语言学理论考博试题
2010年中国传媒大学考博语言学理论试题及答案
中国传媒大学2010年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试语言学理论试题一.论述题。
1.必答题(40分)就语言规划或语言规范化问题尽你所知进行论述。
2.选答题(30分,任选其一回答)A.就话语(也叫篇章、语篇)研究进行论述。
B.就形式主义语言学和功能主义语言学进行论述。
二.分析题(30分,每小题10分)1.指出下面三个四字格之间的联系,分析形成的原因,并说明各自的表达效果。
喜鹊登枝喜上眉梢喜上眉梢2.下面两组句子,一组可逆,一组不可逆,请从认知角度解释。
我后悔死这件事了——这件事后悔死我了我后悔这件事了——★这件事后悔我了3.运用预设理论解释下面句子。
北京又要打击非法一日游了中国传媒大学2010年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试语言学理论试题二.论述题。
1.必答题(40分)就语言规划或语言规范化问题尽你所知进行论述。
(1)语言文字的合理发展,对一个国家或民族的发展具有不可估量的作用。
国家或社会为了管理社会语言生活,对语言的现状及发展施加有计划有目的的影响以促进语言文字健康发展使其更好的尾社会服务而进行的各种工作就是语言规划。
(2)语言规划涉及的内容很多,主要包括民族共同语的确立和推广,民族共同语的规范和完善,语言选择,语言协调,语言调查,科技术语的统一和标准化,文字的创制和改革等。
(3)①语言文字立法是语言规划的一种体现。
《中华人民共和国国家通用语言文字法》是语言政策的法律体现,对于加强语言文字工作有重要意义。
②政府对语言的管理和影响表现在官方语言的选择上,外语教育也有语言选择问题,除了语言选择以外还有标准化问题,包括科技术语的标准化和语言规范化。
(4)语言规划的原则:语言规划必须尊重并且符合语言发展的客观规律,符合社会发展的需要,符合广大人民群众的意愿。
避免两种倾向:一种是人在语言文字面前无能为力,无所作为;一种是过于夸大人的作用。
(5)我国现阶段语言规划的目标是:①消除信息交流与人际人机沟通中的障碍,充分发挥语言的社会功能,提高交际效果,使语言更好的为社会发展服务;②促进语言自身的健康发展;③增强民族的团结,巩固国家的统一。
华师考博试题汇总
1999年的博士题目：一、理论语言学：（说明：在前两题中任选一题）1、关于儿童语言习得有那些重要的理论？简述儿童语言研究在语言教学和语言理论中的学术价值（20分）2、语义与语法是两个相关的语言学范畴。
试谈两者之间的关系，并举例说明如何结合语义进行语法研究。
（20分）3、在百年中国语法学史上，人们提出过不少有关“本位”的学说，例如黎锦熙先生的“句本位”，朱德熙先生的“词组本位”，徐通锵先生的“字本位”和邢福义先生的“小句中枢”等。
试就其中的一、两个学说谈谈你的意见。
（20分）4、近几十年，功能语法（包括认知语法）在西方异军突起，发展成为可以与乔姆斯基分庭抗礼的语言学流派，简述这一学说的学术要旨。
应用这一学说研究汉语，会发生什么样的作用？（20分）5、你对语言学哪个部门最感兴趣？请综述你感兴趣的那个语言学部门的研究历史、现状及其发展趋势。
（40分）二、现代汉语（邢老师命题）1、现代汉语词汇研究的现状与前景如何？试做简短评述。
（20分）2、现代汉语修辞研究的现状与前景如何？试做简短评述。
（20分）3、谈谈你对“两个三角”“三个平面”的看法。
（20分）4、写短文：说“生父生母”和“生儿生女”。
（40分）2001年的博士题目：一、现代汉语：1、说说你对“普—方—古”大三角的理解和想法。
（20分）2、说出下列著作的作者和主要特点：（20分）⑴《马氏文通》；⑵《新著国语文法》；⑶《中国文法要略》；⑷《现代汉语语法讲话》3、你对二十多年来词语的发展有什么想法？你认为，在词语的语法性质上，新词新语主要有那些类型？（20分）4、写短文：说“X上”。
（联想有关事实，造出若干用例，写出一篇千字短文。
这篇短文，要尽可能反映自己对语法事实认识的深度。
）（40分）二、理论语言学：1、为什么说语言是人类最重要的交际工具和思维工具？语言这两种职能之间具有什么样的关系？（25分）2、语言形式与语言意义之间的对应关系，是语法学研究的中心问题。
北外语言学考博试题四
北京外国语大学中国外语教育研究中心2008年博士生招生考试试卷（A卷）（刘润清）Directions: Answer any FOUR of the following questions, each bearing 25 points out of 100. Your answers will be evaluated in terms of both theircontent and Ian guage. Please write very clearly.I Define TEN of the followi ng terms and the n tran slate them into Chin ese.I.register 2. dialect 3. li nguistic pote ntial 4. critical period hypothesis5. displaceme nt6. duality of structure7. extrapositi on8. gradual adjective9. deducti on 10. idiolect 11. lateralizatio n 12. retrospect ion13. pho neme 14. right branching direct ion 15. rule-gover ned behavior16. speech syn thesis 17. behaviourism 18. null operator moveme nt19. story grammar 20. traditi onal grammarII.Read carefully the followi ng passage take n from Saussure ' Course in GeneralLinguistics and then discuss its importanee in exploring the nature of Ian guage.Lan guage is a system of sig ns that express ideas, and is therefore comparable to a system of writing, the alphabet of deaf-mutes, symbolic rites, polite formulas, military signals, etc. But it is the most importa nt of all these systems.A scie nce that studies the life of sig ns within society is con ceivable; it would be a part of social psychology and con seque ntly of gen eral psychology; I shall call it semiology. Semiologywould show what con stitutes sig ns, what laws gover n them. Since the scie nce does not yet exist, no one can say what it would be; but it has a right to existence, a place staked out in advance. Linguistics is only a part of the general science of semiology; the laws discovered by semiology will be applicable to linguistics, and the latter will circumscribe a well-defined area within the mass of an thropological facts.To determine the exact place of semiology is the task of the psychologist. The task of the lin guist is to find out what makes Ian guage a special system with in the mass of semiological data. This issue will be taken up again later; here I wish merely to call attention to one thing: if I have succeeded in assigning linguistics a place among the science, it is because I have related it to semiology.III.The following passage is taken from Halliday ' An Introduction to FunctionalGrammar. Read it carefully, expla in what every sentence mea ns and the n comme nt on his theory of Ian guage.The basic oppositi on, in grammars of the sec ond half of the twen tieth cen tury, is not that betwee n 'structuralist' and 'generative' as set out the public debates of the 1960s.There are manyvariables in the way grammars are written, and any clustering of these is bound to distort the picture; but the more fundamental opposition is between those that are primarily syntagmatic in orientation (by and large the formal grammars, with their roots in logic and philosophy) and those that are primarily paradigmatic (by and large the functional ones, with their roots in rhetoric and ethnography) The former interpret a language as a list of structures, among which, as a distinct second step, regular relationships may be established (hence the introduction of transformations); they tend to emphasize universal features of language, to take grammar (which they call syntax) as the foundation of language (hence the grammar is arbitrary), and so to be organized around the sentence. The later interpret a language as a network of relations, with structurescoming in as the realization of these relationships; they tend to emphasize variables among differentlanguages, to take semantics as the foundation (hence the grammar is natural) and so to be organized around the text, or discourse, There are many cross-currents, with insights borrowed from one to the other; but they are ideologically fairly different and it is often difficult to maintain a dialogue.IV.The following passage is take from Peter Barb's Word Play: What Happens When People Talk (1973). Read it carefully and then comment on linguistic relativity.Such a connection between language and thought is rooted in common-sense beliefs, but no one gave much attention to the matter before Wilhelm von Humboldt, the 19th century German philologist and diplomat. He statedthat the structure of a language expresses the inner life of its speakers: "Man lives with the world abut him, principally, indeed exclusively, as language presents it." In this century, the case for a close relationship between language and reality was stated by Edward Sapir: "Human beings d not live in the objective world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular Ianguage which has become the medium for their society. The fact of the matter is that the 'real world' is to a large extent built up on the language habits of the group. No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same world with different labels attached."About 1932 one of Sapir's students at Yale, Benjamin Lee Whorf, drew on Sapir's ideas and began an intensive study of the language of the Hopi Indians of Arizona. Whorf's brilliant analysis of Hopi places common-sense beliefs about language and thought on a scientific basis -- and it also seemed to support the view that man is a prisoner of his language. Whorf concluded that language "is not merely a reproducing instrument for voicing ideas but rather is itself the shaper of ideas. … we dissect nature along lines laid down by ourartive Ianguages."V.Please give the main content of Grice's Cooperative Principle with its four maxims explained and then discuss conversational implicatures of Group A (in which no maxim is violated), Group B (in which a maxim is violated), and Group C (in which a maxim is flouted by means ofa figure of speech).VI.The following is a passage by Chomsky. Read it carefully and then discuss th e difference between Chomsky's theory of linguistics and other approaches in linguistics.Generative grammar arose in the context of what is often called “the cognitive revolutionthe 1950s, and was an important factor in its development. Whether or not the term“ revol uappropriate, there was an important change of perspective: from the study of behavior and its products (such as texts), to the inner mechanisms that enter into thought and action. The cognitive perspective regards behavior and its products not as the object of inquiry, but as data that may provide evidence about the inner mechanisms of mind and the ways these mechanisms operate in executing actions and interpreting experience. The properties and patterns that were the focus of attention in structural linguistics find their place, but as phenomena to be explained along with innumerable others, in terms of the inner mechanisms that generate expressions. The approach is“ mentalistic, ” but in what should be an uncontroversial sense. It is concerned with “m of the world, ”which stand alongside its mechanical, chemical, optical, and other aspects. It undertakes to study a real object in the natural world —the brain, its states, and its functions —and thus to move the study of the mind toward eventual integration with the biological science.(Chomsky, N. 2000. New Horizons in the Study of Language and Mind)VII.The following is taken from Bloomfield's Language about the famous story of Jack and Jill which is often quoted to illustrate Bloomfield's behaviorism inlinguistics. Read it carefully and discuss how Bloomfield explains the process of stimulus and response and point out where he is wrong.Suppose that Jack and Jill are walking down a lane. Jill is hungry. She sees an apple in a tree. She makes a noise with her larynx, tongue and lips. Jack vaults the fence, climbs the tree, take the apple, brings it to Jill, and places it in her hand. Jill eats the apple.This succession of events could be studies in many ways, but we, who are studying language, will naturally distinguish between the act of speech and the other occurrences, which we shall call practical events . Viewed in this way, the incident consists of three parts in order of time:A.Practical events preceding the act of speech.B.Speech.C.Practical events following the act of speech.We shall examine first the practical events: A and C. The events in A concern mainly the speaker, Jill. She was hungry; that is, some of her muscles were contracting, and some fluids were being secreted, especially in her stomach. Perhaps she was also thirsty; her tongue and throat were dry. The light-waves reflected from the red apple struck her eyes. She saw Jack by her side. Her past dealings with Jack should now enter into the picture; ket us suppose that they consisted in some ordinary relation, like that of brother and sister or that of husband and wife. All these events, which precede Jill's speech and concern her, we call the speaker's stimulus.We now turn to C, the practical events which came after Jill's speech. These concern mainly the hearer, Jack, and consist of his fetching the apple and giving it to Jill. The practical events which follow the speech and concern the hearer, we call the hearer's response. The events which follow the speech concern also Jill, and this in very important way: she gets the apple into hergrasp and eats it.。
语言学考试题库及答案
语言学考试题库及答案一、选择题1. 语言学研究的核心对象是什么？A. 语言的起源B. 语言的结构C. 语言的演变D. 语言的使用答案：B2. 下列哪一项不是语言的组成部分？A. 语音B. 语法C. 语义D. 逻辑答案：D3. 索绪尔将语言符号分为哪两个部分？A. 符号和意义B. 能指和所指C. 语音和语义D. 形式和内容答案：B二、填空题1. 语言是______的，它由______和______构成。
答案：符号系统；形式；内容2. 语言的______功能是指人们通过语言进行交流的能力。
答案：交流3. 语言的______功能是指语言能够表达思想和情感的能力。
答案：表达三、简答题1. 简述语言和言语的区别。
答案：语言是指一种抽象的符号系统，它包括语音、语法、语义等规则和结构；言语则是指个人使用语言进行交流的具体行为。
2. 描述索绪尔的“能指”和“所指”概念。
答案：索绪尔认为语言符号由“能指”和“所指”两部分组成。
“能指”指的是语言符号的声音形式，而“所指”指的是符号所代表的概念或意义。
四、论述题1. 论述语言的任意性原则及其对语言学习和教学的影响。
答案：语言的任意性原则指的是语言符号的声音形式和它所代表的概念之间没有必然的联系。
这一原则对语言学习和教学有着深远的影响，因为它意味着学习者需要记忆每个符号的声音和意义之间的联系，而不能依赖于逻辑或直观的关联。
这对语言教学提出了挑战，要求教师设计有效的教学方法来帮助学生记忆和理解这些任意的联系。
2. 分析语言的交际功能及其在现代社会中的重要性。
答案：语言的交际功能是指语言作为交流工具，使人们能够传递信息、表达情感和进行社会互动。
在现代社会，随着全球化和信息技术的发展，语言的交际功能变得尤为重要。
有效的沟通能够促进国际合作、文化交流和商业交易，同时也有助于解决社会冲突和增进理解。
因此，掌握一门或多门语言对于个人和社会的发展至关重要。
各校语言学考博真题
2007年中国人民大学语言学及应用语言学考博试题语言学理论（100分）1.配价理论中的“配价”的性质，有人说其属于语法范畴，有人说其属于语义范畴，还有人说其属于句法——语义范畴，你的看法是什么？（30分）2.如何看待社会语言学所提出的“共时的变异反映历时的发展？”（30分）3.如何看待留学生的语言错误，对“有错必纠”和“有错不纠”有何看法？（40分）4.说说形式主义语言学、功能语言学、认知语言学的主张和特点（40分）汉语语法分析（100分）1.词语的再分类与句法分析的关系。
（30分）2.对“我偷了他一本书”这种句型如何看待，是双宾句还是单宾句，你的看法是什么？（30分）（打碎了他三个杯子）3.N1VN2（如“服装加工厂”和“汽车修理厂”）这种名词结构，有人说N1是V的前置宾语，有人说N1是受事成分，但是都有例外。
请你以此为研究对象，写一个论文提纲，包括研究的目的、方法和步骤等。
（40分）2008年人民大学语言学及应用语言学考博专业课试题语言学理论1.结合汉语实际论述语法形式和语法意义之间的关系（30分）2.结合汉语实际论述语言变异和语言变化的关系（30分）3.对外汉语教学方向选做第一题：（1）试论功能语言学对对外汉语教学的启发和影响（40分）（2）现代汉语中，934个汉字就能占到常用汉字的90%以上，那么如果掌握了这934个汉字，是不是就可以读懂书刊、报纸、网页等90%以上的内容呢？汉语语法分析：1．试论语法单位的同一性以及对词类划分的影响（30分）2．结合汉语实际，试论“语义指向”在现代汉语语法中的应用（30分）3．现代汉语中，常常说“时间还早着呢”，“她还小着呢”，却不能说“*时间还晚着呢”，“*她还大着呢”，为什么？人大2009现代汉语专业试题语言学理论1.探探你对“任意性”与“象似性”的认识（30分）2.为什么说变异理论是社会语言学最有价值的理论（30分）3.选做题（40）（1）谈谈结构主义、认知语言学、功能主义理论对对外汉语教学的启发。
新编川大语言学考博真题(供参考)
2009年语言学理论一名词解释。
1.配价：“配价”是当今语法理论体系中最重要的问题之一，所谓“价”（valency），是借用化学中的术语，主要考察某一成分有多少个同现成分，亦即某一成分必须有多少个强制性搭配成分。
最早把“价”理论引进语法研究领域的是法国语言学家Lucien Tesnuere，当初是为了研究一个动词能支配多少种不同性质的名词性词语，动词的“价”就就定于动词所支配的不同性质的名词性词语的数目。
配价理论思想认为，动词是一个句子的中心（支配词regissant），它支配着句子中别的成分，而动词本身不受其他任何成分的支配。
只接受动词支配的的有“名词词组”和“副词词组”，其中名词词组形成“行动元(actant)”，副词词组形成“状态元(circonstant)”。
从理论上说，句子中的状态元可以是无限多，但行动元不得超过三个，即主语、宾语1和宾语2。
由此可以将动词分为一价动词、二价动词和三价动词。
动词有配价的问题，后来经过研究，发现形容词和名词等也有配价问题。
我们可以说：利用动词与不同性质的名词之间、形容词与不同性质的名词之间、名词中隐含谓词与不同性质的名词之间的配价关系来研究、解释语法现象，这种研究和分析的手段就称之为“配价分析”。
根据配价分析理论，汉语中的动词可以分为零价动词，表自然现象的词；一价动词，即一般的不及物动词；二价动词，即一般的及物动词；三价动词，即双宾动词。
在中国最早利用配价理论与方法来研究汉语的是朱德熙先生关于“动词语+的”结构的分析。
利用配价理论及方法我们可以对汉语中的一些歧义现象进行分析，也可一解释一些用其他理论不好解释或不能完善解释的语法现象。
关于配价的性质长期以来有几种不同的观点：一是认为配价是建立在句法基础上的语法范畴。
以句法概念来说明“价”，该动词分布性质所要求的必要数量就是它的价数。
二是认为配价是语义平面的概念，提出的谓词的配价是以谓词的意义为基础的，谓词的意义决定了与之同现的必要成分。
语言学理论试题及答案
语言学理论试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的主要研究对象是什么？A. 语言的起源B. 语言的结构C. 语言的使用D. 语言的演变答案：B2. 下列哪项不是索绪尔提出的语言学基本概念？A. 语言符号B. 语言系统C. 语言功能D. 语言的任意性答案：C3. 乔姆斯基的生成语法理论主张语言能力是：A. 后天习得的B. 先天存在的C. 社会约定的D. 个人创造的答案：B4. 语言的“深层结构”和“表层结构”的概念是由谁提出的？A. 索绪尔B. 乔姆斯基C. 布隆菲尔德D. 哈里斯答案：B5. 语言的“同义异构”现象是指：A. 同一意义的不同表达方式B. 不同意义的相同表达方式C. 同一表达方式的不同意义D. 不同表达方式的相同意义答案：A6. 语言的“语境”指的是：A. 语言的内部结构B. 语言的外部环境C. 语言的使用者D. 语言的规则答案：B7. 语言的“语域”通常指的是：A. 语言的地域分布B. 语言的交际场合C. 语言的历史发展D. 语言的语法规则答案：B8. 语言的“语用学”研究的是：A. 语言的发音B. 语言的意义C. 语言的用法D. 语言的演变答案：C9. 语言的“语料库”是指：A. 语言的数据库B. 语言的规则集C. 语言的样本集D. 语言的词汇表答案：C10. 语言的“方言”是指：A. 同一语言的不同变体B. 不同语言的相似形式C. 同一语言的相同形式D. 不同语言的相同变体答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的四大分支包括语音学、语法学、语义学和______。
答案：语用学2. 语言的“能指”指的是语言符号的______部分，而“所指”指的是语言符号的______部分。
答案：形式；意义3. 语言的“同音词”是指发音相同但______不同的词。
答案：意义4. 语言的“词缀”是指可以附加在词根上的______或______。
答案：前缀；后缀5. 语言的“句法”研究的是词、短语和句子的______。
北外语言学考博试题四
北京外国语大学中国外语教育研究中心2008年博士生招生考试试卷（A卷）（刘润清）Directions: Answer any FOUR of the following questions, each bearing 25 points out of 100. Your answers will be evaluated in terms of both theircontent and language. Please write very clearly.I Define TEN of the following terms and then translate them into Chinese.1. register2. dialect3. linguistic potential4. critical period hypothesis5. displacement6. duality of structure7. extraposition8. gradual adjective9. deduction 10. idiolect 11. lateralization 12. retrospection13. phoneme 14. right branching direction 15. rule-governed behavior16. speech synthesis 17. behaviourism 18. null operator movement19. story grammar 20. traditional grammarII. Read carefully the following passage taken from Saussure’s Course in General Linguistics and then discuss its importance in exploring the nature of language.Language is a system of signs that express ideas, and is therefore comparable to a system of writing, the alphabet of deaf-mutes, symbolic rites, polite formulas, military signals, etc. But it is the most important of all these systems.A science that studies the life of signs within society is conceivable; it would be a part of social psychology and consequently of general psychology; I shall call it semiology. Semiology would show what constitutes signs, what laws govern them. Since the science does not yet exist, no one can say what it would be; but it has a right to existence, a place staked out in advance. Linguistics is only a part of the general science of semiology; the laws discovered by semiology will be applicable to linguistics, and the latter will circumscribe a well-defined area within the mass of anthropological facts.To determine the exact place of semiology is the task of the psychologist. The task of the linguist is to find out what makes language a special system within the mass of semiological data. This issue will be taken up again later; here I wish merely to call attention to one thing: if I have succeeded in assigning linguistics a place among the science, it is because I have related it to semiology.III.The following passage is taken from Halliday’s An Introduction to Functional Grammar. Read it carefully, explain what every sentence means and then comment on his theory of language.The basic opposition, in grammars of the second half of the twentieth century, is not that between 'structuralist' and 'generative' as set out the public debates of the 1960s. There are manyvariables in the way grammars are written, and any clustering of these is bound to distort the picture; but the more fundamental opposition is between those that are primarily syntagmatic in orientation (by and large the formal grammars, with their roots in logic and philosophy) and those that are primarily paradigmatic (by and large the functional ones, with their roots in rhetoric and ethnography) The former interpret a language as a list of structures, among which, as a distinct second step, regular relationships may be established (hence the introduction of transformations); they tend to emphasize universal features of language, to take grammar (which they call syntax) as the foundation of language (hence the grammar is arbitrary), and so to be organized around the sentence. The later interpret a language as a network of relations, with structures coming in as the realization of these relationships; they tend to emphasize variables among different languages, to take semantics as the foundation (hence the grammar is natural) and so to be organized around the text, or discourse, There are many cross-currents, with insights borrowed from one to the other; but they are ideologically fairly different and it is often difficult to maintain a dialogue.IV. The following passage is take from Peter Barb's Word Play: What Happens When People Talk (1973). Read it carefully and then comment on linguistic relativity.Such a connection between language and thought is rooted in common-sense beliefs, but no one gave much attention to the matter before Wilhelm von Humboldt, the 19th century German philologist and diplomat. He stated that the structure of a language expresses the inner life of its speakers: "Man lives with the world abut him, principally, indeed exclusively, as language presents it." In this century, the case for a close relationship between language and reality was stated by Edward Sapir: "Human beings d not live in the objective world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium for their society. …The fact of the matter is that the 'real world' is to a large extent built up on the language habits of the group. No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same world with different labels attached."About 1932 one of Sapir's students at Yale, Benjamin Lee Whorf, drew on Sapir's ideas and began an intensive study of the language of the Hopi Indians of Arizona. Whorf's brilliant analysis of Hopi places common-sense beliefs about language and thought on a scientific basis -- and it also seemed to support the view that man is a prisoner of his language. Whorf concluded that language "is not merely a reproducing instrument for voicing ideas but rather is itself the shaper of ideas. … we dissect nature along lines laid down by our n ative languages."V. Please give the main content of Grice's Cooperative Principle with its four maxims explained and then discuss conversational implicatures of Group A (in which no maxim is violated), Group B (in which a maxim is violated), and Group C (in which a maxim is flouted by means of a figure of speech).VI. The following is a passage by Chomsky. Read it carefully and then discuss th edifference between Chomsky's theory of linguistics and other approaches in linguistics.Generative grammar arose in the context of what is often called “the cognitive revolution” of the 1950s, and was an important factor in its development. Whether or not the term “revolution” is appropriate, there was an important change of perspective: from the study of behavior and its products (such as texts), to the inner mechanisms that enter into thought and action. The cognitive perspective regards behavior and its products not as the object of inquiry, but as data that may provide evidence about the inner mechanisms of mind and the ways these mechanisms operate in executing actions and interpreting experience. The properties and patterns that were the focus of attention in structural linguistics find their place, but as phenomena to be explained along with innumerable others, in terms of the inner mechanisms that generate expressions. The approach is “mentalistic,” but in what should be an uncontroversial sense. It is concerned with “mental aspects of the world,” which stand alongside its mechanical, chemical, optical, an d other aspects. It undertakes to study a real object in the natural world—the brain, its states, and its functions—and thus to move the study of the mind toward eventual integration with the biological science. (Chomsky, N. 2000. New Horizons in the Study of Language and Mind)VII. The following is taken from Bloomfield's Language about the famous story of Jack and Jill which is often quoted to illustrate Bloomfield's behaviorism in linguistics. Read it carefully and discuss how Bloomfield explains the process of stimulus and response and point out where he is wrong.Suppose that Jack and Jill are walking down a lane. Jill is hungry. She sees an apple in a tree. She makes a noise with her larynx, tongue and lips. Jack vaults the fence, climbs the tree, take the apple, brings it to Jill, and places it in her hand. Jill eats the apple.This succession of events could be studies in many ways, but we, who are studying language, will naturally distinguish between the act of speech and the other occurrences, which we shall call practical events. Viewed in this way, the incident consists of three parts in order of time:A.Practical events preceding the act of speech.B.Speech.C.Practical events following the act of speech.We shall examine first the practical events: A and C. The events in A concern mainly the speaker, Jill. She was hungry; that is, some of her muscles were contracting, and some fluids were being secreted, especially in her stomach. Perhaps she was also thirsty; her tongue and throat were dry. The light-waves reflected from the red apple struck her eyes. She saw Jack by her side. Her past dealings with Jack should now enter into the picture; ket us suppose that they consisted in some ordinary relation, like that of brother and sister or that of husband and wife. All these events, which precede Jill's speech and concern her, we call the speaker's stimulus.We now turn to C, the practical events which came after Jill's speech. These concern mainly the hearer, Jack, and consist of his fetching the apple and giving it to Jill. The practical events which follow the speech and concern the hearer, we call the hearer's response. The events which follow the speech concern also Jill, and this in very important way: she gets the apple into her grasp and eats it.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
北京师范大学汉语文化学院语言学及应用语言学2005年考博试题
一、名词解释（每个4分）
1、萨丕尔《语言论》
2、"预设
3、"语境
4、"化石化
5、"亲属语言
二、简述第一语言和第二语言学习/习得的异同。
（10分）
三、语言变异的种类及原因（10分）
四、语言层次性理论在语言规范工作的运用。
（20分）
五、
1、"语言动态理论对语言研究的影响（20分，二选一）
2、中介语理论是什么？在中国近二十年来的发展情况。
六、
1、"词类划分有没有必要？有必要的话，哪种标准最实用，请从中文信息处理的角度或对外汉语教学的角度论述。
（20分，二选一）
2、怎样解决中文信息处理中的“瓶颈”问题。
中国传媒大学2010年考博试题
专业：
语言学及应用语言学
考试科目：
理论语言学
考试时间：
2010年3月27日14：00—17：00
一．请就语言规划或语言规范化研究尽你所知展开论述。
（40分）
二．以下两题任选一道作答。
（30分）
A．请论述话语（语篇或篇章）的研究。
B．论述形式主义语言学与功能主义语言学的区别。
三．分析题。
（3×10分=30分）
1．请分析下面三个四字格短语的联系，并分析造成这种区别的原因以及每个短语的表达效果。
喜鹊登枝、喜上梅梢、喜上眉梢
2．请从认知的角度解释为什么“我后悔死这件事了”能变换为“这件事后悔死我了”，而“我后悔这件事”不能变换成“这件事后悔我了”？
3．运用预设理论分析下面这句话：
北京又开始打击非法一日游了。
考试科目：
应用语言学的历史及理论
考试时间：
2010年3月28日8：30—11：30
（第1题为必答题，
2、"
3、4题中任选两道作答。
）
1．请论述学习和研究应用语言学历史的主要意义和方法。
（40分）
2．请结合汉语史著作论述语言文字对于社会的应用。
（30分）
3．请论述语言学中预测方法。
（30分）
4．请论述结构语言学与社会语言学的歧异。
（30分）
北京师范大学汉语文化学院09年博士入学专业试题
在水中央出自：
为学浏览/评论：39/0日期：
2010年5月9日15:34现代汉语及古代汉语
一、（
1、"2选一
3、"4选一）
1、简述语言学和音位学的区别。
（8分）
2、简述普通话的声韵配合规律，并简要说明原因。
（8分）
3、有人说汉语韵母有39个，有人说有37个，也有人说有35个，请说明原因。
（12分）
4、"举例说明音位学的归纳标准。
（12分）
二、（
1、"2选一
3、"4选一）
1、语言类型学对对外汉语教学的影响。
（12分）
2、什么是配价语法？它对对外汉语教学有什么意义？（12分）
3、语法项目排序在汉语教学中有什么意义？（18分）
4、什么是语法化？它的特点是什么？语法化和词汇化有什么区别？（18分）
三、有人说在中国没有必要引进语素和词，请说明原因，并说说你的看法（20分）
四、翻译古文《国语》中的一段。
（15分）
六、评述王念孙《读书杂志》中的一段（15分）
语言学及应用语言学
一、名词解释（每个4分）
1、萨丕尔《语言论》
2、"预设
3、"语境
4、"化石化
5、"亲属语言
二、简述第一语言和第二语言学习/习得的异同。
（10分）
三、语言变异的种类及原因（10分）
四、语言层次性理论在语言规范工作的运用。
（20分）
五、
1、"语言动态理论对语言研究的影响（20分，二选一）
2、中介语理论是什么？在中国近二十年来的发展情况。
六、
1、"词类划分有没有必要？有必要的话，哪种标准最实用，请从中文信息处理的角度或对外汉语教学的角度论述。
（20分，二选一）
2、怎样解决中文信息处理中的“瓶颈”问题。
北京师范大学汉语文化学院2010年考博试题
在水中央出自：
为学浏览/评论：47/0日期：
2010年5月9日15:36考试科目：
现代汉语与古汉语
考试时间：
2010年3月20日2：00—5：00
1．为下面的古文标注标点，并译成现代汉语。
选择5个古今词义发生变化的词语，说明词义有哪些不同；选择3个语法发生变化的句式，说明古汉语句式的特点。
（30分）(来自《左传-哀公》)（
2、"
3、4任选两道作答，共40分，
5、"6任选一道作答，共30分）
2．汉字演变史上发生了古代文字与现代文字的变化，也出现了甲骨文、金文、篆书、隶书、楷书等字体的变化，请举例说明汉字发展变化的规律。
3．你认为有必要区分语素与词素吗？为什么？
4．请比较汉语普通话与某一方言，或现代汉语与古汉语语音系统的对应区别。
5．"比较“呢、吗、嘛、吧”用法的区别。
6．请比较下列句子的区别，并说明区别产生的原因。
（1）她比小李可爱。
（2）她没有小李可爱。
（3）她不如小李可爱。
（4）她不比小李可爱。
（5）她和小李一样可爱。
中国传媒大学2010年考博试题
专业：
语言学及应用语言学
考试科目：
理论语言学
考试时间：
2010年3月27日14：00—17：00
一．请就语言规划或语言规范化研究尽你所知展开论述。
（40分）
二．以下两题任选一道作答。
（30分）
A．请论述话语（语篇或篇章）的研究。
B．论述形式主义语言学与功能主义语言学的区别。
三．分析题。
（3×10分=30分）
1．请分析下面三个四字格短语的联系，并分析造成这种区别的原因以及每个短语的表达效果。
喜鹊登枝、喜上梅梢、喜上眉梢
2．请从认知的角度解释为什么“我后悔死这件事了”能变换为“这件事后悔死我了”，而“我后悔这件事”不能变换成“这件事后悔我了”？
3．运用预设理论分析下面这句话：
北京又开始打击非法一日游了。
考试科目：
应用语言学的历史及理论
考试时间：
2010年3月28日8：30—11：30
（第1题为必答题，
2、"
3、4题中任选两道作答。
）
1．请论述学习和研究应用语言学历史的主要意义和方法。
（40分）
2．请结合汉语史著作论述语言文字对于社会的应用。
（30分）
3．请论述语言学中预测方法。
（30分）
4．请论述结构语言学与社会语言学的歧异。
（30分）
二零零九年武汉大学文学院考博试题
科目：
理论语言学
一简答题60分（12*5）
1、谈谈索绪尔关于语言与言语区分的语言学意义。
2、布拉格学派的突出贡献是什么？
3、韩礼德的“纯理功能”包括哪些内容？
4、谈谈德国语言学家洪堡特对普通语言学的贡献。
5、叶斯柏森的《语言哲学》对我国汉语语法研究的影响是什么，试举例说明。
二、论述题40分（2*20）
1、谈谈语言类型学标记理论的认识。
2、试述认知语言学“隐喻”及其类型。