大学英语自学教程(二)大纲词汇
自考英语二大纲词汇表
（in）ability to：（没）有…的能力（in）capacity to：（没）有…的能力a/an：art.一个a great deal：大量，许多a great many：很多a variety of：种种；若干不同的ability：n.能力，能耐ability to do：做…的能力able：a.有才能的，能够的abolish：vt.废除（法律，习惯等）；取消about：prep.关于above：prep.在…之上above all：首先，首要abroad：ad.到国外；在国外absent：a.缺席，不在absolute：a.绝对的，完全的absolutely：ad.完全地，绝对地；肯定地abstract：a.抽象的n.摘要，梗概vt.提取；摘录要点absurd a.荒谬的absurdity：n.荒谬abuse：vt./n.滥用，妄用；虐待，凌辱academic：a.学院的，学会的；学术的accent：n.重音；口音acceptable：a.可以接受的access：n.通道，入口；接近（或进入）的机会accessible：a.易接近的；易受影响的（to）；可理解的accident：n.意外；偶然事故accompany：vt.陪伴，陪同；伴随，一起发生；伴奏accomplish：vt.完成（任务等）accomplishment：n.完成；成就；[pl.]造诣，技能accordance：n.一致，和谐；符合according：ad.（与to构成介词）按照，根据accordingly：ad.相应地according to：根据…account：n.叙述，说明；帐户vi.说明（原因等）accountability：n.有解释义务；负有责任accumulate vt.积累，积聚accuracy：n.准确（性），精确（性）accurate：a.准确的，精确的accurately：ad.准确的，精确地ache：vi/n.疼痛achieve：vt.完成achievement：n.完成，达到；成就，成绩achive：vt.完成，实现，达到，得到acid：n.酸，酸性物质a.酸的acknowledge：vt.承认；表示感谢acquaintance：n.认识，了解；相识的人，熟人acquire：vt.获得，得到acronym：n.首字母缩略词across：ad.交叉，横过act：n. 行为，举动act as：（林市）担任，充当，起…作用act on：遵照…行为，奉行；作用于，影响act out：将…表演出来，（用行动）表示出来action：n.行动；作用（on）activate：vt.使活动，使起作用active：a.活动的；活跃的activity：n.活动，活跃；行动actor：n.男演员actual：a.实际的；真实的AD：（或A.D.）（=Anno Domini）[拉]公adapt：vt.使适应，使适合；改编vi.适应（to）adapt……to：使…适应…add：v.增加add up to：总和是，[口]总起来意味着addition：n.加，加法；附加物additional：a.附加的，追加的；另外的address：n.地址，住址adequate：a.充足的，充分的；胜任的adjective：n.形容词adjust：vt.调整，调节；校准adjustment：n.调整administration：n.管理，经营；行政，行政机关admire：vt.钦佩，赞美，赞赏admit：vt.承认，供认；准许…进入，准许…加入admission：承认，供认；准许进入，准许加入adolescent：n.青少年 a.青春期的；青少年的adopt：vt.采取，采用；正式通过；收养advance：vi.前进，取得进展n.前进，进展；预付advanced：a.高等的advantage：n.优点，优越；好处advantageous：a.有利的，有助的adventure：n.冒险，奇遇adversely：ad.相反地；不利地，有害地advertise：vt./vi.为…做广告；登广告advertisement：n.（简写为ad）广告advice：n.劝告advise：vt.忠告，劝告affair：n.事情，事件affect：vt.影响，打动）afflict：vt.使苦恼，折磨afraid：a.害怕的Africa：n.非洲African：n.非洲的after：prep.在…后after all：毕竟；终究afternoon：n.下午afterward：ad.然后again：ad.又against：prep.反抗age：n.年龄aged：a.年老的，老的agent：n.代理人，代理商；起作用的人或物aggression：n.侵犯，侵略aggressive：a.侵略的，好斗的；有进取心的aggressiveness：n.侵犯，侵略；进取精神ago：ad.以前dagree：vi.同意agreement：n.同意agricultural：a.农业的ahead：在…前ahead of：在…前aid：vt.帮助aim：n.目标aim for：瞄准；以…为目标air：n.空气airplane：n.飞机Alabama：阿拉巴马（美国州名）alarm：n.警报；惊恐vt.向…报警；打扰alarming：a.惊人的，吓人的Alaska：阿拉斯加（美国州名）Albert Einstein：爱因斯坦alert：a.警觉，警惕的（to）；活泼的，敏捷的Alex la Guma：亚力克斯·拉顾玛（南非作家）Alfrde Hutchinson：阿尔弗雷德·哈奇逊（南非作家）Alfred Whitehead：阿尔福雷德·怀特里德alike：a.同样的，相像的alive：a.活着all：a.全部pron.全部all the same：仍然，尽管如此allege：vt.断言，宣称allocate：vt.分配，分派；把…拨给；把…划归allocate……for：分配给…；配给allow：vt.允许almost：ad.几乎alone：a.单独的along：prep.沿着；往前aloud：ad.大声地alphabetize：vt.按字母顺序排列，用字母表示already：ad.已经also：ad.也alter：vt./vi.改变，改动alternative：a.供选择的东西；抉择 a.两者择一的although：conj.虽然altogether：ad.完全地Alvin Bronstein：阿尔文·布朗斯坦（人名）always：ad.总是Amazonia：（巴西）亚马逊尼亚国家公园America：美洲American：n.美国人Americas：美洲（前边加定冠词the）among：prep.在…之中amount：n.数量，数额，总数vi.合计，共计amount to：达到，总计，相当于，等于amplifier：n.放大器amusement：n.娱乐，消遣an：art.一个anaesthetics：n.麻醉学analysis：n.（[复]analyses）分析；分解analyze：vt.分析ancestor：n.祖先，祖宗ancient：a.古代的，古老的and：conj.和and so on：等等and the like：等等，诸如此类Andre Brink：安德烈·布林克（南非作家）anger：n.愤怒vt. 使发怒，激怒vi. 发怒angry：a.生气的animal：n.动物animated：a.栩栩如生的；生气勃勃的；被赋予生命的Anne Peters：安妮。
英语(二)自学教程 Unit 6 Text A-Teaching CHildren to Spend Pocket Money Wisely
In the short term/short-term In the long term/long-term
differentiate: 1) 区分 【 usage】 ～ between….; ～ A from B 【 补充】 distinguish between….; distinguish A from B
New Words Learning
meant: 1) 原本打算…. ～ to do….
meant: 2) 为….而做/准备的 ～ for sb/sth
语法
meant: 3) 应该
～ to do….
feel like + doing….: 想要做….
语法
New Words Learning
commitment: 3) 承诺
语法
他们承诺继续合作 They made a commitment to keep working together.
承诺打击恐怖主义和极端主义 make a commitment to fight terrorism and extremism
She came running in a great effort we overcame all the difficulties relying on our own efforts. We all communicate one another using both verbal and nonverbal language. He finished his homework depending on himself.
Language Points
分词，表示伴随
I ran out of the house shouting She went out, slamming the door Tom ran after the car waving his fists.
大学英语（全新版）第二册重点词汇学习资料
大学英语（全新版）第二册重点词汇学习资料大学英语(全新版)第二册重点词汇Book 2Unit 11. accomplishVt.完成（某事）【例句】① Unless you keep on practicing, you will accomplish nothing.如果你不坚持练习，你将一事无成。
【辨析】accomplish, achieve, fulfillAccomplish强调成功地做某事；achieve指成就一番事业，如愿以偿；fulfill侧重于实现，实践。
【近形】accompany2. attachvt.系，帖，连接【例句】① He will attach labels to the luggage. 他将把标签帖到行李上。
【辨析】relate, attach, combineRelate 表示“把…..和……连接在一起”.，通常与with连用；attach常与介词to连用;combine的意思是结合，常与with连用。
【派生】attachment3.assistv.帮助【构词】assist = as+ sist (表示站立，放置)【例句】①Professor Smith was assisting his students to prepare their term papers. 史密斯教授正帮着学生们准备学期论文。
【辨析】help; assist, aidHelp侧重于表示借助于别人的帮助；assist则表示陷入麻烦时给予帮助；aid是一个较正规的词，着重于表示通过帮助问题得以圆满解决，多用于国际问题的援助。
【派生】assistant助手【近形】insist坚持, consist组成，构成, exist存在, resist抵抗, persist坚持, subsist维持。
4. neglectv.忽视，忽略【例句】① Mr. David gave too much attention to his business, working long hours and neglecting his wife. 戴维先生过于关注生意情况，工作时间长而忽视了妻子。
自考英语2复习资料
自考英语2复习资料自考英语2复习资料在历次自考中都占据重要的地位，自考的成或败很大程度上也取决于考生的英语，下面请看店铺带来的自考英语2复习资料自考英语2复习资料一、自考英语2复习资料二、常考句型1、范万德尔重病在身，再也不能说清楚话，他知道他没有康复的希望，身体状况正在急剧恶化。
P2Affected w ith a serious disease, van Wendal was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there w as no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating.2、在让自己的医生注射最后结束生命的那一针之前，范万德尔生命中的最后三个月被拍摄了下来，去年在荷兰电视上首次播出。
P3 Van Wendel’s last three months of life before being give n a final, lethal injection by his doctor w ere filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands.3、从那时开始，已有20 多个国家买下了这个节目，每次播放都引起了对这一的'全国性大辩论。
P3The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown, it starts a nationw ide debate on the subject.4、那些反对安乐死的人实际在告诉我，临终者没有这个权利。
P9What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people haven’t the right.三、习题1.词汇英译汉. weaken . deteriorate .debate . legal. request . criterion . ensure . oppose tradition consideration disabled . burdenvulnerable prohibition sensitive词组：. to debate on . to make request for be opposed to . to take … into account2.句子英译汉（重点句）Affected w ith a serious disease, van Wendal w as no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there w as no hope of recovery and that his condition w as rapidly deteriorating.Van Wendel’s last three months of life before being given a final, lethal injection by hisdoctor w ere filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands.The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is show n, it starts a nationw ide debate on the subject.What those people w ho oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people ha ven’t theright.The guidelines demand that the patient is experiencing extreme suffering , that there is nochance of a cure, and that the patient has made repeated requests for euthanasia .I think that anything that legally allow s the shortening of life does make those people more vulnerable.3.句子汉译英 P.59安乐死的确能解除临终病人的痛苦。
0015自考--英语(二)《大学英语自学教程》(上下册) 精品词汇(音序排序)
vt.禁止，取缔 n.禁止；禁令 n.一帮，一群；带，带形物；波段 n.障碍；障碍物 a.基本的，基础的 ad.基本上，从根本上说 n.基础，根据；主要成份；军事基地 n.海湾，口岸，湾 vt.忍受，容忍；承担；结(果实)，生育 n.啤酒 n.行为，举止；运转情况，表现情况 n.相信；信念，信仰 n.［常 pl.］所有物；行李 prep.在…下面(或底下)，低于 a.有益的，有利的 n.益处，好处 vt.有益于 vi.得益 a.生物学(上)的 vt./vi./n.咬，叮，蜇 n.疾风，强风；爆炸 vt.炸，炸掉 n.布鲁斯；慢四步舞 n.边缘；边界 vt./vi.接壤，毗邻；接近 a.一定的，必然的；受约束的，有义务的 n.分界线，边界 vt.繁殖；饲养 n.品种，种类 n.新娘 a.简短的；简洁的 vt.作简要的介绍 a.宽的，阔的；广泛的 n./vt./vi.广播，播音 n.预算 vt.把…编入预算；安排，预定 n.(北美)野牛；(亚洲)水牛 n.负担；责任，义务 vt.使负重担；麻烦 n.钙(化学符号 Ca) n.照相机，摄影机 n.战役；运动 v.参加运动，参加竞选活动 n.癌 n.候选人，候补者；应试者 a.有能力的，有才能的；能…的(of) n.容量，容积；能力 vt.捕获；夺得，占领 n.捕获，捕获物 n.碳 n.生涯，经历；职业，事业 - 3 -
n.同伴，同事； ［天］伴星(=～star) n.公司；同伴，陪伴 n.罗盘； ［pl.］圆规 n.补偿，赔偿；补偿物，赔偿费 vi.竞争，比赛 n.竞争；比赛 a.竞争的，比赛的 a.复杂的，组合的 n.综合体 n.(组)成(部)分；部件 a.组成的，构成的 n.作曲家 n.计算机，电脑 n.专注，专心；集中；浓度 n.概念；观念 n.关心，挂念；关系 vt.涉及；使关心 a.有关的；关切的，担心的 n.结论，推论 a.具体的；混凝土的 n.混凝土 vt.使凝固 vt.处理；指挥；传导 n.举止，行为 n.信任，信心 n.争论，抵触，冲突 vi.冲突，抵触 n.连接，关系 n.保存；保护 a.保存的，防腐的；保守的，守旧的 vt.考虑，细想；认为 vi.考虑，细想 a.值得考虑的，重要的；相当大或多的 vi.组成(of) a.永恒的，经久不变的；经常的 n.常数,恒量 ad.经常地；不断地；时常地 a.宪法上规定的；组成的，构成的 n.消费者；顾客，用户 n.接触，联系 vt.与…接触，使联系 vt.包含，容纳 n.内容,目录 a.满意(足)的 vt.使满意(足) n.竞争，比赛；争夺，竞争；争论，争辩 ad.不停地，频频地 a.继续的，连续的 a.连续不断的，不停歇的 n.合同，契约 vt./vi.订合同；收缩 n.对比，对照 vi.形成对比 vt.把…与…对比 vt./vi.贡献；捐献；投稿；有助于 - 4 -
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01 Unit1
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04 Unit4
05
Self-Assessment 1
Unit1
一、词汇短语 二、课文精解
三、全文翻译 四、练习答案
Unit2
一、词汇短语 二、课文精解
三、全文翻译 四、练习答案
Unit3
一、词汇短语 二、课文精解
三、全文翻译 四、练习答案
Unit4
一、词汇短语 二、课文精解
三、全文翻译 四、练习答案
Self-Assessment 1
Unit5
一、词汇短语 二、课文精解
三、全文翻译 四、练习答案
Unit6
一、词汇短语 二、课文精解
三、全文翻译 四、练习答案
Unit7
一、词汇短语 二、课文精解
三、全文翻译 四、练习答案
Unit8
一、词汇短语 二、课文精解
三、全文翻译 四、练习答案
Self-Assessment 2
06 Unit5
07 Unit6
09 Unit8 011 Unit9
目录
08 Unit7
010
Self-Assessment 2
012 Unit 10
00015自考英语二教程电子版
大学英语自学教程（下）01-A. What Is a Decision?A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management. Almost everything a manager does involves decisions, indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making. Although managers cannot predict the future, many of their decisions require that they consider possible future events. Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance, hut since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions. Sometimes the consequences of a poor decision are slight; at other times they are serious.Choice is the opportunity to select among alternatives. If there is no choice, there is no decision to be made. Decision making is the process of choosing, and many decisions have a broad range of choice. For example, a student may be able to choose among a number of different courses in order to implement the decision to obtain a college degree. For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like. These constraints exist at all levels of the organization.Alternatives are the possible courses of action from which choices can be made. If there are no alternatives, there is no choice and, therefore, no decision. If no alternatives are seen, often it means that a thorough job of examining the problems has not been done. For example, managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion; this is their way of simplifying complex problems. But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives.At the managerial level, decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them, and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited.Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best -- that is, which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals. An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach. Because individuals (and organizations) frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals, the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. Frequently, departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger organization. Called suboptimization, this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages to another unit or function. For example, the marketing manager may argue effectively for an increased advertising budget. In the larger scheme of things, however, increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization.These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives that organizations wish to attainsimultaneously. Some of these objectives are more important than others, but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department. Different managers define the same problem in different terms. When presented with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problems, production managers see production problems, and so on.The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based, in part, on the values of the decision maker. Such values are personal; they are hard to understand, even by the individual, because they are so dynamic and complex. In many business situations different people's values about acceptable degrees of risk and profitability cause disagreement about the correctness of decisions.People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon. But from a systems point of view, problems have multiple causes, and decisions have intended and unintended consequences. An organization is an ongoing entity, and a decision made today may have consequences far into the future. Thus the skilled manager looks toward the future consequences of current decisions. 01-B. Secrets of Success at an InterviewThe subject of today's talk is interviews.The key words here are preparation and confidence, which will carry you far.Do your homework first.Find out all you can about the job you are applying for and the organization you hope to work for.Many of the employers I interviewed made the same criticism of candidates. "They have no idea what the day to day work of the job brings about. They have vague notions of "furthering the company's prospects’ or of 'serving the community', but have never taken the trouble to find out the actual tasks they will be required to do.”Do not let this be said of you. It shows an unattractive indifference to your employer and to your job.Take the time to put yourself into the interviewer's place. He wants somebody who is hard-working with a pleasant personality and a real interest in the job.Anything that you find out about the prospective employer can be used to your advantage during the interview to show that you have bothered to master some facts about the people who you hope to work for.Write down (and remember) the questions you want to ask the interviewer(s) so that you are not speechless when they invite your questions. Make sure that holidays and pay are not the first things you ask about. If all your questions have been answered during the interview, reply: "In fact, I did have several questions, but you have already answered them all.”Do not be afraid to ask for clarification of something that has been said during the interview if you want to be sure what was implied, but do be polite.Just before you go to the interview, look again at the original advertisement that you answered,any correspondence from your prospective employer, photocopies of your letter of application or application form and your resume.Then you will remember what you said and what they want. This is very important if you have applied for many jobs in a short time as it is easy to become confused and give an impression of inefficiency.Make sure you know where and when you have to report for the interview. Go to the building (but not inside the office) a day or two before, if necessary, to find out how long the journey takes and where exactly the place is.Aim to arrive five or ten minutes early for the actual interview, then you will have a little time in hand and you will not panic if you are delayed. You start at a disadvantage if you arrive worried and ten minutes late.Dress in clean, neat, conservative clothes. Now is NOT the time to experiment with the punk look or (girls) to wear low-cut dresses with miniskirts. Make sure that your shoes, hands and hair (and teeth) are clean and neat.Have the letter inviting you for an interview ready to show in case there is any difficulty in communication.You may find yourself facing one interviewer or a panel. The latter is far more intimidating, but do not let it worry you too much. The interviewer will probably have a table in front of him/her. Do not put your things or arms on it.If you have a bag or a case, put it on the floor beside your chair. Do not clutch it nervously or, worse still, drop it, spilling everything.Shake hands if the interviewer offers his hand first. There is little likelihood that a panel of five wants to go though the process of all shaking hands with you in turn. So you do not be upset if no one offers.Shake hands firmly -- a weak hand suggests a weak personality, and a crushing grip is obviously painful. Do not drop the hand as soon as yours has touched it as this will seem to show you do not like the other person.Speak politely and naturally even if you are feeling shy. Think before you answer any questions. If you cannot understand, ask: "Would you mind rephrasing the question, please?" The question will then be repeated in different words.If you are not definitely accepted or turned down on the spot, ask: "When may I expect to hear the results of this interview?"If you do receive a letter offering you the job, you must reply by letter (keep a photocopy) as soon as possible.Good luck!02-A. Black HolesWhat is a black hole? Well, it's difficult to answer this question, since the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here. Astronomers andscientists think that a black hole is a region of space (not a thing ) into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape ?not even light. So we can't see a black hole. A black hole exerts a strong gravitational pull and yet it has no matter. It is only space -- or so we think. How can this happen?The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point; they collapse and sometimes a supernova occurs. From earth, a supernova looks like a very bright light in the sky which shines even in the daytime. Supernovae were reported by astronomers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Some people think that the Star of Bethlehem could have been a supernova. The collapse of a star may produce a White Dwarf or a neutron star -- a star, whose matter is so dense that it continually shrinks by the force of its own gravity. But if the star is very large (much bigger than our sun) this process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results. Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble, but still having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull, and you have some idea of the force of a black hole. Any matter near the black hole is sucked in. It is impossible to say what happens inside a black hole. Scientists have called the boundary area around the hole the "event horizon." We know nothing about events which happen once objects pass this boundary. But in theory, matter must behave very differently inside the hole.For example, if a man fell into a black hole, he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly. However an observer at the event horizon would think that the man never reached the center at all. Our space and time laws don't seem to apply to objects in the area of a black hole. Einstein's relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena. Einstein claimed that matter and energy are interchangeable, so that there is no "absolute" time and space. There are no constants at all, and measurements of time and space depend on the position of the observer. They are relative. We do not yet fully understand the implications of the relativity theory; but it is interesting that Einstein's theory provided a basis for the idea of black holes before astronomers started to find some evidence for their existence. It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes. In August 1977, a satellite was launched to gather data about the 10 million black holes which are thought to be in the Milky Way. And astronomers are planning a new observatory to study the individual exploding stars believed to be black holes,The most convincing evidence of black holes comes frown research into binary star systems. Binary stars, as their name suggests, are twin stars whose position in space affects each other. In some binary systems, astronomers have shown that there is an invisible companion star, a "partner" to the one which we can see in the sky. Matter from the one which we can see is being pulled towards the companion star. Could this invisible star, which exerts such a great force, be a black hole? Astronomers have evidence of a few other stars too, which might have black holes as companions.The story of black holes is just beginning. Speculations about them. are endless. There might bea massive black hole at the center of our galaxy swallowing up stars at a very rapid rate. Mankind may one day meet this fate. On the other hand, scientists have suggested that very advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind. These speculations sound like science fiction. But the theory of black holes in space is accepted by many serious scientists and astronomers. They show us a world which operates in a totally different way from our own and they question our most basic experience of space and time.02-B. Worlds within WorldsFirst of all let us consider the earth (that is to say, the world) as a planet revolving round the sun. The earth is one of nine planets which move in orbit round the sun. These nine planets, together with the sun, make up what is called our solar system. How this wonderful system started and what kept it working with such wonderful accuracy is largely a mystery but astronomers tell us that it is only one of millions of similar systems in space, and one of the smallest.The stars which we see glittering in the sky on a dark and cloudless night are almost certainly the suns of other solar systems more or less like our own, but they are so far away in space that it is unlikely that we shall ever get to know very much about them. About our own solar system, however, we are learning more every day.Before the American and Russian astronauts made their thrilling journeys into outer space it was difficult for us to realise what our earth looked like from hundreds of thousands of miles away, but the photographs which the astronauts were able to take show us the earth in space looking not very different from what the moon looks like when we look at it from the earth. The earth is, however, very different from the moon, which the American astronauts have found to be without life or vegetation, whereas our earth is very much alive in every respect. The moon, by the way, is called a satellite because it goes round our earth as well as round the sun. In other words, it goes round the sun with our earth.The surface of our earth is covered by masses of land and larger areas of water. Let us consider the water areas first. The total water area is about three times as large as the land area. The very large separate areas of water are called "oceans” and the lesser areas are called "seas.”In most of the oceans and seas some of the water is found to be flowing in a particular direction -- that is to say, from one part towards another part of the ocean or sea concerned. The water which is flowing in this manner is said to be moving as a "current." There are many thousands of currents in the waters of the oceans and seas, but only certain of the stronger and better marked currents are specially named and of great importance. These currents are important because they affect the climate of the land areas close to where they flow and also because they carry large quantities of microscopic animal and vegetable life which forms a large part of the food for fishes.The nature and characteristics of the surface of the land areas of the earth vary a great deal from area to area and from place to place. The surface of some areas consists largely of high mountains and deep valleys whilst, in other areas, most of the surface consists of plains. If onemade a journey over the Continents one would find every kind of surface including mountain ranges, plains, plateaux, deserts, tropical forestlands and empty areas covered permanently by ice and snow.When thinking and learning about the world we should not forget that our world is the home of a very great many different people -- peoples with different coloured skins, living very different lives and having very different ideas about a great many important things such as religion, government, education and social behaviour.The circumstances under which different people live make a great difference between the way in which they live and the way in which we live, and it ought to be our business to try to understand those different circumstances so that we can better understand people of other lands. Above all, we should avoid deciding what we think about people different from ourselves without first having learned a great deal about them and the kind of lives they have to live. It is true to say that the more we learn about other people, the better we understand their ideas and, as a rule, the better we like those people themselves.03-A. Euthanasia: For and Against"We mustn't delay any longer ... swallowing is difficult ... and breathing, that's also difficult. Those muscles are weakening too ... we mustn't delay any longer.”These were the words of Dutchman Cees van Wendel de Joode asking his doctor to help him die. Affected with a serious disease, van Wendel was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating.Van Wendel's last three months of life before being given a final, lethal injection by his doctor were filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands. The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown, it starts a nationwide debate on the subject.The Netherlands is the only country in Europe which permits euthanasia, although it is not technically legal there. However, doctors who carry out euthanasia under strict guidelines introduced by the Dutch Parliament two years ago are usually not prosecuted. The guidelines demand that the patient is experiencing extreme suffering, that there is no chance of a cure, and that the patient has made repeated requests for euthanasia. In addition to this, a second doctor must confirm that these criteria have been met and the death must be reported to the police department.Should doctors be allowed to take the lives of others? Dr. Wilfred van Oijen, Cees van Wendel's doctor, explains how he looks at the question:"Well, it's not as if I'm planning to murder a crowd of people with a machine gun. In that case, killing is the worst thing I can imagine. But that's entirely different from my work as a doctor. I care for people and I try to ensure that they don't suffer too much. Th at's a very different thing.”Many people, though, are totally against the practice of euthanasia. Dr. Andrew Ferguson, Chairman of the organisation Healthcare Opposed to Euthanasia, says that "in the vast majorityof euthanasia cases, what the patient is actually asking for is something else. They may want a health professional to open up communication for them with their loved ones or family -- there's nearly always another question behind the question.”Britain also has a strong tradition of hospices -- special hospitals which care only for the dying and their special needs. Cicely Saunders, President of the National Hospice Council and a founder member of the hospice movement, argues that euthanasia doesn't take into account that there are ways of caring for the dying. She is also concerned that allowing euthanasia would undermine the need for care and consideration of a wide range of people: "It's very easy in society now for the elderly, the disabled and the dependent to feel that they are burdens, and therefore that they ought to opt out. I think that anything that legally allows the shortening of life does make those people more vulnerable.”Many find this prohibition of an individual's right to die paternalistic. Although they agree that life is important and should be respected, they feel that the quality of life should not be ignored. Dr. van Oijen believes that people have the fundamental right to choose for themselves if they want to die: "What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people haven't the right. And that when people are very ill, we are all afraid of their death. But there are situations where death is a friend. And in those cases, why not?But "why not?" is a question which might cause strong emotion. The film showing Cees van Wendel's death was both moving and sensitive. His doctor was clearly a family friend; his wife had only her husband's interests at heart. Some, however, would argue that it would be dangerous to use this particular example to support the case for euthanasia. Not all patients would receive such a high level of individual care and attention.03-B. Advantage UnfairAccording to the writer Walter Ellis, author of a book called the Oxbridge Conspiracy, Britain is still dominated by the old-boy network: it isn't what you know that matters, but who you know. He claims that at Oxford and Cambridge Universities (Oxbridge for short) a few select people start on an escalator ride which, over the years, carries them to the tops of British privilege and power. His research revealed that the top professions all continue to be dominated, if not 90 per cent, then 60 or 65 per cent, by Oxbridge graduates.And yet, says Ellis, Oxbridge graduates make up only two per cent of the total number of students who graduate from Britain's universities. Other researches also seem to support his belief that Oxbridge graduates start with an unfair advantage in the employment market. In the law, a recently published report showed that out of 26 senior judges appointed to the High Court last year, all of them went to private schools and 21 of them went to Oxbridge.But can this be said to amount to a conspiracy? Not according to Dr. John Rae, a former headmaster of one of Britain's leading private schools, Westminster:"I would accept that there was a bias in some key areas of British life, but that bias has now gone. Some time ago -- in the 60s and before ?entry to Oxford and Cambridge was not entirely onmerit. Now, there's absolutely no question in any objective observer's mind that, entry to Oxford and Cambridge is fiercely competitive."However, many would disagree with this. For, although over three-quarters of British pupils are educated in state schools, over half the students that go to Oxbridge have been to private, or "public" schools. Is this because pupils from Britain's private schools are more intelligent than those from state schools, or are they simply better prepared?On average, about $ 5,000 a year is spent on each private school pupil, more than twice the amount spent on state school pupils. So how can the state schools be expected to compete with the private schools when they have far fewer resources? And how can they prepare their pupils for the special entrance exam to Oxford University, which requires extra preparation, and for which many public school pupils traditionally stay at school and do an additional term?Until recently, many blamed Oxford for this bias because of the university's special entrance exam (Cambridge abolished its entrance exam in 1986). But last February, Oxford University decided to abolish the exam to encourage more state school applicants. From autumn 1996, Oxford University applicants, like applicants to other universities, will be judged only on their A level results and on their performance at interviews, although some departments might still set special tests.However, some argue that there's nothing wrong in having elite places of learning, and that by their very nature, these places should not be easily accessible. Most countries are run by an elite and have centres of academic excellence from which the elite are recruited. Walter Ellis accepts that this is true:"But in France, for example, there are something like 40 equivalents of university, which provide this elite through a much broader base. In America you've got the Ivy League, centred on Harvard and Yale, with Princeton and Stanford and others. But again, those universities together -- the elite universities -- are about ten or fifteen in number, and are being pushed along from behind by other great universities like, for example, Chicago and Berkeley. So you don't have just this narrow concentration of two universities providing a constantly replicating elite.”When it comes to Oxford and Cambridge being elitist because of the number of private school pupils they accept, Professor Stone of Oxford University argues that there is a simple fact he and his associates cannot ignore:"If certain schools do better than others then we just have to accept it. We cannot be a place for remedial education. It's not what Oxford is there to do.”However, since academic excellence does appear to be related to the amount of money spent per pupil, this does seem to imply that Prime Minister John Major's vision of Britain as a classless society is still a long way off. And it may be worth remembering that while John Major didn't himself go to Oxbridge, most of his ministers did.04-A. Slavery on Our DoorstepThere are estimated to be more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain (theexact figure is not known because the Home Office, the Government department that deals with this, does not keep statistics). Usually, they have been brought over by foreign businessmen, diplomats or Britons returning from abroad. Of these 20,000, just under 2,000 are being exploited and abused by their employers, according to a London-based campaigning group which helps overseas servants working in Britain.The abuse can take several forms. Often the domestics are not allowed to go out, and they do not receive any payment. They can be physically, sexually and psychologically abused. And they can have their passports removed, making leaving or "escaping" virtually impossible.The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world received much media attention earlier this year in several highly publicised cases. In one of them, a Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder, despite protests from various quarters that her guilt had not been adequately established. Groups like Anti-Slavery International say other, less dramatic, cases are equally deserving of attention, such as that of Lydia Garcia, a Filipino maid working in London:"I was hired by a Saudi diplomat directly from the Philippines to work in London in 1989. I was supposed to be paid $ 120 but I never received that amount. They always threatened that they would send me back to my country.”Then there is the case of Kumari from Sri Lanka. The main breadwinner in her family, she used to work for a very low wage at a tea factory in Sri Lanka. Because she found it difficult to feed her four children, she accepted a job working as a domestic in London. She says she felt like a prisoner at the London house where she worked:"No days off -- ever, no breaks at all, no proper food. I didn't have my own room; I slept on a shelf with a spad0 of only three feet above me. I wasn't allowed to talk to anybody. I wasn't even allowed to open the window. My employers always threatened to report me to the Home Office or the police.”At the end of 1994 the British Government introduced new measures to help protect domestic workers from abuse by their employers. This included increasing the minimum age of employees to 18, getting employees to read and, understand an advice leaflet, getting employers to agree to provide adequate maintenance and conditions, and to put in writing the main terms and conditions of the job (of which the employees should see a copy).However, many people doubt whether this will successfully reduce the incidence of abuse. For the main problem facing overseas maids and domestics who try to complain about cruel living and working conditions is that they do not have independent immigrant status and so cannot change employer. (They are allowed in the United Kingdom under a special concession in the immigration rules which allows foreigners to bring domestic staff with them.) So if they do complain, they risk being deported.Allowing domestic workers the freedom to seek the same type of work but with a different employer, if they so choose, is what groups like Anti-Slavery International are campaigning the。
自考英语二大纲重点词汇复习上
自考英语二大纲重点词汇复习（上）词汇复习第一讲a-c1. 识记词汇1. Some of the old traditions have been ____ as time goes by.[A] abandoned [B] abolished [C] absorbed [D] abused2. You cant gain ____ to the library unless you are a member of the club.[A] acquaintance [B] acknowledgement [C] account [D] access3. ____ by his best friend, he went to have his first job interview.[A] accumulated [B] accompanied [C] activated [D] adjusted4. He is sure to win with ____ preparation.[A] abundant [B] accurate [C] absolute [D] adequate5. It is ____ that the scientists have found new ways to cure the disease.[A] altered [B] admitted [C] alleged [D] allocated6. The group leader is ____ todays tasks to everyone.[A] assessing [B] assuring [C] assigning [D] assembling7. I really ____ your valuable advice.[A] appreciate [B] approach [C] appoint [D] approve8. Usually new problems ____ when old ones are solved.[A] rise [B] arise [C] raise [D] arouse9. He failed in his ____ to stop the accident from happening.[A] association [B] attribute [C] attempt [D] awareness10. Id like to vote on ____ of my family.[A] benefit [B] behalf [C] boast [D] border11. We shouldnt ____ him for all the mistakes.[A] accuse [B] blame [C] charge [D] scold12. He is brave enough to ____ any authority.[A] celebrate [B] capture [C] challenge [D] claim13. The research group ____ of five scientists.[A] consists [B] composes [C] comprises [D] constitutes14. But for your ____, I could not have finished this long, hard journey.[A] campaign [B] capacity [C] concern [D] company15. He was ____ to accept this unfair condition.[A] concealed [B] complained [C] compelled [D] coincided16. He seems ____ when reading this letter.[A] confused [B] conscious [C] considerate [D] content17. His later actions are not ____ with the first impression he left on us.[A] consistent [B] constant [C] convenient [D] convincing18. We found it necessary to ____ the team spirit in our students.[A] contest [B] cooperate [C] comment [D] cultivate19. We have nothing in ____ with our neighbors.[A] common [B] comfort [C] column [D] command20. The players are quite ____ in themselves.[A] critical [B] concerned [C] confident [D] conservative2. 重要词组21. He didn’t get the message; ____, he missed the meeting.[A] as a result [B] as a rule [C] as a whole [D] as usual22. please make yourself ____ while you stay here with us.[A] at a loss [B] at ease [C] at hand [D] at random23. You can’t succeed in your career at the ____ of your health.[A] rate [B] cost [C] sight [D] mercy24. ____, he is by far the best football player in the world.[A] At any rate [B] At times [C] By and by [D] Beyond doubt25. It is said that the couple has ____ for some time.[A] broken away [B] broken off [C] broken down [D] broken up26. The political reform will ____ great changes in the government.[A] bring about [B] bring out [C] bring over [D] bring up27. Sorry, I took your schoolbag ____.[A] by accident [B] by mistake [C] by nature [D] by hand28. Hearing the news, I could not help but ____.[A] cry [B] cried [C] crying [D] to cry29. If you hurry up, you can still ____ other students.[A] catch up with [B] cope with [C] come up with [D] come to terms with30. ____ our expectation, all the top students in our class failed the exam.[A] In addition to [B] By means of [C] Contrary to [D] As for3．单词拼写31．好奇心n. c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 32 广播，播音v. b_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _33 有益的，有好处的a. b_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 34 预计，期望v. a_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _35供选择的东西，取舍n. a_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 36 抽象的a. a_ _ _ _ _ _ _37 大量的，丰盛的a. a_ _ _ _ _ _ _ 38 祝福，赐福v. b_ _ _ _39 偶然的，随便的a. c_ _ _ _ _ 40 门类，种类，范畴n. c_ _ _ _ _ _ _41 倒塌，崩溃v. c_ _ _ _ _ _ _ 42 比较的，相当的a. c_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _43. 集中，聚集v. c_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 44. 考虑周到的，体谅的a. c_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 45 相符合，一致，通信v. c_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 46 标准，准则n. c_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _47. 顾客，主顾n. c_ _ _ _ _ _ _ 48 光辉灿烂的，杰出的a. b_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _49 预算n. b_ _ _ _ _ 50 自动的，无意识的a. a_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _KEY:1-20 ADBDC CABCB BCADC AADAC21-30 ABBDD ABAAC31 curiosity 32 broadcast 33 beneficial 34 anticipate 35 alternative36 abstract 37 abundant 38 bless 39 casual 40 category41 collapse 42 comparative 43 concentrate 44 considerate 45 correspond46 criterion 47 customer 48 brilliant 49 budget 50 automatic词汇复习第二讲d-h1．识记词汇1. There is a heated ____ on the role of education throughout the country.[A] debate [B] decade [C] decay [D] decline2. She ____ his invitation with a smile.[A] refused [B] rejected [C] declined [D] turned down3. It needs skills to handle such a ____ relationship.[A] delicious [B] definite [C] desperate [D] delicate4. Deprived ____ everything he used to had, he lived in despair.[A] with [B] of [C] in [D] over5. He is ____ to catch up with his classmates.[A] devoted [B] determined [C] depressed [D] delivered6. If you d on’t ____ your children, they will be spoiled.[A] discipline [B] discard [C] distract [D] distribute7. The radioactive wastes from the nuclear power plant must be ____ of.[A] discarded [B] thrown [C] abandoned [D] disposed8. It is afraid that someday in the future computers will ____ the whole world.[A] dominate [B] donate [C] disrupt [D] discount9. It is really ____ to encounter one’s former lover at a party.[A] earnest [B] elementary [C] embarrassing[D] efficient10. Greater ____ has been put on the development of the west.[A] emphasis [B] excess [C] existence [D] extinction11. Too much ____ to violence on TV will exert some bad influence on children.[A] excuse [B] exit [C] exposure [D] expense12. Every resident can have access to the sports ____ of the community.[A] equipment [B] facilities [C] instrument [D] devices13. The critics all speak ____ of the new play.[A] favorably [B] feasibly [C] flexibly [D] favorite14. With the discovery of gold in the nearby mountains, this town began to ____.[A] fluctuate [B] flourish [C] foster [D] forbid15. He blamed his failure on bad ____.[A] formation [B] foundation [C] frustration [D] fortune16. The fans have waited out of the hotel for hours just to catch a ____ of the film star.[A] glance [B] glimpse [C] sight [D] vision17. I’m ____ for what you have done for my family.[A] guilty [B] genuine [C] generous [D] grateful18. Man should develop in ____with nature.[A] harmony [B] hostility [C] hazard [D] horizon19. He never ____ to help those in trouble.[A] handle [B] hurry [C] hesitate [D] hinder2o. people who have a healthy ____ in life tend to be happier than those who don’t.[A] habit [B] hobby [C] honesty [D] humor21. The writer likes to ____ his own experience when writing a story.[A] draw in [B] draw on [C] draw up [D] draw out22. He has to learn to ____ parents’ care when he lives alone.[A] do away with [B] do with [C] do without [D] deal with23. In winter, I don’t ____ having cold drinks.[A] feel like [B] figure out [C] drop by [D] drop out24. You should study hard ____yourself and your family.[A] due to [B] except for [C] for the sake of [D] in favor of25. You can keep the cup ____, but you can’t keep it for good.[A] for ever [B] for short [C] for the time being [D] for nothing26. The language barrier may ____ to misunderstanding between different nations.[A] get hold of [B] give the better of [C] give full play to [D] give rise to27. He can’t ____ his tears on hearing the good news.[A] hold back [B] get over [C] hold out [D] get through28. I could have arrived on time, but I was ____ in traffic.[A] handed in [B] handed over [C] held on [D] held up2．单词拼写1．谦虚的，谦卑的a. h _ _ _ _ _ 2. 提高，加强v. h _ _ _ _ _ _ _3．和谐，融洽n. h _ _ _ _ _ _ 4. 认真的，诚恳的a. e _ _ _ _ _ _5. 戏剧性的a. d _ _ _ _ _ _ _6. 多样性n. d _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _7. 差异，不一致n. d _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8. 可行的，可能的a. f _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9．灵活的，柔顺的a. f _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10. 预报，预测n./v. f _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11．幸运地，幸亏adv. f _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12. 供应，布置家具v. f _ _ _ _ _ _ 13．赌博n./ v. g _ _ _ _ _ 14. 手势，姿势n. g _ _ _ _ _ _15. 贪婪的a. g _ _ _ _ _ 16. 担保，保证v. g _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _17．危险，公害n. h_ _ _ _ _ 18. 夸大，夸张v. e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19．展览，展览会n. e_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 20. 广阔的，广泛的a. e_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _3．汉译英1．他决心充分发挥自己的潜力已取得最理想的成绩。
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大学英语自学教程（二）大纲词汇a [e,ei,4]art.（非特指的）一(个)，每一(个)；(同类事物中的)任何一（个）；每（一）an [4n, ,1n]art.一(个);任何一个;每,每一abandon [4'b1nd4n]vt.抛弃，遗弃；放弃，停止做（某事）；离弃，丢弃ability [4'biliti]n.能力，本领；[pl.]才能，才识，才智able ['eibl]a.有能力的，有才干的，显示出才华的；出色的aboard [4'b3:d]ad./prep.在船(车、飞行器)上，上船(车、飞机)abolish [4'b3li5]vt.废除，取消，废止about [4'baut]prep.在...周围，在...附近；关于，对于 ad.在周围，附近，到处；大约，差不多，左右above [4'b8v]prep.在...上方；多于，大于；高于，优于 ad.在上面，向上，在高处；（指书籍文章）上文，前文 a.上述的，上面的 n.上面，上级abroad [4'br3:d]ad.到国外，在海外；遍布，到处；在传播，在流行absent ['1bs4nt,4b'sent]a.缺席的；缺乏的；不在意的；茫然的absolute ['1bs4lu:t]a.绝对的，完全的；确实的，肯定的absorb [4b's3:b]vt.吸收；使全神贯注abstract ['1bstr1kt,4b'str1kt]a.抽象的，不具体的；抽象派的 n.摘要，梗概；抽象派艺术品 vt.提取，抽取absurd [4b's4:d]a.荒谬的，荒唐的，可笑的abundant [4'b8nd4nt]a.(in)丰富的，充裕的，充足的，大量的abuse [4'bju:z,4'bju:s]vt.滥用（职权等），妄用；（常用被动语态）辱骂，诬蔑，伤害，虐待 n.滥用，虐待；辱骂，漫骂academic [`1k4'demik]a.学术的；学院的，学校的；学究的，纯理论的，不切实际的accent ['1ks4nt]n.口音，腔调，音调；重音符号；重音 vt.重读accept [4k'sept]vt.接受，领受；认可，同意，承认access ['1kses]n.接近，进入；获得(机会等)；入口，通道；接近的机会 vi.存取（电脑文件）accessible [1k'ses4bl]a.可得到的，易接近的，可进入的accident ['1ksid4nt]n.意外事件，事故，偶然的事accompany [4'k8mp4ni]vt.陪伴，陪同；为...伴奏；伴随，和...一起发生accomplish [4'k3mpli5]vt.完成（任务），实现（计划、诺言等），达到（目的），成就accomplishmentaccordance [4'k3:d4ns]n.一致，相符，和谐according [4'k3:di6]ad.按照；根据accordingly [4'k3:di6li]ad.因此，所以，于是；照着，相应地account [4'kaunt]n.帐目，帐户；记述，描述，报告；说明，解释 vi.(for)说明(理由等)，解释accumulate [4'kju:mjuleit]v.积累，积聚，积蓄，堆积accuracy ['1kjur4si]n.准确（性），精确度（性）accurate ['1kjurit]a.准确的，精确的，正确无误的ache [eik]vi.疼痛，酸痛 n.疼痛，酸痛achieve [4't5i:v]vt.完成，达到（目的）；得到，获得achievement [4't5i:vm4nt]n.完成，达到（目的）；成就，成绩，成功acid ['1sid]a.酸的，酸性的；尖刻的，刻薄的 n.酸；酸性物质acknowledge [4k'n3lid9]vt.承认，承认...的权威（主张）；公认为，认为；致谢，鸣谢，感谢；告知收到(信件等)，确认acquaintance [4'kweint4ns]n.(with)熟悉，熟知，相识，了解；熟人，相识的人acquire [4'kwai4]vt.获得，取得；学到(知识等)；养成(习惯)across [4'kr3s]prep.穿过，越过，横越；在...对面，在...那边 ad.从一边到另一边，...宽；在对面，向对面act [1kt]v.行动，举动，表现；(on)对...起作用；表演，扮演 n.行为，动作；条例，法令；（戏剧的一）幕action ['1k54n]n.活动，行为；(on)作用activate ['1ktiveit]vt.使活动起来，使开始起作用active ['1ktiv]a.活跃的，活泼的，积极的；主动的，起作用的activity [1k'tiviti]n.[pl.]活动；行动，行为；活动性，活跃，活力actor ['1kt4]n.演员，男演员；行动者actual ['1kt5u4l,'1ktju4l]a.现实的，实际的，事实上的；现在的，目前的A.D. ['ei'di:]n.公元ad [1d]n.(=advertisement)广告adapt [4'd1pt]vt.使适应，使适合；改写，改编 vi.(to)适应add [1d]vt.添加，增加；进一步说（或写），附带说明；把...加起来，计算...的总和 vi.(to)增添addition [4'di54n]n.（增）加，加法，附加物additional [4'di54nl]a.附加的，额外的，另外的address [4'dres]n.通讯处，地址；致词，讲话 vt.向...讲话（致词）；（在信封或包裹等上）写姓名地址，致函adequate ['1dikwit]a.足够的，充分的；适当的，胜任的adjective ['1d9iktiv]n.[语法]形容词adjust [4'd98st]vt.(to)调整，调节；整理，使合适adjustment [4'd98stm4nt]n.调整，调节administration [4d`minis'trei54n]n.管理，经营，支配；管理部门，行政机关，政府；实行，执行admire [4d'mai4]vt.羡慕，赞美，钦佩；称赞，夸奖admission [4d'mi54n]n.允许进入，准许加入；入场费，入场券；坦白，承认，供认admit [4d'mit]v.准许...进来，准许...加入；(to)承认，供认adopt [4'd3pt]v.采用，采纳，采取(态度等)；正式通过，批准；选定；收养（子女）adult ['1d8lt]a.成年人的，已成熟的 n.成年人（或动物）advance [4d'v2:ns]vt.预先发放，预先支付；提前，使提前发生；提出（建议等） vi.前进；取得进展；（价格等）上涨；促进，推进，助长 n.发展，前进，进展；预付；提前advanced [4d'v2:nst]a.先进的，超前的；高等的，高级的；年迈的，后阶段的advantage [4d'v2:ntid9]n.优点，有利条件，有利因素；利益，好处adventure [4d'vent54]n.冒险，冒险活动；奇遇，异乎寻常的经历adverb ['1dv4:b]n.副词adverse ['1dv4:s]a.不利的，敌对的，有害的；逆的，相反的advertisement [4d'v4:tism4nt]n.广告；做广告，登广告advice [4d'vais]n.忠告，劝告，意见；（医生等的）建议advise [4d'vaiz]vt.忠告，劝告，向...提供意见；通告，通知；建议aeroplane ['e4r4plein]n.(英)飞机affair [4'fe4]n.事情，事件；[pl.]事务，事态，业务affect [4'fekt]vt.影响，作用；感动；(疾病)侵袭a.肯定的afford [4'f3:d]vt.（与can,could,be able to连用）担负得起，抽得出(时间等)，买得起；提供，给予afraid [4'freid]a.恐惧的，害怕的；担心的；（表示抱歉）恐怕，遗憾Africa ['1frik4]n.非洲African ['1frik4n]a.非洲（人）的 n.非洲人after ['2:ft4]prep.在...以后，在...后面 ad.以后，后来；低于，次于 conj.在...以后afternoon ['2:ft4'nu:n]n.下午，午后afterward ['2:ft4w4d(z)]ad.(-s)以后，后来，其后again [4'gein,4'gen]ad.再（次），又，重新；此外against [4'genst,4'genst]prep.对（着），相反，逆；和...比；靠着，倚着age [eid9]n.年龄，年纪；时期，时代 v.变老，上年纪；成熟，变旧agent ['eid94nt]n.代理人，经办人，代理商，经纪人；政府特工人员，政府代表；动因，原因；剂恼火aggression [4'gre54n]n.侵略，攻击，进攻aggressive [4'gresiv]a.进攻的，侵犯的，侵略的；爱挑衅的；敢作敢为的，有进取心的ago [4'g4u]ad.以前，以往，...前agree [4'gri:]v.(to)同意，(on)赞同，相同，相符，一致；（气候、食物等）相宜agreement [4'gri:m4nt]n.协议，约定，契约；同意，达成协议；一致，感情融洽agriculture ['1grik8lt54]n.农业，农学ahead [4'hed]ad.在前，提前，向前，前头aid [eid]n.帮助，救护；助手，辅助物，辅助手段 vt.帮助，救援，援助aim [eim]n.瞄准，对准；目的，目标，意图 v.(at)（以枪等）瞄准，把...对准；(for)旨在，目的在于air [e4]n.大气，空气；天空，航空；样子，态度，神态 vt.使（房间）通风；使公开，使公众注意；晾（干）aircraft ['e4kr2:ft]n.飞机，飞艇，航空器airline ['e4lain]n.（飞机的）航线；[pl.]航空公司airplane ['e4plein]n.(美)飞机airport ['e4p3:t]n.飞机场，航空港，航空站alarm [4'l2:m]n.惊恐，惊慌，忧虑；警报，警报器，警铃 vt.使惊恐，使不安，惊吓；向...报警alert [4'l4:t]a.注意的，警觉的，留神的；机灵的，活跃的 n.警戒（状态），警戒（期间）；警报 vt.警告alike [4'laik]a.（常作表语）相似的，相象的，相同的alive [4'laiv]a.（常作表语）活着的，存在的，在世的；（继续）存在的，在起作用的；有活力的，活泼的，活跃的，有生气的；(to)注意到的，敏感的；(with)充满的all [3:l]a.所有的，整个的，全部的；非常的 ad.（加强语气）完全，全体，全部；更加，越发，很pron.全体，每个人，全部，一切allege [4'led9]vt.断言，声称，宣称a.被说成的，被指称的allocate ['1l4keit]vt.分配，分派，把...拨给allow [4'lau]vt.允许，准许，容许；(of)承认；同意给；允许...进入（停留） vi.(for)考虑到almost ['3:lm4ust]ad.几乎，差不多alone [4'l4un]a.（只作表语，不用在名词前）单独的，孤独的；单单，仅，只；独一无二的，唯一的 ad.单独地，孤独地；（用在名词或代词后）独个儿，仅仅along [4'l36]prep.沿着，循着 ad.向前地，往前；一道，一起aloud [4'laud]ad.大声地；响亮地alphabet ['1lf4bit]n.字母表already [3:l'redi]ad.已，早已，已经also ['3:ls4u]ad.而且（也），此外（还）；同样地alter ['3:lt4]v.改变，改动，变更alternative [3:l't4:n4tiv]a.两者择一的，供选择的 n.供选择的东西，抉择对象，替换物although [3:l'04u]conj.尽管，虽然；然而altogether [`3:lt4'ge04]ad.总共，全部；完全地，全然；总之，总起来说always ['3:lweiz,'3:lw4z]ad.总是，一向；始终，永远ambition [1m'bi54n]n.野心，雄心，抱负，志向；企望得到的东西America [4'merik4]n.美洲；美国American [4'merik4n]a.美国(人)的；美洲(人)的 n.美国(洲)人among [4'm86]prep.(-st)（一般指在三者或三者以上）在...之中，在...中间amount [4'maunt]vi.(to)合计，总计，总计达；（在意义、价值等方面）等于，接近 n.数额，数量；总和1amuse [4'mju:z]vt.逗乐，使开心，使愉快，逗笑；给...提供娱乐（消遣）analyse ['1n4laiz]vt.(=analyze)分析，分解analysis [4'n1l4sis]n.分析，分解，分析报告ancestor ['1nsist4]n.祖宗，祖先；原型，先驱ancient ['ein54nt]a.古代的；年老的，古老的；古式的and [4nd,1nd]conj.和，与，加，同，而且；那么，则angel ['eind94l]n.天使，守护神；安琪儿，可爱的人anger ['16g4]n.怒，愤怒 vt.激怒，使生气，使发怒angry ['16gri]a.(with,about)发怒的，愤怒的；（风雨等）狂暴的animal ['1nim4l]n.动物，兽类，牲畜，畜announce [4'nauns]vt.宣布，宣告；声称；发表；预示，预告announcement [4'naunsm4nt]n.布告，通告；预告，声明annoy [4'n3i]vt.使生气，使恼火；打扰，干扰annual ['1nju4l]a.每年的，年度的，一年一次的 n.年刊，年鉴another [4'n804]a.另一个，又，再一个的；别的，不同的 pron.另一个，类似的一个answer ['2:ns4]v.回答，答复；(for)负责；(to)适合 n.回答，答复；解答，答案ant [1nt]n.蚁anticipate [1n'tisipeit]vt.预料，预期，期望；先于...行动，提前使用1anxious ['16k54s]a.(about)忧虑的，发愁的，令人焦急的，担心的；(to)急于(得到的)，渴望的，切盼的any ['eni]a.一些，什么；任何的，任一的 pron.（无论）哪个，（无论）哪些 ad.稍，丝毫anybody ['eni`b3di,'enib4di]pron.随便哪个人；无论谁，任何人anyhow ['enihau]ad.无论如何，不管怎样；不论用何种方法anyone ['eniw8n]pron.(=anybody)任何人，无论什么人anything ['eni7i6]pron.任何事物，任何东西；无论什么东西(事情)，一切anyway ['eniwei]ad.(=anyhow)无论如何；不论以何种方式anywhere ['eniwe4]ad.无论哪里，任何地方(用于否定、疑问等)；（用于肯定句）随便什么地方apart [4'p2:t]ad.（空间、时间方面）成距离，相距，相隔；分开，离开；除去，撇开 a.分离的，分隔的apartment [4'p2:tm4nt]n.公寓住宅，套间1apparatus [`1p4'reit4s]n.仪器，器械，装置，设备；机构，组织apparent [4'p1r4nt]a.(to)显然的，明白的，清晰可见的，明显的；表面的，外表的，貌似（真实）的o)求助于，诉诸于；(against)上诉，申诉 n.(to)要求，呼吁，恳求；吸引力；申诉，上诉appear [4'pi4]vi.出现，露出；出场，公开露面；好象是，仿佛，似乎；出版，发表appearance [4'pi4r4ns]n.出现，出场，显露，露面；外貌，样子，外表，外观appetite ['1pitait]n.食欲，胃口；爱好，嗜好；欲望apple ['1pl]n.苹果，苹果树application [`1pli'kei54n]n.申请（书），申请表格；应用，实施，实用性；施用，涂抹apply [4'plai]v.(for)申请，请求；(to)应用，运用；(to)适用appoint [4'p3int]vt.任命，委派；指定，约定(时间、地点等)，确定appointment [4'p3intm4nt]n.约定，约会；任命，委派；委派的职位appreciate [4'pri:5ieit]v.重视，欣赏，赏识；为...表示感激；（充分）意识到，领会，体会approach [4'pr4ut5]v.(to)靠近，接近 n.靠近，接近；途径；方法，方式appropriate [4'pr4upri`it,4'pr4uprieit]a.(to)合适的，适当的approval [4'pru:v4l]n.同意，赞同；批准，认可approve [4'pru:v]v.(of)赞成，赞同；批准，核准，对...表示认可approximate [4'pr3ksimit]a.大致的，近似的 vi.接近，近似April ['eipr4l]n.四月apt [1pt]a.(to)易于，有（做某事的）倾向；恰当的，适宜的；聪明的，反应敏捷的arc [2:k]n.弧，弧形（物）；弧光area ['e4ri4]n.地区，区域；面积；范围，领域argue ['2:gju:]v.(with,about)争吵，争论，争辩；(for,against)论证，主张；说服argument ['2:gjum4nt]n.辩论，争论，争吵；(for,against)理由，论点，论据arise [4'raiz]vi.产生，出现，发生；(from)由...引起，由...产生，起源于arm [2:m]n.（手）臂，臂状物；扶手，衣袖；支架；[pl.]武器，武装 v.武装，装备；供给，配备army ['2:mi]n.军队，陆军，军；（一）大批，（一）大群around [4'raund]ad.周围，在附近；到处，各处；大约 prep.在...周围，在...附近arouse [4'rauz]vt.唤醒；引起唤起，激起arrange [4'reind9]v.整理，排列，布置；(for)筹备，安排，筹划arrangement [4'reind9m4nt]n.排列，整理；安排，准备arrest [4'rest]vt.逮捕，拘捕，拘留；停止，阻止 n.逮捕，拘捕arrival [4'raiv4l]n.到达，抵达，到来；到达者，到达物arrive [4'raiv]vi.(at,in)到达，抵达；(时间、事件)到来，发生；达到arrow ['1r4u]n.箭，矢，箭状物；箭头符号art [2:t]n.艺术，美术；技艺，技术；[pl.]人文学科article ['2:tikl]n.文章，论文；物件，（物品）的一件，商品；条文，规定，项目，条款；冠词artificial [`2:ti'fi54l]a.人工的，人造的；娇柔造作的，不自然的，人为的artist ['2:tist]n.艺术家，美术家as [4z,1z]conj.像...一样；既然，由于；在...的时候，当；虽然，尽管；以致于 prep.作为，如同 ad.（表示程度）同样地，一样地ash [15]n.[pl.]灰，灰烬；骨灰，遗骸ashamed [4'5eimd]a.（常用做表语）(of)惭愧的，羞愧的，害臊的，羞耻的Asia ['ei54]n.亚洲Asian ['ei54n]n.亚洲人 a.亚洲(人)的aside [4'said]ad.在旁边，到(向)旁边ask [2:sk]v.问，询问；要求，请求；邀请，约请asleep [4'sli:p]a.（常用作表语）睡着的，睡熟的aspect ['1spekt]n.样子，面貌，外观；(问题、事物等的)方面；（建筑物的）朝向，方向assault [4's3:lt]vt.（武力或口头上的）攻击，袭击 n.袭击，攻击；威胁，伤害assemble [4'sembl]v.集合，聚集，集会；装配，组装assembly [4'sembli]n.集合，集会，会议；装配，组装；立法机构，议会assess [4'ses]vt.对...进行估价，确定...的数额；评论，评价asset ['1set]n.资产，财产assign [4'sain]vt.(to)指派，委派；(to)派给，分配，布置；选定，指定(时间、地点)assignment [4'sainm4nt]n.分派，分配，指派；指定的（课外）作业，（分派的）任务assist [4'sist]v.帮助，援助，协助assistant [4'sist4nt]a.帮助的，辅助的，助理的 n.助手，助理；助教；辅助物associate [4's4u5ieit,4's4u5iit]v.(with)（在思想上）把...联系在一起，联想；使联合，结合，使有联系 a.副的 n.合伙人；同事，伙伴association [4`s4usi'ei54n]n.协会，社团，团体；联合，合伙，交往；联想assume [4'sju:m]vt.设想，假定，臆断；呈现，具有，采取；装出...样子；承担，接受，担任，就职assumption [4's8mp54n]n.假定，设想，臆断；担任，采取，承担assure [4'5u4]vt.(of)使确信，使放心；保证给，担保，确保astonish [4s't3ni5]vt.使惊讶，使吃惊at [1t,4t]prep.在，于；在，在...时；在...中；在...方面；向，朝；（表示速度、价格、比率等）按Atlantic [4t'l1ntik]a.大西洋的 n.(the A-)大西洋atmosphere ['1tm4sfi4]n.大气（层）；空气；气氛，环境；大气压（压力单位）atmospheric [`1t4m4s'ferik]a.大气的，空气的，大气层的atom ['1t4m]n.原子；微粒，微量atomic [4't3mik]a.原子的；原子能的attach [4't1t5]v.(to)贴上，系上，附上，附属；加入，参加；使依恋，使喜爱attack [4't1k]v.攻击，袭击，抨击；着手，开始 n.（多与on,upon连用）攻击；(病)发作attain [4'tein]v.达到，取得1attempt [4'tempt]vt.尝试，试图，企图，开始做 n.努力，尝试attend [4'tend]vt.出席，参加（会议等），上学；照顾，护理，看管，关心 vi.(on)专心于，致力于attention [4'ten54n]n.注意（力），留意，留心，专心；立正（的姿势）attentive [4'tentiv]a.注意的，留神的，聚精会神的attitude ['1titju:d]n.(to,towards)态度，看法，意见；姿势，姿态attract [4'tr1kt]vt.吸引，引诱；引起...的注意attraction [4'tr1k54n]n.吸引，吸引力attractive [4'tr1ktiv]a.有吸引力的，吸引力的，引人注意的；漂亮的，迷人的attribute [4'tribju:t,'1tribju:t]vt.(to)把...归因于，把...（过错、责任等）归于，认为是...的结果 n.属性，品质，特性；（人物、职务等的）标志，象征；[语法]定语audience ['3:dj4ns]n.听众，观众，读者August ['3:g4st]n.八月aunt [2:nt]n.姨母，姑母，伯母，婶母，舅母，阿姨Australia [3s'treilj4]n.澳大利亚，澳洲Australian [3s'treilj4n]n.澳大利亚人，澳洲人 a.澳大利亚的，澳洲的author ['3:74]n.作者，著者，作家；创始人authority [3:'73riti]n.当权者，行政管理机构；[pl.]官方，当局；管辖权，权力；权威者，专家auto ['3:t4u]n.汽车automatic [`3:t4'm1tik]a.自动的；机械的，无意识的 n.自动机械automobile ['3:t4m4bi:l]n.汽车，机动车autumn ['3:t4m]n.秋，秋季；成熟期，渐衰期available [4'veil4bl]a.可利用的，在手边的，现成可以使用的；可得到的，可以见到的，随时可来的；有效的average ['1v4rid9]n.平均（数）；一般水平，平均水平 a.平均的；一般的，通常的 v.平均，均分avoid [4'v3id]vt.避开，避免，逃避，回避awake [4'weik]v.唤醒，唤起；觉醒，觉悟；(to)醒悟到，认识到 a.（用作表语）醒着的，警觉的，意识到的award [4'w3:d]vt.颁发，授予，给予，判给 n.奖励，奖品，奖aware [4'we4]a.（用作表语，与介词of连用）知道的，意识到的，觉察到的awarenessaway [4'wei]ad.离开，远离；...去，...掉；不断...下去awful ['3:ful]a.可怕的，极坏的，令人不快的；（口语）极度的，非常的；（感到）难过的，不舒服的awkward ['3:kw4d]a.难应付的，难使用的，棘手的，尴尬的；笨拙的，不灵活的；为难的。