论文写作第4章

直接引语（quotation)
引用内容加引号，区别于阐释。不能有任何的改动和遗漏。可以出自第一手或第 二手资料。 Definition of learning strategies :learning strategies are the particular approaches or techniques that learners employ to try to learn an L2.” Ellis, Rod. Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Oxford Up, 1997:76 77
Classification of Learning Strategies Second language learning strategies consist of two categories. They are language learning strategies and language use strategies. The latter can be further divived into retrieval strategies, rehearsal strategies, cover strategies and communicative strategies. Cohen, Andrew D. Stategies in Learning and Using a Second Language,london: Longman, 1998:5-7
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Chapter 4 Taking Notes(记笔记） 阅读资料时， 应摘录事实、数据、论点等各方面的资料。 记录资料的出处及来源。
记笔记的方式：

卡片
电脑文档
1.建立临时书目卡 1） 著者姓名 2）书名
3)参阅章节
4)版次 5）卷数
6）出版商
7）资料所在页码 8）文章标题 9）所载刊物名 10)卷号 11）刊物出版日期 12）论文起止页码
3.避免剽窃（avoiding plagiarism)
Plagiarism is defined in dictionaries as the "wrongful appropriation," "close imitation," or "purloining and publication" of another author's "language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions," and the representation of them as one's own original work,12 but the notion remains problematic with nebulous boundaries.3456 The modern concept of plagiarism as immoral and originality as an ideal emerged in Europe only in the 18th century, particularly with the Romantic movement, while in the previous centuries authors and artists were encouraged to "copy the masters as closely as possible" and avoid "unnecessary invention
2.解读/阐释(paraphrase)
以自己的词语重述 原文的内容，改写的内容与基调与原文相同。在论文中队阐释 的内容的出处予以说明。 The Third wave According to Alvin Toffler, there have been two revolutionary periords of change in history: the agriculture revolution and the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution determined the course of history for thousands of years; the industrial civilization lasted about a century. We are now on the threshold of a new period of revolution change, but this one may last for a few decades. Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. New York; MLA: 32-33.
1. 笔记类型( types of notes) 1. 摘要（summary)
2. 解读/阐释(paraphrase)
3. 直接引语（quotation) 4. 个人评述(personal comment)
1)摘要（summary)
对参考资料中哪些重要的观点和事实所做的归纳和总 结，简明扼要，忠实原文。
个人评述(personal comment)
《日用家当》中主要有三女性。 一是小说的叙述者母亲, 母亲没有受过多少教育, 吃苦耐劳却有一定的头脑; 二是大女 儿迪伊, 她漂亮、聪敏, 受过大学教育; 三是小女儿麦姬, 她丑 陋笨拙、性格懦弱、自卑内向。两个姐妹在外表、性格和生 活经历等方面天壤之别并形成鲜明对照。故事围绕着几件日 用家当展开。在这篇短篇小说中, 沃克使用了象征、对比、隐 喻和明喻等修辞手法, 揭示了由白人强势文化冲击所造成的黑 人心灵文化迷失的现象, 生动准确地反映 了黑人在强势文化冲击下的不同态度。