2018长宁区地理二模
上海市长宁区2018年中考二模英语试卷（含详细答案）
上海市长宁区2018年中考⼆模英语试卷（含详细答案）上海市长宁区2018年中考⼆模英语试卷（满分150分，考试时间100分钟）2018. 4考⽣注意：本卷有7⼤题，共94⼩题。
全部试题均采⽤连续编号。
请将所有答案做在答题纸的指定位置上，做在试卷上⼀律不给分。
Part 1 Listening (第⼀部分听⼒)I. Listening comprehension (听⼒理解) （共30分）A. Listen and choose the right picture (根据你听到的内容，选出相应的图⽚) (6分)A B C DE F G H1.______2. ______3. ______4. ______5.______6. ______B. Listen to the dialogue and choose the best answer to the question you hear (根据你听到的对话和问题，选出最恰当的答案) （8分）7. A) In his schoolbag. B) In his pocket. C) In the desk. D) In the playground.8. A) To buy things. B) To travel around. C) To study. D) To go on business.9. A) Rainy. B) Cloudy. C) Windy. D) Sunny.10. A) 20 yuan. B) 60 yuan. C) 70 yuan. D) 80 yuan.11. A) Once. B) Twice. C) Three times. D) Four times.12. A) Teacher and student. B) Husband and wife. C) Doctor and patient. D) Manager and clerk.13. A) She isn’t very shy.B) She is quiet.C) She talks a lot. D) She is easy to communicate.14. A) The radio is broken. B) Some parts of the radio are missing.C) He will repair the radio. D) He will change the batteries.C. Listen to the passage and tell whether the following statements are true or false (判断下列句⼦是否符合你听到的短⽂内容，符合的⽤“T”表⽰，不符合的⽤“F”表⽰) (6分)15. The writer taught the kids how to read as a volunteer last summer.16. Mary often went to the nearest supermarket twice a week by bus.17. Although Mary didn’t know words, she could recognize items by sight.18. Mary felt confident because she managed to walk to the supermarket by herself.19. Mary could read bedtime stories to her youngest son at the end of the program.20. The writer learned more about teaching and helping others than Mary did.D. Listen to the passage and complete the following sentences (听短⽂，完成下列内容，每空格限填⼀词) (10分)21. The reading club started _______ _______ and it has about 90 members now.22. Sometimes the members of the music club _______ _______ performances themselves.23. Trips or bicycle races are usually organized _______ _______ and last at least two hours.24. The aim of the environment protection club is to make our _______ _______.25. In environment protection club, students can _______ ______ on the farm not far from their school.Part 2 Phonetics, Grammar and Vocabulary（第⼆部分语⾳、语法和词汇）II. Choose the best answer (选择最恰当的答案) (共20分)26. Which of the following words is pronounced as / pra?z/?A) praise B) prize C) price D) prison27. Which of the following underlined parts is different in pronunciation from the others?A) I felt my heart b ea ting fast. B) For br ea kfast I had a slice of bread.C) Health means w ea lth. D) Go ah ea d! Believe in yourself.28. His health condition got so bad recently that he decided to go on ______ diet right now.A) a B) an C) the D) /29. I remember that my cousin Peter came to see us ______ a very cold night last time.A) in B) on C) at D) with30. Ted, a friend of _______, is keen on taking an active part in sports regularly.A) my B) mine C) me D) myself31. Some traditional skills are disappearing because ______ young people are interested in them.A) few B) a few C) little D) a little32. Learning to do some teamwork with ______ is important in our daily life.A) another B) the other C) others D) the others33. Fifty percent of my monthly pocket money _______ spent on entertainment.A) have B) has C) is D) are34. ______ graduates will attend the 100th anniversary celebration of the university next month.A) Thousand B) Thousands C) Thousand of D) Thousands of35. Martin did n’t ea t up all the food he ordered, _______ he took the rest away.A) for B) or C) as D) so36. The waitress talked as ________ as she could to make the customers understand her.A) clear B) clearer C) clearly D) more clearly37. Children over 120 cm tall _______ pay the full entry price to the exhibition show.A) can B) may C) should D) must38. Nowadays a lot of young people are trying to do more things _______ the old.A) to serve B) serve C) serving D) served39. ______ amazing it is to see so many wild animals with our own eyes in Shanghai!A) How B) What C) What a D) What an40. The re’s s omething wrong with our new product. We ______ a lot of complaints so far.A) receive B) received C) will receive D) have received41. I don’t thi nk Julia saw me at the moment because she_______ with her friends on the Internet.A) is chatting B) was chatting C) has chatted D) would chat42. He offered to take me for a ride in his new car after he finished _______it.A) clean B) cleans C) cleaning D) to clean43. You will see a lot of ancient buildings there _______ you go to that famous small town.A) because B) though C) if D) since44. –Let’s go to Mr. Smith’s speech on western culture, shall we?– ______ We can attend his lecture next time.A) Why not? B) That’s all right.C) Never mind. D) I’m afraid it’s too late.45. – Students should be allowed to have mobile phones. They can contact their parents more conveniently.– ______ Actually they often use them to play games.A) I hope so. B) I don’t agree.C) No problem. D) Good idea.III. Complete the following passage with the words or phrases in the box. Each can be used only once (将下列单词或词组填⼊空格。
2018年长宁区中考数学二模试卷及答案
长宁区2017学年第二学期初三数学教学质量检测试卷（考试时间：100分钟 满分：150分）考生注意:1.本试卷含三个大题,共25题.答题时,考生务必按答题要求在答题纸规定的位置上作答,在草稿纸、本试卷上答题一律无效.2.除第一、二大题外,其余各题如无特别说明,都必须在答题纸相应位置上写出证明或计算的主要步骤. 一、选择题（本大题共6题, 每题4分, 满分24分）【每题只有一个正确选项, 在答题纸相应题号的选项上用2B 铅笔正确填涂】 1．函数12-=x y 的图像不经过（ ▲ ）（A ） 第一象限； （B ） 第二象限； （C ） 第三象限； （D ） 第四象限． 2．下列式子一定成立的是（ ▲ ）（A ） a a a 632=+； （B ）428x x x =÷；（C ） aa 121=； （D ）6321)(aa-=--． 3．下列二次根式中，2的同类二次根式是（ ▲ ） （A ）4； （B ）x 2； （C ）92； （D ）12． 4．已知一组数据2、x 、8、5、5、2的众数是2，那么这组数据的中位数是（ ▲ ） （A ） 3.5； （B ） 4； （C ） 2； （D ）6.5．5．已知圆A 的半径长为4，圆B 的半径长为7，它们的圆心距为d ，要使这两圆没有公共点， 那么d 的值可以取（ ▲ ）（A ） 11； （B ） 6； （C ） 3； （D ）2．6．已知在四边形ABCD 中，AD //BC ，对角线AC 、BD 交于点O ，且AC =BD ， 下列四个命题中真命题是（ ▲ ）（A ） 若AB =CD ，则四边形ABCD 一定是等腰梯形； （B ） 若∠DBC =∠ACB ，则四边形ABCD 一定是等腰梯形； （C ） 若ODCOOB AO =，则四边形ABCD 一定是矩形； （D ） 若AC ⊥BD 且AO =OD ，则四边形ABCD 一定是正方形．学校 班级 准考证号 姓名…………………密○……………………………………封○……………………………………○线……………………………二、填空题（本大题共12题, 每题4分, 满分48分） 【在答题纸相应题号后的空格内直接填写答案】 7． 计算：=--︒0)3(30sin ▲ ． 8． 方程6+=-x x 的解是 ▲ ．9． 不等式组⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧≥-<+-1)12(303x x 的解集是 ▲ ．10．已知反比例函数xky =的图像经过点（-2017，2018），当0>x 时，函数值y 随 自变量x 的值增大而 ▲ ．（填“增大”或“减小”）11．若关于x 的方程032=--m x x 有两个相等的实数根，则m 的值是 ▲ ． 12．在形状为等腰三角形、圆、矩形、菱形、直角梯形的5张纸片中随机抽取一张，抽到中心对称图形的概率是 ▲ ．13．抛物线522++=mx mx y 的对称轴是直线 ▲ ． 14．小明统计了家里3月份的电话通话清单，按通话时间画出频数分布直方图（如图所示），则通话时间不足10分钟的 通话次数的频率是 ▲ ．15．如图，在四边形ABCD 中，点E 、F 分别是边AB 、AD 的中点，BC =15，CD =9，EF =6，∠AFE =50°，则∠ADC 的度数为 ▲ ． 16．如图，在梯形ABCD 中，AB //CD ，∠C=90°，BC =CD =4，52=AD ，若a AD =，b DC =，用、表示= ▲ ． 17．如果一个三角形有一条边上的高等于这条边的一半，那么我们把这个三角形叫做半高三角形．已知直角三角形ABC是半高三角形，且斜边5=AB ，则它的周长等于 ▲ ． 18．如图，在矩形ABCD 中，对角线BD 的长为1，点P 是线段BD上的一点，联结CP ，将△BCP 沿着直线CP 翻折，若点B 落在 边AD 上的点E 处，且EP //AB ，则AB 的长等于 ▲ ．第14题图AB CDE F第15题图第16题图DCBA第18题图AB CD三、解答题（本大题共7题, 满分78分）【将下列各题的解答过程, 做在答题纸的相应位置上】 19．（本题满分10分）先化简，再求值：12341311222+-++÷-+-+x x x x x x x ，其中121+=x ．20．（本题满分10分）解方程组：⎩⎨⎧=-=-+②12①06522 ． ，y x y xy x21．（本题满分10分，第（1）小题4分，第（2）小题6分）如图，在等腰三角形ABC 中，AB =AC ，点D 在BA 的延长线上，BC =24，135sin =∠ABC ．（1）求AB 的长；（2）若AD =6.5，求DCB ∠的余切值．22．（本题满分10分，第（1）小题5分，第（2）小题5分）某旅游景点的年游客量y （万人）是门票价格x （元）的一次函数，其函数图像如下图． （1）求y 关于x 的函数解析式；（2）经过景点工作人员统计发现：每卖出一张门票所需成本为20元．那么要想获得年利润11500万元，且门票价格不得高于230元，该年的门票价格应该定为多少元？23．（本题满分12分，第（1）小题5分，第（2）小题7分）如图，在四边形ABCD 中，AD //BC ，E 在BC 的延长线，联结AE 分别交BD 、CD 于点 G 、F ，且AG GF BE AD =．（1）求证：AB //CD ；（2）若BD GD BC ⋅=2，BG =GE ，求证：四边形ABCD 是菱形．ACDB第21题图第22题图ACDEF GB第23题图24．（本题满分12分，第（1）小题4分，第（2）小题3分，第（3）小题5分）如图在直角坐标平面内，抛物线32-+=bx ax y 与y 轴交于点A ，与x 轴分别交于点B （-1，0）、点C （3，0），点D 是抛物线的顶点. （1）求抛物线的表达式及顶点D 的坐标； （2）联结AD 、DC ，求ACD ∆的面积；（3）点P 在直线DC 上，联结OP ，若以O 、P 、C 为顶点的三角形与△ABC 相似，求点P 的坐标．25．（本题满分14分，第（1）小题4分，第（2）小题4分，第（3）小题6分）在圆O 中，C 是弦AB 上的一点，联结OC 并延长，交劣弧AB 于点D ，联结AO 、BO 、AD 、BD . 已知圆O 的半径长为5 ，弦AB 的长为8．（1）如图1，当点D 是弧AB 的中点时，求CD 的长； （2）如图2，设AC =x ，y S S OBDACO=∆∆，求y 关于x 的函数解析式并写出定义域； （3）若四边形AOBD 是梯形，求AD 的长．备用图第24题图OAC BO BA C DBAO长宁区2017学年第二学期初三数学参考答案和评分建议2018.3一、选择题：（本大题共6题，每题4分，满分24分） 1．B ； 2．D ； 3．C ； 4．A ； 5．D ； 6．C ． 二．填空题：（本大题共12题，满分48分） 7．21-； 8．2-=x ； 9．3>x ； 10．增大； 11．43-=m ； 12．53； 13．1-=x ；14．7.0；15．︒140； 16．→→-a b 21； 17．255或535++； 18．215-．三、（本大题共7题，第19、20、21、22每题10分，第23、24每题12分，第25题14分，满分78分）19. （本题满分10分）解：原式= )1)(3()1()1)(1(3112++-⨯-++-+x x x x x x x (3分) =2)1(111+--+x x x (2分) =2)1(11++-+x x x (1分) =2)1(2+x (1分)当12121-=+=x 时，原式=2)1(2+x =2)112(2+- =2)2(2=1 (3分) 20．（本题满分10分）解：方程①可变形为0))(6(=-+y x y x得06=+y x 或0=-y x （2分）将它们与方程②分别组成方程组，得（Ⅰ）⎩⎨⎧=-=+1206y x y x 或（Ⅱ）⎩⎨⎧=-=-120y x y x （2分）解方程组（Ⅰ）⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧-==131136y x ， 解方程组（Ⅱ）⎩⎨⎧==11y x （4分） 所以原方程组的解是⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧-==13113611y x ， ⎩⎨⎧==1122y x . （2分）另解：由②得12-=x y ③ （1分） 把③代入①，得0)12(6)12(522=---+x x x x （1分）整理得：0619132=+-x x （2分）解得：1,13621==x x （2分）分别代入③，得1,13121=-=y y （2分）所以原方程组的解是⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧-==13113611y x ，⎩⎨⎧==1122y x . （2分）21．（本题满分10分，第（1）小题4分，第（2）小题6分） 解：（1）过点A 作AE ⊥BC ，垂足为点E又∵AB =AC ∴BC BE 21= ∵BC =24 ∴ BE =12 （1分）在ABE Rt ∆中，︒=∠90AEB ，135sin ==∠AB AE ABC （1分）设AE=5k,AB=13k ∵222BE AE AB += ∴1212==k BE∴1=k ， ∴55==k AE ， 1313==k AB （2分） （2）过点D 作DF ⊥BC ，垂足为点F∵AD=6.5,AB=13 ∴BD=AB+AD=19.5∵AE ⊥BC ，DF ⊥BC ∴ ︒=∠=∠90DFB AEB ∴ DF AE //∴BDABBF BE DF AE == 又 ∵ AE =5，BE =12，AB =13， ∴18,215==BF DF （4分） ∴BF BC CF -= 即61824=-=CF （1分）在DCF Rt ∆中，︒=∠90DFC ，5426cot ===∠DF CF DCB （1分）22．（本题满分10分，第（1）小题5分，第（2）小题5分）解：（1）设)0(≠+=k b kx y ，函数图像过点（200,100）， （50,250） （1分）代入解析式得：⎩⎨⎧=+=+25050100200b k b k （2分）解之得：⎩⎨⎧=-=3001b k （1分）所以y 关于x 的解析式为：300+-=x y （1分） （2）设门票价格定为x 元，依题意可得：11500)300)(20(=+--x x （2分） 整理得： 0175003202=+-x x 解之得：x =70或者x =250（舍去） （2分）答：门票价格应该定为70元. （1分） 23．（本题满分12分，第（1）小题5分，第（2）小题7分） 证明：（1）∵BC AD // ∴BG DG BE AD = （2分）∵AG GFBE AD =∴AGGF BG DG = （1分） ∴ CD AB // （2分） （2）∵BC AD //，CD AB //∴四边形ABCD 是平行四边形 ∴BC=AD （1分） ∵ BD GD BC ⋅=2∴ BD GD AD ⋅=2即ADGDBD AD =又 ∵BDA ADG ∠=∠ ∴ADG ∆∽BDA ∆ （1分） ∴ABD DAG ∠=∠∵CD AB // ∴BDC ABD ∠=∠ ∵BC AD // ∴E DAG ∠=∠∵BG =GE ∴E DBC ∠=∠ ∴DBC BDC ∠=∠ （3分） ∴BC=CD （1分） ∵四边形ABCD 是平行四边形 ∴平行四边形ABCD 是菱形. （1分） 24.（本题满分12分，第（1）小题4分，第（2）小题3分，第（3）小题5分） 解：（1） 点B （-1，0）、C （3，0）在抛物线32-+=bx ax y 上∴⎩⎨⎧=-+=--033903b a b a ，解得⎩⎨⎧-==21b a （ 2分）∴抛物线的表达式为322--=x x y ，顶点D 的坐标是（1，-4） （ 2分） （2）∵A （0，-3），C （3，0），D （1，-4） ∴23=AC ，52=CD ，2=AD∴222AD AC CD += ∴︒=∠90CAD （ 2分）∴.32232121=⨯⨯=⋅⋅=∆AD AC S ACD （1分） （3）∵︒=∠=∠90AOB CAD ，2==AOACBO AD ， ∴△CAD ∽△AOB ，∴OAB ACD ∠=∠∵OA =OC ，︒=∠90AOC ∴︒=∠=∠45OCA OAC∴ACD OCA OAB OAC ∠+∠=∠+∠，即BCD BAC ∠=∠ （ 1分）若以O 、P 、C 为顶点的三角形与△ABC 相似 ，且△ABC 为锐角三角形 则POC ∆也为锐角三角形，点P 在第四象限由点C （3，0），D （1，-4）得直线CD 的表达式是62-=x y ，设)62,(-t t P （30<<t ） 过P 作PH ⊥OC ，垂足为点H ，则t OH =，t PH 26-=①当ABC POC ∠=∠时,由ABC POC ∠=∠tan tan 得BO AO OH PH =，∴326=-t t ，解得56=t ， ∴)518,56(1-P （2分） ②当ACB POC ∠=∠时,由145tan tan tan =︒=∠=∠ACB POC 得1=OHPH ，∴126=-tt，解得2=t ，∴)2,2(2-P （ 2分） 综上得)518,56(1-P 或)2,2(2-P 25.（本题满分14分，第（1）小题4分，第（2）小题4分，第（3）小题6分） 解：（1）∵OD 过圆心，点D 是弧AB 的中点，AB =8，∴OD ⊥AB ，421==AB AC （2分） 在Rt △AOC 中，︒=∠90ACO ，AO =5，∴322=-=AC AO CO （1分）5=OD ，2=-=∴OC OD CD （1分） （2）过点O 作OH ⊥AB ，垂足为点H ，则由（1）可得AH =4，OH =3∵AC =x ，∴|4|-=x CH在Rt △HOC 中，︒=∠90CHO ，AO =5， ∴258|4|322222+-=-+=+=x x x HC HO CO ， （1分）∴525882+-⋅-=⋅=⋅==∆∆∆∆∆∆x x x x OD OC BC AC S S S S S S y OBD OBC OBC ACO OBD ACO xx x x 5402582-+-= （80<<x ） （3分）（3）①当OB //AD 时， 过点A 作AE ⊥OB 交BO 延长线于点E ，过点O 作OF ⊥AD ,垂足为点F ，则OF =AE ， AE OB OH AB S ABO ⋅=⋅=∆2121 ∴OF OB OH AB AE ==⋅=524 在Rt △AOF 中，︒=∠90AFO ，AO =5，∴5722=-=OF AO AF ∵OF 过圆心，OF ⊥AD ，∴5142==AF AD . （3分）②当OA //BD 时， 过点B 作BM ⊥OA 交AO 延长线于点M ，过点D 作DG ⊥AO ，垂足为点G ，则由①的方法可得524==BM DG ， 在Rt △GOD 中，︒=∠90DGO ，DO =5， ∴5722=-=DG DO GO ，518575=-=-=GO AO AG ，在Rt △GAD 中，︒=∠90DGA ，∴622=+=DG AG AD （ 3分）综上得6514或=AD。
2018上海市长宁区初三二模数学试卷
2018上海市长宁区初三二模数学试卷一、选择题1. 函数12-=x y 的图像不经过〔 〕A. 第一象限B. 第二象限C. 第三象限D. 第四象限 2. 以下式子一定成立的是〔 〕A. a a a 632=+B. 428x x x =÷ C.aa 121=D. 6321)(aa -=-- 3. 以下二次根式中，2的同类二次根式的是〔 〕A. 4B. x 2C.92D. 12 4. 已知一组数据2、x 、8、5、5、2的众数是2，那么这组数据的中位数是〔 〕 A. 3.5 B. 4 C. 2 D. 6.55. 已知圆A 的半径长为4，圆B 的半径长为7，它们的圆心距为d ，要使这两圆没有公共点，那么d 的值可以取〔 〕A. 11B. 6C. 3D. 26. 已知四边形ABCD 中，BC AD //，对角线AC 、BD 交于点O ，且BD AC =，以下四个命题中，真命题的是〔 〕A. 假设CD AB =，则四边形ABCD 一定是等腰梯形；B. 假设ACB DBC ∠=∠，则四边形ABCD 一点是等腰梯形；C. 假设ODCOOB AO =，则四边形ABCD 一定是矩形； D. 假设BD AC ⊥且OD AO =，则四边形ABCD 一定是正方形；二、填空题7. 计算：=--0)3(30sin ；8. 方程6+=-x x 的解是 ；9. 不等式组⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧≥-<+-1)12(303x x 的解集是 ；10. 已知反比例函数xky =的图像经过点)2018,2017(-，当0>x 时，函数值y 随自变量x 的值增大而 ；〔填“增大”或“减小”〕11. 假设关于x 的方程032=--m x x 有两个相等的实数根，则m 的值是 ； 12. 在形状为等腰三角形、圆、矩形、菱形、直角梯形的5张纸片中随机抽取一张，抽到中心对称图形的概率是 ；13. 抛物线522++=mx mx y 的对称轴是直线 ；14. 小明统计了家里3月份的 通话清单，按通话时间画出频数分布直方图〔如下图〕，则通话时间不足10分钟的通话次数的频率是 ；15. 如图，在四边形ABCD 中，点E 、F 分别是边AB 、AD 的中点，15=BC ，9=CD ，6=EF ， 50=∠AFE ，则ADC ∠的度数为 ；16. 如图，在梯形ABCD 中，CD AB //， 90=∠C ，4==CD BC ，52=AD ，假设a AD =，b DC =，用a 、b 表示=DB ；17. 如果一个三角形有一条边上的高等于这条边的一半，那么我们把这个三角形叫做半高三角形，已知直角三角形ABC 是半高三角形，且斜边5=AB ，则它的周长等于 ； 18. 如图，在矩形ABCD 中，对角线BD 的长为1，点P 是线段BD 上的一点，联结CP ，将BCP △沿着直线CP 翻折，假设点B 落在边AD 上的点E 处，且AB EP //，则=AB ；三、解答题19. 先化简，再求值：12341311222+-++÷-+-+x x x x x x x ，其中121+=x 。
2018年上海长宁区初三二模试卷(含答案)
2017学年第二学期初三语文质量检测试卷（考试时间100分钟，满分150分）考生注意：1．本试卷共27题。
2．请将所有答案做在答卷上，做在试卷上一律不计分。
一、文言文（39分）（一）默写（15分）1．挥手自兹去，。
（《送友人》）2．，小桥流水人家。
（《天净沙•秋思》）3．衣带渐宽终不悔，。
（《蝶恋花》）4．问今是何世，乃，。
（《桃花源记》）5．予独爱莲之，濯清涟而不妖。
（《爱莲说》）（二）阅读下面的词，完成第6—7题（4分）钱塘湖春行（白居易）孤山寺北贾亭西,水面初平云脚低。
几处早莺争暖树,谁家新燕啄春泥。
乱花渐欲迷人眼,浅草才能没马蹄。
最爱湖东行不足,绿杨阴里白沙堤。
山居秋暝（王维）空山新雨后，天气晚来秋。
明月松间照，清泉石上流。
竹喧归浣女，莲动下渔舟。
随意春芳歇，王孙自可留。
6．“初平”的意思是；“春芳歇”的意思是。
（2分）7．对两首诗的理解不恰当的一项是：（）（2分）A．都是唐代诗人创作的律诗。
B．都采用托物言志的表现手法。
C．颔联和颈联都是工整的对偶句。
D．都表达了对自然山水的喜爱之情。
（三）阅读下文，完成第8—10题（8分）曹刿论战十年春，齐师伐我，公将战。
曹刿请见。
其乡人曰：“肉食者谋之，又何间焉？”刿曰：“肉食者鄙，未能远谋。
”乃入见。
问：“何以战？”公曰：“衣食所安，弗敢专也，必以分人。
”对曰：“小惠未徧，民弗从也。
”公曰：“牺牲玉帛，弗敢加也，必以信。
”对曰：“小信未孚，神弗福也。
”公曰：“小大之狱，虽不能察，必以情。
”对曰：“忠之属也，可以一战。
战则请从。
”公与之乘。
战于长勺。
公将鼓之。
刿曰：“未可。
”齐人三鼓，刿曰：“可矣。
”齐师败绩，公将驰之。
刿曰：“未可。
”下视其辙，登轼而望之，曰：“可矣。
”遂逐齐师。
既克，公问其故。
对曰：“夫战，勇气也。
一鼓作气，再而衰，三而竭；彼竭我盈，故克之。
夫大国，难测也，惧有伏焉；吾视其辙乱，望其旗靡，故逐之。
”8．《曹刿论战》选自《》，相传此书的作者是鲁国史官。
2018届高三地理二轮复习试题：建模二植被要素建模含解析
建模二植被因素建模(时间:45分钟满分:100分)测控导航题号知识点易中难植被的形成与散布3、4、5、61、2、1011、13植被的影响9、127、8、1413一、选择题(每题4分,共44分,每题只有一个选项最切合题目要求)(2017·福建福州测试)某科研小组在浙江省海拔为100～250m的丘陵地区展开坡向(阳坡、阴坡)及坡位(按高程地点分为:上坡、下坡)对毛竹林生长影响的研究,分别计算出各观察点林分密度(单位面积上的林木株数,单位:百株/公顷)和林分生物量(单位面积上的林木质量,单位:吨/公顷)的数值。
以下图表示研究地区林分密度和林分生物量空间散布。
据此回答1～2题:1.该地区毛竹均匀单株质量最大的散布在()A.阳坡上坡B.阳坡下坡C.阴坡上坡D.阴坡下坡2.推测该地最有益于形成茂盛竹林的条件是()A.光照充分、土质松散B.光照充分、土质润湿C.热量充分、土质干燥D.热量充分、土质紧实分析第1题,联合资猜中林分密度和林分生物量的观点,能够判断单株质量=林分生物量÷林分密度 ,联合图示数据,计算可知阴坡下坡毛竹均匀单株质量最大。
第2题,林分密度表现的是单位面积上的林木株数,所以能够判断竹林的茂盛程度,图中显示阳坡林分密度大于阴坡,说明光热条件充分利于形成茂盛竹林;下坡的林分密度大于上坡。
与上坡对比,下坡土质更润湿,说明土质润湿利于形成茂密竹林。
(2017·浙江绍兴模拟)以下图是陆地自然植被种类散布与水热条3.件关系图。
读图,回答3～4题:对图示自然植被散布规律影响因素的表达,正确的选项是()A.沿X方向热量增添B.沿X方向降水增添C.沿Y方向热量增添D.沿Y方向降水增添4.甲、乙所表示的自然植被种类分别是 ()A.热带草原温带落叶林B.热带草原亚热带硬叶林C.热带雨林温带落叶林D.热带雨林亚热带硬叶林分析第3题,依照图示自然植被的分异状况能够判断:沿X方向热量减少,沿Y方向降水增添。
2018届长宁区中考物理二模
2017学年第二学期初三教学质量检测试卷初三理化试卷（满分150分，考试时间100分钟）物 理 部 分考生注意：1本试卷物理部分含五个大题2答题时，考生务必按答题要求在答题纸规定的位置上作答，在草稿纸、本试卷上答题一律无效 一、选择题（共16分）下列各题均只有一个正确选项，请将正确选项的代号用2B 铅笔填涂在答题纸的相应位置上，更改答案时，用橡皮擦去，重新填涂1下列粒子中不带电的是A 电子B 质子C 中子D 原子核2用大小不同的力拨动同一根琴弦，主要是改变声音的A 音调B 音色C 响度D 速度3光射到平面镜上，若入射角为30°，则反射角为A 30°B 40°C 50°D 60°4第一个用实验准确测定大气压强数值的科学家是A 瓦特B 奥斯特C 帕斯卡D 托里拆利5光的三原色指的是A 红、绿和蓝B 红、黄和蓝C 红、黄和绿D 黄、绿和蓝6如图1所示的杠杆，作用在杠杆上的力F 所对应的力臂最长的是ABCD7如图2所示，置于地面上的物体甲，沿水平地面做直线运动时，受到大小不变、水平向左的拉力F ，受到地面的滑动摩擦力f 若物体甲水平向右运动，它水平方向受到的合力大小为10牛，若物体甲45°FOFG OF GOF GOG水平向左运动，它水平方向受到的合力大小为4牛，则物体甲受到地面的滑动摩擦力f 的大小A 一定为3牛B 可能为7牛C 可能为6牛D 一定为14牛8甲、乙两辆小车分别从M 、N 两地同时出发，在水平地面上沿着同一直线同向运动，它们的s -t 图像分别如图3（a ）和（b ）所示若两车相遇时，乙车距M 点15米，则M 、N 两点间的距离为A 45米B 30米C 15米D 10米二、填空题（共23分）请将结果填入答题纸的相应位置9标有“220V 10W ”的节能灯，正常工作时的电压为________伏，连接电路时它应与其它家庭电器________联若该节能灯正常工作10小时，消耗的电能为________千瓦时 10如图4所示是“跳台滑雪”的示意图，运动员在滑行过程中，雪地上会留下凹痕，主要表明力可以使物体________；以雪地为参照物，运动员是________（选填“运动”或“静止”）的在下落过程中，运动员由于________在水平方向上继续向前运动11一标准大气压下，质量为1千克的冰，在阳光照射下，温度从－40℃ 升高到－10℃ ，冰吸收的热量为________焦[c 冰＝21×103焦/（千克·℃）]，这是通过________方式改变其内能的在太阳的持续照射下，形成了冰水混合物，其温度为_________℃12某导体两端的电压为6伏，10秒内通过该导体横截面积的电荷量为3库，通过该导体的电流为安，若将该导体两端的电压调整为12伏，则其电阻为 欧，10秒内电流做功为_______焦 13某凸透镜的焦距为10厘米，若将发光体放在离透镜25厘米的主光轴上，所成的像是倒立、_________的实像；若将发光体沿主光轴向凸透镜移动10厘米，则此时所成像的像距________20厘米（a ） 图3 （b ）5 4 1 2 36 甲车s /米2 4 6 8 t /秒 t /秒 乙车5 4 1 2 36 06 12 18 24 s /米图4（1）（2）（3） （4）（5）（6）（7） （8）（9） （10） （11）（12） （13） （14） （15）图2甲（选填“大于”、“等于”或“小于”），将发光体再沿主光轴向凸透镜移动一段距离，直到发光体无法通过凸透镜成实像，则发光体再移动的距离至少为_________厘米14如图5所示的电路中，电源电压保持不变，滑动变阻器R 2的最大阻值是定值电阻R 1的2倍闭合电键①若将滑片向右移动，则电流表示数的变化情况是_________ ②当滑片移到最右端时，电流表的示数为3I ，一段时间后，电流表的示数突然变为I 若只有R 1、R 2可能发生故障，则故障是_________15电能从生产到消费一般要经过发电、输电、配电和用电四个环节如图6所示，是上教版初中物理九年级第二学期课本第18页中关于输电网络的示意图，请根据图中的信息回答下列问题发电环节输电环节用电环节内燃机 发电机 图6 配电环节①在输电环节，我们采用________输电，而在配电环节中采用_________的方式 ②请根据图6所示信息分析发电环节中能量转化的情况__________ 三、作图题（共7分）请将图直接画在答题纸的相应位置，作图题必须使用2B 铅笔16如图7所示，重为15牛的小球处于静止状态，请用力的图示法画出小球所受的重力G17请根据平面镜成像的特点，在图8中画出物体AB 在平面镜MN 中所成的像A 'B '18请根据图9中通电螺线管的N 极，标出小磁针的N 极、磁感线的方向，并在括号内标出电源的正、负极燃料 空气燃料废气锅炉蒸汽蒸汽涡轮机 水用冷水凝结蒸汽发电机25千伏升压器降压器 降压器 降压器 降压器重工业轻工业 办公楼 家居 500千伏132千伏33千伏11千伏220伏 220伏PR 2R 1 SA图5（16）（17） （20） 图7 图8 图9MNAB电源（ ） （ ）N5牛（18） （19）图10FG四、计算题（共26分）请将计算过程和答案写入答题纸的相应位置19金属块排开水的体积为2×10-3米3，求金属块所受的浮力F 浮20如图10所示，重为10牛的物体，在拉力F 的作用下2秒内沿竖直方向匀速上升5米，不计摩擦和滑轮重力，求：①拉力F 的大小；②拉力F 所做的功及功率21如图11所示，轻质薄壁柱形溢水杯甲和柱形容器乙放在水平桌面上，溢水杯甲和容器乙的底面积分别为2×10-2米2和1×10-2米2在溢水杯甲中注入水直到溢水口，此时水的深度为02米求：①溢水杯甲底部受到水的压强p 水 ②溢水杯甲对水平地面的压力F 甲③若将一个金属球浸没在溢水杯甲中，水通过溢水口流入柱形容器乙中，发现此时溢水杯甲对水平地面的压强增加量等于容器乙对水平地面的压强（乙容器中水未溢出），求放入金属球的密度ρ22在图12所示的电路中，电源电压保持不变①若电源电压为18伏，将标有“50Ω 2A ”字样的滑动变阻器R 0接入M 、N 接线柱，闭合电键S ，电流表的示数为09安a 求此时滑动变阻器的阻值R 0b 求滑动变阻器的最大功率P 0max②将另一滑动变阻器R 1分别与阻值为10欧的R 2、阻值为20欧的电阻R 3以串联（或并联）的方式接入M 、N 接线柱闭合电键S 移动滑片，观察到电流表的最大、最小示数如下表所示请你对电路的连图11（a）图14 （b）图13接方式提出假设，并根据假设求出电源电压U、滑动变阻器的最大阻值R1max以及允许通过滑动变阻器的最大电流I1max（只需提出一种情况的假设）五、实验题（共18分）请根据要求在答题纸的相应位置作答23使用电流表时，电流必须从________接线柱流入，如图13所示电流表的示数为________安在“探究二力平衡的条件”实验中，物体应分别处于匀速直线运动状态或________状态，并按照图14中_________所示进行操作（选填“a”或“b”）24在“探究平面镜成像的特点”实验中，用________替代平面镜，其目的是为了便于_________在“探究杠杆平衡的条件”实验中，开始时需要调节杠杆两端的螺母，使杠杆在________位置平衡，其目的是为了可以在杠杆上__________25小华做“测定小灯泡的电功率”实验，实验器材有若干节新干电池、待测小灯（标有“45V”字样）、电流表、电压表、滑动变阻器、导线若干和电键他正确连接电路，并将滑片置于一端闭合电键后，将电压表和电流表示数记录在了右表的序号1中然后他将滑片分别移到变阻器中间某处和另一端，并将电压表和电流表示数记录在右表中①小华在实验中存在的可能问题是：_________（写出一种可能情况即可）；②小华实验中所用滑动变阻器的最大阻值为__________欧③经过思考，小华只在原先电路中增加两节干电池，就完成了实验他实验步骤正确，闭合电键时发现：电压表的示数恰好为45伏请根据相关信息，求小灯泡的额定功率___________（本小题需写出计算过程）SM NA定值电阻电流表A的最大示数电流表A的最小示数10欧2安15安20欧15安1安（1）（2）（3）（4）（5）（6）（7）（8）（9）（10）（11）电压电流电功率（伏）（安）（瓦）1 3.00.222 2.60.203 2.10.18序号26 某小组同学在学习了改变压强方法的知识后，知道了可以通过在物体下面垫上一张底面积较大的方板来减小压强于是他们研究了物体垫上方板后，方板对地面压强与所选方板的密度、厚度以及底面积的关系实验中，他们使用一个重10牛的正方体，测得其直接放在水平地面上对水平地面的压强为1000帕然后他们在该正方体下面垫上不同的方板，分别测量了方板对水平地面的压强p ，并将方板的密度ρ、厚度d 以及底面积S 一同记录在了下表中①分析比较实验序号1与2或3与4或5与6（或7与8或9与10或11与12）的实验数据及相关条件，得出结论：在物块下垫上底面积和密度相同的方板，___________②分析比较实验序号1与3与5或2与4与6（或7与9与11或8与10与12）的实验数据及相关条件，得出结论：___________③通过表格中的数据我们可以得出：在物体下面垫上方板_________能减小对地面的压强（选填“一定”或“不一定”）④进一步综合分析表一与表二中的数据及相关条件可得：a 分析比较实验数据2与3或4与5（或8与9或10与11）得出结论：在物块下面垫上底面积相同的方板，__________，对地面的压强相等 b 分析比较实验数据2与3和4与5（或8与9和10与11）得出结论：在物块下面垫上底面积相同的方板，__________22（14） （13） （15） （16）2017学年第二学期初三物理教学质量检测试卷答案及评分标准1C2C3A4D5A6C7B8B9220；并；0110发生形变；运动；惯性1163×104；热传递；01203；20；7213缩小；大于；514变小；R1断路15①高压；降压；②化学能转化为内能，内能转化为机械能，机械能转化为电能说明：14题每格2分，15题第②小题2分，其余每格1分16力的大小、方向各1分17对称、虚像用虚线各1分18小磁针的N极、磁感线方向，电源的正、负极各1分F浮＝ρ水gV排2分＝10×103千克/米3×98牛/千克×2×10-3米31分＝196牛1分说明：在计算中，有关单位错写、漏写，总扣1分①p水＝ρgh＝1000千克/米3×98牛/千克×02米＝1960帕2分②F甲＝G甲＝m甲g＝ρVg 2分＝1000千克/米3×2×10-2米2×02米×98牛/千克＝392牛1分③Δp甲＝p乙G 物−G溢S 甲=G溢S乙（ρ−ρ水）VgS甲=ρ水VgS乙1分ρ−1000千克/米3 2×10−2米2=1000千克/米31×10−2米21分ρ＝3000千克/米3 1分①a2分b P0max=UI max=18伏×2安=36瓦3分②解法一，假设：它们的连接方式为串联 U ＝I 串min R 1max +I 串min R 2 U ＝I串min＇R 1max +I串min ＇R 3U ＝15安×R 1max +15安×10欧U ＝1安×R 1max +1安×20欧 1分 R 1max ＝10 U ＝30伏 2分I 1max ＝2安 1分解法二，假设：它们的连接方式为并联 U R 2+U R 1max =I 并minU R 3+U R 1max=I ＇并minU 20欧+U R 1max=1安 1分U ＝10伏 R 1max =20欧 2分 I 1max ＝I 并max －I 2=2安－1安=1安 1分 （或者I 1max ＝I ＇并max －I 3=15安－05安=1安） （只要做出其中的一种假设并计算相应参数即可得满分）分） 23 ＋； 016； 静止； a24 玻璃板；确定像的位置；水平；在杠杆上直接读出力臂①闭合电键前，滑片处于阻值最小处（电源电压太小，无法使小灯两端的电压大于、等于额定电压）；②5；③ U p ＝U －U L 额＝6伏－45伏＝15伏 1分 I L ＝I P ＝ 1分P L 额＝U L 额×I L ＝45伏×03安＝135瓦 1分 ①厚度越大，对水平地面的压强越大②在物块下垫上底面积和厚度相同的方板，密度越大，对水平地面的压强越大③不一定④a ：密度与厚度的乘积相同；b:密度与厚度的乘积越大，对水平地面的压强越大。
上海市长宁区2018-2019学年第二学期质量调研考试初三二模英语试卷（含答案）
长宁区2019届中考二模英语试卷Part 2 Phonetics, Grammar and Vocabulary（第二部分语音、语法和词汇）Ⅱ.Choosethebestanswer（选择最恰当的答案）（共20分）26.Which of the following words is pronounced as /hʌg/?A. hangB. hugeC.hugD. hungry27.Which of the following underlined parts is different inpronunciation?A.chemistryB.channelC. beachD. church28.800-word paper on the desk doesn‟t belong to me. It is my friendAmy‟sA.AB.AnC.TheD. /29.We all know that we are going to have a veryimportanttest June this year.A. inB.onC.atD. of30.At the beginning of the job interview, Peter was askedtointroduce inbrief.A. heB.himC.hisD. himself31.The hit TV serieswere based a true story during the World WarI.A.onB. toC.ofD. with32.I went to the supermarket andboughttwo of milk the day beforeyesterday.A.loavesB.pairsC.bottlesD.pieces33.Yesterday Tim‟s mother gave him two toycars,but can pleasehim.A. noneB. neitherC.eitherD. both34.Tim rushed into his room, with a cup in one hand and some booksinhis hand.A.anotherB.theotherC.othersD. other35.We had towaitoutside,all the seats in the shop were takenalready.A. forB.orC. butD. so36.Mumlooked at Mary‟s school report because she made great progress thisterm.A. happyB.happilyC.sadD. sadly37.Students know clearly what they really want to learn before they choose acourse.A.canB. mayC. mightD.must38.If there is any problem withtheair-conditioner, the technician directlyplease.A.contactingB.contactC. tocontactD.contacted39.pity it is that we missed the speech given by the famousprofessor!A.HowB.WhatC.WhataD. Whatan40.Please tell Daisy to call mewhenshe back to Shanghai tomorrowafternoon.A. comesB.cameC.willcomeD. havecome41.Julia how to swim well by the time she was eight yearold.A.learnsB.willlearnC.haslearntD. had learnt42.The good news our basketball team has won a game spread fast inourschool, it?A.don‟tB.didn‟tC.won‟tD.hasn‟t43.The old man still coughsa lot he has taken some medicine for a couple ofdays.A. becauseB. thoughC. ifD. since44.– My son James has just won the first prize in the 1000-meterrunning race. --A. Youare welcome.B.Good idea.C. Yes,Iagree.D.Great!45.-- . –I‟m afraid I have notime.A.I‟ve got terrible headache today.B.Would you please lend me yournotes?C.Please buy me an Englishdictionary.D.I‟m afraid today‟s homework is toodifficult.Ⅲ. complete the following passage with the words in the box. Each can only be used once（将下列单词填入空格。
上海市长宁区2018届高三下学期教学质量检测(二模)英语试卷 Word版含答案
2018届长宁区第二学期教学质量检测（二模）高三英语试题A Great FriendshipThomas Jefferson and James Madison met in 1776. Could it have been any other year? They worked together and started to further American Revolution and later to shape the official new plan of government, ____21____ (develop) a close friendship, which lasted for 50 years. There were ____22_____(share) purposes and a common end on both sides. Four and a half months ____23___ he died, when he was ill and worried about his family, Jefferson wrote to his longtime friend. His words and Madison’s reply remind us that friends are friends till death.“The friendship which _____24_____ ( exist) between us for half a century, the harmony of our political principles and pursuits have been sources of constant happiness to me through that long period. It's also been a great comfort to me ____25____ (believe) that you are engaged in vindicating(证实) to the younger generation the course that we’ve pursued for preserving to them. If ever the earth has noticed a system of administration conducted with ____26____single and keen eye to the general interest and happiness of those committed to, it must be the system protected by truth, to ___27____ our lives have been devoted. To myself, you have been a great supporter throughout life. Take care of me when dead and be assured that I should leave with you my lastAffections.”A week later, Madison replied.“You cannot look back ____28____ the long period of our private friendship and political harmony with more affecting recollections than I do. ____29____ they are a source of pleasure to you, it is the same to me. We cannot be deprived(失去) of the happy consciousness of the pure devotion to the public good and I have confidence ____30____ sufficient evidence will find its way to another generation to ensure, after we are gone, whatever of justice may be withheld while we are here.”Section B.He is kindlyThe other evening at a dancing club a young man introduced me to Mr. and Mrs.F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Scott seemed to have changed a lot from the first time I met him at Princeton, when he was an eager undergraduate trying his best to __31__ himself into a great author. He is still trying hard to be a great author. He is at work now on a novel which his wife __32__ me is far better than This Side of Paradise, but like most of our younger novelists he finds it __33__ to produce a certain number of short stories to make the wheels go around. That The Vegetable, his play, did not receive a Manhattan presentation seems to have disappointed rather than discouraged him. He is still __34__ light-hearted.I have always considered him the most brilliant of our younger novelists. Not one of them can tough his style, nor the superb quality of his satire(讽刺). He has yet to put them in a novel with carefulness of conception and __35__ of character. He can become almost any kind of writer that his peculiarly restless character will __36__.Born in St. Paul, he attended Princeton, served in the Army, wrote his first novel in a training camp, achieved fame and fortune, married a Southern girl, has a child and lives in New York. At heart, he is one of the kindliest of the younger writers. Artistry means a great deal to F. Scott Fizgerald, and into his own best work he __37__ great efforts. He demands this in the work of others, and when he does not find it he criticizes with passionate earnestness. I have known him, after reading a young fellow-novelist’s book, to take what must have been hours of time to write him a lengthy, careful __38__.Just what he will write in the future remains __39__. With a firmer reputation than that of the other young people, he yet seems to me to have achieved rather less than Robert Nathan and rather more than Stephen Vincent Benet, Cyril Hume. His comingnovel should mean a definite prediction for future work. It is to be hoped that from it will be __40__ the seemingly unavoidable modern girls.III. Reading ComprehensionSection AStandards for Schools: Developing Organizational Accountability(绩效)Quality teaching depends on not just teacher’s knowledge and skills but on the environment in which they work. Schools need to offer a coherent curriculum focused on higher-order thinking and performance across subject areas and grades, time for teachers to work __41__ with students to accomplish challenging goals, opportunities for teachers to plan with and learn from one another, and regular occasions to evaluate the outcomes of their __42__.If schools are to become more responsible, they must, like other professional organizations, make evaluation and assessment part of their everyday lives. Just as hospitals have standing committees of staff that meet regularly to look at evaluation data and discuss the __43__ of each aspect of their work – a practice reinforced by their accreditation(评定) requirements, - schools must have regular occasions to examine their practice and effectiveness.As Richard Rothstein and colleagues describe in Grading Education: Getting Accountability Right, school-level accountability can be supported by school __44__, like those common in many other nations, in which trained experts evaluate schools by spending several days visiting classrooms, __45__ samples of student work, and interviewing students about their understanding and their experiences, __46__ looking at objective data such as test scores, graduation rates, and so on. In some cases, principals accompany the inspectors into classrooms and are asked for their own evaluations of the lessons. In this way, the inspectors are able to make __47__ about the instructional and supervisory competence(能力) for principals. As described earlier, inspectors may also play a role in ensuring the __48__ and comparability of school-based assessments (as in England and Australia), as well as school’s internal assessment and evaluation process (as in Hong Kong).In most countries’ inspection systems, schools are rated on the quality of instruction and other services and supports, as well as students’ __49__ and progress on a wide range of aspects, including and going beyond academic subject areas, such as extra-curricular, personal and social __50__, the acquisition of workplace skills and the __51__ to which students are encouraged to adopt safe practices and a __52__ lifestyle. Schools are rated as to whether they pass inspection, need modest improvements, or require serious intervention(介入), and they receive extensive feedback on what the inspectors both saw and __53__. Reports are publicly posted. Schools requiring intervention are then given more expert __54__ and support, and are placed on a more frequent schedule of visits. Those that persistently fail to pass may be placed under local government control and could be __55__ if they are not improved.41. A. occasionally B. closely C. strictly D. peacefully42. A. challenges B. competence C. curriculum D. practices43. A. effectiveness B. faults C. progress D. requirements44. A. instruction B. protection C. inspection D. consideration45. A. taking B. improving C. examining D. copying46. A. as far as B. rather than C. other than D. as well as47. A. judgments B. decisions C. inquiries D. suggestions48. A. quantity B. quality C. instruction D. support49. A. education B. performance C. attention D.interest50. A. responsibility B. structure C. resources D. benefits51. A. frequency B. consistence C. satisfaction D. extent52. A. comparable B. healthy C. different D. unique53. A. appreciated B. criticized C. recommended D. rewarded54. A. attention B. programs C. evaluation D. explanations55. A. set down B. put down C. closed down D. pulled downSection B 22%(A)NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC NEWSWarning from ExpertsA growing amount of human-made orbital debris(太空轨道残骸)一 from rocket stages and out-of-date satellite ---is circling the Earth. Scientists say the orbital debris, better known as space junk, poses an increasing threat to space activities. “ This is a growing environmental problem,” said Nicholas Jonson, the chief scientist and program manager for orbital debris at NASA(美国航空航天局) in Houston, Texas.Johnson and his team have developed a computer model capable of simulating past and future amounts of space junk. The model predicts that even without future rocket or satellite launches, the amount of debris in low orbit around Earth will remain steady through 2055, after which it will increase. While current efforts have focused o limiting future space junk, these scientists say removing large pieces of old spacejunk will soon be necessary.Since the first launch of satellite in 1957, humans have been generating space junk. The U.S. Space Surveillance Network is currently tracking over 13,000 human-made objects larger than ten centimeters in diameter or biting the Earth. “Of the 13 000 objects, over 40 percent came from breakups of both spacecraft and rocket bodies,” Johnson sand. In addition, there are hundreds of thousands of smaller objects in space. These include everything from pieces of plastic to bits of paint. Much of this smaller junk has come from exploding rocket stages. Stages are sections of a rocket that have their own fuel or engines.These objects travel at speeds over 35, 000 kilometers an hour. At such high speed, even small junk can tear holes in a spacecraft or disable a satellite by causing electrical shorts that result from clouds of superheated gas.Johnson believes it may be time to think about how to remove junk from space. Previous proposals range from sending up spacecrafts to grab junk and bring it down to using lasers to slow an object's orbit to cause it to fall back to Earth more quickly. Given current technology, those proposals appear neither technically nor economically practical, “Space junk is like any environmental problem. “Johnson admits. “It’s growing. If you don’t deal with it now, it will only become worse, and the solutions in the future are going to be even more costly.”56. What is this passage mainly talking about?A. Advanced technology is used to remove spaces junkB. NASA is responsible for the environmental problem.C. Cleaning up the space junk is greatly neededD. Human activities generate much orbital debris57. Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage?A. Rocket launches produce more debris than satellite launchesB. Space junk is endangering human beings' space activitiesC. It's necessary to clean up the large pieces of old space junkD. Even a tiny piece of space junk can destroy a spacecraft58. What does John think of the previous proposals to grab space junk and bring itdown to the earth?A. ReasonableB. UnbelievableC. ReliableD. Impractical(B)ABC News: Parents who want to pick up their kids at school in one New Jerseydistrict now can submit to iris(虹膜) scans, as the technology that helps keep ournation’s airports and hotels safe begins to make its way further into American lives.this high-tech security system on Monday with fundingfrom the Department of Justice as part of a study onthe system’s effectiveness.As many as four adults can be authorized topick up each child in the district, but in order to be authorized to come into school,they will be asked to register with the district’s i ris recognition security andvisitor management system. At this point, the New Jersey program is not a must.If someone tries to slip in behind an authorized person, the system causes analarm and red flashing lights in the front office. The entire process takes justseconds.This kind of technology is already at work in airports around the country likeOrlando International Airport, where the program has been in operation since July.It has 12,000 subscribers who pay $79.95 for the convenience of submitting to irisscans rather than going through lengthy security checks.An iris scan is said to be more accurate than a fingerprint because it records240 unique details—far more than the seven to twenty-four details that are analyzedin fingerprints. The chances of being misidentified by an iris scan are about onein 1.2 million and just one in 1.44 trillion if you scan both eyes.Phil Meara, the Freehold District official, said that although it was expensive,the program would help schools across the country move into a new frontier in childprotection. “This is all part of a larger emphasis, here in New Jersey, on schoolsafety,” he said. “We chose this school because we were looking for a typical slightly urban school to launch the system.”Meara applied for a $369,000 grant on behalf of the school district and had the eye scanners installed in two grammar schools and one middle school. So far, 300 of the nearly 1,500 individuals available to pick up a student from school have registered for the eye scan system.59. Why does the Freehold Borough School District adopt the eye scan security system?A. To ensure the school safety and efficiency of picking up children.B. To encourage more students to register in New Jersey urban schools.C. To test the effectiveness of school security and management system.D. To collect the information of the children and their beloved parents.60. What’s the advantage of the eye scan system over fingerprints?A. Having many more subscribers throughout the country.B. Authorizing the adults to pick up children more flexibly.C. Attracting parents in a larger proportion to register for it.D. Making almost no mistakes in identifying the authorized.61. How does Phil Meara help to protect the safety of children?A. By asking people to register with the security system.B. By applying for grant to install eye scanners in schools.C. By asking the department of justice to fund this program.D. By turning to Orlando International Airport for help.62. What is the best title of this passage?A. Parents Favor the Eye Scan SystemB. Security Management Needs Improving.C. High Technology Comes to SchoolD. Iris Scanners are Invented in the Country.(C)Dusty Nash, an angelic-looking blond child of seven, awoke at 5 one recent morning in his Chicago home and began to throw a fit. He cried and kicked. Every muscle in his 50-1b. body flew in violent motion. Finally, after about 30 minutes, Dusty Pulled himself together sufficiently to head downstairs for breakfast. While his mother was busy in the kitchen, the extremely excited child pulled a box of Kix cereal from the cupboard and sat on a chair.But sitting still was not easy this morning. After grabbing some cereal with his hands, he began kicking the box, scattering little round com puffs across the room Next he turned his attention to the TV set, or rather, the table supporting it. The table was covered with a check-board Con-Tact paper, and Dusty began peeling it off. Then he became interested in the spilled cereal and started smashing it into bits.It was only 7:30, and his mother Kyle Nash, who teaches a medical-school course on death and dying, was already feeling half dead from exhaustion. Dusty was to see his doctors that day at 4, and they had asked her not to give the boy the drug he usually takes to control his extreme excitement and attention problems, a condition known as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It was going to be a very long day without help from Ritain, a powerful drug which some people take for pleasure, but which they can become addicted to.Karenne Bloomgarden remembers such days all too well The spirited, 43-year-old boss and gym teacher was a disaster as a child growing up in New Jersey. I did very poorly in school "she recalls. Her teachers and parents were constantly on her case for tough behavior. " They just felt I was being bad---too loud, too physical, too everything "A naughty tomboy with few friends, she saw a psychologist at age 10. "but nobody came up with a diagnosis".As a teenager she began prescribing her own medication: marijuana, and later cocaine.The athletic Bloomgarden managed to get into college, but she admits that she cheated her way to a diploma "I would study and study, and I wouldn't remember a thing.I really felt it was my fault.” After graduating, she did fine in physically active jobs but was anxious about administrative work. Then, four yeas ago, a doctor put a label on her troubles: ADHD. “It's been such a weigh off my shoulders" s aysBloomgarden, who takes both stimulant Ritalin and the antidepressant Zoloft to improve her concentration. “I had 38 years of thinking I was a bad person. Now I'm rewriting the tapes of who I thought I was to who I really am.”63. What does the phras e “throw a fit" in the 1st paragraph probably mean?A. turn oneself around casuallyB. fall down to the ground carelesslyC. lose one's temper suddenlyD. shout and complain loudly64. Why did Dusty Nash mess the room?A. He was reluctant to listen to his motherB. He couldn’t focus on anything for a whileC. He forgot to take the medicine he usually tookD. He was afraid to see the doctor with his mother.65. The passage is chiefly concerned with _______________A. the visible symptoms of the disease ADHDB. the precise definition of the disease ADHDC. Dusty's experiences in his childhood and collegeD. Karenne's confessing of cheating to get a diploma66. What can be inferred from the passage?A. Dusty went to see his private doctor every week in the past years.B. Dusty's mother took care of him till he was admitted to a collegeC. A psychologist examined Karenne and cured her serious disease.D. Karenne didn't know herself well until she was diagnosed with ADHDSection CThe Minoans: A Forgotten PeopleThe first advanced culture in ancient Greece was the Minoan culture. For thousands of years, knowledge of these people survived only in Greek myths. In the late 19th century, archaeologists began to unearth ruins. This inspired Arthur Evans to begin digging on the island of Crete near mainland Greece. On a dig in Kbossos, Evans found an ancient palace. Experts think that it was the palace of King Minos, a central figure in many Greek myths.____67____ With his team, he uncovered a vast structure, varied works of art, and many hieroglyphic records, These finds, together with later finds, comprise all that experts know about Minoan culture.From the evidence experts gathered, it is clear that the Minoans were ahead of their time. The palace at Knossos was five floors high with hundreds of rooms. Buildings throughout the ancient city had plumbing and flush toilets. Stone pavement lined the surfaces of the roads. In addition, the Minoans possessed a highly developed naval fleet for long-distance trade. ____68_____ These records confirm the central role of commerce in culture.Expert analysis of the evidence also offers insight into some aspects of Minoan society. ____69____ Ruins and artwork suggest that people of all classes enjoyed a high degree of social and gender equality. Religious icons show that Minoans worshiped bulls, the natural world, and many female gods.An unusual feature of Minoans culture was the pursuit of leisure interests. Sport and visual arts were central to Minoan life. Boxing and bull jumping, a sport in which players jumped over live bulls, were popular. Although bull jumping may have servedsome ritual purpose, experts believe that it was done mostly for fun. Similarly, although some works of art showed political and religious themes, other works served only as pleasant décor(装饰品). ____70_____The Minoans met their demise after a series of natural disasters. Experts believe that group from the Greek mainland capitalized on these events and looked over the island.IV. Summary WritingThe Conflict of the OrdersThe types of people who served as officials in the Roman government changed over time. These changes stemmed from the attempts of common people to more rights. The struggles became known as the Conflict of the Orders.In the early republic, Romans were divided into two classes of people: patricians and plebeians. Patricians were powerful landowners who controlled the government. As nobles, they inherited their power. Plebeians, who made up most of the population, were mainly farmers and workers. For many years, plebeians had few rights. They could vote, but they were barred from holding most public offices. Plebeians could not even know Roman laws because laws were not written down. In court, a judge stated and applied the law, but only patricians served as judges.Over time, plebeians increased their power through demand and strikes. They gained the right to join the army, hold government office, form their own assembly, and elect leaders. In one of their greatest victories, they forced the government to write down the laws of the Roman Republic. In about 450, B.C. the Romans engraved their laws on tablets called the Twelve Tables. The laws were placed in the Forum, the chief public square, for all to view.The first plebeians were appointed to the government in the late 400s B.C. After 342 B.C., a plebeian always held one of the consul positions. By about 300 B.C. many plebeians had become so powerful and wealthy themselves that they joined with patricians to form the Roman nobility. From that time on, the distinction between patricians and plebeians was not a important. Membership in the nobility was stillvery important, however, since government officials were not paid a salary, only wealthy nobles could afford to hold office. Thus, the nobles still controlled the republic.V. Translation72. 我们必须尽快适应新环境。