阿拉伯女人人权状况

Travel
• Women have varying degrees of difficulty moving freely in Arab countries. Some nations prohibit(=not allow sb.to do) women from ever traveling alone, while in others women can travel freely but experience a greater risk of sexual harassment(性骚扰) or assault(攻击) than they would in Western countries. • Women have the right to drive in all Arab countries except Saudi Arabia. • In Jordan, a woman or child can be prohibited from leaving the country by any male relative. Women have no legal means to contest(质疑) this restriction.
• Modern leaders like Jehan Al Sadat, the wife of Anwar El Sadat in Egypt,and Wassila Bourguiba, the wife of Habib Bourguiba in Tunisia, who have strongly influenced their husbands in their dealings with matters of state.
Politics
• The role of women in politics in Arab societies is largely determined by the will of these countries' leaderships to support female representation and cultural attitudes towards women's involvement in public life. • Despite the Sharia (Islamic Law) prohibition(禁令) on female leadership, there have been many highly respected female leaders in Muslim history, such as Shajar al-Durr (13th century) in Egypt, Queen Orpha (d. 1090) in Yemen and Razia Sultana (13th century) in Dehli.
• In some of the wealthier Arab countries such as Qatar(卡 塔尔), the number of women business owners is growing rapidly and adding to the economic development of the country. Many of these women work with family businesses and are encouraged to work and study outside of the home. • Arab women are estimated to have $40 billion of personal wealth at their disposal, with Qatari families being among the richest in the world.
Education
The region of the Arab peninsula is characterized by gender inequality(不平等) in literacy and education. Because of their relatively low educational level, female workers are challenged by a more professional men labor force . Until recently, progress in women's education was slow.
• In Yemen, women must obtain approval from a husband or father to get an exit visa(出境签证) to leave the country, and a woman may not take her children with her without their father's permission, regardless of whether or not the father has custody(抚养权). • The ability of women to travel or move freely within Saudi Arabia is severely restricted(严重受限). However, in 2008 a new law went into effect requiring men who marry non-Saudi women to allow their wife and any children born to her to travel freely in and out of Saudi Arabia.
• Many Arab countries allow women to vote in national elections. The first female Member of Parliament in the Arab world was Rawya Ateya, who was elected in Egypt in 1957. • Some countries granted the female franchise in their constitutions following independence, while some extended the franchise to women in later constitutional amendments. Gulf states(海湾各州) have recently seen the introduction of female suffrage(妇女选举权), notably in Kuwait.
Economic Role and Education
• The men are still the dominant(统治的) gender in this area. This phenomena is justified by the fact that the communities in the Middle East are shaped upon one gender having distinct responsibilities. That is where men have full responsibility to support their families with the food and supplies they need and therefore they have to work and, subsequently, they have to get education to keep up with contemporary developments(时代发展), while women have to take care of the house and children. This justifies the low contribution of the women in the economy. However, there is a recent trend in which women have begun penetrating(=working in) the workforce, but it is still in low scale(少数).
Women in the Arab World
Status of Women
dress
travel
education
status
right to vote
economic role
politics
Traditional Dress
• Adherence to traditional dress varies across Arab societies. • Saudi Arabia(沙特) is more traditional, while Egypt is less so.Women are required to wear abayas(罩袍) in only Saudi Arabia;this is enforced by the religious police. • In most counties, like Kuwait(科威特), Lebanon, Libya, Jordan(约旦), Syria(叙利亚) and Egypt, the veil(面纱) is not mandatory(=forced). • In Tunisia(突尼斯), the secular government has banned the use of the veil in its opposition to religious extremism(宗教极端主义).
an Arabian women and her child