Plastics Information
有关塑料环保的新闻报道英语作文
有关塑料环保的新闻报道英语作文英文回答：Plastic's Peril: Environmental Impacts and Solutions.Plastic has become an indispensable material in our modern world, finding applications in a vast array of products from packaging to construction. However, its widespread use has come at a steep environmental cost.1. Pollution and Waste:Plastic pollution poses a significant threat to our oceans, waterways, and ecosystems. Discarded plastic items can take centuries to decompose, fragmenting into microplastics that accumulate in the environment. These microplastics can be ingested by marine life, leading to health problems and even death.Furthermore, plastic waste management is a majorchallenge. In many countries, plastic is disposed of in landfills, where it can leach toxic chemicals into the groundwater and soil. Alternatively, plastic is often incinerated, releasing harmful emissions into the atmosphere.2. Greenhouse Gas Emissions:The production and disposal of plastic contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions. The extraction of fossil fuels, the manufacturing of plastic products, and the incineration or landfilling of plastic waste all release carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, exacerbating climate change.3. Human Health Impacts:Studies have linked exposure to plastics to a range of health issues, including hormonal imbalances, reproductive problems, and developmental disorders. Chemicals used in the production of plastics, such as phthalates and BPA, have been found to interfere with the human endocrinesystem and have been associated with various adverse health effects.Solutions:Addressing the environmental impacts of plastic requires a comprehensive approach involving both individual and collective efforts.1. Reduce Consumption:Reducing our consumption of single-use plastics is a crucial step. We can opt for reusable bags, water bottles, and utensils instead of their plastic counterparts.2. Enhance Recycling and Composting:Improving waste management systems and increasing recycling rates is essential for diverting plastic from landfills and incinerators. Additionally, composting biodegradable plastics can reduce their environmental impact.3. Invest in Sustainable Alternatives:Research and development should focus on finding sustainable alternatives to plastics. Biodegradable materials derived from plant-based sources and innovative recycling technologies offer promising solutions.4. Raise Awareness:Raising awareness about the environmental consequences of plastic consumption is crucial. Public education campaigns and advocacy groups can play a vital role in promoting responsible plastic use and inspiring individuals to make environmentally conscious choices.5. Government Regulations:Government regulations can play a significant role in reducing plastic pollution and promoting sustainable practices. Bans on certain single-use plastics, extended producer responsibility schemes, and incentives forrecycling can contribute to a more sustainable plastic economy.中文回答：塑料的危害，对环境的影响和解决方案。
塑料英语作文
Plastic: A Double-Edged SwordPlastics, a ubiquitous material in modern society, has revolutionized our daily lives in countless ways. From packaging food and beverages to building aircraft and spacecraft, its versatility and durability have made it indispensable. However, this same plastic that has brought so much convenience and comfort has also become a menace to our environment and health.The widespread use of plastic has led to a significant increase in waste generation. Single-use plastics, such as bags, bottles, and containers, are discarded after a brief period of usage, often ending up in landfills or polluting our oceans and waterways. This plastic waste not only takes up valuable space but also poses a threat to wildlife and marine life, causing entanglement, ingestion, and even death.Moreover, the production of plastic involves the use of fossil fuels, a non-renewable resource. The burning of plastic waste generates harmful emissions, contributing to climate change and global warming. Additionally, some plastics contain harmful chemicals that can leak into thesoil and water, posing a threat to human health and ecological systems.Despite these negative impacts, plastic is not entirely without merit. It has enabled significant advancements in medicine, technology, and other fields. For instance, medical implants, such as pacemakers and artificial joints, are made from plastic, improving the quality of life for millions. Plastics are also used in solar panels and wind turbines, helping to power our world in a more sustainable manner.The key to addressing the challenges posed by plastic lies in responsible use and recycling. Consumers can reduce their plastic waste by using reusable alternatives, such as cloth bags and containers, and by recycling their plastic waste whenever possible. Governments and industries must also take measures to encourage the development and use of biodegradable plastics and other sustainable alternatives. In conclusion, plastic is a double-edged sword. While it has brought remarkable advancements and convenience to our lives, its unchecked use and disposal have also created serious environmental and health problems. By adoptingresponsible practices and fostering innovation, we can harness the benefits of plastic while mitigating its negative impacts, ensuring a sustainable future for all.**塑料：一把双刃剑**塑料，这种在现代社会中无处不在的材料，以无数种方式彻底改变了我们的日常生活。
剑桥雅思阅读5test2翻译及答案
剑桥雅思阅读5test2翻译及答案雅思阅读是块难啃的硬骨头，需要我们做更多的题目才能得心应手。
下面小编给大家分享一下剑桥雅思阅读5test2原文翻译及答案解析，希望可以帮助到大家。
剑桥雅思阅读5原文(test2)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.BAKELITEThe birth of modern plasticsIn 1907, Leo Hendrick Baekeland, a Belgian scientist working in New York, discovered and patented a revolutionary new synthetic material. His invention, which he named ‘Bakelite,’was of enormous technological importance, and effectively launched the modern plastics industry.The term ‘plastic’ comes from the Greek plassein, meaning ‘to mould’. Some plastics are derived from natural sources, some are semi-synthetic (the result of chemical action on a natural substance), and some are entirely synthetic, that is, chemically engineered from the constituents of coal or oil. Some are ‘thermoplastic’, which means that, like candlewax, they melt when heated and can then be reshaped. Others are ‘thermosetting’: like eggs, they cannot revert to their original viscous state, and their shape is thus fixed for ever. Bakelite had the distinction of being the first totally synthetic thermosetting plastic.The history of today’s plastics begins wit h the discovery of a series of semi-synthetic thermoplastic materials in the mid-nineteenth century. The impetus behind the development ofthese early plastics was generated by a number of factors —immense technological progress in the domain of chemistry, coupled with wider cultural changes, and the pragmatic need to find acceptable substitutes for dwindling supplies of ‘luxury’ materials such as tortoiseshell and ivory.Baekeland’s interest in plastics began in 1885 when, as a young chemistry student in Belgium, he embarked on research into phenolic resins, the group of sticky substances produced when phenol (carbolic acid) combines with an aldehyde (a volatile fluid similar to alcohol). He soon abandoned the subject, however, only returning to it some years later. By 1905 he was a wealthy New Yorker, having recently made his fortune with the invention of a new photographic paper. While Baekeland had been busily amassing dollars, some advances had been made in the development of plastics. The years 1899 and 1900 had seen the patenting of the first semi-synthetic thermosetting material that could be manufactured on an industrial scale. In purely scientific terms, Baekeland’s major contribution to the field is not so much the actual discovery of the material to which he gave his name, but rather the method by which a reaction between phenol and formaldehyde could be controlled, thus making possible its preparation on a commercial basis. On 13 July 1907, Baekeland took out his famous patent describing this preparation, the essential features of which are still in use today.The original patent outlined a three-stage process, in which phenol and formaldehyde (from wood or coal) were initially combined under vacuum inside a large egg-shaped kettle. The result was a resin known as Novalak which became soluble and malleable when heated. The resin was allowed to cool in shallow trays until it hardened, and then broken up and ground intopowder. Other substances were then introduced: including fillers, such as woodflour, asbestos or cotton, which increase strength and moisture resistance, catalysts (substances to speed up the reaction between two chemicals without joining to either) and hexa, a compound of ammonia and formaldehyde which supplied the additional formaldehyde necessary to form a thermosetting resin. This resin was then left to cool and harden, and ground up a second time. The resulting granular powder was raw Bakelite, ready to be made into a vast range of manufactured objects. In the last stage, the heated Bakelite was poured into a hollow mould of the required shape and subjected to extreme heat and pressure, thereby ‘setting’ its form for life.The design of Bakelite objects, everything from earrings to television sets, was governed to a large extent by the technical requirements of the molding process. The object could not be designed so that it was locked into the mould and therefore difficult to extract. A common general rule was that objects should taper towards the deepest part of the mould, and if necessary the product was molded in separate pieces. Moulds had to be carefully designed so that the molten Bakelite would flow evenly and completely into the mould. Sharp corners proved impractical and were thus avoided, giving rise to the smooth, ‘streamlined’ style popular in the 1930s. The thickness of the walls of the mould was also crucial: thick walls took longer to cool and harden, a factor which had to be considered by the designer in order to make the most efficient use of machines.Baekeland’s inve ntion, although treated with disdain in its early years, went on to enjoy an unparalleled popularity which lasted throughout the first half of the twentieth century. It became the wonder product of the new world of industrialsexpansion —‘the material of a thousand uses’. Being both non-porous and heat-resistant, Bakelite kitchen goods were promoted as being germ-free and sterilisable. Electrical manufacturers seized on its insulating properties, and consumers everywhere relished its dazzling array of shades, delighted that they were now, at last, no longer restricted to the wood tones and drab browns of the preplastic era. It then fell from favour again during the 1950s, and was despised and destroyed in vast quantities. Recently, however, it has been experiencing something of a renaissance, with renewed demand for original Bakelite objects in the collectors’ marketplace, and museums, societies and dedicated individuals once again appreciating the style and originality of this innovative material.Questions 1-3Complete the summary.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.Some plastics behave in a similar way to 1……… in that they melt under heat and can be moulded into new forms. Bakelite was unique because it was the first material to be both entirely 2……… in origin, and thermosetting.There were several reasons for the research into plastics in the nineteenth century, among them the great advances that had been made in the field of 3…………a nd the search for alternatives to natural resources like ivory.Questions 4-8Complete the flow-chart.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 4-8 on your answer sheet.The Production of Bakelite图片6Questions 9 and 10Choose TWO letters A-E.Write your answers in boxes 9 and 10 on your answer sheet.NB Your answers may be given in either order.Which TWO of the following factors influencing the design of Bakelite objects are mentioned in the text?A the function which the object would serveB the ease with which the resin could fill the mouldC the facility with which the object could be removed from the mouldD the limitations of the materials used to manufacture the mouldE the fashionable styles of the periodQuestions 11-13Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this11 Modern-day plastic preparation is based on the same principles as that patented in 1907.12 Bakelite was immediately welcomed as a practical and versatile material.13 Bakelite was only available in a limited range of colours.READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-27, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.What’s so funny?John McCrone reviews recent research on humorThe joke comes over the headphones: ‘Which side of a dog has the mos t hair? The left.’ No, not funny. Try again. ‘Which side of a dog has the most hair? The outside.’ Hah! The punchline is silly yet fitting, tempting a smile, even a laugh. Laughter has always struck people as deeply mysterious, perhaps pointless. The writer Arthur Koestler dubbed it the luxury reflex: ‘unique in that it serves no apparent biological purpose. ’Theories about humour have an ancient pedigree. Plato expressed the idea that humor is simply a delighted feeling of superiority over others. Kant and Freud felt that joke-telling relies on building up a psychic tension which is safely punctured by the ludicrousness of the punchline. But most modern humor theorists have settled on some version of Aristotle’s belief that jokes are based on a reaction to or resolution of incongruity, when the punchline is either a nonsense or, though appearing silly, has a clever second meaning.Graeme Ritchie, a computational linguist in Edinburgh, studies the linguistic structure of jokes in order to understand not only humor but language understanding and reasoning in machines. He says that while there is no single format for jokes, many revolve around a sudden and surprising conceptual shift. A comedian will present a situation followed by an unexpected interpretation that is also apt.So even if a punchline sounds silly, the listener can see there is a clever semantic fit and that sudden mental ‘Aha!’ is the buzz that makes us laugh. Viewed from this angle, humor is just a form of creative insight, a sudden leap to a new perspective.However, there is another type of laughter, the laughter of social appeasement and it is important to understand this too.Play is a crucial part of development in most young mammals. Rats produce ultrasonic squeaks to prevent their scuffles turning nasty. Chimpanzees have a ‘play-face’ — a gaping expression accompanied by a panting ‘ah ah’ noise. In humans, these signals have mutated into smiles and laughs. Researchers believe social situations, rather than cognitive events such as jokes, trigger these instinctual markers of play or appeasement. People laugh on fairground rides or when tickled to flag a play situation, whether they feel amused or not.Both social and cognitive types of laughter tap into the same expressive machinery in our brains, the emotion and motor circuits that produce smiles and excited vocalisations. However, if cognitive laughter is the product of more general thought processes, it should result from more expansive brain activity.Psychologist Vinod Goel investigated humour using the new technique of ‘single event’ functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). An MRI scanner uses magnetic fields and radio waves to track the changes in oxygenated blood that accompany mental activity. Until recently, MRI scanners needed several minutes of activity and so could not be used to track rapid thought processes such as comprehending a joke. New developments now allow half-second ‘snapshots’ of all sorts of reasoning and problem-solving activities.Although Goel felt being inside a brain scanner was hardly the ideal place for appreciating a joke, he found evidence that understanding a joke involves a widespread mental shift. His scans showed that at the beginning of a joke the listener’s prefrontal cortex lit up, particularly the right prefrontal believed to be critical for problem solving. But there was also activity in the temporal lobes at the side of the head (consistent withattempts to rouse stored knowledge) and in many other brain areas. Then when the punchline arrived, a new area sprang to life — the orbital prefrontal cortex. This patch of brain tucked behind the orbits of the eyes is associated with evaluating information.Making a rapid emotional assessment of the events of the moment is an extremely demanding job for the brain, animal or human. Energy and arousal levels may need to be retuned in the blink of an eye. These abrupt changes will produce either positive or negative feelings. The orbital cortex, the region that becomes active in Goel’s experiment, seems the be st candidate for the site that feeds such feelings into higher-level thought processes, with its close connections to the brain’s sub-cortical arousal apparatus and centres of metabolic control.All warm-blooded animals make constant tiny adjustments in arousal in response to external events, but humans, who have developed a much more complicated internal life as a result of language, respond emotionally not only to their surroundings, but to their own thoughts. Whenever a sought-for answer snaps into place, there is a shudder of pleased recognition. Creative discovery being pleasurable, humans have learned to find ways of milking this natural response. The fact that jokes tap into our general evaluative machinery explains why the line between funny and disgusting, or funny and frightening, can be so fine. Whether a joke gives pleasure or pain depends on a person’s outlook.Humor may be a luxury, but the mechanism behind it is no evolutionary accident. As Peter Derks, a psychologist at William and Mary Colleg e in Virginia, says: ‘I like to think of humour as the distorted mirror of the mind. It’s creative, perceptual, analytical and lingual. If we can figure out how the mindprocesses humor, then we’ll have a pretty good handle on how it works in general.’Questions 14-20Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this14 Arthur Koestler considered laughter biologically important in several ways.15 Plato believed humour to be a sign of above-average intelligence.16 Kant believed that a successful joke involves the controlled release of nervous energy.17 Current thinking on humour has largely ignored Aristotle’s view on the subject.18 Graeme Ritchie’s work links jokes to artificial intelligence.19 Most comedians use personal situations as a source of humour.20 Chimpanzees make particular noises when they are playing.Questions 21-23The diagram below shows the areas of the brain activated by jokes.Label the diagram.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 21-23 on your answer sheet.Questions 24-27Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-G below.Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 24-27 on your answer sheet.24 One of the brain’s most difficult tasks is to25 Because of the language they have developed, humans26 Individual responses to humour27 Peter Derks believes that humourA react to their own thoughts.B helped create language in humans.C respond instantly to whatever is happening.D may provide valuable information about the operation of the brain.E cope with difficult situations.F relate to a person’s subjective views.G led our ancestors to smile and then laugh.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.The Birth of Scientific EnglishWorld science is dominated today by a small number of languages, including Japanese, German and French, but it is English which is probably the most popular global language of science. This is not just because of the importance of English-speaking countries such as the USA in scientific research; the scientists of many non-English-speaking countries find that they need to write their research papers in English to reach a wide international audience. Given the prominence of scientific English today, it may seem surprising that no one really knew how to write science in English before the 17th century. Before that, Latin was regarded as the lingua franca1 for European intellectuals.The European Renaissance (c. 14th-16th century) is sometimes called the ‘revival of learning’, a time of renewed interest in the ‘lost knowledge’ of classical times. At the same time, however, scholars also began to test and extend this knowledge. The emergent nation states of Europe developed competitive interests in world exploration and the development of trade. Such expansion, which was to take the English language west to America and east to India, was supported by scientific developments such as the discovery of magnetism and hence the invention of the compass improvements in cartography and —perhaps the most important scientific revolution of them all —the new theories of astronomy and the movement of the Earth in relation to the planets and stars, developed by Copernicus (1473-1543).England was one of the first countries where scientists adopted and publicised Copernican ideas with enthusiasm. Some of these scholars, including two with interests in language —John Wallis and John Wilkins — helped found the Royal Society in 1660 in order to promote empirical scientific research.Across Europe similar academies and societies arose, creating new national traditions of science. In the initial stages of the scientific revolution, most publications in the national languages were popular works, encyclopaedias, educational textbooks and translations. Original science was not done in English until the second half of the 17th century. For example, Newton published his mathematical treatise, known as the Principia, in Latin, but published his later work on the properties of light — Opticks — in English.There were several reasons why original science continued to be written in Latin. The first was simply a matter of audience. Latinwas suitable for an international audience of scholars, whereas English reached a socially wider, but more local, audience. Hence, popular science was written in English.A second reason for writing in Latin may, perversely, have been a concern for secrecy. Open publication had dangers in putting into the public domain preliminary ideas which had not yet been fully exploited by their ‘author’. This growing concern about intellectual property rights was a feature of the period — it reflected both the humanist notion of the individual, rational scientist who invents and discovers through private intellectual labour, and the growing connection between original science and commercial exploitation. There was something of a social distinction between ‘scholars and gentlemen’ who understood Latin, and men of trade who lacked a classical education. And in the mid-17th century it was common practice for mathematicians to keep their discoveries and proofs secret, by writing them in cipher, in obscure languages, or in private messages deposited in a sealed box with the Royal Society. Some scientists might have felt more comfortable with Latin precisely because its audience, though international, was socially restricted. Doctors clung the most keenly to Latin as an ‘insider language’.A third reason why the writing of original science in English was delayed may have been to do with the linguistic inadequacy of English in the early modern period. English was not well equipped to deal with scientific argument. First it lacked the necessary technical vocabulary. Second, it lacked the grammatical resources required to represent the world in an objective and impersonal way, and to discuss the relations, such as cause and effect, that might hold between complex and hypothetical entities.Fortunately, several members of the Royal Society possessed an interest in Language and became engaged in various linguistic projects. Although a proposal in 1664 to establish a committee for improving the English language came to little, the society’s members did a great deal to foster the publication of science in English and to encourage the development of a suitable writing style. Many members of the Royal Society also published monographs in English. One of the first was by Robert Hooke, the society’s first curator of experiments, who described his experiments with microscopes in Micrographia (1665). This work is largely narrative in style, based on a transcript of oral demonstrations and lectures.In 1665 a new scientific journal, Philosophical Transactions, was inaugurated. Perhaps the first international English-language scientific journal, it encouraged a new genre of scientific writing, that of short, focused accounts of particular experiments.The 17th century was thus a formative period in the establishment of scientific English. In the following century much of this momentum was lost as German established itself as the leading European language of science. It is estimated that by the end of the 18th century 401 German scientific journals had been established as opposed to 96 in France and 50 in England. However, in the 19th century scientific English again enjoyed substantial lexical growth as the industrial revolution created the need for new technical vocabulary, and new, specialized, professional societies were instituted to promote and publish in the new disciplines.lingua franca: a language which is used for communication between groups of people who speak different languages Questions 28-34Complete the summary.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 28-34 on your answer sheet.In Europe, modern science emerged at the same time as the nation state. At first, the scientific language of choice remained 28…………… . It allowed scientists to communicate with other socially privileged thinkers while protecting their work from unwanted exploitation. Sometimes the desire to protect ideas seems to have been stronger than the desire to communicate them, particularly in the case of mathematicians and 29…………… . In Britain, moreover, scientists worried that English had neither the 30…………… nor the 31………… to e xpress their ideas. This situation only changed after 1660 when scientists associated with the 32………… set about developing English. An early scientific journal fostered a new kind of writing based on short descriptions of specific experiments. Although English was then overtaken by 33……… , it developed again in the 19th century as a direct result of the 34……………….Questions 35-37Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 35-37 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this35 There was strong competition between scientists in Renaissance Europe.36 The most important scientific development of the Renaissance period was the discovery of magnetism.37 In 17th-century Britain, leading thinkers combined their interest in science with an interest in how to express ideas.Questions 38-40Complete the table.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.Science written in the first half of the 17th centuryLanguage used Latin EnglishType of science Original 38…………Examples 39………… EncyclopaediasTarget audience International scholars 40…………, but socially wider剑桥雅思阅读5原文参考译文(test2)BAKELITE The birth of modern plastics酚醛塑料——现代塑料的诞生In 1907, Leo Hendrick Baekeland, a Belgian scientist working in New York, discovered and patented a revolutionary new synthetic mater ial. His invention, which he named ‘Bakelite,’ was of enormous technological importance, and effectively launched the modern plastics industry.1907年，比利时科学家Leo Hendrick Baekeland在纽约工作时发现了一种全新的合成材料，并申请了专利。
塑料材质介绍
丙稀晴－丁二烯－苯乙烯（ABS工程塑料）ABS钢模注铸材料特性：在低温下也能保持很好的抗压强度硬度高、机械强度高抗磨损性好、比重轻相对热量指数高达80c在高温下也能保持很好的尺寸稳定性防火、工艺简单光泽度好、易于上色，相对其他热塑性塑料来说成本较低更多信息：htttp://，htttp://典型用途电子消费品、玩具、环保商品、汽车仪表板、门板、户外护栅。
HP惠普打印机生产商：HP惠普设汁商：ZIBA design丙烯腈—丁二烯—苯乙烯(ABS)是一种热塑性塑料合成聚合物树脂，它的平衡性能很好，能被裁剪以适合特殊需求。
它的主要物理特性是：坚硬、牢固。
树脂等级的ASS能像人造橡胶(或橡胶)一样具有弯曲性能。
其中，聚丁二烯提供很好的抗压强度，非结晶苯乙烯热塑性塑料使ABS的加IT艺更为简单(在模具中更易流动)，而丙烯腈则增加了ABS的牢度、硬度与抗腐蚀性。
有效控制这3种成分使设计师能根据最终产品的需要设计其弹性程度。
可能也正因为这一点，ABS能广泛地应用于家用产品与白色产品之中。
尽管它不像其他工程聚合物那样坚韧，但它能有效控制成本。
最为廉价的塑料－聚丙烯（PP）注铸材料特性：透明度和颜色的多种选择,低密度、抗热性强,良好的硬度、牢度和强度平衡性,加工方式简单而灵活,优秀的抗化学物质性更多信息：htttp://典型用途:家具、包装、照明设备、食物包装、桌垫、文件夹、便签纸盒生产商：Emsdetten公司设计商：Emsdetten公司设计工作并不仅限于创造美丽的形状和完善的功能，而常常是在避免大规模生产的同时寻找降低单品价格和加工成本的方法。
简单地说就是要寻找一种产品，它既适合大规模生产；利用规模生产降低单件成本，同时又无需的满足大规模生产而进行高额投资和高量产出。
最为廉价的塑料－聚丙烯（PP）注铸材料特性：透明度和颜色的多种选择,低密度、抗热性强,良好的硬度、牢度和强度平衡性,加工方式简单而灵活,优秀的抗化学物质性更多信息：htttp://，htttp://典型用途:家具、包装、照明设备、食物包装、桌垫、文件夹、便签纸盒生产商：美国Zyliss AG公司设汁商：IDEO 公司使用三聚氰胺作为外带午餐盒的材料，但这并不是最省钱的选择。
腐蚀性手册
2Chemical resistancePage General information regarding chemical resistance--Introduction4 --Instructions for the use of the chemical resistance list4 List of chemical resistanceChemical resistance73Chemical resistanceGeneral information regarding chemical resistance IntroductionPlastic materials are now widely used in pipeline construction.Pipes made from plastics are used not only for drinking water,water for general use and waste water,but also for the conveyance of aggressive liquids and gases.Expensive pipe materials such as lined metal,ceramic or glass,have largely been replaced by plastic pipes.It is,however,important that the most suitable plastic material is selected for each application. The Chemical Resistance List in this section serves as a useful guide in this respect.The list is periodically revised to include the latest findings.It contains all the plastics and elastomers in the GF product range which can come into direct contact with the media.The information is based on experiments,immersion and, when available,on data from tests which include temperature and pressure as stress factors.The results achieved in immersion experiments cannot be applied without reservation to pipes under stress,i.e.internal pressure,as the factor stress corrosion cracking is often not taken into consideration.In certain cases it can be of advantage to test the suitability under the planned working conditions.The tests referred to have been carried out partly by GF and partly by the Internal Standardisation Organisation(ISO)or national standards organisations.Pure chemicals were used for the tests.If a mixture of chemicals is to be conveyed in practice,this may affect the chemical resistance of the plastic.It is possible in special cases to carry out appropriate tests with the specific mixture.Suitable test equipment is available at GF for this purpose,which we regard as part of our service to the customer.We are always willing to give individual advice at any time.In this connection it is worth mentioning that GF already possesses information concerning the behaviour towards plastics of a number of chemicals or mixtures of chemicals which are not yet included in this list.Instructions for the use of the chemical resistance list GeneralFollowing the assertions outlined in the introduction the attached list should be regarded as a valuable tool for finding the most suitable material for a given application. Note:The list has been compiled based on ideal and mostly simplified conditions of laboratory testing;real life and field applications are subjected to working conditions that might be defined by more complex factors. Consequently any statement quoted in our chemical resistance list should be regarded as a guiding value.In particular,we would like to emphasize that such a list-by nature- cannot supply the following information:ÏAll relevant details of the respective experiment thathas been the source for a given set of dataÏPossible influence of dynamic effectsÏLong-term effectsÏPossible influence due to the method of processing, the thermal history as well as the exact formulation of the respective samplesÏBehaviour of mixtures of different media or effects based on discontinuous serviceÏ(Detailed)characterisation of the corrosion phenomenon/deterioration observedÏDerivation of the max.applicable service pressure ÏConsideration of all chemicalsContacting your GF representative Thus,if it comes to material decisions and there is aneed for selecting the proper polymer(grade),please do not hesitate to contact GF;based on decades of practical experience with polymer piping systems applied in industry and chemical engineering,GF has acquired an outstanding knowledge in:ÏPractical field testing,case studiesÏTheoretical background(corrosion science,polymer formulations,possible influences of processing,etc.)ÏRelevant literature Apart from that,GF is a very active member in a global network for all aspects of corrosion regarding polymers; all this enables us to support the individual enquiries of our customers efficiently.However,we cannot exclude situations where the stock of available data will not completely answer a customer s enquiry.In such cases,a simple laboratory test installation under field test conditions is strongly recommended.4ClassificationThe customary classifications:Ïresistant Ïconditionallyresistant andÏnot recommended are depicted by the signs:+,0and -,which allowsimple presentation and application.These classifications aredefined as:Resistant:+Within the acceptable limits of pressure and temperature the material is unaffected or only insignificantly affected.Conditionally resistant:0The medium can attack the material or cause swelling.Restrictions must be made as regards pressure and/or temperature,taking the expected service life into account.The service life of the installation can be noticeably shortened.Further consultations with GF are recommended in any case.Not recommended:-The material cannot be used with the medium at all,or only under special conditions.Solvent cement joints with Tangit/DytexSolvent cementjointson ABS,PVC-U or PVC-C madewith Tangit cement are generally as resistant as thematerial of the piping system itself.The use of Dytex solvent cement isrecommended forcement jointing of PVC-U or PVC-C in connection with the following acids:Medium Upto%concentrationSulphuric acid e 70%H 2SO 4Chromic-sulphuric acid mixture e 70%H 2SO 4+5%K 2Cr 2O 7/Na 2Cr 2O 1Chromic acid d 10%CrO 3Hydrochloric acid e 25%HClNitric acid e 20%HNO 3Sodium hypochlorite (potassium hypochlorite)e 6%NaOCl Hydrogen peroxide e 5%H 2O 2Hydrofluoric acid e 0%HF For all the media mentioned above in lower concentrations,Tangit solvent cement should be used.Due to the effects of these acids on the pipe material,we recommend using pipes with a pressure rating PN 16.For the expected life time and compressive strength,please contact your GF representative.Attention !Usually the allowable pressure must be decreased by one pressure rating (thus PN16to PN10).When using Dytex in PVC-C piping construction with the above mentioned acids,the pressure and temperature requirements for PVC-U must be adhered to.Because Dytex is not gap-filling,a special cement jointing procedure is required and is described in the chapter on jointing technology.Fusion jointsIn the case of PE,PP and PVDF (SYGEF®)heat fusionjoints have practically the same chemical resistance asthe respective material.In conjunction with media which could cause stress cracking,the fused joints can besubjected to an increased risk due to residual stress from the jointing process.In such cases a professionally executed weldingis absolutely necessary.The sensitivity against tension fracture formation can be reduced substantially by a thermal retreatment (tempering).Sealing materialsDepending upon the working conditions and the stressinvolved,the life span of the sealing materials can differfrom that of thepipelinematerial.Seals in PTFE,which is not included in this list,are resistant to all the chemicals listed.The greater permeability of PTFEshould,however,be considered.Under certain working conditions,for example when conveying highly aggressive media such as hydrochloric acid,thismaterial characteristic must be taken into account.General summary and limits of applications 5The following table includes all the materials contained in the GF product range,and their abbreviations.The summary gives preliminary information regarding the general behaviour of the materials and the temperature limits.Abbreviation MaterialRemarks Maximum permissible temperature Constant Short term PTFEPolytetrafluoro-ethylene (e.g.Teflon®)Resistant to all chemicals in this list 250°C 300°C NBRNitrile Rubber Good resistance to oil and petrol.Unsuitable for oxidising media 90°C 120°C EPDM Ehtylene Propylene Rubber Good resistance to ozone and weather.Especially suitable for aggressive chemicals.Unsuitable for oils and fats 90°C 120°C CRChloroprene Rubber (e.g.Neoprene®)Chemical resistance very similar to that of PVC-U and between that of Nitrile and Butyl Rubber 80°C 110°C FPM FFKM Fluorine Rubber (e.g.Viton®,Kalrez®)Has best chemical resistance to solvents of all elastomers 150°C 200°C CSM Chlorine sulphonyl Polyethylene (e.g.Hypalon®)Chemical resistance similar to that of EPDM 100°C 140°CCompressible mediaWhen defining allowable operating conditions,special care is required in choosing chemically resistant piping and sealing materials when transporting compressible operating media (gases)or solutions of gases in fluids which have low boiling points (high vapour pressures)through plastic piping systems.Suitable materials for compressible media are those that under standard conditions and at low temperatures do not tend toward brittle fractures owing to their ductility.Such materials include polyethylene (PE)and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS).All other raw materials such as polypropylene (PP-H),polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U/-C)or polyvinyliden fluoride (PVDF)are to be limited to d 0.1bar with respect to the operating pressure of gases.Higher pressures are possible if secondary containment piping systems are used (for environmental protection,brittle effects,gas shocks,intoxication)For low boiling point fluids,such as liquid gas or solutions of gases in liquids,for example,hydrochloric acid,the associated vapour pressure of the media has to be taken into account.Furthermore,outgassing (due to changes in the media composition)or vaporisation (due to an inadmissible,high pressure increase)are to be prevented by relevant limitation of the operating temperature or by preventing the vapour pressure from exceeding the operational pressure.It is important to point out that,in such cases of leakage,the sudden escape of large gas or vapour volumes is to be considered a dangerous condition.Relatively high flow velocities must be assumed when transporting humid gases (aerosols)or following pressure drops in plasticpiping systems carrying fluids having high vapour pressures.These can cause the development of high levels of electrostatic charge.Such a condition exhibits an additional source of danger if flammable media or mixtures which can explode when mixed with air are involved.NoteThe data are provided as is and there is no warranty or representation,neither express nor implied,that they are free from errors.We shall not be liable for any damages of any kind that may result from the use of this data.The successful operation of valves does not only depend on the chemical resistance of their materials and the seals,but a multiplicity of further factors are to be considered.Therefore it is not possible to transfer these data without restrictions also to the operation of valves made of same materials and/or material combinations.This document serves only to provide technical information.We refer to our General Sales Terms.Subject to change without notice.6List of chemical resistance Aggressive mediaChemical resistanceMediumFormula B o i l i n g p o i n t °C Concentration T e m p e r a t u r e °C P V C -U P V C -C A B S P E P P -H P V D F E P D M F P M N B R C RC S M Acetaldehyde CH 3-CHO 40%,aqueous 20O --++-++-++solution 40-+O O +++60O O O O O O 80O O --O 100-120140Acetaldehyde CH 3-CHO 21technically pure 20---+O -+O --O 40O -O --60-80100120140Acetic acid CH 3COOH 50%,aqueous 20++-++++O -O O 40++++O 60O +++80O 100O 120140Acetic acid CH 3COOH 118technically pure,20O --++++--O O glacial 40-++O O 60O O -80-100120140Acetic acid (CH 3-CO)2O 139technically pure 20---++-O ---+anhydride 40O O 6080100120140Acetic acid CH 3COOC 2H 57720---++++O O O O ethylester 406080100120140Acetic acid (CH 2)2-CH-(CH 2)2-CO 2H 117technically pure 20---++++---+isobutyl ester 406080100120140Acetone CH 3-CO-CH 3up to 10%,20--O ++O +O -+O aqueous 40++O +O O O 60++O +--O 80100120140Acetone CH 3-CO-CH 356technically pure 20---++-+---O 40+++O 60+++O801001201407Aggressive mediaChemical resistanceMediumFormula B o i l i n g p o i n t °C Concentration T e m p e r a t u r e °C P V C -U P V C -C A B S P EP P -H P V D F E P D M F P M N B R C R C S M Acetonitrile CH 3CN 82100%20---O O -O -O O O 406080100120140Acetophenone CH 3-CO-C 6H 5202100%20---O O -+---+406080100120140Acrylic acid CH 2=CHCOOCH 380technically pure 20---O -O O methyl ester 406080100120140Acrylicethyl CH 2=COOC 2H 5100technically pure 20---O -O O --O O 406080100120140Acrylonitrile CH 2=CH-CN 77technically pure 20---++-+O -+O 40+O +O +O 60+O -+-80100120140Adipic acid HOOC-(CH 2)4-COOH Fp.,saturated,20++-++++++++153aqueous 40++++++++++60-+++++++++80+++100120140Allyl alcohol H 2C=CH-CH 2-OH 9796%20O O -+++O +O +40-+++-+-+60+O O ++80-+-100120140Aluminium salts,AlCl 3,Al(NO 3)3,saturated 20++aqueous,Al(OH)3,Al(SO 4)340++inorganic 60++80+100120140Ammonia NH 3-33gaseous,20+--++++++++technically pure 40++++O 60++++80+100-1201408Aggressive mediaChemical resistanceMediumFormula B o i l i n g p o i n t °C Concentration T e m p e r a t u r e °C P V C -U P V C -C A B S P EP P -H P V D F E P D M F P M N B R C R C S M Ammonium CH 3COONH 4aqueous,all 20++O ++++++++acetate 40+++++++O ++60O ++++++O 80+++O 100++120140Ammonium (NH 4)2S 2O 820+++O +++O ++persulphate 40+O +60O O +80O +100+120140Amonium salts,saturated 20++++++++++aqueous,40++++++++++inorganic 60++++++++++80+++100+120140Amyl acetate CH 3(CH 2)4-COOCH 3141technically pure 20---+O +O ----40+O O 60+-O 80100120140Amyl alcohol CH 3(CH 2)3-CH 2-OH 137technically pure 20+--++++O ++O 40+++++++60O ++++++80++100+120O 140Aniline C 6H 5NH 2182technically pure 20---++++O ---40O +O +O 60O -+O 80100120140Antimony SbCl 390%,aqueous 20++-+++++-++trichloride 40+++++60++++80100120140Aqua regia HNO 3+HCl mixing ratio 20++---O -O --O 40O 6080100120140Arsenic acid H 3AsO 480%,aqueous 20+++++++++++40+++++++++++60O ++++++++++80+++++O ++100++120+1409Aggressive mediaChemical resistanceMediumFormula B o i l i n g p o i n t °C Concentration T e m p e r a t u r e °C P V C -U P V C -C A B S P E P P -H P V D F E P D M F P M N B R C R C S M Barium salts,saturated 20+++++++++++aqueous,40++++++++inorganic 60+++++++80++++100++120140Beer usual 20++++++++++commercial 406080100120140Benzaldehyde C 6H 5-CHO 180saturated,20---+++++O --aqueous 40+O O ++60O -O +80100120140Benzene C 6H 680technically pure 20---O O +-+O --40O -O 60-80100120140Benzene sulfonic C 6H 5SO 3H technically pure 20+++++++acid 40+++++60O O +O 80+100+120140Benzine C 5H 12to C 12H 2680-free of lead and 20++-+O +-++-O (Gasoline)130aromatic 40++++++-compounds 6080100120140Benzoic acid C 6H 5-COOH Fp.,aqueous,all 20+++++++++++12240++++++++60O +++++80O +++100++O 120+140Benzyl alcohol C 6H 5-CH 2-OH 206technically pure 20O --+++++-+O 40+++++60O O O O +80-100120140Beryllium salts,20++++++++++aqueous,40+++++++inorganic 60+++++++80++++100+12014010Medium Formula B o i l i n g p o i n Concentration T e m p e r a t u r P V C -UP V C -CA B SP EP P -HP V D FE P D MF P MN B RC RC S M BoraxNa 2B 4O 7aqueous,all20+++++++++++40+++++++++++60O ++++++++O 80++++100++120140Boric acid H 3BO 3all,aqueous20+++++++++++40+++++++++++60O ++++++++++80+++++100+++120+140Brine,containing NaCl-Cl 2depressurised 20++-+O+O +O OO chlorinewith GFK-40+++reinforcing up to 60++O95°C 80+100120140Bromine water Br-H 2Osaturated,20+O ---+-+---aqueous406080100120140Butadiene H 2C=CH-CH=CH 2-4technically pure 20++-O O +-+O --406080100120140Butane C 4H 100technically pure 20++++++-+O OO 406080100120140Butanediol HO-(CH 2)4-OH 230aqueous,10%20++-+++++O +40O ++++++-+60++++++80100120140Butanol C 4H 9OH 117technically pure 20+--++++++++40+++++O +++60O +O ++-+O+80-+100O 120140Butyl acetate CH 3COO(CH)3CH 2CH 2CH 3126technically pure 20---+O++O -O O 40O ----60-80100120140Medium FormulaB o i l i n g p o i n ConcentrationT e m p e r a t u r P V C -UP V C -CA B SP EP P -HP V D FE P D MF P MN B RC RC S M Butyl phenol,(CH 3)3C-C 6H 4-OH237technically pure20O O -O ++-O ---p-tertiary40--+60+80+100120140Butylene glycol HO-CH 2-CH=CH-CH 2-OH 235technically pure20+++++++-+O 40++++++++-60O +++++O+80+100120140Butylene liquid C 4H 851technically pure 20+--+O +++O 406080100120140Butyric acid CH 3-CH 2-CH 2-COOH 163technically pure 20++-+++O O -OO 406080100120140Cadmium salts,d saturated acid20++++++aqueous,40++++++inorganic60++++++80++100120140Caesium salts,d Saturated acid20++++++++++aqueous,40+++++++inorganic60+++++++80++++100+120140Calcium acetate (CH 5COO)2Ca saturated20++++++++++40+++++++60+++++++80++100120140Calcium Ca(OH)2100saturated,20+O++O +++++hydroxidaqueous40+++-+++++60+++++O ++80++++100++120140Calcium lactate (CH 3COO)2Ca saturated20++++++++++40+++++++60+++++80+++100+120140Medium Formula B o i l i n g p o i n Concentration T e m p e r a t u r P V C -UP V C -CA B SP EP P -HP V D FE P D MF P MN B RC RC S M Calcium salts,d Saturated acid20+++++++++++aqueous,40++++++++inorganic60+++++++80++++100+120140Carbon dioxide CO 2technically pure,20++++++++++anhydrous40++++++++++60++++++++++80++++++100+120140CarbonCCl 477technically pure 20-----+-+---tetrachloride406080100120140Carbonic acid H 2CO 320++++++++++40+++++++60+++++++80+++++100120140Caro's acid H 2SO 520+O -+406080100120140Caustic potash KOH 13150%,aqueous20+O++-+-O O+solution 40++++-O (potassium 60O +O+O hydroxide)80O-100120140Caustic soda NaOH 50%,aqueous20+O ++-+-O -+solution40+-+++60++O+80100120140Chloric acid HClO 310%,aqueous20++-+-+++--+40+++++++60O ++++80100120140Chloric acid HClO 320%,aqueous20++-O -+O +--+40++O++60O ++80100120140Medium Formula B o i l i n g p o i n Concentration T e m p e r a t u r P V C -UP V C -CA B SP EP P -HP V D FE P D MF P MN B RC RC S M ChlorineCl 2moist,97%,20-+-----+--O gaseous40+60+80+100120140Chlorine Cl 2liquid,technically 20-----+-O ---pure,as double 40pipe system6080100120140Chlorine Cl 2anhydrous,20---O -+O +--O technically pure,40O +as double pipe 60-+system80+100O 120140Chlorine water Cl 2-H 2O saturated20++OO O OO +-O-40++O60O O 80-100120140Chloroacetic ClCH 2COOH 50%,aqueous 20+--+++O ---O acid,mono40+++O 60O O -80100120140Chloroacetic ClCH 2COOH 188technically pure 20+--+++O ---O acid,mono40+++O60O O O80100120140Chlorobenzene C 6H 5Cl 132technically pure 20---O O+----O 40+60O 80-100120140Chloroethanol ClCH 2-CH 2OH 129technically pure 20---+++O ---O 40++O 60++O 80-100120140Chlorosulphonic ClSO 3H 158technically pure 20O ----O -----acid40-6080100120140Medium Formula B o i l i n g p o i n Concentration T e m p e r a t u r P V C -UP V C -CA B SP EP P -HP V D FE P D MF P MN B RC RC S M Chromic acidCrO 3H 2Oall,aqueous20O O -O O++--O 40O ++O 60+OO 80O 100O 120140Chromic acid CrO 350g 20++---+O +--O +sulphuric acid H 2SO 415g 40+++O+O +water H 2O 35g 60O OO80100120140Chromium (II)-d Saturated acid20++salts,aqueous,40++inorganic60++80+100+120140Compressed air,20---+O+-++++containing oil40++60+80100120140Copper salts,d Saturated acid20+++++++++++aqueous 40+++++++++++inorganic60O ++++++O +O 80++++100+120140Cresol HO-C 6H 4-CH 3cold saturated,20O --+++O+O -O aqueous40+OO +O60OO 80O100120140Crotonic CH 3-CH=CH-CHO 102technically pure 20---++++++++aldehyde40O 60-80100120140Cyclohexane C 6H 1281technically pure 20---+++-++--40++60++80+100120140Cyclohexanol C 6H 12O 161technically pure20++-+++-+O ++40+++++60+++OO 80OO 100-120140Medium Formula B o i l i n g p o i n ConcentrationT e m p e r a t u r P V C -UP V C -CA B SP EP P -HP V D FE P D MF P MN B RC RC S M CyclohexanoneC 6H 10O155technically pure20---+++O ----40O O O 60O O -80100120140Dextrine (C 6H 10O 5)nusual20+++++++++++commercial40++++++++++60++++++++++80++100+120+140Di isobutyl [(CH 3)2CHCH 2]2CO 124technically pure 20---+++O ----ketone40O O OO6080100120140Dibrombenzene C 6H 5Br 2d Saturated acid 20---O O +O +---406080100120140Dibuthyl ether C 4H 9OC 4H 9142technically pure 20---O O +-++-O 406080100120140Dibutyl phthalate C 6H 4(COOC 4H 9)2340technically pure 20---+++O O ---40O O +60O O O80100120140Dichloroacetic Cl 2CHCOOH 50%,aqueous 20+--++++O -+O acid40+++O+O 60O O O+-80100120140Dichloroacetic Cl 2CHCOOH 194technically pure 20+--++++O --O acid40+++O+-60O O O+-80100120140Dichloroacetic Cl 2CHCOOCH 3143technically pure 20---++O+---+acid methyl 40++++ester60++OO80100120140Medium Formula B o i l i n g p o i n ConcentrationT e m p e r a t u r P V C -UP V C -CA B SP EP P -HP V D FE P D MF P MN B RC RC S M DichlorobenzeneC 6H 4Cl 2180technically pure20---O O +O +O OO 406080100120140Dichloroethylene ClCH=CHCl 60technically pure 20-----+-O ---40+6080100120140Diesel oil20++-+O+-++OO 40+++++-6080100120140Diethyl ether H 5C 2-O-C 2H 53520-----------406080100120140Diethylamine (C 2H 5)2NH 56technically pure 20--+++O ----40O 60-80100120140Dimethyl (CH 3)2CHNO 153technically pure 20---++-O -O ++formamide40++60O +80100120140Dimethylamine (CH 3)2NH 7technically pure 20---+--O ----406080100120140Dioxane C 4H 8O 2101technically pure 20---+O -O -O --40+O 60+O 80-100120140Ethanolamine C 2H 7NO 20---++O +O O OO406080100120140Medium Formula B o i l i n g p o i n ConcentrationT e m p e r a t u r P V C -UP V C -CA B SP EP P -HP V D FE P D MF P MN B RC RC S M Ethyl alcohol CH 3-CH 2-OH78technically pure,20+O -+++++O ++(Ethnause)96%40+++O +O 60O ++-+O80+100120140Ethyl benzene C 6H 5-CH 2CH 3136technically pure 20---O O O -+---406080100120140Ethyl chloride C 2H 5Cl 12technically pure 20---O O O -O ---(G)406080100120140Ethyl ether CH 3CH 2-O-CH 2CH 335technically pure 20---+O +-----406080100120140Ethylene diamine H 2N-CH 2-CH 2-NH 2117technically pure 20O --++O +O ++O 40++O O O O O 60++-----80100120140Ethylene glycol HO-CH 2-CH 2-OH 198<50%20+OO ++++++++40+O++++++++60++++++O O+80+++OO 100+120+140Ethylene glycol HO-CH 2-CH 2-OH 198technically pure 20+O -++++++++40+++++++++60++++++O O+80+++OO 100+120+140Ethylenediamine-C 10H 16N 2O 820++++tetraacetic acid 40(EDTA)6080100120140Fluorine F 2technically pure20-----------406080100120140Medium Formula B o i l i n g p o i n Concentration T e m p e r a t u r P V C -UP V C -CA B SP EP P -HP V D FE P D MF P MN B RC RC S M Fluorosilicic acidH 2SiF 632%,aqueous20++++++OO O +40+++++--O 60+O +++-80+100+120140Formaldehyde HCHO 40%,aqueous20++++++++++40++++++++++60++++O OO 80+100120140Formamide HCONH 2210technically pure 20---+++O ++40++60++80100120140Formic acid HCOOH d 25%20++++++40++++++60++++++80++100120140Formic acid HCOOHup to 50%,20+-O+++++-++aqueous40++++++++60O +O+OO O+80+-O 100+120140Formic acid HCOOH 101technically pure 20+--+++++-++40O +O ++O +60-+-+O -+80+OO 100+120140Frigen 12(Freon CCl 2F 2-30technically pure 20+----OO O O +O 12)406080100120140Fuel oil20++-+O +-++OO 40++-+++-6080100120140Furfuryl alcohol C 5H 6O 2171technically pure20---+++O --OO40++60+OO 80-100120140Medium Formula B o i l i n g p o i n Concentration T e m p e r a t u r P V C -UP V C -CA B SP EP P -HP V D FE P D MF P MN B RC RC S M Gelatinall,aqueous20+++++++++++40+++++++++++60+++++80+100120140Glucose C 6H 12O 6Fp.,all,aqueous 20++++++++++14840++++++++++60O +++++++++80++++++++100++120140Glycerol HO-CH 2-CH(OH)-CH 2OH 290technically pure20++++++++++40+++++O ++++60+++++OO +++80+++-O++100++O O 120+140Glycin NH 2-CH 2-COOHFp.,10%,aqueous 20++++++++++23340+++++++O+O 60++80+100120140Glycolic acid HO-CH 2-COOHFp.,37%,aqueous 20+-+++++++8040++60++80+100+120140Heptane C 7H 1698technically pure20++-+O+-++-O 40++++++-6080100120140Hexane C 6H 1469technically pure20++-+O+-++-O 40++++++-6080100120140Hydrazine H 2N-NH 2-H 2O 113aqueous 20+--++-+O --+hydrate40++60++80100120140Hydrochloric HClup to 30%,20+++++++--+acidaqueous40+++O +++O 60+++O +O O-80+-+100+120140Medium Formula B o i l i n g p o i n Concentration T e m p e r a t u r P V C -UP V C -CA B SP EP P -HP V D FE P D MF P MN B RC RC S M Hydrochloric HCl38%,aqueous20++-+O+++--+acid40++++O +60+++80O+100+120140Hydrocyanic HCN 26technically pure20++-+++++O O +acid40+++++O O --O 60O ++++80+100120140Hydrofluoric acid HF 40%20+--+++-+--+40O +++++60O O ++OO 80+100+120140Hydrogen H 2-25technically pure 20+++++++++++340+++++++++++60+++++++++++80+++++++100-+++120140Hydrogen HCl-85technically pure,20++-+++++O O O chloridegaseous40+++++++--O 60O ++++++-80O++100+120140Hydrogen H 2O 210530%,aqueous 20++-++OO +--+peroxide406080100120140Hydrogen H 2O 213990%,aqueous 20+--O -O --O peroxide406080100120140Hydrogen H 2Ssaturated,20+++++++-++sulphideaqueous40+++++-+--+60O +++++O 80+O-100+120140Hydrogen H 2S technically pure20++++++++O +sulphide40+++++-+O -O 60++O ++O -O 80+--100+120140Medium Formula B o i l i n g p o i n Concentration T e m p e r a t u r P V C -UP V C -CA B SP EP P -HP V D FE P D MF P MN B RC RC S M HydroquinoneC 6H 4(OH)230%20+++++40++++60++80+100120140Iodine-potassium I-KI 20+--+++++OO iodide solution 40(Lugol's solution)6080100120140Iron salts,d Saturated acid20+++++++++++aqueous,40+++++++inorganic60+++++++80+++++100++120140Isooctane (CH 3)3-C-CH 2-CH-(CH 3)299technically pure 20++-++++++O 406080100120140Isopropyl alcohol (CH 3)2-CH-OH 82technically pure 20+-++++++++(ESC)40+++++60O O O+80O100120140Isopropyl ether (CH 3)2-CH-O-CH-(CH 3)268technically pure 20---O O +O ----406080100120140Lactic acid CH 3CHOHCOOH 10%,aqueous20++++++++--O 40O +O ++++O O 60-+-++O O O O 80++O -O100-120140Lead acetate Pb(CH 3COO)2aqueous,20+++++++++++saturated40+++++++++++60+++++++++++80++100+120140Lead salts,d Saturated acid20++++++++++aqueous,40+++++++inorganic60+++++++80+++100+120140。
Fundamental Information
What is a TPE or TPR?
Three essential characteristics: • The ability to be stretched to moderate elongations and, upon the removal of stress, return to something close to its original shape. • Processable as a melt at elevated temperature. • Absence of significant creep.
Thermoplastic elastomers
• Thermoplastic elastomers (TPE), sometimes referred to as thermoplastic rubbers • Consist of materials with both thermoplastic and elastomeric properties. • show both advantages typical of rubbery materials and plastic materials.
Property
• High impact strength • Low specific gravity • Excellent resistance to chemicals and weathering • Good tear and abrasion resistance • Recyclable • Possess low compression set • Colourability
Elastomer
Examples: • Polyurethanes: insulation, toys
塑料问题英语作文
塑料问题英语作文Title: The Plastic Predicament: A Global Call for ActionIn the intricate tapestry of modern life, plastics have woven themselves into every fabric, from the mundane to the extraordinary. They areubiquitous, versatile, and, unfortunately, increasingly problematic. The plastic predicament—a crisis that spans oceans, landfills, and the very health of our planet—demands urgent attention and concerted global action.The Rise of PlasticsPlastics, first synthesized in the early 20th century, revolutionizedindustries and lifestyles. Lightweight, durable, and cheap to produce,they quickly replaced traditional materials in packaging, construction, transportation, electronics, and countless other sectors. However, this convenience came at a steep environmental cost. Single-use plastics,particularly those designed for short-term usage and immediate disposal, have proliferated exponentially, creating a mountain of waste that the planet struggles to contain.The Environmental Toll1.Ocean Pollution: Plastic waste, much of which escapes recycling systems, ends up in our oceans. It breaks down into microplastics, which areingested by marine life, disrupting food chains and potentially harming human health through the seafood we consume.2.3.Landfill Overflow: Landfills are filling up rapidly with non-biodegradable plastics, taking up valuable space and leaching harmful chemicals into soil and groundwater.4.5.Wildlife Impacts: Animals from all ecosystems are at risk, from seaturtles mistaking plastic bags for jellyfish to birds getting entangled in discarded fishing nets.6.7.Climate Change: The production of plastics, especially from fossil fuels, contributes to greenhouse gas emissions, exacerbating global warming. 8.Global Response: A Call for Action1.Reduce, Reuse, Recycle: The first line of defense is to reduce ourreliance on single-use plastics and promote reusable alternatives.Governments, businesses, and individuals must work together toimplement policies and practices that prioritize circular economyprinciples.2.3.Innovation and Research: Investing in research and development of biodegradable and sustainable plastic alternatives is crucial. Scientists are exploring materials derived from natural sources like plants andalgae, which can decompose safely in the environment.4.5.Improved Waste Management: Strengthening waste collection, sorting, and recycling systems is vital. This includes investing in infrastructure and raising public awareness about proper disposal methods.6.7.International Cooperation: The plastic crisis is global, requiringinternational cooperation and agreements. The United NationsEnvironment Programme (UNEP) and other international bodies should facilitate dialogues and set ambitious targets for reducing plasticpollution.8.9.Corporate Responsibility: Corporations must take responsibility for the full lifecycle of their products, including end-of-life management. They should adopt sustainable packaging practices and invest in circulardesign principles.10.11.Consumer Awareness and Behavior Change: Educating the public about the impact of plastic waste and encouraging behavior change is essential.Simple acts like carrying reusable bags, using refillable containers, and avoiding disposable plastics can make a significant difference.12.ConclusionThe plastic predicament is a complex challenge that requires amultifaceted approach involving governments, businesses, andindividuals worldwide. By adopting sustainable practices, investing ininnovation, and fostering international cooperation, we can mitigate the damage already done and pave the way for a greener, more resilientfuture. The time to act is now, before the tide of plastic wasteoverwhelms us all.。
关于材料塑料的英语作文
关于材料塑料的英语作文Title: The Role and Impact of Plastics in Modern Society。
Plastics, ubiquitous in our modern lives, play a multifaceted role in various sectors, ranging from packaging and construction to healthcare and transportation. However, their widespread use also raises concernsregarding environmental sustainability and human health. In this essay, we will delve into the significance, benefits, challenges, and potential solutions associated with plastics.Firstly, let us acknowledge the significance of plastics. These versatile materials have revolutionized industries worldwide due to their durability, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness. In the realm of packaging, plastics offer lightweight and durable alternatives to traditional materials like glass and metal, reducing transportation costs and energy consumption. Moreover, plastics play acrucial role in modern medicine, facilitating advancementsin drug delivery systems, medical devices, and prosthetics, thereby enhancing healthcare outcomes and patient comfort.Despite their undeniable benefits, plastics pose significant challenges, primarily concerning environmental sustainability. The durability of plastics, a boon in many applications, becomes a curse when it comes to disposal. Single-use plastics, in particular, contribute to pollution, clogging waterways, harming marine life, and degrading ecosystems. Moreover, the production of plastics relies heavily on non-renewable fossil fuels, exacerbating climate change and resource depletion.To address these challenges, various strategies have been proposed. Recycling represents a promising approach to mitigate the environmental impact of plastics. By diverting plastics from landfills and incinerators, recycling conserves resources, reduces energy consumption, and minimizes pollution. However, challenges such as limited recycling infrastructure, contamination of recyclable materials, and low consumer awareness hinder theeffectiveness of recycling initiatives.In addition to recycling, innovations in material science offer potential solutions to the plastic crisis. Biodegradable plastics, derived from renewable sources such as plant-based polymers, present a more sustainable alternative to traditional plastics. These bioplastics decompose naturally, reducing the burden on landfills and ecosystems. Furthermore, advances in polymer chemistry enable the development of recyclable plastics with enhanced properties, such as improved durability and biodegradability.Education and awareness also play a vital role in addressing the plastic problem. By promoting eco-friendly habits, such as reducing plastic consumption, reusing products, and properly disposing of waste, individuals can contribute to a more sustainable future. Moreover, advocating for policy changes, such as plastic bans or extended producer responsibility schemes, can incentivize businesses to adopt more environmentally friendly practices and products.In conclusion, plastics represent a double-edged sword in modern society, offering unparalleled convenience and versatility while posing significant environmental and health risks. To ensure a sustainable future, concerted efforts are needed to address the challenges associated with plastics through recycling, innovation, education, and policy intervention. By embracing these solutions, we can harness the benefits of plastics while minimizing their negative impacts on the planet and future generations.。
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Questions a plastic company can ask APC to
determine what material to recommend
1. What is the product Type?
a. UPS
b. Surge Strip
2. What Markets will the product sell in
a. North America
b. Europe
c. South America
3. Does the product weigh more than 18kG
4. Will the product be permanently mounted/installed?
5. Is the plastic part used for:
a. the fire enclosure?
b. NEMA receptacle
c. European receptacle
d. Support of live parts
e. Decorative part
f. Internal part
6. What is the max temperature the plastic part gets to?
The results of these questions will send you down different paths.
Here are some general items that will fill in the blanks for the correct part depending on the usage by APC:
I. Flame rating:
Enclosure: UPS
94V-1 if not wall mountable or less than 18Kg
5VB minimum if rack mountable or greater than 18Kg.
Until further notice CSA requires 5VA
Surge Strip:
94V-2 for US/CSA
Receptacles: V2 minimum for North America.
V0 for EU, or 5V if greater than 18Kg or rack mountable
Internal part: V2 minimum
Decorative bezel: HB
II. RTI If we get above 65C for use temp then RTI must be the same as max use temp. Should always try to stay close to Vicat.
III. Vicat/Heat Deflection: Again, this depends on the application
Enclosure: Max use temp, plus 10C, but no less than 70C (Mold stress for 7 hours)
Receptacles:
North America: Max use temp, plus 10C, but no less than 70C (Mold stress for 7
hours)
Europe: Max temp plus 40C, but not less than 125(Ball deflection for 1 hour Support of live parts(other than receptacles)
North America: Max use temp, plus 10C, but no less than 70C (Mold stress for 7
hours)
Europe: Max temp plus 40C, but not less than 125(Ball deflection for 1 hour IV. HWI: North America only
This is a measure of how well the plastic resists ignition from heat. Measured by a PLC
(Performance Level Characteristic) Bar specimens have a heater wire wrapped around them and the time to ignition is measured. PLC rating is then assigned
Mean Ignition Time PLC rating
120<= IT 0
60<=IT < 120 1
30<= IT <60 2
15<= IT <30 3
7<= IT <30 4
0<= IT <7 5
V. HAI: North America only
This is a measure of how well the plastic resists combustion in the presence of High current
(32.5A) Arcs: Measured by PLC. Two electrodes are allowed to arc to one another across the
surface of the plastic. The number of arcs until ignition determines the PLC
Mean number of arcs to ignition (NA) PLC
120<=NA 0
60<= NA<120 1
30<= NA<60 2
15<= NA<30 3
0<= NA<15 4
.
VI. CTI: North America only
This measures how well the board allows voltage to creep (or track) as it becomes polluted: PLC ratings are as follows:
Tracking Index (TI) PLC
600<=TI 0
400<= TI <600 1
250<= TI <400 2
175<= TI <250 3
100<= TI <175 4
0 <= TI <100 5
.
Below are the required HAI, CTI, and HAI depending on the flammability
For a UPS
:
V-0 V-1 V-2
HAI 3 2 2
CTI 4 4 4
HWI 4 3 2
For a surge strip
V-0 V-1 V-2
HAI 3 3 3
CTI 3 3 3
HWI 4 3 3
Lets pick a few examples:
1. The part is an enclosure that supports live parts for use in Europe and the max temp it gets to is 67 degrees C. The UPS is not permanently connected and is less than 18kG
The part will need to be 94V-0, have a RTI of at least 67 and a
Vicat of at least 127
2. The part is a rear panel for a UPS that is intended for US/Canada, weighs less than 18kg, is portable and is used for the receptacle. The max temp we are allowed is 55.
The part will need to be 5VA, RTI does not matter but it will need
HAI of 3, HWI of 4 and CTI of 4
3. The part is a surge strip enclosure, it is also part of the receptacle, it is less than 18kG, portable, sold in US/Canada and it gets to 73 degrees
The part can be 94V-2, V-1 or V-0. The RTI will need to be 83
minimum. The CTI will need to be 3, the HAI will need to be 3 and
the HWI can be either 4(V-0) or 3 (V-1 and V-2)。