平面设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
ui设计类外文参考文献
ui设计类外文参考文献Title: The Impact of UI Design on User Experience Introduction:UI design plays a crucial role in creating a positive user experience for various digital products and services. It involves the planning and implementation of visual elements, navigation systems, and interactive features to enhance usability and engagement. This article explores the significance of UI design in improving user experience and discusses various key aspects of effective UI design.1. Visual Hierarchy and Information Architecture:One fundamental aspect of UI design is establishing a clear visual hierarchy and information architecture. By organizing content in a logical and intuitive manner, users can easily navigate and understand the interface. Proper use of fonts, colors, and spacing helps in highlighting important elements and guiding users' attention to the desired actions or information.2. Consistency and Familiarity:Consistency is vital in UI design to ensure a seamless user experience. Consistent placement of navigation menus,buttons, and icons across different screens or pages helps users feel familiar with the interface. When users can predict the location and behavior of interactive elements, they can navigate through the interface effortlessly, resulting in a positive experience.3. User-Friendly Navigation:Intuitive and user-friendly navigation is crucial for enhancing usability. UI designers should carefully consider the placement and labeling of navigation elements to ensure easy access to various features or sections. Implementing clear and concise menus, breadcrumb navigation, and search functionalities can significantly improve the overall user experience.4. Responsive Design:With the increasing use of mobile devices, UI design must adapt to different screen sizes and resolutions. Responsive design ensures that the interface is optimized for various devices, providing a consistent experience across platforms. This includes implementing flexible layouts, scalable images, and touch-friendly elements to accommodate different screen orientations and user interactions.5. Interactive Feedback:Providing visual and interactive feedback to user actions is essential for enhancing the user experience. UI designers should incorporate animations, transitions, and visual cues to acknowledge user inputs and guide them through the interface. Feedback helps users understand the system's response and provides a sense of control and engagement.6. Error Prevention and Handling:Effective UI design should aim to prevent errors and provide clear error messages when they occur. By implementing design patterns that minimize the likelihood of user mistakes, such as confirmation dialogs and input validation, users can feel confident while interacting with the interface. Clear error messages with actionable instructions help users recover from errors efficiently, minimizing frustration.7. Accessibility and Inclusivity:UI design should consider the needs of users with disabilities to ensure equal access and usability. Designing for accessibility involves providing alternativetext for images, using color schemes with sufficient contrast, and implementing keyboard navigation support. By considering diverse user requirements, UI designers can create inclusive experiences for all users.Conclusion:UI design significantly influences user experience by guiding users through an interface, enhancing usability, and creating visually appealing and engaging experiences. By implementing effective UI design principles such as visual hierarchy, consistency, user-friendly navigation, and interactive feedback, digital products and services can provide an intuitive and enjoyable user experience. Incorporating accessibility considerations further ensures inclusivity and equal access for all users. Ultimately, prioritizing UI design leads to increased user satisfaction and success in achieving the desired goals of the digital product or service.。
艺术设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译The traditional and newAbstractIts usefulness and beauty -- creation of form and beauty -- traditional beauty -- beauty beyond the accumulation generationIts usefulness and functional beauty and its propertiesFunction of beauty is useful in certain conditions and transformed into, including: improving the transformation of beauty -- full effectiveness is reasonable and perfect, such as the validity of the reasonable structure and material and engineering, although not to the laws of the United States as a constraint, but probably because of the laws of the United States into" rationality". From the function of beauty in light of the phenomenon that the essence of it, so that we can more deeply understand the beauty. First of all, it is the natural beauty of a similar nature beauty. Secondly, the practical purpose of functional beauty by great traction. Function to achieve the purpose, function of beauty can be achieved.Complete with artistic beauty standards to measure product design, it is often difficult to draw the conclusion that. Similarly, simple use and certain human material needs, supplies is beautiful generally does not affect the use. Third, United States also has a social function. Products containing the function beauty can not affected by social productivity development and aesthetic psychology historical limitations. Function of beauty is a social concept, it is not possible to beyond the limitations of history, these belong to non traditional artistic beauty. Function of beauty is not useful to both beauty""Function of beauty is not useful to both beauty""The function of beauty as beauty of technology full, objective denied that the aesthetic value of the relative independence, the exclusion of form beauty. The specific meaning of" transformation" is what? First of all, this conversion depends on the main body to take aesthetic attitude, aesthetic attitude is selective, aesthetics, aesthetic value is not purely objective, not subjective, but the unity of objective and subjective. Generally speaking, passive aesthetic feelings does not require specialized training, but any person in the utilitarian purpose and social conditions, the aesthetic objects always have a choice. Secondly, the need to transform, it illustrates the use of value and aesthetic value are not completely the same, they are the unity of opposites. Use value bring survival conditions,and can bring the enjoyment of the material. Aesthetic enjoyment is" care in enjoyment", this word is mostly used in the visual arts, and appreciation, appreciation of different. The exhibition will have enough space, monument to the broad field of vision, is to have a sufficient distance to care, the whole body visible object. At the same time, simple use and certain human material needs, supplies is beautiful generally does not affect the use. Use value and aesthetic value can not be substituted for each other. The modern design idea is the extreme importance of their unity, is not functional, not aestheticism. 4-2-3creation form and beauty of form and content is a relative concept, content organization form, is the content of each part of the combination mode. Everything has a form, aesthetic form, refers to the aesthetic object of the whole feeling is, is also considered, auditory or tactile perception of the entity, is the content of the being of beauty. Function : the being of beauty, is the technology of beautiful form, the beauty of form. A is any thing all has the form, one is content beauty relative beauty of form. Creation of content, usually understood as" usefulness". So, in order to achieve useful form is the premise of the structure form. Structural forms are often influenced by the functional purpose of strict restrictions, each part as far as possible, efficient economy was integrated into a working whole.Form for the content that relative independenceThe so-called relative independence, refers to the form can become independent of the design elements, but in the end it is difficult from the content. He believes that a function has a variety of forms of point of view, but he is against" function determines form". Consumer products of different shape change request. We use the" degree of freedom" and" definition" two concepts to summarize, objective time Oh deeper form of descriptions of relative independence. 1forms of the degrees of freedom on the form of" degrees of freedom", the form of freedom, refers to the product structure and appearance for the designer to control the extent of. The 2form of definition is followed by a form of " definition", form clear high, the appearance of the product quality requirements are high.4-2-2creation form characteristics of 1forms and content sharing a carrier such as; a Book2forms with distinctive visual description of a creation of perception, often directly to its form, that precede the content to see its shape, color. While the content is sometimes cryptic, implication, so is the perception. 3form must have quality form material form is the physical form, is that people can perceive form the basic conditions. From form to form beautyThe beauty of form beauty in form of the quality connotation is very rich: (1) the function beauty beauty -- the direct expression of the form, and the function of the com., is to the thing itself some characteristics of externala kind of beauty.The traditional aesthetic meaning is actually refers to the traditional beauty contained in the spirit, is said by Li Zehou reason and passion "human nature", the aesthetic form of the accumulation of social content. 1be handed down from age to age" style " and " style" here refers to those containing the traditional culture art form, and because the program and be handed down from age to age and universality. For example, Chinese ancient etiquette building. 2" reproduction " of the original ecological pattern. The traditional beauty of form1and form2 and the aesthetic function of the corresponding things related to form from Le Corbusier absorption and development of gold segmentation examples can be seen clearly, the traditional form of beauty is what is real in design. Although we are not each day to see such a phenomenon, but it is impossible to ignore. 4-3modern beauty beyond design revolution triggered by the" anti traditional"Design revolution triggered by the" traditional" trend of thought 1"1" decoration decorative worship" worship" the so-called" loaded worship" refers to the decoration can be detached from the function of free expansion, fancy coat become the aesthetic main object, even the decoration as the main design, no decoration design is not design. The development of modern industry and full of decorative and interesting design: first, the contradiction between the manual era that carved theshould be large quantities of production machines, only exclusive decoration will have a large number of cheap products to market. Function of" worship" function" worship" the so-called functional worship", refers to the product design according to functional needs rather than decorative needs, in order to meet the students can repel any decoration production machine. Truly realize the design must emphasize function and machines for the production of this principle the key figures. The design has two common characteristics: the consciousness to machine production or batch production; two prominent adaptation function thus made succinct. They make the name spread throughout the United States and europe. The modernistic design position to accommodate the large industrial production as the premise, emphasize high-volume production, product function is good, cheap, in the final analysis is amenable to function, namely " form follows function" or" form and function of the high degree of unity", the attendantSimple and unadorned geometric style is very natural, with " Decor worship " for the characteristics of the traditional design has also been completely subvert.Forms of worship"The form of worship" the worship of modernism design can be understood as" functionalism" design, modern design and good atcoordination function and design of coordinating the relationship between function and form, making them reach a" harmonious". Therefore, it is not a pure function, and also not the pure form type. " From its structure and aesthetic characteristics, the international style building was eventually replacing it with the Renaissance tradition is the opposite." 1pop art mass culture is a kind of popular democracy, and machine are combined as one of the culture. 2radical eclecticism" postmodernism " is a construction led, spread all areas of design, the mainstream style. Postmodernism and modernism of the fundamental difference in where? In modern simplistic form complex, and therefore does not hesitate to use once abandoned decoration, symbolism, but the decoration is modernism on the basis of additional fee, formation of classical, incongruous contrast effects and seems rather than the exterior or interior space, resulting in the modern cold coagulation soil box talent showing itself in the. 3" ugly beauty"3" ugly beauty" ugly is the nature and common phenomenon in human society, it is a violation of the aesthetic standard, hinder the aesthetic consideration, classical beauty ugliness as beauty all the negative state, and humanity" evil " contact. Classical art basically does not accept ugly, ugly modern art becomes a kind of aesthetic factors, modernist art of ugliness becomes non-negligible role. We can summarize the evolution law of beauty are: first, the ugly can be transformed into a beautiful. Secondly, the beauty and the ugly boundaries are not fixed. Tosum up : the proof of design art in the" beauty" of modernism design challenge, or say to" function determines form" beyond. Modern beauty modern beauty beyond the beyond is refers to the traditional aesthetic transcendence. Modern aesthetic concepts, although the traditional view for maternal-fetal. Design revolution triggered by the" anti traditional" Design revolution triggered by the" traditional" trend of thoughtSince twentieth Century the modern aesthetic concepts, essentially everything "and the traditional " are linked, but" unconventional " idea from where Erlai? It is not only a margin of natural philosophy, is also from the edge of aesthetics. Mechanical revolution is actually the design revolution, in twentieth Century, artistic conception is the cornerstone of the" innovation", the most common words in the" avant-garde " and "modern". The thought is the core of" anti traditional". On the other hand, is the new concept of art" the feed" design, making it a departure from the traditional design concept and has the" avant-garde" and" modern" features.美的传统与新生摘要人造物的有用性与功能美——人造物的形式与形式美——传统美的积淀——现代美的超越人造物的有用性与功能美和它的性质功能美是有用性在一定条件下转化而成的，包括：完善转化的美——充分的有效性就是合理和完善，如有有效性相应的合理结构和材料加工，虽然不以美的规律为约束，但可能因为符合美的规律而转化为“合理性” 。
外文翻译---100个改变平面设计的观念(英文为图片)
中文1850字100个改变平面设计的观念（部分）观念53 影子游戏平面设计师永久痴迷的问题之一，即是如何从平面世界中脱离出来。
他们想要让图像和文字摆脱二维水平的限制。
匈牙利裔艺术家LászlóMoholy-Nagy 终生都致力于解决这个棘手的问题。
通过摄影，以及用透镜、反射镜、滤光片来控制光影的方法，他赋予了静态的平面元素一种纵深和动态的感觉。
1929年的一本名为《14部包豪斯著作》的手册封面上，LászlóMoholy-Nagy通过从各种角度拍摄排字盘上的金属字并拼贴在一起的方法，创造了一种奇特的视觉混合物。
这些单词不仅突出于画面而且也不符合透视原理。
他意识到，将字形与它们被扭曲的影子放在一起，可以将纸面转换为一扇通往超凡脱俗的境界的窗口。
László Moholy-Nagy应该会喜欢美国艺术家Ed Ruscha的作品，他的单色的“文字作品”常和一种奇特的光影游戏联系在一起，受洛杉矶的印刷环境启发，他的作品介于电影标题序列和路边广告之间。
他创作于1990年的作品“Mighty Topic”则是以块状的大写字母为前景，而投射在背后墙上的是斜体的大小写的字母的模糊影子。
而且，投影被设计为一个陡峭的角度，一种视觉的荒谬。
然而，奇怪的是，图像并没有给人一种错误的印象，相反，它忠实地再现了一种视觉矛盾，并给南加利福尼亚州的风景、广告牌、汽车旅馆标志和大型加油站的遮檐注入了更多的个性。
2004年，巴黎Châtelet剧院宣传Richard Wagner的Tannhäuser的海报中，Rudi Meyer 用字体和阴影创造了一个幽灵似的视觉幻象。
透视上看，一个大写字母T投射出一个长长的令人生畏的十字架形状的阴影。
一个人们可能不会下意识地注意到的细节——T的角度和十字架阴影并不匹配——成就了作品给观者的怪异印象。
影子游戏经常用于舞台设计，所以并不令人意外，Rudi Meyer在为Châtelet剧院的7年任期中创造了许多这种的平面幻像。
平面设计英文
平面设计英文Introduction to Graphic DesignGraphic design is a creative and dynamic field that involves manipulating visual elements to convey a message or tell a story. The term “graphic design” encompasses a wide range of disciplines, including branding and identity development, print design, web design, and motion graphics.Graphic designers often work in a variety of settings, from traditional design firms to advertising agencies to in-house design departments at larger companies. The skills required to be a successful graphic designer include a strong sense of visual aesthetics, mastery of design software, and the ability to work collaboratively with clients and colleagues.In this article, we will explore the history of graphic design, the elements of effective visual communication, and some of the most popular design software tools used by professionals today.History of Graphic DesignThe origins of graphic design can be traced back to the early developments of human civilization, when symbols and pictures were used to communicate ideas and stories. The ancient Egyptians, for example, used hieroglyphs to record their history and religious beliefs.The development of printing technology in the Renaissance era helped to establish graphic design as a distinct profession. In the 15th century,Johannes Gutenberg’s invention of movable type made it possible to mass-produce printed materials, such as books, newspapers, and posters.Throughout the 20th century, graphic design continued to evolve and adapt to new technologies and cultural trends. The emergence of digital tools in the 1980s and 1990s revolutionized the industry, making it easier and faster to create and produce a wide range of visual materials.Today, graphic designers work across a variety of mediums, from print and traditional media, to digital platforms and virtual reality environments.Elements of Effective Visual CommunicationGood graphic design is all about effective visual communication. Successful designers are able to use a variety of elements to convey a specific message or tell a story. Here are some of the most important elements of effective visual communication:Color: Color is one of the most important elements of design, as it can be used to evoke emotions, convey meaning, and create a cohesive visual identity. Different colors can have different psychological effects on the viewer, and designers must consider the cultural, historical, and social context in which their work will be seen.Typography: Typography refers to the art of arranging type to make written language readable and appealing when displayed. Good typography adds a hierarchy of visual significance to different parts of the text and invites the viewer to read the content. Typeface, font size, and line spacing are all important elements to consider when working with typography.Shape: Geometric shapes, organic shapes, and negative space all play a role in effective graphic design. Shapes can be used to create balance, contrast, and visual interest. The way in which shapes are arranged can help guide the viewer’s eye through the design and emphasize specific elements.Image: The use of images, whether photographs or illustrations, can help to bring a design to life and make it more engaging. Images can add context, emotion, and visual interest to a design. It is important to choose images that are high-quality and relevant to the message being conveyed.Composition: The way in which individual design elements are arranged is important in creating an effective piece of graphic design. A strong composition creates visual balance, harmony, and a sense of rhythm or movement that guides the viewer through the design.Software Tools for Graphic DesignersIn order to create professional-quality graphic designs, designers rely on a variety of software tools. Here are some of the most popular and widely-used design programs available today:Adobe Creative Cloud: Adobe Creative Cloud is a suite of software tools that includes Photoshop, Illustrator, and InDesign, among others. These programs are used to create and edit images, vector graphics, and layouts for print and digital media.Sketch: Sketch is a popular vector graphics editing program used by many graphic designers. It is particularly well-suited for designing interfacesand digital experiences, and includes features such as artboards, grids, and symbols.Figma: Figma is a web-based design tool that allows designers to collaborate in real-time on designs. It includes features such as vector editing tools, prototyping tools, and a library of reusable design components.Canva: Canva is a user-friendly design tool that is ideal for creating graphics for social media, presentations, and other web-based content. It includes a library of templates and design elements that make it easy to create professional-quality designs without extensive design knowledge.ConclusionGraphic design is a field that is constantly evolving as new tools and technologies emerge. However, the core principles of effective visual communication remain the same. By using these principles and the latest design software tools, graphic designers are able to create compelling visuals that engage and inspire their audiences.。
建筑设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Housing Problems and Options for the Elderly 1. IntroductionHousing is a critical element in the lives of older persons. The affordability of housing affects the ability of the elderly to afford other necessities of life such as food and medical care. Housing that is located near hospitals and doctors, shopping, transportation, and recreational facilities can facilitate access to services that can enhance the quality of life. Housing can also be a place of memories of the past and a connection to friends and neighbors. Housing with supportive features and access to services can also make it possible for persons to age in place. In this session, we will be examining housing problems andoptions for the elderly. Along the way, we will be testing your housing IQ with a series of questions and exercises.2. Housing Situation of Older PersonsHow typical is the housing situation of the olders?We will begin by examining five areas :（1）Prevalence of home ownership （2）Length of stay in current residence （3）Living arrangements （4）Attachments of older persons to where they live （5）Moving behavior.With whom older persons live can influence housing affordability, space needs, and the ability to age in place. About 54% of older persons live with their spouses, 31% live alone, almost 13% live with related persons other than their spouse and about 2% live with unrelated persons. With increasing age, older persons (primarily women) are more likely to live alone or with a relative other than a spouse. Frail older women living alone are the persons most likely to reside in homes with ‘extra’ rooms and to need both physically supportive housing features and services to "age in place". This segment of the population is also the group most likely to move to more supportive housing settings such as assisted living.Many older persons have strong psychological attachments to their homes related to length of residence. The home often represents the place where they raised their children and a lifetime of memories. It is also a connection to an array of familiar persons such as neighbors and shopkeepers as well as near by places including houses of worship, libraries and community services. For manyolder persons, the home is an extension of their own personalities which is found in the furnishings . In addition, the home can represent a sense of economic security for the future, especially for homeowners who have paid off their mortgages. For owners, the home is usually their most valuable financial asset. The home also symbolizes a sense of independence in that the resident is able to live on his or her own. For these types of reasons, it is understandable that in response to a question about housing preferences, AARP surveys of older persons continue to find that approximately 80% of older persons report that what they want is to "stay in their own homes and never move." This phenomena has been termed the preference to "age in place."Although most older persons move near their current communities, some seek retirement communities in places with warmer weather in the southwest, far west and the south.3. The Federal Government's Housing Programs for the ElderlyThe federal government has had two basic housing strategies to address housing problems of the elderly. One strategy, termed the "supply side" approach, seeks to build new housing complexes such as public housing and Section 202 housing for older persons. Public housing is administered by quasi-governmental local public housing authorities. Section 202 Housing for the elderly and disabled is sponsored by non-profit organizations including religious and non-sectarian organizations. Approximately 1.5 million olderpersons or 3% of the elderly population live in federally assisted housing, with about 387,000 living in Section 202 housing. Over time, the government has shifted away from such new construction programs because of the cost of such housing, the problems that a number of non-elderly housing programs have experienced, and a philosophy that the government should no longer be directly involved with the building of housing. Section 202 housing, a very popular and successful program, is one of the few supply-side programs funded by the federal government, although the budget allocation during the last ten years has allowed for the construction of only about 6,000 units per year compared to a high of almost 20,000 units in the late 1970s. Instead of funding new construction, federal housing initiatives over the last decade have emphasized ‘demand side’ subsidies that provide low-income renters with a certificate or a voucher that they can use in a variety of multiunit settings, including apartments in the private sector that meet rental and condition guidelines. These vouchers and certificates are aimed at reducing excessive housing costs. Some certificates are termed ‘project based’ subsidies and are tied to federally subsidized housing such as Section 202. Because housing programs are not an entitlement, however, supply-side and demand side programs together are only able to meet the needs of about 1/3 of elderly renters who qualify on the basis of income.While advocates for housing have been trying to hold on to the existing programs in the face of huge budget cuts at HUD, much of the attention has been shifting towards meeting the shelter and service needs of the frail elderly. This emphasis reflects the increasing number of older persons in their eightiesand nineties who need a physically supportive environment linked with services. This group of older persons includes a high percentage of older residents of public and Section 202 housing. Initially built for independent older persons who were initially in the late sixties and early seventies, this type of housing now includes older persons in their eighties and nineties, many of whom have aged in place. Consequently, the government is faced with creating strategies to bring services into these buildings and retrofit them to better suit the needs of frail older persons. A major initiative of the early 1990s, which may be stalled by current budget problems at HUD, has been for the federal government to pay for service coordinators to assess the needs of residents of government assisted housing complexes and link them with services. As of 1998, there were approximately 1,000 service coordinators attached to government assisted housing complexes across the country.4. The Housing Continuum: A Range of Options for ElderlyA long-standing assumption in the field of housing has been that as persons become more frail, they will have to move along a housing continuum from one setting to another. As the figure on housing options suggests, along this continuum are found a range of housing options including single family homes, apartments, congregate living, assisted living, and board and care homes (Kendig & Pynoos, 1996). The end point of the housing continuum has been thenursing home. These options vary considerably in terms of their availability, affordability, and ability to meet the needs of very frail older persons.The concept of a continuum of supportive care is based on the assumption that housing options can be differentiated by the amount and types of services offered; the supportiveness of the physical setting in terms of accessibility, features, and design; and the competency level of the persons to whom the housing is targeted. The figure on housing options indicates how such options generally meet the needs of older persons who are categorized,as independent, semi-dependent and dependent. Semi-dependent older persons can be thought of as needing some assistance from other persons with instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) such as cooking, cleaning, and shopping. In addition to needing assistance with some IADLs, dependent older persons may require assistance with more basic activities such as toileting, eating and bathing. Although semi-dependent and dependent older persons can be found throughout the housing continuum, independent older persons are very unlikely to reside in housing types such as assisted living specifically designed and equipped to meet the needs of frail older persons unless their spouses require these needs.Although the continuum of housing identifies a range of housing types, there is increasing recognition that frail older persons do not necessarily have to move from one setting to another if they need assistance. Semi-dependent or dependent older persons can live in a variety of settings, including their own homes and apartments, if the physical environment is made more supportive, caregivers are available to provide assistance and affordable services areaccessible.5. ConclusionsHousing plays a critical role in the lives of older persons. Most older homeowners who function independently express a high level of satisfaction with their dwelling units. However, high housing costs, especially for renters, remain a financial burden for many older persons and problems associated with housing condition persist especially for low- income renters and persons living in rural areas. Federal housing programs such as public housing, Section 202 housing, and Section 8 housing certificates have only been able to address the basic housing problems of only about one-third of eligible older persons because of limited budgets. Moreover, a shortage of viable residential options exists for frail older persons. Up until the last decade, housing for the elderly was conceived of primarily as shelter. It has become increasingly recognized that frail older persons who needed services and physically supportive features often had to move from their homes or apartments to settings such as board and care or nursing homes to receive assistance. Over time, however, the concept of a variety of housing types that can be linked has replaced the original idea of the continuum of housing. It is possible for frail older persons to live in a variety of existing residential settings, including their own homes and apartments with the addition of services and home modifications. Consequently, the last decade has seen a number of efforts to modify homes, add service coordinators to multi-unit housing and create options such as accessory and ECHO units. Although thesestrategies have been enhanced by a somewhat greater availability of home care services, Medicaid policy still provides incentives to house frail older persons in nursing homes. The most visible development in the field of housing for frail older persons has been the growth of private sector assisted living which is now viewed by many state governments as a residential alternative to nursing homes. The AL movement itself has raised a number of regulatory and financing issues that cross-cut housing and long term care such as what constitutes a residential environment, insuring that residents can age in place, accommodating resident preferences, protecting the rights of individuals and insuring quality of care. Nevertheless, the emergence of AL along with a wider range of other housing options holds out the promise that older persons will have a larger range of choices among living arrangements.译文：老年人的住宅问题与选择一、简介住宅在老年人生活的极为重要。
艺术设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：office space design一、the layout of the early office space(一) office space concept"Office space is defined in the concept of space," as the name suggests, "office space" is to provide environment can be used for the needs of the people, and it must not only refers to the office or the isolated space, but with respect to the commercial space, entertainment space, residential space, for from business activities and organs, enterprises and institutions to handle the administrative affairs and the office environment.(二) the generation of office spaceThe Athens Charter has divided human basic social activities into four categories: living, working, games and transportation.. And office is one of the most important social activities of human beings.. In fact, the real sense of the office space in the west after the industrial revolution. During this period, the society developed rapidly, and the new material, new technology and new function. Resulting in a large number of new, more free and open indoor environment.(三) layout analysis of office spaceAt that time, the typical three types of office space layout are:1. Cellular (hive): This is the industrial production line of the type of work, the space is narrow, workers are crowded in together like a bee busy work, little interaction, autonomy low and daily work the same, work efficiency is very low a working mode.2 independent studio (CELL): less interactive, lack of communication between people.3 living (DEN): the living room of the working environment with team work, highly interactive, but low autonomy. Team members can share office equipment Because of the differences in the history and culture of Europe and America, there is a big difference in the performance of the office buildings.. In the special emphasis on money, power and heroism in North America, developers are often keen to build majestic office building. The emphasis on order and control of enterprise management is also making the staff as the individual itself can not affect the office environment. In northern Europe, the Nordic office building looks more human, compared with North America. The starting point of building design is not the expression of power will, but it is often from the actual needs of itself. Ordinary employees in the work also have the right to request the quality of office environment according to their own needs and preferences.二、the space layout of modern office space(一) the status quo of office spaceSpace is the place of work life. This new concept of office space, its history, but a century, and the change has followed the times. Twentieth Century many new inventions completely changed the work environment of the office building, the mechanization of mass production will be a lot of labor inhalation of the city. Under the support of efficient management theory, system modernization design and huge complex technology, office development becomes the "high tech box for people" s work. ". However, many new inventions of the new century, such as network, e-mail and mobile communications, etc., have the same catalytic effect on the office space in twenty-first Century.. The new inventions are a model for the new century, and office space is being presented in a new way, unlike the one that was before us..Early modern in China, the office is belongs to the local government office workers, are generally in the form of a small bay, Tongzilou appeared, a room is also the largest 10 square meters, the decoration inside put a few tables put a few chairs, just simple can work to, and this belong to the scope of the use of some leaders, ordinary more employees do not have a decent office environment. In the modern office environment, with the rhythm of the times and the transformation of the layout of the office space generated tremendous changes. These early offices were obviously lack of competitiveness, and gradually replaced by the development of the times and gradually improved the new office space layout..From the space, the layout of the office also began to emphasize open style. In an open large office space, not only is conducive to the leadership of the staff supervision, more conducive to the exchange between employees, ease of organization, management and coordination.With the rapid development of society, people increasingly high demand for office space, office space, the significance of not only focus on formal beauty, but also relates to the efficiency of the office, the landscape and the intelligent problems, office space currently in the design of the new trend of development, new space concept.At present, the popular office space based on the layout of the layout can be summarized into four categories: honeycomb type, room type, team type and club type. In the design of different enterprises in the design of office space should take into account the distinction between the company's business and office of information development, according to the need tailor-made.First is the honeycomb type (hive), honeycomb type belongs to the typical open space, self-discipline and interactive nature, which is the least routine, repetitive high and low personal enthusiasm of the work patterns, suitable for nine to five or 24 hour shift work. The office uses open form and there is less interaction between colleagues, which is more traditional office planning. Typically, this form of typical working space, including banking, finance and administrative staff, data entry and customer service center, etc..The second is the group type (DEN), the team type belongs to the team type of work space, self-discipline is low but interactive high. Office space is usually open space or independent group rooms, each with fixed working table and computers, photocopiers and other office equipment sharing, which also contains the common negotiation table or conference table space for discussion. This type of workers has design team, research and development team, multimedia department, insurance business personnel, etc..The three chamber type (cell), the chamber of secrets is more personal space to work independently, self high degree of interaction and poor, for personal, attention and less interactive work and work time and place is not the rule. This office has a separate room, or in open space, there are a high office compartment, where a variety of office functions, so that the individual work undisturbed. This type of worker includes an accountant, a lawyer, a computer engineer and a company management..A fourth Club (Club), club is both individual and team work, often need to group discussion and work for a long time, place is not restricted, suitable for self-discipline and highly interactive knowledge workers. This type of office requiresa separate workspace, but also a frequent interaction with colleagues. This makes the space layout is to do spatial privacy but also take into account the open space.In this form, personal seat is not fixed, but pay attention to privacy, personal work without interference. Talk region can accommodate minority or majority people together to discuss and these talks district is not just limited in meeting rooms and other fixed region, when individual research problems can be discussed in the bar and dining area or comfortable sofa. Office space design of club has attracted the most attention. Part of the reason is this kind of office to promote full of creative architecture thus was born, but leading designers creative era in the test work family fitness. There are no separate offices in this office, and each of them is designed for the purpose of the object, such as the couch between the living room, the coffee house, etc.. In addition, this design can save money, for this type of work with advertising, media, public relations, network, management consultants and other companies and all kinds of creative departments of the company. For example, the Anderson Consulting Company headquarters from France to ten thousand square meters of office to the new headquarters of seven thousand square meters, a year can save $one million. However, this design approach is the most criticized the staff morale, because employees feel lost in such an office environment.(二) the impact of changes in office space layoutSpace is the layout and pattern, which refers to the physical and psychological segmentation of the space.. The design of office space needs to consider many factors, which involves many other factors, such as science, technology, humanities, art, etc.. The ultimate goal of office space interior design is to create a comfort, convenience, health, safety, high efficiency working environment for the staff, to a greater extent to improve the efficiency of the staff. This goal is more important in the current commercial competition, it is the basis for office space design.With office space is different from ordinary residential, it is by the three regional office, conference room, corridor to form inner space function, from theview of office organization and natural lighting and ventilation in favor of, the depth usually to 9 meters is the basic size.The biggest feature of office space is the publicity, this space should take care of the aesthetic needs and function of the employees.. The current office space design concept of the most emphasized elements of:Team space.Two is public space. There are a number of office space, the public part of the smaller, from the elevator up to the lobby, into the office, the lack of conversion process. A good design must have a space transition, not only aisle corridors, there must be an environment, there is a process from the public space over to the private space. Of course, some customers will think this is not very waste, in fact, this is entirely another concept. For example, the elevator door is designed to be part of the living room or negotiation room, the same is to achieve public space and private space a separate, forming a different rhythm. As a public space, not only have a formal meeting rooms and other public space, but also informal public space, such as a comfortable tea, deliberately vacated corner. Informal public space allows employees to meet each other naturally, the casual chat out ideas that are often beyond the formal meeting. At the same time, also make communication between employees can be strengthened. At the same time, the office space to give employees to autonomy. The freedom to dress their personal space.三、the development trend of office space in the futureIn the future, there will be more and more of the office environment in the space layout and strive to account for the human factor, unique personality, and like a small community, the office environment as man-made things, whose attributes are more and more to arouse people's attention, the diversified design of office space should be become "humanization" space creation is one of the major characteristics, in people's life and work have a positive psychological said response and a very good feeling is the main design goal in order to achieve.Microsoft chairman Bill Gates once said, "the imagination of employees is Microsoft's biggest assets. Therefore, at Microsoft headquarters in an area of 265 acres, the senior staff has a relatively independent and fully according to the office of their meaning and style layout, which are to stimulate the imagination and creativity of the staff, a shapes is successful example of life, influenced by the work of design. The content of human nature of office space design will be changed due to different industries, and diversified design meets this requirement.. Famous Intel is all employees, even President of the presence of an open force, office (Open Office), low translucent grille for people to communicate anywhere and anytime, interactive, inspired. The two office space design example is for enterprises to be} fracture employees actual demand, there is no uniform law, important purpose is let the boss and employee seems to be equal, so as to produce a sense of trust. The former let individual thinking and constantly produce creative which emphasizes team work, embodies more groups to help the spirit. Short for people anywhere translucent grid communication, interaction and inspiration. The two office space design example is for enterprises to be} fracture employees actual demand, there is no uniform law, important purpose is let the boss and employee seems to be equal, so as to produce a sense of trust. The former let individual thinking and constantly produce creative which emphasizes team work, embodies more groups to help the spirit., there will be more and more enterprises will be leisure space and public space in front of the office area, such a design, let visitors not as to march into the office area, affect the employee's work clear thread, also let visitors set foot in the door, the oncoming is tea flavor and thick coffee flavor, in light music accompanied with the reception conversation, in a relaxed and trusting atmosphere to win business opportunities, a success.Past office uniform, in the layout of the home furnishings in the home furnishings, the same as boring. In the layout of the office space after the miniaturization, family, people have more performance self, personality space andfreedom. Different levels of office groups, in their own cultural awareness, aesthetic, the different tastes, the need also reflects a lot of differences. Therefore, the design of the extension should continue to decrease. Then, the market "diversity orientation" determines the design of "diversification". After the design will not have some strips of Kuang Kuang and bound, exaggerated form and variation technique is one of the notable features of and forms from the innocent and funny to bizarre, from fantasy to virtual can become a reality. And future of office and home furniture does not have strict classification and obvious difference, in the modern home, they found. - kind of flowing space form and the space of flows around the three basic functions of living, living room, office, its furnishings most was merged with the two office and living environment, the desk is a multifunctional computer desk, chair can lift, can be suitable for the office, watching television and a variety of environments.Surreal atmosphere of diversified design often need to break through the traditional space approach, using the surface or interface with liquidity and strong exaggerated color, very dramatic lights and lighting, personalized activities within the limited space with various technological means to break through the reality space, beyond the traditional concept of three-dimensional space, make people away from the hustle and bustle of the world, seeking a spiritual home, ultimately achieve the creation of sequential cut into.In in the past, people strongly emphasized working and living different connotation of the two kinds of space, and the two have obvious difference of spatial form, furniture and furnishings, interface treatment to emphasize this distinction, and in the new ideas in the future this distinction will gradually faded, instead will be more comfortable and pleasant, with temporary and appropriate personalized future humanized office space. The ultimate power, public space in front of people is the creation, the pursuit of time and space efficiency, and with the variety of functions. In the past in the rapid development and economic level is relatively low, many people still can not completely get rid of the traditional office model, thisundoubtedly give designers more challenging and imaginative space. In the park the problem, usually ranging from low to high, made of man-made board or the glass push-pull type movable partition, separated by a flexible, transparent and translucent white, thus making office space and living space form a relationship can be divided and combined, when you need quiet contemplation or work without interference, you can choose closed style office space, not to affect the family's normal life in leisure, office space and living space of melting body, but also make the home become uplift, birthday party, get togethers and some other entertainment places, the house has become a multi-functional castle. The variable flow space form for communication between people, enhance between people relationships people place oneself among them, will be deeply office free and fun, life convenience and ease. The hotel of the future office space, family is the trend of the times.To sum up, the rapid development of information society, the office space is facing a profound change. "Work" is more abstract from concept, "workplace" will be given the connotation of renewal, which will directly or indirectly affect the development of office space. People a day most of the time is in the office, so for a long time so that people have higher requirement and understanding of office space, and in the development of the future office space to create more rich humanized office space.四、结语Ini modern cities, office workers spend about 1/3 of the time in office, office space has become an important part of human activity space. Especially in the fast-paced modern society, high efficiency, influence quality of office space for its users' emotions and psychological more significantly, or even directly affects the work efficiency and the quality of the user, it also reflects the modern workers and the ncreasingly high demand for office space, so how to make the office space environment the layout is more in line with the psychological needs of modern people has become a common concern of the owners and designers, pay attention tothe function of the traditional layout method in architectural design has been unable to meet the needs of the development of modern society, modern office environment design should pay more attention to the space environment layout of the physical, psychological and emotional needs, a good space environment design can alleviate the tense mood, relieve fatigue, meet people's private psychological and enhance their sense of belonging to the company and to the heart. So that employees can have more autonomy when the company office. Also makes the layout of the office space in the future development of more inclined to humanization and personalization.译文办公空间设计办公空间的设计要素一、早期的办公空间的布局（一）办公空间的概念在空间的概念上定义“办公空间，”顾名思义，“办公空间”是为人们工作需要提供可使用的环境，而它决不仅指办公室之类的孤立的空间，而是相对于商业空间、娱乐空间、住宅空间等，供从事业务活动和机关、企事业等办理行政事物和的办公环境系统。
中英文外文文献翻译办公空间设计办公室办公楼设计研究
本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译(此文档为word格式,下载后您可任意修改编辑!)作者：Hsiao M C期刊：South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 2016, 3(1),151-160原文The research of office space designHsiao M CAbstractNowadays, the development of society and the progress of science and technology, people are faced with is accelerating the pace of life andmore and more competition in the workplace, fast rhythm, high efficiency of modern society is that people cannot escape the reality. People will be more time and energy on the work; therefore, the office will naturally become the central in the life of modern people. International association of architects (CIAM) in the Athens charter basic activities as human society to live, work, recreation, transportation, four categories, and the office is the most important one of the basic activities of human beings. Now, people take up a third time a day in the office or even more time, it makes people always in a state of very nervous, in such cases, people are becoming more and more high to the requirement of office space environment, only pay attention to use function in the design of office space has already cannot satisfy the needs of the development of modern society, people choose to work now pay more attention to have a good and comfortable working environment, the design of humanity, life, healthy and comfortable office space allows employees to work anywhere at any time to adjust their own state, maintain good mood, to experience the fun in life is full of confidence in the work, in a better state into work, to a greater extent to improve the working efficiency of the office staff. Although for office space comfort and humanized design need more capital investment, but from the point of long-term interests, the enterprise itself will get more benefits.Keywords: office; open space; humanized1 IntroductionOffice space as the name suggests is the place for people in office, the main purpose of office space for people is to create wealth and value. Nowadays, competition in the society to get people to put more time on the job, in the face of the increasing pressure of work, people to the requirement of working environment increases, the use of office space is not only to have the basic function, at the same time to meet people's physical, psychological and emotional needs, such as good and comfortable working environment can improve the work efficiency of people, so as to bring more benefit for the enterprise. Along with the development of era and people's ideological change, the influence of many factors that make the development of office space experiencing a series of great changes. Modernist architect miens van DE lo had described the office space to become a "machine" for work, and this kind of one-sided pursuit of office density and efficient office way already can not satisfy the needs of the development of modern society, the traditional single enclosed Spaces were replaced by a flexible and open space of the communication. In the 21st century, the rapid development in the new technological revolution in the era of information, digital living style will make human life into an unprecedented status, office space is presented with a new look. The office space design is the lack of consistency and a certain continuity that is typical in the development of office space designfeatures. From a natural economy to commodity economy era today office space itself has experienced a long period of development. From the perspective of the development of history, since the human society to form a fixed settlements, our earliest period can be traced back to ancient Egypt had the embryonic form of the original construction of office space, the place of from a primitive tribe to the slave society, feudal society amen, hall, shops and so on can reflect a office action. Western industrial revolution led to the rise of commercial society, the workplace and life of people gradually began to separation, because the new material, new technology, the continuous development of new features, prompted the production of large Numbers of new office building, modern office space begins in the true sense, the earliest definition of literature for commercial office is part of the family or shops. 2 Literature reviewUnder the impetus of the economic development and technological progress, the foreign office space research early, books provides office space for the development of more powerful theory basis. Grover leather us 1914 deutsche manufacturing alliance exhibition office building design in cologne marks the beginning of modern office buildings. American entrepreneur’s successful expe rience is: must have a first-class office, this is an important business investment. Architects constantly explore new type of office space; the possible way of office and the office environment make predictions of the future. In the early 1950 s, thefamous German Quick burner Team on the basis of analyzing the function of office put forward: according to the working process and the structure of the communication process, in a large open space set up some unit of work, to improve office efficiency. Office space with different professional work processes and work requirements, broke the long-term produced by closed offices and hierarchical, emphasizes the equal status between people, to the office as a place for exchange of information, once all the rage this office pattern, open compartment has been popular in the United States in the 1960 s. Northern Europe and Japan and other countries research also have their own style, for example, the Japanese experts and scholars on the study of office space is mainly engaged in office space system automation research and forecast the impact of the rapid development of the information for office space, etc. The middle of the 20th century, some German architect requests a landscape of office space, 1967, Chicago in the United States held the first international conference of landscape office buildings. After entering the information age, various technology affects people's life and the way of office, people research focus to the intelligent office building, the word "intelligent building", first appeared in the united technology group UTBS company in January 1984 in Connecticut City construction completed by the Place the tagline of the building.1989 Americans Fay pop Cohen first puts forward the concept of "home office", the home office quickly catch onaround the world economy developed office building experts Frank generation of fe (Frank Duffy) in The "The emergence of intelligent office buildings", The emergence of The intelligence office building), The article to The characteristics of intelligent office buildings were described in detail. Cambridge university master, the royal architects association member Adam thinks, office space should be versatile, that is, a space need to derive a variety of functions, each function is not fixed interval, they can be either office area, also can be a recreation area. This view highlights the landscape of the office and intellectualization. MIT professor Alan (Thomas Allen) after more than ten years of research, proved the group work or "work unit" is in the office is the most effective way to achieve "intimacy". At the same time, the environment behaviorist to the satisfaction degree of the work environment and the findings of a study of the working life has a profound influence on the development of office environment. Many developed countries in Western Europe and Japan and other countries have held a "new office space" this paper will, on the development of office space has carried on the deep discussion. Including some designers for office furniture research and some office furniture fair held all influence the development of office space. At the same time in the research of intelligent office space and other technical, western scholars gradually began to attach importance to office space and the socialbackground, enterprise organization structure and other associated factors influence each other between the British DEGW's office space design phenomenon and social phenomenon is introduced into the design of the office, and study out of the office space design and organizational structure of the relationship between methods. 3 The present situation of the office space design 3.1 More flexible way of office"Front shop, back home in the early" style of work will live and work together, people's homes is a living place and the workplace. By the 18th century industrial revolution, the family of the production function gradually disappear, people no longer production, occupy the office of "collective" appears gradually, people began to habits of "nine to five" working mode, in the late 19th century and the early 20th century Taylor scientific management style to infiltrate the office management, work and the activities of people in the presence of regulators. As office space from day to day routine work is gradually replaced by the computer, office will eventually become a meeting place for communication, instead of dealing with affairs. In the face of all kinds of modern technology and the impact of the Internet, now the new office way is also constantly emerging. All contact and communication is convenient as well as the time and place for the office is not qualified, SOHO family office began to emerge. SOHO is the abbreviation of "Small office Home office", meaning a Small office space and Home office space, is a freer, more flexible waysof working. In traditional agricultural society, almost all products are manufactured by the family, the material of the whole society by household production to meet demand. Office mode along with the development of The Times through a series of evolution, Fay pop Cohen first proposed the concept of "home office". The establishment of the development of information technology and network space and the development of residential construction to provide home office, the office way gradually flourished in the economically developed regions in the world. The workings of a family and work together both save social resources, and eliminating the commuting time, this way of working can be flexible, free time is gradually accepted by more and more people. Due to the SOHO is a new way of working, must give workers a variety of convenient while also appeared a lot of disadvantages. With this way of family office is accepted by more and more people, SOHO will improve in the future development. Experts estimate that by 2020, the world will be more than 60% of the workers will work at home.3.2 More perfect office spaceOffice space design's ultimate purpose is to provide the best office and living environment for people, make people in the indoor environment for the physical and psychological comfort, security, and light touch. Built in the late 19th century early 20th century some office space would be staff communication, and rest, recreation. Developmentin the 21st century today, the function of office space was further refinement; office workers demand determines the design direction of office space. American SOM design firm in the Far East business development director Tony Bath: new definition of work in the United States is working and living together, office environment is the most important is to provide an open space, make the staff to be able to work and leisure together. Now began to put the meeting room of office space design as the core of floor design, some enterprises for staff in the office space provides a coffee bar, tea area and kitchen, the discussion area, library, etc., Germany, the new economy era of vocational place after the company held a party, this has blurred the line between work and play. There are some new things, such as gym, game rooms, leisure hall, and even functional space is applied to the work environments, such as basketball court, in the function of these affiliated facilities, used for leisure as well as the temporary office employees. The improvement of the office space function can make the person tired spirit immediately relax, relieve tension when people work, solve the original space of monotonous, more comfortable office environment.译文办公空间设计研究Hsiao M C摘要现如今，社会的发展和科技的进步，人们所面对的就是生活节奏的不断加快以及越来越激烈的职场竞争，快节奏、高效率的现代社会是人们无法逃避的现实。
办公空间设计外文文献翻译
办公空间设计外文文献翻译文献出处：Marquardt. Environmental satisfaction with open-plan office design and layout. Institute for Research in Construction, 2015:267-284.原文Environmental satisfaction with open-plan office design and layoutMarquardtAbstractPurpose - understand the physical environment of open office for office employees' satisfaction with the environment of psychological quality present situation, and discusses how to construct the humanized office physical environment.Methods - compiled by the office physical environmental satisfaction questionnaire and environmental psychology quality questionnaire, physical environment satisfaction including 13 elements such as lighting, sound, office facilities, office environment induces four dimensions: psychological quality comfort feeling, sense of belonging, a sense of security, privacy, and field.Results - employees for the physical environment in middle rdi level of overall satisfaction. To sound, office number, greening, office setting for colleagues communication convenient degree of satisfaction is low, and the tables and chairs of comfort, safety facilities, office facilities satisfaction is higher. The overall environment of the staff psychological quality in middle rids level; including comfort, sense of belonging and the feeling of privacy and field level is low, high security level. Physical environmental satisfaction and environmental psychological quality.Conclusions - weissman theoretical hypothesis, from the Angle of environmental psychology design humanized office physical environment.Keywords: environmental psychology; Office space; Open feelingIntroductionWith the development of the society, the progress of science and technology, market competition is intense, sharp development of high-rise office building, officeis more and more become the center of the modern life, office space environment quality had a great influence on consumer sentiment and mood. Humanity, life of office space allows employees to adjust their own physical and mental balance, to experience the fun of life at work; Office space with the characteristic of enterprise can make employees proud and confident, conducive to good interpersonal and communication; Information exchange office space can produce has new creative team for the enterprise. In the era of knowledge to create wealth, whether it is a wise business leader, or as an interior designer should be aware of the importance of office space design. And at present the design of office space, but I did not get the attention they deserve most of the traditional office environment lack of human physiological and psychological need to consider.From the perspective of the environmental psychology, the ideal working environment should be both function and social area, at the same time in the meet the needs of work and to take into account personnel multiple psychological demand within the office environment. T o meet all this we must understand the environment psychology and interior design office.The definition of open-plan officesAs the '50 s movement of interpersonal relationships, more open communication between employees and supervisors encouraged. Workflow (workflow) principle, namely the workstation arrangement to ensure the paperwork or products for mobile, promote vigorously reform office space. Industrial production and the rapid development of science and technology, social competition is increasingly fierce, make each enterprise at home and abroad to pursue flexible office layout, they hope to have the advanced office equipment installation time in office space, or may be adjusted at any time according to the change of the enterprise. At the same time the rapid development of the urban high-rise also create conditions for the realization of the open-plan offices. In this context, open-plan offices also arises at the historic moment. Open-plan offices (open plan office), also known as TingYuanShi office this concept originated in Germany schneier brothers and their Quiekborner consultancy team (sundstrom, 1986), the late '50 s and Germany took the lead.Chicago in theUnited States, in 1967, held the first global forum of the open-plan offices, since this office arrangement was popular in the world.Whether high-rise office buildings or function in a wide range of comprehensive building, or remodeling an old house renovation, open-plan offices can be applied, meanwhile, meet all kinds of function that currently known and possible future.Open-plan offices often give active, fully, efficient and free of visual impression. Research indicated that, everyone's work efficiency can be multiplied in the group, open office to improve the production efficiency in the present is most appropriate. Open-plan offices abandoned the conservative way of workingand the construction pattern make the staff at the same time of have a large number of convenient communications, noise interference. Experts according to the survey, mistakes and errors in the accounting personnel to work for the typist are largely affected by typewriter and computer noise. Its sound and smell, the lack of privacy problem is particularly serious, be open office is of vital importance to the environmental impact factors.Literature ReviewPeter Crouch (Crouch et al., 1989, asked to work in the office of 56 managers find out which factors can promote the task operation, what factors will hinder task operation. The results show that the suitable space, light and other factors are important factors in promoting, and are often interfere with room structure such as conversation overheard the same office others to interfere with the task.Sir Alex Ferguson (Fergnson) in 1986, the study results show that job satisfaction has obvious associated with the physical environment of work. The role of physical environment on the job satisfaction is mainly hygiene factors. When the staff of the physical environment of the workplace is not satisfied, such as temperature, humidity, noise, security, their job satisfaction is greatly reduced. When the hygiene factors are met in the physical environment, although can't guarantee they will be satisfied, but at least they won't produce dissatisfaction. From this point of view, inappropriate workplace, can lead to not satisfied. Appropriate workplace, though not enough to lead to a high level of job satisfaction, but at least they won't produce.Walker hart, popular science, (V ollker Hartkopf), led the team in the Future of office design (Designing the office of the Future) book, think about the Future of office building, inaddition to high technology products to the building, should also be stressed to create a good physical and psychological environment, organization form, in order to improve the employee's work speed, comprehension, communication ability and creation ability. The existent environment design influence on job satisfaction to prove: the work environment and job performance are very complex variables, only a small positive correlation between them (Riggio, 2000).In general, on the job satisfaction, despite the physical environment less important than job security, wages and friendly colleagues, but employees do physical condition, as an important factor of job satisfaction (Crouch Nimran, 1989).A very influential in industrial psychology and management theory, points out that although a satisfactory working environment does not substantially increase the job satisfaction, but lower than the standard environment will certainly result in dissatisfied (Herzberg, 1966; Herzberg, Mausner Snyder man, 1959).Weisman (release) that if employees have higher satisfaction to office environment, seem to be able to produce high comfort and belonging. At the same time, he also suggests that employees work in a pleasant quality office environment, its value will significantly increase, and produce less turnover rate. For this phenomenon, has yet to be further discussed in theory.The realization of the sense of open spaceIn terms of building environment psychology, the current study of architectural space to pursue close feeling open and two kinds of thoughts. These two trends is the unity of opposites, their common goal is to pursue the most suitable for user's architectural space environment. For most of the design and use of office space, the pursuit of open the design thought of feelingis objective and reasonable. The so-called open feeling is gained by the people through visual space feeling, namely, visual volume feeling of the space. The scale of the open feeling is starting from scratch, of every space to a certain size, maximum reach a certain scale, and open feeling is just a relative concept scale.Color and material quality affects not only feel comfortable or not, at the same time also to open play a role. In addition to changes in temperature in the middle of the color effect, but also has the weight, far and near (backward, approximation), expansion effect. On the texture, generally rough surface and Detailing composition has close to feeling; and fine surface, fine composition has backward effect. Low intensity of illumination are appropriate, intensity of illumination, of course, will affect the open feeling, but the intensity of illumination is strong, not only visual discomfort, and me tope light can produce close to move instead, accordingly will narrow opening. The location and form will affect the space effect of lamps and lanterns, wall lamp, dome light generally has the sense of opening wider to the outside, and desk lamp, lamp, droplight has shrinkage depression. In addition, the room of the flat form can also affect the effect of open, usually rectangular room window open at the edge of the short edge me tope than open in long wall, its open to a few bigger. As long as good at all and to use the physical stimulation and psychological reaction, can obtain both open and beautiful and comfortable office space.The optimization of open office environmentGood office space physical environment is the foundation of the people to work, the office environment should respect people physiological and psychological needs make the office staff realizes casual and comfortable in the busy work every day.Overall satisfaction with the physical environment is affect the environment of psychological quality in the comfort of the office staff, the sense of belonging, privacy and field are the main factors. Through to the construction of human physical office environment, therefore, to improve the staff's comfortableness, sense of belonging and the feeling of illicit close sex and area, and thus improve the psychological quality, environment, in turn, improve the quality of office of employees, from the overall improve office employees job satisfaction will be the main direction of the future office environment construction.Need a good delighting environment of office space, the unity of the modern office space is often integrated with low illumination lighting and matches the high intensity of illumination of local lighting, in the form of combination of direct andindirect illumination. Using the unity of the low illumination lighting in public area, in individual areas, the use of the high intensity of illumination local lighting. Floodlight reasonable decorate can make the space bright and open, and local lighting will increase to a certain area of concentration.A means of color is to create the environment atmosphere. In the indoor environment atmosphere, highlight the emotional appeal cannot leave the color design. Because we live for a long time in the world of a color, accumulated a lot of visual experience, once the perceptual experience and foreign color stimulation occurred some echo, the sort of emotions will lead the person's psychology. In general, the office color configuration of large space on the whole is harmonious and unified, the choice of the color is relatively sedate, elegant; Independent office or small area between the color changes can have big different, varyfrom person to person. Office space color of avoid by all means colorful, imbalance of color can aggravate the fatigue.Office space household to design not only can enhance employees' comfort, can increase recognition of the enterprise even more psychological sense of belonging, thus reducing staff turnover, at the same time, it also a kind of embodiment of office culture progress. Inside in the office, all the space utilization, filing cabinets, lockers, file cases in place of the space, add partition put objects on wall, use the stairs space data, the office space set up talks and exchanges with tea or coffee, around the office is ready to install complete freedom of network and telephone jack seat, at the same time also can increase the staff on the autonomy of office environment, set up in the office can flexible combination of office furniture, sofa, furniture, partition, table free optional combination and so on.译文开放式办公空间设计与布局的环境满意度Marquardt摘要目的——了解开放式办公室员工对所在办公室的物理环境满意度与环境心理品质现状,并探讨如何构建人性化办公室物理环境。
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(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)中英文翻译平面设计任何时期平面设计可以参照一些艺术和专业学科侧重于视觉传达和介绍。
采用多种方式相结合，创造和符号，图像和语句创建一个代表性的想法和信息。
平面设计师可以使用印刷，视觉艺术和排版技术产生的最终结果。
平面设计常常提到的进程，其中沟通是创造和产品设计。
共同使用的平面设计包括杂志，广告，产品包装和网页设计。
例如，可能包括产品包装的标志或其他艺术作品，举办文字和纯粹的设计元素，如形状和颜色统一件。
组成的一个最重要的特点，尤其是平面设计在使用前现有材料或不同的元素。
平面设计涵盖了人类历史上诸多领域，在此漫长的历史和在相对最近爆炸视觉传达中的第20和21世纪，人们有时是模糊的区别和重叠的广告艺术，平面设计和美术。
毕竟，他们有着许多相同的内容，理论，原则，做法和语言，有时同样的客人或客户。
广告艺术的最终目标是出售的商品和服务。
在平面设计，“其实质是使以信息，形成以思想，言论和感觉的经验”。
在唐朝（ 618-906 ）之间的第4和第7世纪的木块被切断打印纺织品和后重现佛典。
阿藏印在868是已知最早的印刷书籍。
在19世纪后期欧洲，尤其是在英国，平面设计开始以独立的运动从美术中分离出来。
蒙德里安称为父亲的图形设计。
他是一个很好的艺术家，但是他在现代广告中利用现代电网系统在广告、印刷和网络布局网格。
于1849年，在大不列颠亨利科尔成为的主要力量之一在设计教育界，该国政府通告设计在杂志设计和制造的重要性。
他组织了大型的展览作为庆祝现代工业技术和维多利亚式的设计。
从1892年至1896年威廉•莫里斯凯尔姆斯科特出版社出版的书籍的一些最重要的平面设计产品和工艺美术运动，并提出了一个非常赚钱的商机就是出版伟大文本论的图书并以高价出售给富人。
莫里斯证明了市场的存在使平面设计在他们自己拥有的权利，并帮助开拓者从生产和美术分离设计。
这历史相对论是，然而，重要的，因为它为第一次重大的反应对于十九世纪的陈旧的平面设计。
莫里斯的工作，以及与其他私营新闻运动，直接影响新艺术风格和间接负责20世纪初非专业性平面设计的事态发展。
谁创造了最初的“平面设计”似乎存在争议。
这被归因于英国的设计师和大学教授Richard Guyatt，但另一消息来源于20世纪初美国图书设计师William Addison Dwiggins。
伦敦地铁的标志设计是爱德华约翰斯顿于1916年设计的一个经典的现代而且使用了系统字体设计。
在20世纪20年代，苏联的建构主义应用于“智能生产”在不同领域的生产。
个性化的运动艺术在俄罗斯大革命是没有价值的，从而走向以创造物体的功利为目的。
他们设计的建筑、剧院集、海报、面料、服装、家具、徽标、菜单等。
Jan Tschichold 在他的1928年书中编纂了新的现代印刷原则，他后来否认他在这本书的法西斯主义哲学主张，但它仍然是非常有影响力。
Tschichold ，包豪斯印刷专家如赫伯特拜耳和拉斯洛莫霍伊一纳吉，和El Lissitzky 是平面设计之父都被我们今天所知。
他们首创的生产技术和文体设备，主要用于整个二十世纪。
随后的几年看到平面设计在现代风格获得广泛的接受和应用。
第二次世界大战结束后，美国经济的建立更需要平面设计，主要是广告和包装等。
移居国外的德国包豪斯设计学院于1937年到芝加哥带来了“大规模生产”极简到美国;引发野火的“现代”建筑和设计。
值得注意的名称世纪中叶现代设计包括阿德里安Frutiger ，设计师和Frutiger字体大学;保兰德，从20世纪30年代后期，直到他去世于1996年，采取的原则和适用包豪斯他们受欢迎的广告和标志设计，帮助创造一个独特的办法，美国的欧洲简约而成为一个主要的先驱。
平面设计称为企业形象;约瑟夫米勒，罗克曼，设计的海报严重尚未获取1950年代和1960年代时代典型。
从道路标志到技术图表，从备忘录到参考手册，增强了平面设计的知识转让。
可读性增强了文字的视觉效果。
设计还可以通过理念或有效的视觉传播帮助销售产品。
将它应用到产品和公司识别系统的要素像标志、颜色和文字。
连同这些被定义为品牌。
品牌已日益成为重要的提供的服务范围，许多平面设计师，企业形象和条件往往是同时交替使用。
教科书的目的是本科目，如地理、科学和数学。
这些出版物已布局理论设计说明和图表。
一个常见的例子，在使用图形，教育是图表人体解剖学。
平面设计也适用于布局和格式的教育材料，使信息更容易和更容易理解的。
平面设计是应用在娱乐行业的装饰，景观和视觉故事。
其他的例子娱乐设计用途包括小说，漫画，电影中的开幕和闭幕，在舞台上节目的和道具的安排。
这也包括艺术品在T恤衫的应用和其他物品的出售。
从科学杂志报道，提出意见和事实往往是提高图形和深思熟虑的组成视觉信息-被称为信息的设计。
报纸，杂志，博客，电视和电影纪录片，可以使用平面设计通知及娱乐。
随着网络，信息与经验的交互式设计的工具，如Adobe和Flash正越来越多地被用来说明的背景新闻。
一个平面设计项目可能涉及程式化和介绍现有的文字，或者事先存在的意向或图像开发的平面设计师。
例如，一家报纸的故事始于记者和摄影记者，然后成为平面设计师的工作安排到一个合理的页面布局，并确定是否有任何其他图形元素应当要求。
在一本杂志的文章或广告，往往是平面设计师或艺术总监将委员会摄影师或插图创建原始文件只是被纳入设计规划。
现代设计的做法已经扩展到了现代的计算机，例如在使用所见的用户界面，通常被称为交互式设计，或多媒体设计。
任何图形元素用于设计之前，图形元素必须是源于通过视觉艺术技能。
这些图形通常（但并不总是）被设计师开发。
视觉艺术的作品主要是视觉性的东西从使用传统的传播媒介、摄影或电脑产生的艺术。
平面设计原则可以适用于每一个人的版画艺术元素，并最终组成。
印刷术是艺术，工艺和技术型，修改类型字形，并安排类型的设计。
类型字形（字符）的创建和修改使用各种说明方法。
这项安排的类型是选择字体、大小、线长、主要的（行距）和文字的间距。
印刷术是由排字工机，排字，印刷工人，图形艺术家，艺术总监，工作者和办事员。
直到数字时代，印刷成为一个专业的领域。
数字化开辟了新的视觉设计师和用户。
排版设计师平面设计的一部分，是在网页设计中是图形设计，处理安排风格（内容）的要素。
从早期的照明网页手工复制书籍的中世纪和程序，以错综复杂的现代杂志和目录布局，适当的网页设计公司长期以来一直是考虑的印刷材料，与印刷媒体，内容通常包括类型（文字，图片（照片）偶尔发生持有者图形的内容，没有印刷油墨，如模具/激光切割，烫金压印或盲目压花。
平面设计师常常专心研究于界面设计，如网页设计和软件设计，最终用户的交互性是一个设计考虑的布局或接口。
视觉沟通技巧、互动沟通技巧与用户互动得相结合和在线品牌推广，平面设计师往往与软件开发和网络开发人员创建的外观和风格的网站或软件应用程序，来加强用户或网络网站的访问者互动体验。
版画是在纸上，其他有机材料或者表面上印刷艺术品的过程。
每一张不会被复制，但时最初的因为它不是一个复制的另一艺术作品，并在技术上称为留下深刻的印象。
绘画或素描，另一方面，创造了独特的原始艺术品。
版画是由一个单一的原始表面创造的，在技术上已经作为基质而被已知。
常见的矩阵包括：金属板，通常是铜或锌的雕刻或蚀刻;石料，用于光刻;块木刻的木材，油毡和织物板的丝网印刷。
但也有许多其他种类，讨论如下：作品从一个单一的印刷板创造一个版本，在现代通常每个签署和编号，形成限量。
打印也可编制成册，作为艺术家的书籍。
一个单一的打印可能是产品的一种或多种技术。
色彩学领域是如何在打印机上和显示器上用眼睛识别颜色和如何解释和组织这些色彩。
眼睛的视网膜被两个被命名为视杆和视锥的感光体涵盖。
视杆对光很敏感但是对颜色不是很敏感。
视锥却与视杆恰恰相反。
他们对光不太敏感，但是颜色可以被感知。
随着科技的发展，人们越来越认识到环境问题日益严重，大气污染、森林破坏、水土流失、土地沙漠化、水资源污染、大量物种灭绝、石油、天然气、煤等资源枯竭。
作为工业设计师，应该有强烈的环境保护意识，使得自己的设计建立在不破坏环境及节约自然资源的基础上。
其中，温室效应、臭氧层破坏和酸雨是当今全球性的三大环境问题。
温室效应就是大气变暖的效应其形成原因是太阳短波辐射可以透过大气射入地面，而地面增暖后放出的长波辐射却被大气中的二氧化碳就像一层厚厚的玻璃，把地球变成了一个大暖房。
甲烷、臭氧、氯、氟烃以及水汽等也对温室效应有所贡献。
随着人口的急剧增加和工业的迅速发展，越来越多的二氧化碳排入大气中；又由于森林被大量砍伐，大气中原本应被森林吸收的二氧化碳没有被吸收，致使二氧化碳逐渐增加，温室效应也不断增强。
温室效应的后果十分严重，自然生态将随之发生重大变化，荒漠将扩大，土地侵蚀加重，森林退向极地，旱涝灾害严重，雨量增加；温带冬天更湿、夏天更旱；热带也将变得更湿，干热的亚热带变得更干旱，迫使原有水利工程重新调整。
沿海将受到严重威胁。
由于气温升高，两极冰块将融化，使海平面上升，将会淹没许多城市和港口。
臭氧层破坏现象引起科学界及整个国际社会的震动。
美国的两位科学家Monila和Rowland指出，正是人为的活动造成了今天的臭氧洞。
元凶就是现在所熟知的氟利昂和哈龙。
酸雨目前已成为一种范围广泛、跨越国界的大气污染现象。
酸雨破坏土壤，使湖泊酸化，危害动植物生长；刺激人的皮肤，诱发皮肤病，引起肺水肿、肺硬化；会腐蚀金属制品、油漆、皮革、纺织品和含碳酸盐的建筑。
总而言之，人类生活的环境已经日益恶化。
而恶化的原因大部分属于人类本身的不良生活方式和不尊重客观规律，急功近利，对于地球资源的使用没有科学的计划性，而且在设计、制造产品以及日常生活中缺乏保护环境的意识，以至于自毁家园，其危害不仅于当代，而且严重影响了子孙后代的生存。
环境问题在很大程度上是由于人们的不良设计、生活方式造成的后果。
于是给设计师们提出了一个严肃的问题：作为设计师，应肩负起保护环境的历史重任！工业在为人类创造大量物质财富的同时，也给世界带来了灾难。
工业设计在为人类创造了现代生活方式的同时，也加速了资源、能源的消耗，并对地球的生态平衡造成了巨大的破坏。
所以，作为工业设计师，建立环境意识体现了其道德和社会责任心。
设计师必须对自己的设计负责，必须把人类的健康幸福，自然与人类的和谐共存作为设计中心遵循的原则。
设计师还必须掌握必要的材料、工艺、化工、制造等方面的知识，使得其设计不对环境造成危害而成为可能。
“可持续发展设计”这一概念的提出，对于人性的回归及世界真正意义上的发展具有划时代的意义。
他体现了设计师的道德与责任，已成为21世纪设计发展的总趋势。
从此，人类传统工业文明发展模式转向现代生态文明发展模式。
它是社会进步，经济增长，环境保护三者之间的协同。