a pause.The questions will be spoken two times. When you hear a question, you should decide on the correct answer from the 4 choices marked A), B), C) and D) givenin your test paper. Then you should mark the corresponding letter on theAnswer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Example :You will hear:You will read: A) I'm not sure. B) You'reright. C) Yes, certainly.D) That's interesting.From the question we learn that the speaker is asking the listener toleave a message. Therefore，C) Yes, certainly is the correct answer you should mark C) on the Answer Sheet. [A][B][C][D]Now the test will begin.1 A. Don't mention it. B. This way, please . C. No ,thanks. D.You're right.2 A. Sorry ,he isn't in. B. It's over there. C .That's very kind ofyou. D. I'd love to.3 A .I'm sorry to hear that. B .You're welcome. C .Yes ，,I will.D .Not too bad.4 A. That's too bad. B. No problem. C .Thanks a lot. D. Here you are.5 A. Hold on , please. B. Never mind. C. See you soon. D. Good idea.Section BDirections :This section is to test your ability to understand short dialogues. There are 5 recorded dialogues in it. After each dialogue, there is a recorded question. Both the dialogues and questions will be spoken two times. When you hear a question, you should decide on the correct answer from the 4 choices marked A), B), C) and D) given in your test paper. Then you shouldmark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line throughthe center. 6 A.A fax. B .A newspaper. C. A report. D.A letter.7 A. Buy a new computer. B .Restart the computer. C. Borrow a computer from the company. D. Ask someone to repair the computer. 8 A. She hasn'tgot any email. B. She hasn't sent the email. C. She won't read the email.D .She won't reply to the email. 9 A. The price of the books. B. The author of the books. C. The time to get the books. D. The way to pack the books.10 A .Very strict. B. Very nice. C. Very humorous. D. Very shy. SectionCDirections: In this section you will hear a recorded short passage. The passage is printed in the test paper, but with some words or phrases missing. The passage will be read three times. During the second reading, you are required to put the missing words or phrases on the Answer Sheet in order ofthe numbered blanks according to what you hear. The third reading is for youto check your writing. Now the passage will begin.I am working with a computer company .My family lives near the railway station, and within five minutes' walk to a shopping 11 . We live in aflat with 3 bedrooms and a very large 12 .There is a beautiful garden, too. The house is very 13 to live in. However, for my convenience togo to work and 14 lost on the way ,I would like to exchange my house for a similar one or even a bit smaller one near my workplace.If you are interested, please call me at 5538765 15 or email me at bhousing@.Part Ⅱ Vocabulary & Structure (15 minutes)Directions: This part is to test your ability to use words and phrases correctly to construct meaningful and grammatically correct sentences. It consists of 2 sections.Section ADirections: There are 10 incomplete statements here. You are required to complete each statement by choosing the appropriate answer from the 4 choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. 16.Thank you for yourletter of May 6th，in which you about the bicycles of Model 897. A.ask B. feel C. know D .think17.I'm told that I will share an office room five other newcomers.A .in B. with C .to D .at18.Can you help me to a sales plan in that area? A. set upB .give in C. put on D. work out19. Those are interested in the job position need to send an email to us. A. what B. whom C. which D .who20.I'm pleased to tell you that the fax machines you ordered are now. A. available B. convenient C .wonderful D. important21. We have got to a new way to solve this problem. A. tellabout B. put out C. think of D. take over22.I agree to the idea our staff should use recycled(再生的)paperto save money. A. whatB. as C .which D .that23.The Quality Control staff is responsible the quality of the products that come out of the factory. A. for B .of C .with D. to24.The new manager has greatly changed the company he took over the position. A. if B .since C .although D .while25. the members cooperate well, the team will keep winning games.A. As far asB. As well asC. As long asD. As soon as Section BDirections: There are also 10 incomplete statements here. You should fillin each blank with the proper form of the word given in brackets. Write theword or words in the corresponding space on the Answer Sheet.26.(fortunate) ,you have many articles online to help you infinding a job.27.The Tokyo Branch of our company is doing(well) this year than last year.28.If they agree with us, we (carry out) the plan immediately.29.In order to keep a high level of safety, all the staff arerequired(wear) protective clothes.30.It is announced that the lunch time will(shorten) from one hourto 45 minutes.31.We are planning to provide(serve) to small companies in the city.32.Yesterday I(receive) an email from one of our suppliers about the order.33.Your work plan is much better now ,but there is still roomfor(improve) .34.We would like you to give a speech at our meeting,(start) at 9：00am on October 8th.35.If you decide on the more expensive model, you can bring this one backand pay the(different) .Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Directions: This part is to test your reading ability. There are 5 tasksfor you to fulfill. You should read the reading materials carefully and do the tasks as you are instructed. Task 1Directions :After reading the following passage, you will find 5 questionsor unfinished statements, numbered 36 to 40. For each question or statementthere are 4 choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should make the correctchoice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a singleline through the center.Being a salesman, the most important thing is to understand people. You've got to know what they're thinking. If you can figure that out, you can get them to do a lot. They come in with an idea about what they want. You get them talking about themselves, about what they like.If it's a man, you talk about football, or something like that. If it's a woman, you ask her about fashions. That way they get comfortable with you. You ask them a lot of questions and get them saying yes. Then they just get into the habit of saying yes. In the end, you can put them into anything you want ,if you're really good .For example, if they need a little car for the city; you send them home a truck .Of course, I wouldn't really do that. It wouldn't be right. You've got to sell on this job, but you also have to befair .It's not fair to take advantage of people too much. There are somepeople in this business who'd do anything. But I don't believe in that.36.To be a good salesman, the most important thing is to . A.learn from different kinds of people B .understand what people are thinking C. see what people usually do in daily life D. watch what changes people have made37.According to the passage ,you can make a woman feel comfortableby . A. talking about fashions B. playing football together C. sending a small gift to her D. saying yes to her questions38.One way to make people get into the habit of saying yes isto .A. ask them to say what they likeB .tell them to do anything you wantC .help them fell confident in themselvesD .get them to say yes to a lot of your questions39. According to the last paragraph, the author believesthat . A. it is right to do anything in businessB. it is useless to believe in what customers sayC. it is unfair to take too much advantage of people感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。