Lecture 4 Int'l Business Contracts
商务英语课程课件Unit 4 Business
Manage your own emotions and identify the other party's emotional state during negotiation
03 Business Practice Cases
Case analysis of successful enterprises
Multinational Corporation Operations
To supervise or influence an audience's opinion or behavior
Business presentation skills
• To communicate a company's values, goals, and vision
Business presentation skills
Make offers and counteroffers to reach a consensus
Close the deal by agreeing on terms and conditions
Business negotiation skills
Key Skills
Listening: Listen actively to understand the other party's position and needs
• SWOT Analysis: A strategic planning tool that assesses the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats affecting a business or organization
举个例子表明你喜欢这个专业英语作文
举个例子表明你喜欢这个专业英语作文我喜欢学习专业英语，因为它可以帮助我更好地理解我的专业知识。
I enjoy studying professional English because it helps me better understand my major knowledge.比如，我特别喜欢研究商务英语，因为我希望将来能在国际贸易领域工作。
For example, I particularly enjoy studying business English because I hope to work in the field of international trade in the future.在学习商务英语的课程中，我们经常需要阅读和理解商业合同、市场分析报告等文件。
In the business English course, we often need to read and understand documents such as business contracts and market analysis reports.这些内容不仅帮助我们提高英语水平，还有助于了解商业领域的专业知识。
These materials not only help us improve our English proficiency, but also contribute to understanding professional knowledge in the business field.而且学习专业英语还可以拓宽我们的视野，了解国际商业环境和国际贸易规则。
Moreover, studying professional English can broaden our horizons and help us understand the international business environment and international trade rules.我认为这些知识对我未来的职业发展非常重要。
国际商务合同翻译教程-国际商务合同基础知识-Learning-Basics-1
国际商务合同翻译教程Learning Basics 1国际商务合同基础知识Unit One :Basic Knowledge of International Business ContractsContracts referred to in this 1aw are agreements between equal natural persons, legal persons and other organizations for the purpose of establishing, altering and terminating mutual civil rights and obligations.合同和契约都是指自愿订立共同遵守的条件，合作共事。
《中华人民共和国合同法》第2条规定“合同是平等主体的自然人、法人、其他组织之间设立、变更、终止民事权利义务关系的协议”。
根据这个定义，我们可以了解一般合同的法律特征。
(1)合同是一种法律行为这是指当事人之间为实现一定的目的，而产生的一定的权利义务关系，而且这种权利义务关系受国家强制力的保护，任何一方不履行合同或不完全履行合同，都要承担法律责任。
(2)合同是合法的法律行为双方当事人按照法律规范的要求达成的协议，产生双方所预期的法律后果，它是一种合法行为，因而为国家所承认和保护。
(3)合同是双方或多方当事人之间的协议这并不是讲当事人之间的任何协议都是合同，它只是当事人之间关于设立、变更、终止民事权利义务关系的协议。
(4)合同是当事人在平等、自愿的基础上所进行的民事法律行为这是合同法律关系同建立在领导与被领导、命令与服从基础上的行政关系的根本区别。
合同有广义和狭义之分广义的合同包括合同、协议，以及订立正式合同、协议之前当事人之间已经达成的有约束力或无约束力的法律文件，包括但不限于谅解备忘录或合作备忘录、框架协议、意向性协议或合作意向书、意向书、初步协议、君子协议、订单和章程等。
托福听力tpo49 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo49lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (4)答案 (6)译文 (6)Lecture2 (8)原文 (8)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (17)答案 (19)译文 (19)Lecture4 (21)原文 (21)题目 (23)答案 (25)译文 (25)Lecture1原文NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a geology class.MALE PROFESSOR:Alaska is fascinating to geologists because of its incrediblelandscapes.Uh,permafrost has a lot to do with this.That is,the areas where the ground—the soil—is always frozen,except for the very top layer—what we call the active layer of permafrost—which melts in the summer and refreezes again in the winter.The northern part of Alaska is covered in lakes—thousands of them—and most of these are what we call thaw lakes.T-h-a-w.Thaw lakes.I'm gonna show you a few sketches of them in a minute,so you'll have a good idea of what I'm talking about.So, how these thaw lakes are formed has to do with…OK,it starts with ice wedges.The top part of the ice wedge melts—Should I back up?Ice wedges form when water runs into cracks in the ground,the permafrost,then freezes.You ever see mud after it dries?Dried mud has cracks,because when it dries, it contracts,it shrinks.Well,in winter,permafrost behaves similarly.It shrinks in winter,because it freezes even more thoroughly then,and as it shrinks,it forms deep,deep cracks.Then in the summer,when the active layer—the top layer of the permafrost—melts,the melt water runs into those cracks in the permafrost,then freezes again—because that ground,the ground beneath the active layer,is still below freezing.So,you have wedges of ice in the permafrost.Now the ice wedges widen the original cracks in the permafrost,because water expands when it freezes.All right?OK,then in autumn,the active layer on top freezes again.Then in winter,the permafrost starts contracting again and the cracks open up even wider.So the next summer,when the active layer melts again and flows into the widened cracks…and…freezes…it makes the cracks even wider.So it’s sort of a cycle through which the cracks and the wedges grow wider and wider.So when the ice wedge reaches a certain size,its top part—in the active layer—turns into a little pond when it melts in the summer.And that's the beginning of your thaw lake.[pause]There are thousands of them in northern Alaska.One of the most fascinating things about these lakes—and this is important—is that they mostly havethe same shape.Like an elongated oval,or egg shape.And what's more,all the ovals are oriented in the same way.Here's an idea of what they look like,what the landscape looks like from an aerial view,with the lakes side by side.There's been considerable research done to try to figure out what causes them to be shaped and oriented this way.We know that the shape and orientation are caused by the way the lakes grow once they're formed,but the question is,what makes them grow this way?One theory sees winds as the cause.This region of Alaska has strong winds that blow perpendicular to the lakes.What happens is,wind blows straight into the longer side of the lakes.Now,wouldn’t that erode the lake bank in that direction?The same direction as the wind?Well…no.Actually,what happens is that the waves caused by the winds build a sorta protective layer of sediment—it's called a“protective shelf”—along the bank of the lake directly in front of them;so that bank is shielded from erosion,and the waves are diverted to the sides,to the left and to the right,and that’s why the left and the right banks start eroding.Get it?The bank straight ahead is protected,but the lake currents--the waves--erode the banks to the sides.That's the current model,um,the wind erosion model,which is generally accepted.But,there's a new theory that says that[deliberately]thaw slumping,not wind,is what shapes the thaw lakes.Thaw slumping,um…OK.Sometimes,in the summer,the temperature rises pretty quickly.So the active layer of permafrost thaws faster than the water can drain from the soil.So the sides of the thaw lakes get,like,mushy,and slump,or slide,into the lake.Then,the lake water spreads out more,and the lake gets bigger,OK?Also,in that part of Alaska,the terrain is gently sloped,so the lakes are all on an incline.Here.Now,this is an exaggeration of the angle—the hill isn't this steep—butsee how with the lake's banks,the side that is farther downhill…it's smaller,lower. This short bank thaws faster than the tall one does,so it falls into the lake—it slumps, much more and much faster than the other bank.When the short banks of many lakes slump,they move farther downhill and the lakes grow—all in the same downhill direction.This is a new theory,so it hasn't been tested much yet.In field studies,when we've looked at the banks of these thaw lakes,there's not much evidence of slumping. We'd expect to see cliff-like formations there,from the slumping,but we haven't really found many of those.题目1.What is the main purpose of the lecture?[Click on two answers.]A.To contrast how different kinds of thaw lakes growB.To explain why a new theory of thaw lakes is gaining acceptanceC.To explain how processes in permafrost lead to the formation of thaw lakesD.To describe two competing theories about the growth of thaw lakes2.The professor explains thaw lake formation as a cycle of events that occur repeatedly.Summarize this cycle,starting with the event filled in below.[Click on a sentence.Then drag it to the space where it belongs.The first one is done for you. One sentence will not be used]A.Meltwater flows into cracks in permafrostB.Ice wedges inside permafrost completely meltC.Freezing water expands cracks in permafrostD.Ice in the active layer melts as temperatures riseE.Permafrost shrinks and cracks as temperatures drop..3.What is the significance of the'protective shelf'discussed by the professor?A.It prevents the slumping of lake banks.B.It shields the lake surface from strong winds.C.It redirects the waves to lake banks that do not face the wind.D.It allows the lakes to grow in the same direction as the wind blows.4.According to the thaw slumping model,which side of a thaw lake grows fastest?A.The side where the bank is shortestB.The side least exposed to windC.The side that is at the highest elevationD.The side opposite the protective shelf5.What is the professor's opinion of the thaw slumping model?A.He thinks it was urgently needed.B.He is not convinced that it has a firm basis.C.He thinks it would be better if it were simplified.D.He does not think it is very different from the old model.6.Why does the professor say this:You ever see mud after it dries?A.He wants some information from the students.B.He thinks that the students may find an example helpful.C.He realizes that he forgot to mention an important topic.D.He wants to point out an important difference between frozen ground and dry ground.答案CD EDACB C A B B译文听一段地质学的讲座。
Lecture4interpretationofcontracts
THE GOLDEN RULE
• Intention of the parties prevails. • Rohan Construction Ltd v. Insurance
Corporation of Ireland
– The intention must be looked for in the policy, including any documents incorporated therein.
– Insurer must bring their case clearly and unambiguously within their exception
PAROL EVIDENCE
INTERPRETATION OF CONTRACTS
Lecture 4 - week 2
REQUIREMENTS OF A CONTRACT
• Two or more persons • Agreement
– Offer – Acceptance
• Consideration • Intention to enter into a legal relationship • Capacity to contract
ORDINARY MEANING
• Robertson v. French (1803)
– “A policy of insurance … is to be construed according to its sense and meaning as collected, in the first place, from the terms used in it, which terms are themselves to be understood in their plain, ordinary and popular sense.”
Lecture 4 Int'l Business Contracts
Lecture 4 Int’l Business Contracts
1.Introduction to contract
(1) Definition: agreement between equal natural persons, Definition legal persons and other organizations for the purpose of estabing mutual civil rights and obligations. 合同是平等主体的自然人、法人、其他组织之间设立、变更、 合同是平等主体的自然人、法人、其他组织之间设立、变更、终 平等主体 之间设立 止民事权利义务关系的协议。 止民事权利义务关系的协议。 关系的协议 (2) Stylistic features of contracts: contradictory rights and contracts obligations; the language should be specified, clear, formal, free from ambiguity.
Bussiness English(unit 4 Basic Concept of International Business Contracts)
买卖双方同意按下述条款购买出售下列商品 并签订本合同。
10.limitation of time 自9月2O日起，甲方已无权接受任何定 单或收据。 Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any order sort to collect any account on and after September 20.
1.Shipping advice装运通知 shipping instructions 装运须知 vendor vendor（卖主）and vendee（买主） and vendee consignor（发货人）and consignee （收货人）
2. abide by and comply with 双方都应遵守/双方的一切活动都应 遵守合同规定。 Both parties Shall abide by/All the activities of both parties shall comply with the contractual stipulations.
3. change A to B and change A into B
交货期改为 8 月并将美元折合成人民币。 Both parties agree that change the time of shipment to August and change US dollar into Renminbi.
⑵A legally binding agreement
The general legal features of contracts ⑴ Contract is a legal action ⑵ Contract is an agreement between two or more parties. ⑶ Contract shall be concluded in accordance with the principles of equality and of achieving agreement through consultation .
lecture 4 商务合同的翻译解析
7
• Terms and conditions 条件 • null and void 无效 • free and clear of 无 • able and willing 能够并愿意
8
Use shall, should, may, will mostly
商务合同的翻译
1
语Hale Waihona Puke 特色• 多使用正式或法律上的用词 1）At the request of Party B, Party A agrees to
send technicians to assist Party B to install the equipment. 应乙方要求，甲方同意派遣技术员帮助乙方安装设 备(help) 2）Party A shall repatriate the patient to China and bear the cost of his passage to Beijing. 甲方应将病人遣返中国，负责病人回到北京的旅费。 （send back)
12
Use the correct and precise words In the absence of such statement, the commercial documents will be released only against payment. 如无此项说明, 商业单据仅凭付款交 付.
telexes interchanged between both parties before the signing of the Contract shall become null and void automatically from the date on which the Contract comes into force.
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(3)Witness(Ending):
① Concluding sentence ② Signature ③ Seal
3. ABCs for Business Writing: (1) Shall 的使用： obligation—binding powerful 的使用： (2) subject (to): (3) Compound adverbs: (4) Special sentence type: be to do/ should sb. do…/passive voice/repetition e.g. : ① The transfer to a third party of all or part of the debtor’s obligations as described in the contract shall be approved by the creditor. 债权人将合同的义务全部或部分转移给 第三方，须经债权人同意。 第三方，须经债权人同意。 ② In the event of non-conforming, the sender shall promptly repair or replace such goods or supply the quantity that is deficient. 如果发生不一致的情形，卖方立即修理或更换这些货物 如果发生不一致的情形， 来不足。 来不足。 ③ The draft contract is subject to the approval of xxx Xo. 本合同超高需征求xxx公司之同意。 公司之同意。 本合同超高需征求 公司之同意 ④ The offer is subject to our final affirmation. 本报盘以我方最后确定为准。 本报盘以我方最后确定为准。
2. Format and components of business contracts: (1)Preamble前言 前言: 前言 Title名称 名称 Number of the contract Date of signing Signing parties Place of signing Each party’s authority Recitals of Witness Clause
Vocabulary: ①Vocabulary
☆Use of clearly defined terms: 使用定义明确的术语 e.g.: EXW FOB FCA CFR FAS CIF CPT CIP DAF DES DEQ DOU DDP M/T T/T D/D D/A D/P L/C ☆Formal Expressions: e.g. Party A shall send back/expatriate the patient to China and bear the cost of his passage to Beijing. 甲方应将病人遣返中国，负担其返回北京的旅费。 遣返中国 甲方应将病人遣返中国，负担其返回北京的旅费。 words: ◎Borrowed words e.g. ⑴ The arbitration shall take place in the Plaintiff or Defendant’s country.仲裁应在原告或被告的国家进行。 仲裁应在原告 的国家进行。 仲裁应在原告或被告的国家进行 （from French） ）
（2）Body：including definition clauses, basis condition and general ） terms Name of the commodity Quality Quantity Price Packing Insurance Shipment and delivery Industrial property and patent Payment Inspection Training Confidential Guarantee Claim Breach违反 and Rescission废除 of contract 违反 废除 Arbitration Force Majeure/mæ’zƽ:/不可抗力 ƽ 不可抗力 Applicable Law Miscellaneous
⑵ Transshipment en route is not allowed without the buyer’s consent. 未经买方同意，不允许货物途中转船。（ ） 未经买方同意，不允许货物途中转船。（ 途中转船。（Fr.） ⑶An allowance on the basis of 2% of the sales price for each unit shall bethe purchase price fraction pro rata. 补贴应按每单位售价的2%计算并从购价中按比例扣除。 补贴应按每单位售价的 计算并从购价中按比例扣除。(Latin) 计算并从购价中按比例扣除 ◎Legal terms:
(08)31. The largest city in Canada is A. Vancouver. B. Montreal. C. Toronto D. Ottawa. 32. According to the United States Constitution, the legislative power is invested in A. the Federal Government. B. the Supreme Court. C. the Cabinet. D. the Congress. 33. Which of the following is the oldest sport in the United States? A. Baseball. B. Tennis. C. Basketball. D. American football. 34. The head of the executive branch in New Zealand is A. the President. B. the Governor-General. C. the British monarch, D. the Prime Minister. 35. The Canterbury Tales, a collection of stories told by a group of pilgrims on their way to Canterbury, is an important poetic work by A. William Langland. B. Geoffrey Chaucer. C. William Shakespeare. D. Alfred Tennyson.
31-40、CDADB CADBD 、
36. Who wrote The American? A. Herman Melville. B. Nathaniel Hawthorne. C. Henry James. D. Theodore Dreiser. 37. All of the following are well-known female writers in 20th century Britain EXCEPT A. George Eliot. B. Iris Jean Murdoch. C. Doris Lessing. D. Muriel Spark. 38. Which of the following is NOT a design feature of human language? A. Arbitrariness. B. Displacement. C. Duality. D. Diachronicity. 39. What type of sentence is “Mark likes fiction, but Tim is interested in poetry.”? A. A simple sentence. B. A coordinate sentence. C. A complex sentence. D. None of the above. 40. The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called A. hyponymy. B. synonymy. C. polysemy. D. homonymy.
Lecture 4 Int’l Business Contracts
1.Introduction to contract
(1) Definition: agreement between equal natural persons, Definition legal persons and other organizations for the purpose of establishing, altering and terminating mutual civil rights and obligations. 合同是平等主体的自然人、法人、其他组织之间设立、变更、 合同是平等主体的自然人、法人、其他组织之间设立、变更、终 平等主体 之间设立 止民事权利义务关系的协议。 止民事权利义务关系的协议。 关系的协议 (2) Stylistic features of contracts: contradictory rights and contracts obligations; the language should be specified, clear, formal, free from ambiguity.
e.g.: In case one party decides to sell or assign all or part of his investment subscribed, the other party shall have the preemptive* right.如果一方想出售或转让其所投资的全部或一部分， 如果一方想出售或转让其所投资的全部或一部分， 如果一方想出售或转让其所投资的全部或一部分 另一方应有优先购买权。 优先购买权 另一方应有优先购买权。 *preemptive: designed or having the power to deter or prevent an anticipated situation or occurrence; "a ~ business offer"