经济学导论-名词解释 (1)

微观经济学Microeconomics:
The branch of economics that deals with the behavior of individual economic units –consumers, firms, workers, and investors – as well as the markets that these units comprise.
经济学用来处理单个经济单位的行为,消费者,企业,员工,和投资者——以及这些单元组成的市场的分支。

宏观经济学Macroeconomics:
The branch of economics that deals with aggregate economic variables, such as the level and growth rate of national output, interest rates, unemployment, and inflation.
经济学用于处理总体经济变量,如国民产出的水平和增长率,利率,失业率和通货膨胀的分支。

市场需求Market demand:
The sum of all the quantities of a good or service demanded per period by all the households buying in the market for that good or service.
一定时期内市场所有个人或家庭对某种商品或服务的总需求量.
市场供给Market supply:
The sum of all that is supplied each period by all producers of a single product.
市场供给是在一定的时期内所有厂商某种商品的供给总量。

消费者剩余Customer surplus:
The difference between the maximum amount a person is willing to pay for a good and its currency of payment.
消费者剩余是指消费者对一种商品所愿意支付的最高价格与他实际支付的价格的差额。

效用Utility:
Numerical score representing the satisfaction that a consumer gets from a given market basket.
用数值代表消费者从一个给定的市场篮子里得到的满意程度
边际效用递减规律The Law of Diminishing marginal utility:
Principle that as more of a good is consumed, the consumption of additional amounts will yield smaller additions to utility.
是指在一定时间内，在其它商品的消费数量保持不变的条件下，随着消费者对某种商品消费量的增加，消费者从该商品连续增加的每一消费单位中所得到的效用增量即边际效用是递减的。

边际报酬递减规律The Law of Diminishing Marginal Returns：
A principle that as the use of an input increases with other inputs fixed,
the resulting additions to output will eventually decrease.
是指生产技术不变的条件下，若其他投入条件不变，只是不断增加某种要素的投入，则该种投入要素的边际产量最终会逐渐减少。

机会成本Opportunity Cost：
Cost associated with opportunities that are forgone when a firm’s resources are not
put to their best alternative use.
机会成本是指由于使用特定资源而放弃的该资源的其他用途所能活动的最高收益。

完全竞争市场Perfect Competition Market：
A market in which all firms produce an identical product and each is so small in relation to the industry that its production decisions have no effect on market price.
完全垄断市场Pure Monopoly Market：
A market with a single firm that produces a product for which there are no close substitutes and in which significant barriers to entry prevent other firms from entering the market to compete for profits.
生产者剩余Producer Surplus：
Sum over all units produced by a firm of differences between the market price of a good and the marginal cost of production.
厂商在提供一定数量的某种商品时实际接受的总支付和愿意接受的最小支付之间的差额。

价格歧视Price Discrimination:
Practice of charging different prices to different consumers for similar goods
指厂商在同一时间内对同一成本的产品向不同顾客收取不同的价格。

市场失灵Market Failure:
Situation in which the allocation of goods and services is not efficient.
外部性Externalities:
Action by either a producer or a consumer which affects other producers or consumers, but is not accounted for in the market price
指生产或消费行为给他人带来非自愿的成本和收益，却不用支付由此带来的成本或不能从这些收益中的得到补偿。

公共物品Public Goods:
Nonexclusive, nonrival goods that can be made available cheaply but which, once available, are difficult to prevent others from consuming.
公共物品指由每一个人消费并不能排除其他任何一个人消费的物品和劳务。

国内生产总值GDP(gross domestic product):
GDP is the total market value of a country’s output. It is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a given period of time by factors of production located within a country.
指一国一年内在其领土范围内本国居民和外国居民生产的全部最终物品和劳务的市场价值的总和
失业Unemployment:
Unemployment occurs when a person who is actively searching for employment is unable to find work.
有劳动能力的人想工作而找不到工作的社会现象。

通货膨胀Inflation:
Inflation is the rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising and, consequently, the purchasing power of currency is falling。

是指物价水平普遍而持续的上升,购买力随着下降。

消费物价指数CPI（Comsumer Price Index）
CPI is the official measure that examines the weighted average of prices of a basket of consumer goods and services, such as transportation, food and medical care. It is calculated by taking price changes for each item in the predetermined basket of goods and averaging them.
反映与居民生活有关的产品及劳务价格的物价变动指标，通常作为观察通货膨胀水平的重要指标。